(PC) Riley v. Guerrero

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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

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11 SHANNON RILEY, Case No. 1:19-cv-01643-BAM (PC)

12 Plaintiff, SCREENING ORDER GRANTING

PLAINTIFF LEAVE TO FILE AMENDED

13 v. COMPLAINT

14 GUERRERO, et al., (ECF No. 15)

15 Defendants. THIRTY-DAY DEADLINE

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19 Plaintiff Shannon Riley (“Plaintiff”) is a state prisoner proceeding pro se and in forma

20 pauperis in this civil rights action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Plaintiff’s complaint, filed on

21 November 20, 2019, is currently before the Court for screening. (ECF No. 1.)

22 I. Screening Requirement and Standard

23 The Court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief against a

24 governmental entity and/or against an officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C.

25 § 1915A(a). Plaintiff’s complaint, or any portion thereof, is subject to dismissal if it is frivolous

26 or malicious, if it fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or if it seeks monetary

27 relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915A(b).

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1 A complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the

2 pleader is entitled to relief . . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Detailed factual allegations are not

3 required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere

4 conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell

5 Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). While a plaintiff’s allegations are taken

6 as true, courts “are not required to indulge unwarranted inferences.” Doe I v. Wal-Mart Stores,

7 Inc., 572 F.3d 677, 681 (9th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

8 To survive screening, Plaintiff’s claims must be facially plausible, which requires

9 sufficient factual detail to allow the Court to reasonably infer that each named defendant is liable

10 for the misconduct alleged. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quotation marks omitted); Moss v. U.S.

11 Secret Serv., 572 F.3d 962, 969 (9th Cir. 2009). The sheer possibility that a defendant acted

12 unlawfully is not sufficient, and mere consistency with liability falls short of satisfying the

13 plausibility standard. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quotation marks omitted); Moss, 572 F.3d at 969.

14 II. Plaintiff’s Allegations

15 Plaintiff is currently housed at North Kern State Prison in Delano, California, where the

16 events in the complaint are alleged to have occurred. Plaintiff names the following defendants in

17 their individual and official capacities: (1) Correctional Officer A. Guerrero; (2) Correctional

18 Officer M. Garcia; (3) Correctional Officer J. Mendez; (4) Captain P. Chanelo; (5) Warden K.

19 Santoro; and (6) Correctional Officer E. Garcia.

20 Plaintiff alleges: On or around March 2, 2019, Plaintiff was released from orientation to

21 general population and subsequently moved from Facility A building 4 to Facility A building 3.

22 Upon entering his newly assigned cell, Plaintiff noticed that there was no toilet paper, the cell was

23 extremely dusty as a result of the air vent blowing dust and the hot water appeared not to work.

24 Plaintiff approached the unit staff office where Officer Guerrero was seated with another officer.

25 Plaintiff lightly knocked on the office door and was motioned to enter the office. Plaintiff

26 informed the other officer that his cell’s hot water did not work, the vent was blowing dust and

27 there was no toilet paper. Officer Guerrero was scowling, and Plaintiff asked, “what’s up man,

28 you okay?” (ECF No. 1 at 10.) Officer Guerrero replied, “No! What the [expletive] you want?

1 You don’t know to not disturb someone when the door is closed?!” (Id.) Plaintiff replied that he

2 had knocked and continued to inform Officer Guerrero that he just moved from building 4 and

3 had no toilet paper, the hot water did not work, and the vent was dirty. Officer Guerrero replied,

4 “I don’t give a [expletive]! Tissue is pasted [sic] out during third watch.” (Id.) Plaintiff

5 requested Officer Guerrero’s name and exited the office. Plaintiff claims that he subsequently

6 had to purchase a roll of tissue from another inmate. The inmate also informed Plaintiff to place

7 his cell and whatever was broken in his cell on a maintenance list hanging on the wall. Plaintiff

8 later filed a complaint against Officer Guerrero regarding the incident.

9 On or around March 9, 2019, approximately six days later, Plaintiff received a visit from

10 his wife, Maria Carlos. Plaintiff was seated in the first row of the visiting room, directly in front

11 of the officer podium. Plaintiff noticed there were a number of vacant seats throughout the

12 visiting room.

