Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Species Status for Texas Kangaroo Rat and Designation of Critical Habitat

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17 [Docket No. FWS-R2-ES-2021-0143; FF09E21000 FXES1111090FEDR 234] RIN 1018-BF90 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Species Status for Texas Kangaroo Rat and Designation of Critical Habitat AGENCY:

Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION:

Proposed rule.

SUMMARY:

We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), propose to list the Texas kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys elator ), a rodent from north-central Texas, as an endangered species and designate critical habitat under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act). This determination also serves as our 12-month finding on a petition to list the Texas kangaroo rat. After a review of the best available scientific and commercial information, we find that listing the species is warranted. Accordingly, we propose to list the Texas kangaroo rat as an endangered species under the Act. If we finalize this rule as proposed, it would add this species to the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and extend the Act's protections to this species and its critical habitat. We also propose to designate critical habitat for the Texas kangaroo rat under the Act. In total, approximately 597,069 acres (241,625 hectares) in Childress, Cottle, Hardeman, Wichita, and Wilbarger

DATES:

We will accept comments received or postmarked on or before October 16, 2023. Comments submitted electronically using the Federal eRulemaking Portal (see ADDRESSES , below) must be received by 11:59 p.m. eastern time on the closing date. We must receive requests for a public hearing, in writing, at the address shown in FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT by October 2, 2023.

ADDRESSES:

You may submit comments by one of the following methods:

on or before October 16, 2023. Comments submitted electronically using the Federal eRulemaking Portal (see ADDRESSES , below) must be received by 11:59 p.m. eastern time on the closing date. We must receive requests for a public hearing, in writing, at the address shown in FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT by October 2, 2023.

ADDRESSES:

You may submit comments by one of the following methods:

(1) Electronically: Go to the Federal eRulemaking Portal: https://www.regulations.gov. In the Search box, enter FWS-R2-ES-2021-0143, which is the docket number for this rulemaking. Then, click on the Search button. On the resulting page, in the panel on the left side of the screen, under the Document Type heading, check the Proposed Rule box to locate this document. You may submit a comment by clicking on “Comment.”

(2) By hard copy: Submit by U.S. mail to: Public Comments Processing, Attn: FWS-R2-ES-2021-0143, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, MS: PRB/3W, 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041-3803.

We request that you send comments only by the methods described above. We will post all comments on https://www.regulations.gov. This generally means that we will post any personal information you provide us (see Information Requested, below, for more information).

Availability of supporting materials: Supporting materials, such as the species status assessment report, are available on the Service's website at https://fws.gov/office/arlington-ecological-services, at https://www.regulations.gov at Docket No. FWS-R2-ES-2021-0143, or both. For the proposed critical habitat designation, the coordinates or plot points or both from which the maps are generated are included in the decision file for this critical habitat designation and are available at https://www.regulations.gov at Docket No. FWS-R2-ES-2021-0143.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

Beth Forbus, Regional Endangered Species Program Manager, Southwest Regional Office, 500 Gold Ave. SW, Albuquerque, NM 87102; telephone 505-318-8972

s or plot points or both from which the maps are generated are included in the decision file for this critical habitat designation and are available at https://www.regulations.gov at Docket No. FWS-R2-ES-2021-0143.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

Beth Forbus, Regional Endangered Species Program Manager, Southwest Regional Office, 500 Gold Ave. SW, Albuquerque, NM 87102; telephone 505-318-8972. Individuals in the United States who are deaf, deafblind, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability may dial 711 (TTY, TDD, or TeleBraille) to access telecommunications relay services. Individuals outside the United States should use the relay services offered within their country to make international calls to the point-of-contact in the United States.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Executive Summary

Why we need to publish a rule. Under the Act, a species warrants listing if it meets the definition of an endangered species (in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range) or a threatened species (likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range). If we determine that a species warrants listing, we must list the species promptly and designate the species' critical habitat to the maximum extent prudent and determinable. We have determined that the Texas kangaroo rat meets the definition of an endangered species; therefore, we are proposing to list it as such and proposing a designation of its critical habitat. Both listing a species as an endangered or threatened species and designating critical habitat can be completed only by issuing a rule through the Administrative Procedure Act rulemaking process (5 U.S.C. 551 et seq. ).

