“Unrelated claims against different 20 defendants belong in different suits . . . .”
How later courts described this case
- “Unrelated claims against different 20 defendants belong in different suits . . . .”
- “[V]erbal harassment or abuse . . . 15 [alone] is not sufficient to state a constitutional deprivation under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
7 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
8
9 RODERICK WILLIAM LEAR, Case No. 1:20-cv-00076-JDP
10 Plaintiff, SCREENING ORDER
11 v. ORDER THAT PLAINTIFF:
12 ROBIN MCCONNELL, et al., (1) NOTIFY THE COURT THAT HE
WILL PROCEED ONLY ON THE
13 Defendants. CLAIMS SANCTIONED BY THIS
ORDER AND WILL VOLUNTARILY
14 DISMISS ALL OTHER DEFENDANTS
AND AMEND TO REMOVE ALL
15 OTHER CLAIMS;
16 (2) FILE A FIRST AMENDED
COMPLAINT; OR
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(3) NOTIFY THE COURT THAT HE
18 WISHES TO STAND BY HIS
COMPLAINT, SUBJECT TO
19 DISMISSAL OF CLAIMS AND
DEFENDANTS CONSISTENT WITH
20 THIS ORDER
21 ECF No. 1
22 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
THAT PLAINTIFF’S SUPPLEMENTAL
23 REQUEST FOR A TEMPORARY
RESTRAINING ORDER BE DENIED
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ECF No. 16
25
SIXTY-DAY DEADLINE
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ORDER THAT THE CLERK’S OFFICE
27 ASSIGN CASE TO A DISTRICT JUDGE
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1 Plaintiff Roderick William Lear is a state prisoner proceeding without counsel in this civil
2 rights action brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Plaintiff’s complaint, ECF No. 1, is before the
3 court for screening under 28 U.S.C. § 1915A. Plaintiff alleges that staff at Corcoran State Prison
4 have attacked him, exposed him to unsafe conditions, ignored his medical needs, and denied him
5 Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”) accommodations. He names sixteen prison officials as
6 defendants, including two Doe defendants. The court finds that plaintiff has stated an Eighth
7 Amendment medical claim against defendant McConnell, a conditions-of-confinement claim
8 against defendants Gallagher and Barona, an excessive-force claim against defendants Loza,
9 Gamboa, and Ruiz, and an ADA claim against Corcoran State Prison, but no other claims.
10 Plaintiff must now choose between (1) proceeding only on the claims found cognizable by the
11 court and voluntarily dismissing all other defendants and amending to remove all other claims,
12 (2) filing an amended complaint, in an attempt to make out additional claims or claims against
13 additional defendants, or (3) standing by the current complaint, subject to dismissal of claims and
14 defendants consistent with this order.
15 On March 19, 2020, plaintiff also made a supplemental request for a temporary restraining
16 order and a preliminary injunction. ECF No. 16. For the reasons described below, the court
17 recommends that the request be denied.
18 SCREENING AND PLEADING REQUIREMENTS
19 A federal court must screen a prisoner’s complaint that seeks relief against a governmental
20 entity, officer, or employee. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a). The court must identify any cognizable
21 claims and dismiss any portion of the complaint that is frivolous or malicious, fails to state a
22 claim upon which relief may be granted, or seeks monetary relief from a defendant who is
23 immune from such relief. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1), (2).
24 A complaint must contain a short and plain statement that plaintiff is entitled to relief,
25 Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2), and provide “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its
26 face,” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). The plausibility standard does not
27 require detailed allegations, but legal conclusions do not suffice. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S.
28 662, 678 (2009). If the allegations “do not permit the court to infer more than the mere
1 possibility of misconduct,” the complaint states no claim. Id. at 679. The complaint need not
2 identify “a precise legal theory.” Kobold v. Good Samaritan Reg’l Med. Ctr., 832 F.3d 1024,
3 1038 (9th Cir. 2016). Instead, what plaintiff must state is a “claim”—a set of “allegations that
4 give rise to an enforceable right to relief.” Nagrampa v. MailCoups, Inc., 469 F.3d 1257, 1264
5 n.2 (9th Cir. 2006) (en banc) (citations omitted).