13 On or around March 16, 2019, Plaintiff again received a visit from his wife, Maria Carlos.

14 Plaintiff noticed he was again seated directly in front of the officer podium. Plaintiff also noticed

15 there were a number of vacant seats throughout the visiting room. Later that day, Plaintiff

16 noticed a female officer, later identified as Officer M. Garcia, enter the visiting room and position

17 herself at the officer podium. Plaintiff’s wife initially noticed Officer Garcia staring at Plaintiff.

18 After being so informed, Plaintiff also noticed Officer Garcia staring at him. Officer Garcia

19 allegedly did not try to hide her contempt for Plaintiff by rolling her eyes at him each time he

20 looked at her. Plaintiff’s visit with his was subsequently terminated under the guise of

21 overcrowding.

22 On or around March 17, 2019, Plaintiff again received a visit from his wife, Maria Carlos.

23 Plaintiff again was seated in the front row of the visiting room even though there were a number

24 of empty seats throughout the room. Plaintiff noticed the visiting sergeant enter the visiting area.

25 Plaintiff elected to approach the sergeant, later identified as Sergeant Short. Plaintiff informed

26 Sgt. Short that he was being placed deliberately in front of the officer podium each time he

27 received a visit from his wife and the early terminations. Sgt. Short explained that it was merely

28 a coincidence. Plaintiff’s visit was terminated again under the guise of overcrowding. Plaintiff

1 filed an appeal regarding the incident.

2 On or around March 20, 2019, Officer Guerrero stopped at Plaintiff’s cell while he passed

3 out the mail and threatened Plaintiff. Officer Guerrero confronted Plaintiff for filing a complaint

4 against him. Officer Guerrero used a number of profanities and stated, “I’ll return the favor.”

5 (ECF No. 1 at 12.)

6 On or around March 31, 2019, eleven days later, Plaintiff was called to Facility A

7 medical. Plaintiff approached the medical door where Officer Mendez was standing and stated,

8 “I’m not dressed so I’m coming to refuse.” (Id.) Plaintiff leaned through the door to get the

9 nurse’s attention, identified himself to the nurse, and told the nurse that he was fine. At the same

10 time, Plaintiff felt Officer Mendez’s body weight press against Plaintiff’s backside and buttocks

11 and felt warm breath on the back of his neck. Officer Mendez, on learning Plaintiff’s name,

12 indicated that he needed to send Plaintiff some mail (meaning file a Rules Violation Report

13 against him). Plaintiff became irate, reacting to Officer Mendez allegedly sexually assaulting

14 Plaintiff and threatening to retaliate against him. Plaintiff immediately removed himself from the

15 situation and filed a complaint against Officer Mendez for alleged sexual battery and retaliation.

16 On or around March 31, 2019, Plaintiff authored a letter to Warden Santoro regarding

17 prison staff and the deliberate indifference that staff displayed to inmates.

18 On or around May 20, 2019, Plaintiff alleges that Officer Mendez continued his acts of

19 retaliation and threatened Plaintiff. On May 20, 2019, Plaintiff again was called to Facility A

20 Medical to pick up his medication. Upon entering, Plaintiff asked the nurse why he was being

21 called to medical when he had repeatedly informed all medical staff of his reluctance to come to

22 medical during third watch. Officer Mendez reportedly stated that he had called Plaintiff to pick

23 up his medication. Officer Mendez also told Plaintiff that he knew about the complaint and that

24 he would “get” Plaintiff. (ECF No. 1 at 13.) Plaintiff exited the medical unit and returned to his

25 housing unit to file another complaint against Officer Mendez.