What this document does. We propose to list the Texas kangaroo rat as an endangered species, and we propose the designation of critical habitat for the species.

The basis for our action

ing a species as an endangered or threatened species and designating critical habitat can be completed only by issuing a rule through the Administrative Procedure Act rulemaking process (5 U.S.C. 551 et seq. ).

What this document does. We propose to list the Texas kangaroo rat as an endangered species, and we propose the designation of critical habitat for the species.

The basis for our action. Under the Act, we may determine that a species is an endangered or threatened species because of any of five factors: (A) The present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range; (B) overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes; (C) disease or predation; (D) the inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms; or (E) other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued existence. We have determined that the Texas kangaroo rat is endangered due to the following threats: habitat loss, degradation, or fragmentation from loss of historical ecosystem function; conversion of rangeland to cropland; development (including commercial development and energy development); and woody vegetation encroachment (Factors A and E); and the effects of climate change (Factor E).

Section 4(a)(3) of the Act requires the Secretary of the Interior (Secretary), to the maximum extent prudent and determinable, to designate critical habitat concurrent with listing. Section 3(5)(A) of the Act defines critical habitat as (i) the specific areas within the geographical area occupied by the species, at the time it is listed, on which are found those physical or biological features (I) essential to the conservation of the species and (II) which may require special management considerations or protections; and (ii) specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by the species at the time it is listed, upon a determination by the Secretary that such areas are essential for the conservation of the species

s listed, on which are found those physical or biological features (I) essential to the conservation of the species and (II) which may require special management considerations or protections; and (ii) specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by the species at the time it is listed, upon a determination by the Secretary that such areas are essential for the conservation of the species. Section 4(b)(2) of the Act states that the Secretary must make the designation on the basis of the best scientific data available and after taking into consideration the economic impact, the impact on national security, and any other relevant impacts of specifying any particular area as critical habitat.

Information Requested

We intend that any final action resulting from this proposed rule will be based on the best scientific and commercial data available and be as accurate and as effective as possible. Therefore, we request comments or information from other governmental agencies, Native American Tribes, the scientific community, industry, or any other interested parties concerning this proposed rule. We particularly seek comments concerning:

(1) The species' biology, range, and population trends, including:

(a) Biological or ecological requirements of the species, including habitat requirements for feeding, breeding, and sheltering;

(b) Genetics and taxonomy;

(c) Historical and current range, including distribution patterns and the locations of any additional populations of this species;

(d) Historical and current population levels, and current and projected trends; and

(e) Past and ongoing conservation measures for the species, its habitat, or both.

(2) Threats and conservation actions affecting the species, including:

(a) Factors that may be affecting the continued existence of the species, which may include habitat modification or destruction, overutilization, disease, predation, the inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms, or other natural or manmade factors.

that are essential to the conservation of the species and that may require special management considerations, or (ii) are unoccupied at the time of listing and are essential for the conservation of the species; and

(c) Special management considerations or protection that may be needed in critical habitat areas we are proposing, including managing for the potential effects of climate change; and

(d) Whether occupied areas are adequate for the conservation of the species, as this will help us evaluate the potential to include areas not occupied at the time of listing. Additionally, please provide specific information regarding whether or not unoccupied areas would, with reasonable certainty, contribute to the conservation of the species and contain at least one physical or biological feature essential to the conservation of the species. We also seek comments or information regarding whether areas not occupied at the time of listing qualify as habitat for the species.

(5) Land use designations and current or planned activities in the subject areas and their possible impacts on proposed critical habitat.