6 The court must construe a pro se litigant’s complaint liberally. See Haines v. Kerner, 404
7 U.S. 519, 520 (1972) (per curiam). The court may dismiss a pro se litigant’s complaint “if it
8 appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which
9 would entitle him to relief.” Hayes v. Idaho Corr. Ctr., 849 F.3d 1204, 1208 (9th Cir. 2017).
10 However, “‘a liberal interpretation of a civil rights complaint may not supply essential elements
11 of the claim that were not initially pled.’” Bruns v. Nat’l Credit Union Admin., 122 F.3d 1251,
12 1257 (9th Cir. 1997) (quoting Ivey v. Bd. of Regents, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982)).
13 DISCUSSION
14 Section 1983 allows a private citizen to sue for the deprivation of a right secured by
15 federal law. See 42 U.S.C. § 1983; Manuel v. City of Joliet, Ill., 137 S. Ct. 911, 916 (2017). To
16 state a claim under § 1983, a plaintiff must show that a defendant acting under color of state law
17 caused an alleged deprivation of a right secured by federal law. See 42 U.S.C. § 1983; Soo Park
18 v. Thompson, 851 F.3d 910, 921 (9th Cir. 2017). The plaintiff can satisfy the causation
19 requirement by showing either (1) the defendant’s “personal involvement” in the alleged
20 deprivation or (2) a “sufficient causal connection” between the defendant’s conduct as a
21 supervisor and the alleged deprivation. See King v. Cty. of Los Angeles, 885 F.3d 548, 559 (9th
22 Cir. 2018). The defendants here are all state-prison employees who, accepting plaintiff’s
23 allegations as true, can be inferred to have acted under color of state law. See Paeste v. Gov’t of
24 Guam, 798 F.3d 1228, 1238 (9th Cir. 2015) (“[G]enerally, a public employee acts under color of
25 state law while acting in his official capacity or while exercising his responsibilities pursuant to
26 state law.” (quoting West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 50 (1988))).
27 Plaintiff has failed to satisfy the threshold causation requirement with respect to defendant
28 Muniz and the two “Doe” defendants. The court is unable to find any specific allegations against
1 these defendants in plaintiff’s complaint. Plaintiff has, however, described the actions of the
2 other defendants; we thus discuss the actions of those defendants in relation to the relevant
3 substantive areas of law below.
4 Eighth Amendment Excessive Force
5 Plaintiff alleges that several correctional officers—Loza, Gamboa, and Ruiz—attacked
6 him with no justification, beating him and spraying him with pepper spray. ECF No. 1 at 7.
7 Plaintiff has stated a claim for excessive force against these defendants. See Hudson v.
8 McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 6-7 (1992) (“[W]henever prison officials stand accused of using excessive
9 physical force in violation of the [Eighth Amendment], the core judicial inquiry is . . . whether
10 force was applied in a good-faith effort to maintain or restore discipline, or maliciously and
11 sadistically to cause harm.”). Plaintiff has not stated a claim against defendant Randolph,
12 however. Plaintiff alleges that Randolph abused him verbally, but nothing more. See ECF No. 1
13 at 7 (alleging that Randolph taunted him and sang a provocative hip-hop song); see also
14 Oltarzewski v. Ruggiero, 830 F.2d 136, 139 (9th Cir. 1987) (“[V]erbal harassment or abuse . . .
15 [alone] is not sufficient to state a constitutional deprivation under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.”).
16 Eighth Amendment Conditions of Confinement
17 Conditions of confinement violate the Eighth Amendment when prison officials are
18 deliberately indifferent to a prisoner’s basic need. See Toussaint v. McCarthy, 801 F.2d 1080,
19 1107 (9th Cir. 1986). Here, plaintiff alleges that defendants Gallagher and Barona shut off his
20 water for two days, knowing that he had been sprayed with pepper spray and had no way of
21 cleaning himself other than using his toilet. See ECF No. 1 at 11. This allegation is sufficient to
22 state a conditions of confinement claim against these two defendants.
23 Eighth Amendment Medical Care
24 Medical care violates the Eighth Amendment when prison officials are “deliberately
25 indifferent” to a “serious medical need.” See Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 103-05 (1976).