26 On or around August 19, 2019, Plaintiff was headed out to yard because it was yard

27 release. Facility A second watch yard staff were standing in front of building 3 frisking inmates

28 as they exited the building. For each inmate that exited the building, yard staff requested to see

1 the inmate’s I.D. card. As Plaintiff exited the building, Officer E. Garcia told other officers that

2 Plaintiff was a whiner. At this point, Officer Baeza requested to see Plaintiff’s I.D. card.

3 Plaintiff complied and continued walking. Officer Garcia then summoned Plaintiff and asked to

4 see Plaintiff’s I.D. card. Plaintiff stated that he had just shown Officer Baeza. Officer Baeza

5 reportedly lied and said that Plaintiff had not shown Officer Baeza the card. Plaintiff then handed

6 his I.D. card to Officer E. Garcia, who instructed Plaintiff to take it back inside. When Plaintiff

7 asked why, Officer Garcia replied, “I don’t like your attitude.” (Id. at 15.) Plaintiff complied and

8 returned inside the building. However, Plaintiff snuck back outside an hour later. Plaintiff

9 approached the yard sergeant and presented him with a CDCR 22 form request for interview. The

10 form inquired whether or not yard staff had the authority to deny/restrict inmates’ yard without

11 just cause. Sergeant Clagg said no and signed the form. Plaintiff then filed a complaint against

12 Officer Garcia for violation of Plaintiff’s due process rights.

13 On or around September 28, 2019, Plaintiff submitted a 22 form to both Captain Chanelo

14 and Warden Santoro regarding Plaintiff’s lack of access to hot water in his cell and the dirty vent.

15 Warden Santoro did not respond. However, Captain Chanelo replied and indicated that a work

16 order had been placed to address the situation. Plaintiff claims that he has developed a persistent

17 cough from the vent blowing dust.

18 Plaintiff forwards the followings claims: (1) that Officer Guerrero violated Plaintiff’s

19 Eighth, First, and Fourteenth Amendment rights; (2) that Officer M. Garcia violated Plaintiff’s

20 First and Fourteenth Amendment rights; (3) that Officer Mendez violated Plaintiff’s First,

21 Fourteenth and Eighth Amendment rights; (4) that Officer Chanelo violated Plaintiff’s First and

22 Fourteenth Amendment rights; (5) that Warden Santoro violated Plaintiff’s Eighth, First and

23 Fourteenth Amendment rights; and (6) that Officer E. Garcia violated Plaintiff’s First and

24 Fourteenth Amendment rights.

25 Plaintiff seeks declaratory relief, along with compensatory and punitive damages.

26 III. Discussion

27 Plaintiff’s complaint fails to comply with Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 18 and 20 and

28 fails to state a cognizable claim for relief. As Plaintiff is proceeding pro se, he will be given an

1 opportunity to the cure the identified deficiencies to the extent he is able to do so in good faith.

2 To assist Plaintiff, the Court provides the pleading and legal standards that appear applicable to

3 his claims.

4 A. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 18 and 20

5 Plaintiff may not bring unrelated claims against unrelated parties in a single action. Fed.

6 R. Civ. P. 18(a), 20(a)(2); Owens v. Hinsley, 635 F.3d 950, 952 (7th Cir. 2011); George v. Smith,

7 507 F.3d 605, 607 (7th Cir. 2007). Plaintiff may bring a claim against multiple defendants so long

8 as (1) the claim arises out of the same transaction or occurrence, or series of transactions and

9 occurrences, and (2) there are commons questions of law or fact. Fed. R. Civ. P. 20(a)(2);

10 Coughlin v. Rogers, 130 F.3d 1348, 1351 (9th Cir. 1997). The “same transaction” requirement

11 refers to similarity in the factual background of a claim. Id. at 1349. Only if the defendants are

12 properly joined under Rule 20(a) will the Court review the other claims to determine if they may

13 be joined under Rule 18(a), which permits the joinder of multiple claims against the same party.

14 Here, Plaintiff is attempting to bring claims against unrelated parties concerning unrelated

15 events. Although there may be common questions of law regarding his claims, they do not arise

16 out the same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions and occurrences. For example,

17 Plaintiff’s claims against Defendant Guerrero arise out of events on March 2 and March 20, 2019,

18 whereas Plaintiff’s claims against Defendant Mendez arise out of separate, unrelated events on

19 March 31 and May 20, 2019. If Plaintiff elects to amend his complaint, then he must ensure that

20 defendants may properly be joined in the same action; that is, Plaintiff must ensure that claims

21 against multiple defendants arise out of the same transaction or occurrence, or series of

22 transactions and occurrences and there are common questions of law or fact.