(6) Any probable economic, national security, or other relevant impacts of designating any area that may be included in the final designation, and the related benefits of including or excluding specific areas.

(7) Information on the extent to which the description of probable economic impacts in the draft economic analysis is a reasonable estimate of the likely economic impacts.

ical habitat.

(7) Information on the extent to which the description of probable economic impacts in the draft economic analysis is a reasonable estimate of the likely economic impacts.

(8) Whether any specific areas we are proposing for critical habitat designation should be considered for exclusion under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, and whether the benefits of potentially excluding any specific area outweigh the benefits of including that area under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, in particular any areas covered by the Candidate Conservation Agreement with Assurances for the Texas Kangaroo Rat (CCAA) or other conservation agreement providing benefits to the Texas kangaroo rat. To obtain a copy of the CCAA, visit https://www.fws.gov/office/arlington-ecological-services. If you think we should exclude any additional areas, please provide information supporting a benefit of exclusion.

(9) Whether we could improve or modify our approach to designating critical habitat in any way to provide for greater public participation and understanding, or to better accommodate public concerns and comments.

Please include sufficient information with your submission (such as scientific journal articles or other publications) to allow us to verify any scientific or commercial information you include.

n with your submission (such as scientific journal articles or other publications) to allow us to verify any scientific or commercial information you include.

Please note that submissions merely stating support for, or opposition to, the action under consideration without providing supporting information, although noted, do not provide substantial information necessary to support a determination. Section 4(b)(1)(A) of the Act directs that determinations as to whether any species is an endangered or a threatened species must be made solely on the basis of the best scientific and commercial data available, and section 4(b)(2) of the Act directs that the Secretary shall designate critical habitat on the basis of the best scientific data available.

You may submit your comments and materials concerning this proposed rule by one of the methods listed in ADDRESSES . We request that you send comments only by the methods described in ADDRESSES .

If you submit information via https://www.regulations.gov, your entire submission—including any personal identifying information—will be posted on the website. If your submission is made via a hardcopy that includes personal identifying information, you may request at the top of your document that we withhold this information from public review. However, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to do so. We will post all hardcopy submissions on https://www.regulations.gov.

Comments and materials we receive, as well as supporting documentation we used in preparing this proposed rule, will be available for public inspection on https://www.regulations.gov.

tions.gov.

Comments and materials we receive, as well as supporting documentation we used in preparing this proposed rule, will be available for public inspection on https://www.regulations.gov.

Our final determination may differ from this proposal because we will consider all comments we receive during the comment period as well as any information that may become available after this proposal. Based on the new information we receive (and, if relevant, any comments on that new information), we may conclude that the species is threatened instead of endangered, or we may conclude that the species does not warrant listing as either an endangered species or a threatened species. For critical habitat, our final designation may not include all areas proposed, may include some additional areas that meet the definition of critical habitat, or may exclude some areas if we find the benefits of exclusion outweigh the benefits of inclusion and exclusion will not result in the extinction of the species. In our final rule, we will clearly explain our rationale and the basis for our final decision, including why we made changes, if any, that differ from this proposal.

Public Hearing

Section 4(b)(5) of the Act provides for a public hearing on this proposal, if requested. Requests must be received by the date specified in DATES . Such requests must be sent to the address shown in FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT . We will schedule a public hearing on this proposal, if requested, and announce the date, time, and place of the hearing, as well as how to obtain reasonable accommodations, in the Federal Register and local newspapers at least 15 days before the hearing. We may hold the public hearing in person or virtually via webinar. We will announce any public hearing on our website, in addition to the Federal Register . The use of virtual public hearings is consistent with our regulations at 50 CFR 424.16(c)(3)

of the hearing, as well as how to obtain reasonable accommodations, in the Federal Register and local newspapers at least 15 days before the hearing. We may hold the public hearing in person or virtually via webinar. We will announce any public hearing on our website, in addition to the Federal Register . The use of virtual public hearings is consistent with our regulations at 50 CFR 424.16(c)(3).