26 Deliberate indifference requires a showing that “the course of treatment the [medical officials]
27 chose was medically unacceptable under the circumstances and that the defendants chose this
28 course in conscious disregard of an excessive risk to the plaintiff's health.” Hamby v. Hammond,
1 821 F.3d 1085, 1092 (9th Cir. 2016). This is a high standard. Isolated incidences of neglect do
2 not suffice; nor do mere disagreements over the best course of treatment. See Jett v. Penner, 439
3 F.3d 1091, 1096 (9th Cir. 2006); Toguchi v. Chung, 391 F.3d 1051, 1060 (9th Cir. 2004).
4 Many of plaintiff’s claims do not rise to this high standard, either because the incidents in
5 question are isolated or because plaintiff’s claims do not suggest deliberate indifference.
6 Plaintiff’s claims against defendants Holt, McCabe, Resendez, Uriarte, Raquel, and Bencito are
7 that they refused to address a particular medical issue (such as plaintiff’s shoulder pain or
8 mobility impairments), seemingly at a single meeting. Without more, these allegations are too
9 vague and isolated to state a deliberate indifference claim.
10 Plaintiff’s allegations against defendant McConnell, however, are of a different order.
11 Plaintiff alleges that defendant McConnell refused to treat plaintiff’s shoulder and mobility issues
12 over the course of numerous visits, and falsified documents to disguise this lack of treatment. See
13 ECF No. 1 at 4, 12. These allegations are sufficient to state an Eighth Amendment claim against
14 defendant McConnell.
15 ADA Claims
16 Title II of the ADA prohibits a public entity from discriminating against a qualified
17 individual with a disability because of his disability. 42 U.S.C. § 12132 (1994). “Generally,
18 public entities1 must ‘make reasonable modification in policies, practices, or procedures when the
19 modifications are necessary to avoid discrimination on the basis of disability, unless the public
20 entity can demonstrate that making the modifications would fundamentally alter the nature of the
21 service, program, or activity.’” Pierce v. County of Orange, 526 F.3d 1190, 1215 (9th Cir. 2008)
22 (quoting 28 C.F.R. § 35.130(b)(7)). To state a claim under the ADA, a plaintiff must allege four
23 elements: (1) the plaintiff is an individual with a disability; (2) the plaintiff is otherwise qualified
24 to participate in or receive the benefit of some public entity’s services, programs, or activities;
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1 To the extent plaintiff intends to sue the individual named defendants for violation of his rights
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under the ADA, they are not proper defendants. The proper defendant in ADA actions is the public
27 entity responsible for the alleged discrimination. See United States v. Georgia, 546 U.S. 151, 153
(2006). State correctional facilities are “public entities” within the meaning of the ADA. See 42
28 U.S.C. § 12131(1)(A) & (B); Pennsylvania Dep’t of Corr. v. Yeskey, 524 U.S. 206, 210 (1998).
1 (3) the plaintiff was either excluded from participation in or denied the benefits by the public
2 entity; and (4) such exclusion, denial of benefits or discrimination was by reason of the plaintiff’s
3 disability. See Simmons v. Navajo County, Ariz., 609 F.3d 1011, 1021 (9th Cir. 2010).
4 Here, plaintiff has sufficiently alleged that his mobility issues were a disability that
5 prevented him from participating in a variety of prison activities, such as basic transportation and
6 yard activities. See ECF No. 1 at 4-5.
7 RECOMMENDATION ON TEMPORARY RESTRAINING ORDER
8 Plaintiff also moves for both a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction,
9 alleging that he was recently threatened by a prison officer. See ECF No. 16. The legal standard
10 for issuing either form of relief is the same. See Stuhlbarg Int’l Sales Co., Inc. v. John D. Brush
11 & Co., Inc., 240 F.3d 832, 839 n.7 (9th Cir. 2001). A plaintiff seeking such extraordinary relief
12 must establish that he is likely to succeed on the merits, that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm
13 in the absence of such relief, that the balance of equities tips in his favor, and that an injunction is
14 in the public interest. See Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008). At this
15 early stage in the case, plaintiff has not shown that any of these factors tip in his favor. Plaintiff’s
16 motion also does not identify what injunctive relief he seeks. The court will therefore
17 recommend that plaintiff’s request be denied.