23 B. Supervisory Liability

24 To the extent Plaintiff seeks to hold Warden Santoro and Captain Chanelo liable based

25 solely on their supervisory roles, he may not do so. Liability may not be imposed on supervisory

26 personnel for the actions or omissions of their subordinates under the theory of respondeat

27 superior. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676–77; Simmons v. Navajo Cty., Ariz., 609 F.3d 1011, 1020–21 (9th

28 Cir. 2010); Ewing v. City of Stockton, 588 F.3d 1218, 1235 (9th Cir.2009); Jones v. Williams,

1 297 F.3d 930, 934 (9th Cir. 2002).

2 Supervisors may be held liable only if they “participated in or directed the violations, or

3 knew of the violations and failed to act to prevent them.” Taylor v. List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th

4 Cir. 1989); accord Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 1205–06 (9th Cir. 2011); Corales v. Bennett, 567

5 F.3d 554, 570 (9th Cir. 2009). Supervisory liability may also exist without any personal

6 participation if the official implemented “a policy so deficient that the policy itself is a

7 repudiation of the constitutional rights and is the moving force of the constitutional violation.”

8 Redman v. Cty. of San Diego, 942 F.2d 1435, 1446 (9th Cir. 1991) (citations and quotations

9 marks omitted), abrogated on other grounds by Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825 (1970).

10 Plaintiff’s allegations concerning Warden Santoro and Captain Chanelo are not sufficient

11 to state a cognizable claim. At best, Plaintiff is attempting to impose liability against these

12 defendants based simply on their supervisory roles. There are no allegations to suggest that that

13 these defendants participated in any violations of Plaintiff’s rights or that they implemented any

14 deficient policies that were the moving force of any constitutional violation.

15 C. First Amendment - Retaliation

16 Plaintiff asserts that all of the defendants retaliated against him in violation of his First

17 Amendment rights.

18 Allegations of retaliation against a prisoner’s First Amendment rights to speech or to

19 petition the government may support a section 1983 claim. Silva v. Di Vittorio, 658 F.3d 1090,

20 1104 (9th Cir. 2011); Rizzo v. Dawson, 778 F.2d 527, 532 (9th Cir. 1985); see also

21 Valandingham v. Bojorquez, 866 F.2d 1135 (9th Cir. 1989); Pratt v. Rowland, 65 F.3d 802, 807

22 (9th Cir. 1995). “Within the prison context, a viable claim of First Amendment retaliation entails

23 five basic elements: (1) An assertion that a state actor took some adverse action against an inmate

24 (2) because of (3) that prisoner's protected conduct, and that such action (4) chilled the inmate's

25 exercise of his First Amendment rights, and (5) the action did not reasonably advance a legitimate

26 correctional goal.” Rhodes v. Robinson, 408 F.3d 559, 567-68 (9th Cir. 2005); accord Watison v.

27 Carter, 668 F.3d 1108, 1114-15 (9th Cir. 2012); Silva, 658 at 1104; Brodheim v. Cry, 584 F.3d

28 1262, 1269 (9th Cir. 2009).

1 Adverse action taken against a prisoner “need not be an independent constitutional

2 violation. The mere threat of harm can be an adverse action.” Watison, 668 F.3d at 1114 (internal

3 citations omitted). A causal connection between the adverse action and the protected conduct can

4 be alleged by an allegation of a chronology of events from which retaliation can be inferred. Id.

5 The filing of grievances and the pursuit of civil rights litigation against prison officials are both

6 protected activities. Rhodes, 408 F.3d at 567–68. Plaintiff must allege either a chilling effect on

7 future First Amendment activities, or that he suffered some other harm that is “more than

8 minimal.” Watison, 668 F.3d at 1114. A plaintiff successfully pleads that the action did not

9 reasonably advance a legitimate correctional goal by alleging, in addition to a retaliatory motive,

10 that the defendant's actions were “arbitrary and capricious” or that they were “unnecessary to the

11 maintenance of order in the institution.” Id.