Previous Federal Actions

We identified the Texas kangaroo rat as a Category 2 candidate in December 1982 (47 FR 58454). Category 2 candidates were defined as species for which we had information that proposed listing was possibly appropriate, but conclusive data on biological vulnerability and threats were not available to support a proposed rule at the time. The species remained so designated in subsequent annual candidate notices of review (50 FR 37958, September 18, 1985; 54 FR 554, January 6, 1989; 56 FR 58804, November 21, 1991; 59 FR 58982, November 15, 1994). In the February 28, 1996, Candidate Notice of Review (61 FR 7596), we discontinued the designation of Category 2 species as candidates; therefore, the Texas kangaroo rat was no longer a candidate species.

On January 11, 2010, we received a petition from WildEarth Guardians requesting that we list the Texas kangaroo rat as an endangered or threatened species under the Act and to designate critical habitat. We published a 90-day finding on March 8, 2011 (76 FR 12683) that the petition presented substantial information that listing the Texas kangaroo rat may be warranted.

Peer Review

A species status assessment (SSA) team prepared an SSA report for the Texas kangaroo rat. The SSA team was composed of Service biologists, in consultation with other species experts. The SSA report represents a compilation of the best scientific and commercial data available concerning the status of the species, including the impacts of past, present, and future factors (both negative and beneficial) affecting the species

nt (SSA) team prepared an SSA report for the Texas kangaroo rat. The SSA team was composed of Service biologists, in consultation with other species experts. The SSA report represents a compilation of the best scientific and commercial data available concerning the status of the species, including the impacts of past, present, and future factors (both negative and beneficial) affecting the species.

In accordance with our joint policy on peer review published in the Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34270), and our August 22, 2016, memorandum updating and clarifying the role of peer review of listing actions under the Act, we solicited independent scientific review of the information contained in the Texas kangaroo rat SSA report. We sent the SSA report to five independent peer reviewers and received two responses. Results of this structured peer review process can be found at https://www.regulations.gov. In preparing this proposed rule, we incorporated the results of these reviews, as appropriate, into the SSA report, which is the foundation for this proposed rule.

Summary of Peer Reviewer Comments

As discussed in Peer Review above, we received comments from two peer reviewers on the draft SSA report. We reviewed all comments we received from the peer reviewers for substantive issues and new information regarding the information contained in the SSA report. The peer reviewers generally concurred with our descriptions of Texas kangaroo rat biology and factors influencing the species. The peer reviewers provided additional information, clarifications, and suggestions, including clarifications in species behavior, such as use of unpaved roads and other habitat types, and discussions of climate change and models used to identify potential habitat. There were several questions and comments about the resiliency metrics used, and based on these comments, we further clarified these metrics in the SSA report for the species

nformation, clarifications, and suggestions, including clarifications in species behavior, such as use of unpaved roads and other habitat types, and discussions of climate change and models used to identify potential habitat. There were several questions and comments about the resiliency metrics used, and based on these comments, we further clarified these metrics in the SSA report for the species. Otherwise, no substantive changes to our analysis and conclusions within the SSA report were deemed necessary, and peer reviewer comments are addressed in version 1.0 of the SSA report.

I. Proposed Listing Determination

Background

The Texas kangaroo rat is one of more than 20 kangaroo rats found in North America in the family Heteromyidae and genus Dipodomys (Genoways and Brown 1993, pp. 40-42). The Texas kangaroo rat is a nocturnal, seed-eating rodent that historically occurred across 3.4 million acres (ac) (1.4 million hectares (ha)) of north-central Texas (Archer, Baylor, Childress, Clay, Cottle, Foard, Hardeman, Montague, Motley, Wichita, and Wilbarger Counties) and southern Oklahoma (Comanche and Cotton Counties). It is now found in the grassland and rangeland habitats of the Southwestern Tablelands and Central Great Plains within Texas, where its range occurs across 1.4 million ac (0.6 million ha) in five counties (Childress, Cottle, Hardeman, Wichita, and Wilbarger) (see figure 1, below). It is associated with areas characterized by bare ground and short-statured vegetation, which facilitate locomotion and forage trails, burrow construction, and predator avoidance (Nelson et al. 2009, pp. 127-128; Nelson et al. 2011, p. 15). For the purposes of this proposed rule, we define short-statured vegetation as herbaceous plant species observed at a shortened height rather than their potential maximum height. This definition includes young plants and plants that have been shortened by mechanical, chemical, or biological means