18 This findings and recommendation will be submitted to a U.S. district judge presiding
19 over the case under 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B) and Local Rule 304. Within 60 days of the service
20 of the findings and recommendations, the parties may file written objections to the findings and
21 recommendations with the court and serve a copy on all parties. That document must be
22 captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” The presiding
23 district judge will then review the findings and recommendations under 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C).
24 CONCLUSION AND ORDER
25 The court finds that plaintiff has stated an Eighth Amendment medical claim against
26 defendant McConnell, a conditions-of-confinement claim against defendants Gallagher and
27 Barona, an excessive-force claim against defendants Loza, Gamboa, and Ruiz, and an ADA claim
28 against Corcoran State Prison, but no other claims. In light of this conclusion, plaintiff must
1 choose between (1) proceeding only on the claims found cognizable and (via written notice to the
2 court) voluntarily dismissing and amending to remove all other defendants and claims,
3 (2) amending the complaint to add facts in an attempt to make out additional claims or claims
4 against additional defendants, or (3) standing by the current complaint subject to dismissal of
5 claims and defendants consistent with this order.
6 Should plaintiff choose to amend the complaint, the amended complaint should be brief,
7 Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a), but must state what each named defendant did that led to the deprivation of
8 plaintiff’s constitutional or other federal rights. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678; Jones v. Williams,
9 297 F.3d 930, 934 (9th Cir. 2002). Plaintiff must set forth “sufficient factual matter . . . to ‘state a
10 claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S.
11 at 570). There is no respondeat superior liability, and each defendant is only liable for his or her
12 own misconduct. See id. at 677. Plaintiff must allege that each defendant personally participated
13 in the deprivation of his rights. Jones, 297 F.3d at 934 (emphasis added). Plaintiff should note
14 that a short, concise statement of the allegations in chronological order will assist the court in
15 identifying his claims. Plaintiff should name each defendant and explain what happened,
16 describing personal acts by the individual defendant that resulted in the violation of plaintiff’s
17 rights. Plaintiff should also describe any harm he suffered from the violation of his rights.
18 Plaintiff should not fundamentally alter his complaint or add unrelated issues. See Fed. R. Civ. P.
19 18; George v. Smith, 507 F.3d 605, 607 (7th Cir. 2007) (“Unrelated claims against different
20 defendants belong in different suits . . . .”).
21 Any amended complaint will supersede the original complaint, Lacey v. Maricopa
22 County, 693 F. 3d 896, 907 n.1 (9th Cir. 2012) (en banc), and it must be complete on its face
23 without reference to the prior, superseded pleading, see E.D. Cal. Local Rule 220. Once an
24 amended complaint is filed, the original complaint no longer serves any function in the case.
25 Therefore, in an amended complaint, as in an original complaint, each claim and the involvement
26 of each defendant must be sufficiently alleged. The amended complaint should be titled “First
27 Amended Complaint,” refer to the appropriate case number, and be an original signed under
28 penalty of perjury.
1 Accordingly,
2 1. The clerk’s office must send plaintiff a civil rights complaint form.
3 2. Within sixty (60) days from the date of service of this order, plaintiff must either:
4 a. File a first amended complaint;
5 b. Notify the court in writing that he does not wish to file an amended complaint and
6 is instead willing to proceed only on the First Amendment retaliation claim against
7 Allison, Fugate, and Burnes; or,
8 c. Notify the court in writing that he does not agree to go forward on only the claims
9 found cognizable by this order or file an amended complaint, in which case the
10 court will recommend the dismissal, with prejudice, of claims and defendants
11 consistent with this order.
12 3. Should plaintiff choose to amend the complaint, plaintiff must caption the amended
13 | complaint “First Amended Complaint” and refer to the appropriate case number.
14 4. Failure to comply with this order will result in the dismissal of this action.
15 5. The clerk’s office must assign this case to a district judge to review the findings and
16 || recommendations above.
17
18 IT IS SO ORDERED.
19 ( Caan
Dated: _ April 8, 2020
20 UNIT#D STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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22 | No. 205.
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