12 Here, Plaintiff fails to state a cognizable claim for retaliation against any of the named

13 defendants. There is no indication from the allegations in the complaint that any individual took

14 an adverse action against Plaintiff because of any protected activity or that the actions of any

15 defendant had a chilling effect on Plaintiff’s future First Amendment activities or that he suffered

16 any harm that was more than minimal.

17 D. Eighth Amendment – Conditions of Confinement

18 Plaintiff asserts claims arising under the Eighth Amendment concerning his conditions of

19 confinement against Defendants Guerrero, Chanelo, and Santoro.

20 The Eighth Amendment protects prisoners from inhumane methods of punishment and

21 from inhumane conditions of confinement. Morgan v. Morgensen, 465 F.3d 1041, 1045 (9th Cir.

22 2006). Extreme deprivations are required to make out a conditions of confinement claim, and

23 only those deprivations denying the minimal civilized measure of life’s necessities are

24 sufficiently grave to form the basis of an Eighth Amendment violation. Hudson v. McMillian, 503

25 U.S. 1, 9 (1992). In order to state a claim for violation of the Eighth Amendment, a plaintiff must

26 allege facts sufficient to support a claim that prison officials knew of and disregarded a

27 substantial risk of serious harm to the plaintiff. E.g., Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 847 (1994);

28 Frost v. Agnos, 152 F.2d 1124, 1128 (9th Cir. 1998).

1 Here, Plaintiff has not alleged facts establishing that he was deprived of adequate hot

2 water, toilet paper and a working vent beyond a brief period of time. Plaintiff admits that he

3 obtained toilet paper shortly after complaining of its absence and that a work order had been

4 submitted for the hot water and vent. Plaintiff has failed to allege facts demonstrating that he was

5 subjected to conditions sufficiently grave to fall within the purview of the Eighth Amendment.

6 May v. Baldwin, 109 F.3d 557, 565-66 (9th Cir. 1997). Further, Plaintiff has not alleged any facts

7 showing that any named Defendant knowingly disregarded a substantial risk of harm to Plaintiff.

8 There is no indication that Defendant Guerrero knew of a long-lasting condition in Plaintiff’s cell

9 or that Plaintiff was being deprived of the minimal civilized measure of life’s necessities. As

10 discussed above, Plaintiff obtained toilet paper and a work order had been submitted for his vent

11 and water. As to Defendant Chanelo, Plaintiff admits that Defendant Chanelo responded to

12 Plaintiff’s complaint by indicating that a work order had been submitted to address the problems

13 with his hot water and vent. As to Warden Santoro, there is no indication that Warden Santoro

14 that he knew of any problems with the conditions in Plaintiff’s cell. For these reasons, the Court

15 finds that Plaintiff has not pled a cognizable Eighth Amendment claim against Defendants

16 Guerrero, Santoro or Chanelo.

17 E. Eighth Amendment – Sexual Assault

18 Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Mendez sexually assaulted Plaintiff in violation of the

19 Eighth Amendment. “Sexual harassment or abuse of an inmate by a corrections officer is a

20 violation of the Eighth Amendment.” Wood v. Beauclair, 692 F.3d 1041, 1046 (9th Cir. 2012)

21 (citing Schwenk v. Hartford, 204 F.3d 1187, 1197 (9th Cir. 2000)). “In the simplest and most

22 absolute of terms … prisoners [have a clearly established Eighth Amendment right] to be free

23 from sexual abuse ….” Schwenk, 204 F.3d at 1197. “In evaluating a prisoner’s claim, courts

24 consider whether ‘the officials act[ed] with a sufficiently culpable state of mind’ and if the

25 alleged wrongdoing was objectively ‘harmful enough’ to establish a constitutional violation.”

