“An examination of the chain of 22 custody would simply be an independent assessment of the reliability of the evidence. A positive 23 urinalysis test provides some evidence of intoxication regardless of the chain of custody.”
How later courts described this case
- “An examination of the chain of 22 custody would simply be an independent assessment of the reliability of the evidence. A positive 23 urinalysis test provides some evidence of intoxication regardless of the chain of custody.”
- “Because 25 ///// 26 27 1[footnote not in original text] This is a reference to Superintendent v. Hill, 472 U.S. 445 (1985
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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11 CHRISTOPHER VILLAREAL, No. 2:20-cv-0380-EFB P
12 Petitioner,
13 v. ORDER AND FINDINGS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
14 PATRICK EATON,
15 Respondent.
16
17 Petitioner is a state prisoner who, proceeding pro se, seeks a writ of habeas corpus
18 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. He has filed an application to proceed in forma pauperis (ECF No.
19 2) which makes the required showing and is granted. However, his petition (ECF No. 1), for the
20 reasons stated below, does not state a viable claim.
21 I. Legal Standards
22 The court must dismiss a habeas petition or portion thereof if the prisoner raises claims
23 that are legally “frivolous or malicious” or fail to state a basis on which habeas relief may be
24 granted. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1),(2). The court must dismiss a habeas petition “[i]f it plainly
25 appears from the petition and any attached exhibits that the petitioner is not entitled to relief[.]”
26 Rule 4, Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases.
27 /////
28 /////
1 II. Analysis
2 Petitioner, while housed at Kern Valley State Prison, was convicted of a disciplinary
3 violation based on possession of heroin. ECF No. 1 at 4. By way of background, prison officers
4 saw petitioner with a bindle of an unknown substance in his cell. Id. at 30. After the bindle was
5 confiscated, it was sent to a regional crime lab for analysis. Id. The analysis confirmed that the
6 substance was heroin. Id. As a consequence of petitioner’s conviction, he lost time credits. Id.
7 at 4. Petitioner claims that conviction should be reversed because prison officials declined to
8 provide him with photographs of the heroin which were necessary to establish the chain of
9 custody between the seizure of the substance and the issuance of the crime lab analysis. Id.
10 In a 1989 decision, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit considered a similar
11 claim and rejected it:
12 Appellant does not allege that prison officials tampered with the
samples. Nor does he allege that the prison officials failed to follow
13 their own procedures. Appellant merely argues that if officials do not
submit a complete chain of custody account for the samples, any test
14 results based on those samples must be considered unreliable.
However appealing this argument may be, it does not present a viable
15 constitutional claim. The due process requirements in this context are
minimal, and they are met here. Positive urinalysis results based on
16 samples that officials claim to be appellant’s constitute some
evidence of appellant's drug use. A chain of custody requirement
17 would be nothing more or less than an “independent assessment” into
the reliability of the evidence, and Hill1 tells us, explicitly, that such
18 a “credibility” determination is not required.
19 Thompson v. Owens, 889 F.2d 500, 502 (3d. Cir. 1989). The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth
20 Circuit has, in unpublished decisions, cited Thompson approvingly. See White v. Crosswell, 967
21 F.2d 596, 1992 U.S. App. LEXIS 13367, *3 (9th Cir. 1992) (“An examination of the chain of
22 custody would simply be an independent assessment of the reliability of the evidence. A positive
23 urinalysis test provides some evidence of intoxication regardless of the chain of custody.”)(citing
24 Thompson); see also Jones-Heim v. Reed, 241 F. App’x 359, 361 n. 2 (9th Cir. 2007) (“Because
25 /////
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27 1[footnote not in original text] This is a reference to Superintendent v. Hill, 472 U.S. 445
(1985). Hill held that “the requirements of due process are satisfied if some evidence supports the
28 decision by the prison disciplinary board to revoke good time credits.” Id. at 455.
1 ‘some evidence’ exists to support the DHO’s finding, Plaintiff’s chain of custody claim fails.”)
2 (citing Thompson).
3 The matter would be different if petitioner actually alleged that the relevant sample was
4 tampered with or otherwise mishandled. See Koch v. Lewis, 62 F.3d 1424, 1995 U.S. App.
5 LEXIS 31274, *13-14 (9th Cir. 1995) (rejecting Thompson’s application because the plaintiff had
6 explicitly alleged that the samples were procedurally mishandled). He has not. To be sure, he
7 offers unfounded speculation - he questions why, if the chain of custody was legitimate, did the
8 district attorney’s office declined to press criminal charges? ECF No. 1 at 10. And why did
9 prison officials decline to provide him with the photographs? Id. But idle speculation that some
10 error may have occurred or that some conspiracy to violate his rights may have existed is not a
11 substitute for an affirmative allegation of the same. Petitioner’s ultimate position appears to be
12 that he had a constitutional right to confirm the chain of custody. Id. at 6-7 (“Petitioner had a
13 constitutional right to a reasonable defense which included whether or not a reliable handling and
14 subsequent testing of the substance was appropriately and legitimately conducted.”). But, as
15 noted supra, this court is not persuaded that due process demands such a right for prisoners facing
16 administrative disciplinary proceedings. Thus, it is recommended that his petition be dismissed
17 for failure to state a cognizable claim.
18 III. Conclusion
19 Accordingly, it is ORDERED that:
20 1. Petitioner’s application to proceed in forma pauperis (ECF No. 2) is GRANTED; and
21 2. The Clerk of Court shall randomly assign a United States District Judge to this case.
22 Further, it is RECOMMENDED that the petition (ECF No. 1) be DISMISSED for failure
23 to state a cognizable claim.
24 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge
25 assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within fourteen days
26 after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written
27 objections with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document should be captioned
28 “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” Failure to file objections
wOASe 2 EUV VI ERP PR NE ET EN AY OO
1 || within the specified time may waive the right to appeal the District Court’s order. Turner v.
2 || Duncan, 158 F.3d 449, 455 (9th Cir. 1998); Martinez v. Yist, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991). In
3 || his objections petitioner may address whether a certificate of appealability should issue in the
4 | event he files an appeal of the judgment in this case. See Rule 11, Rules Governing § 2254 Cases
5 || (the district court must issue or deny a certificate of appealability when it enters a final order
6 || adverse to the applicant).
7 | DATED: April 24, 2020. Eg Vente, 4 Sod 4 Ax
g EDMUND F. BRENNAN
9 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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