26 Wood, 692 F.3d at 1046.

27 Here, Plaintiff alleges that he felt Officer Mendez’s body weight press against his

28 backside and buttocks and felt warm breath on the back of his neck. This is not sufficient to state

1 a claim under the Eighth Amendment. Plaintiff has not alleged more than a brief touching. See

2 Berryhill v. Schriro, 137 F.3d 1073 (8th Cir. 1998) (stating a prisoner plaintiff failed to establish a

3 sexual assault claim where two brief touches to an inmate’s buttocks, unaccompanied by any

4 sexual comments or banter, lasted only seconds and the inmate thought that the defendants were

5 trying to embarrass him, not rape him); Johnson v. Frauenheim, No. 1:18-cv-01477-AWI-BAM

6 (PC), 2019 WL 5260447, at *15 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 17, 2019) (finding brief touching of genitalia, if

7 any, was not sufficient to state a cognizable Eighth Amendment claim). Further, Plaintiff’s

8 complaint lacks any allegations to suggest that Officer Mendez action with a sufficiently culpable

9 state of mind.

10 F. Fourteenth Amendment – Equal Protection

11 The Equal Protection Clause requires that persons who are similarly situated be treated

12 alike. City of Cleburne, Tex. v. Cleburne Living Center, 473 U.S. 432, 439, (1985); Shakur v.

13 Schriro, 514 F.3d 878, 891 (9th Cir. 2008). An equal protection claim may be established by

14 showing that defendants intentionally discriminated against a plaintiff based on his membership

15 in a protected class, Comm. Concerning Cmty. Improvement v. City of Modesto, 583 F.3d 690,

16 702– 03 (9th Cir. 2009); Serrano v. Francis, 345 F.3d 1071,1082 (9th Cir. 2003), or that similarly

17 situated individuals were intentionally treated differently without a rational relationship to a

18 legitimate state purpose, Engquist v. Oregon Department of Agr., 553 U.S. 591, 601–02 (2008);

19 Village of Willowbrook v. Olech, 528 U.S. 562, 564 (2000); Lazy Y Ranch Ltd. v. Behrens, 546

20 F.3d 580, 592 (9th Cir. 2008).

21 The nature of Plaintiff’s claim arising under the Equal Protection Clause is unclear.

22 Plaintiff appears to be asserting that he is entitled to protection under the law, which does not

23 form the basis of an equal protection claim. In any amended complaint, Plaintiff should clarify

24 the nature of this claim in light of the relevant legal standard.

25 IV. Conclusion and Order

26 For the reasons stated, Plaintiff’s complaint fails to comply with Federal Rules of Civil

27 Procedure 18 and 20 and fails to state a cognizable claim for relief. As Plaintiff is proceeding pro

28 se, the Court will grant Plaintiff an opportunity to amend his complaint to cure the above-

1 identified deficiencies to the extent he is able to do so in good faith. Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d

2 1122, 1130 (9th Cir. 2000).

3 Plaintiff’s amended complaint should be brief, Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a), but it must state what

4 each named defendant did that led to the deprivation of Plaintiff’s constitutional rights, Iqbal, 556

5 U.S. at 678-79, 129 S.Ct. at 1948-49. Although accepted as true, the “[f]actual allegations must

6 be [sufficient] to raise a right to relief above the speculative level . . . .” Twombly, 550 U.S. at

7 555 (citations omitted).

8 Additionally, Plaintiff may not change the nature of this suit by adding new, unrelated

9 claims in his first amended complaint. George v. Smith, 507 F.3d 605, 607 (7th Cir. 2007) (no

10 “buckshot” complaints).

11 Finally, as previously noted, Plaintiff is advised that an amended complaint supersedes the

12 original complaint. Lacey v. Maricopa Cty., 693 F.3d 896, 927 (9th Cir. 2012). Therefore,

13 Plaintiff’s amended complaint must be “complete in itself without reference to the prior or

14 superseded pleading.” Local Rule 220.

15 Based on the foregoing, it is HEREBY ORDERED that:

16 1. The Clerk’s Office shall send Plaintiff a complaint form;

17 2. Within thirty (30) days from the date of service of this order, Plaintiff shall file an

18 amended complaint curing the deficiencies identified by the Court in this order or file a

19 notice of voluntary dismissal; and

20 3. If Plaintiff fails to file an amended complaint in compliance with this order, the

21 Court will recommend dismissal of this action, with prejudice, for failure to obey a court

22 order and for failure to state a claim.

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IT IS SO ORDERED.

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25 Dated: February 4, 2020 /s/ Barbara A. McAuliffe _

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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