row construction, and predator avoidance (Nelson et al. 2009, pp. 127-128; Nelson et al. 2011, p. 15). For the purposes of this proposed rule, we define short-statured vegetation as herbaceous plant species observed at a shortened height rather than their potential maximum height. This definition includes young plants and plants that have been shortened by mechanical, chemical, or biological means.

Historically, these rangeland habitats were occupied by large concentrations of American bison ( Bison bison ) and black-tailed prairie dog ( Cynomys ludovicianus ) colonies, which, along with wildfire, contributed to maintaining the ideal conditions to support the Texas kangaroo rat's habitat needs (Koford 1958, pp. 69-70; Coppock et al. 1983, p. 10).

Texas kangaroo rats have long hind feet, a long tail, and external cheek pouches (Dalquest and Horner 1984, p. 118). The fur on their upper bodies is a pale yellow-brown color with blackish guard hairs, and their undersides are white. Their nearly hairless ears are small and eyes relatively large. Their laterally white-striped, thick tail has a conspicuous white tuft of hair on the tip. Their bodies are relatively large, averaging 4.7 inches (in) (12 centimeters (cm)) in length with a tail that adds 7.7 in (19.6 cm) (Schmidly 2004, p. 366). The sexes are superficially indistinguishable (Strassman 2004, p. 2); however, males may be generally larger than females (Best 1987, p. 57). Like other Dipodomys spp., both male and female Texas kangaroo rats possess skin glands dorsally between their shoulders, which communicate sexual receptivity (Stangl et al. 2006, p. 466). Texas kangaroo rats use their long hind feet for saltatorial (jumping) locomotion and escaping predators (Genoways and Brown 1993, p. 297).

exual receptivity (Stangl et al. 2006, p. 466). Texas kangaroo rats use their long hind feet for saltatorial (jumping) locomotion and escaping predators (Genoways and Brown 1993, p. 297).

The lifespan of Texas kangaroo rats in the wild is approximately 2 years (Martin 2002, p. 28). Texas kangaroo rats appear capable of breeding throughout the calendar year, with peak times in February and August. Females give birth to a litter of an average of 2.7 pups, and young-of-year are able to birth their first litter within a single year (Packard 1976, p. 3; Carter et al. 1985, p. 1; Martin 2002, p. 29). Each individual establishes a territory where they construct a burrow and forage for themselves and their offspring. Dispersing individuals generally stay within 3,281 feet (ft) (1,000 meters (m)) of their natal burrows when establishing new territories (Genoways and Brown 1993, p. 585). Territories encompass an average of 0.2 ac (0.1 ha) (Roberts and Packard 1973, p. 960). Bare ground is an important component of each territory as males and females display sexual receptivity by dust bathing at bare-ground sites within their territory and leaving their “scent” (an oily substance exuded by their skin glands) (Genoways and Brown 1993, pp. 360, 576, 578; Stangl et al. 2006, pp. 467-468; Goetze et al. 2008, pp. 312-313).

For shelter, reproduction, and food storage, Texas kangaroo rats use subterranean tunnels, which they dig into loose, friable clay soils. Their burrows have several chambers branching from the main tunnel and contain multiple entrances (Roberts 1969, p. 18). Burrows are typically 14 to 18 in (36 to 46 cm) deep and 8 ft (2.4 m) long (Lewis 1970, p. 8). Texas kangaroo rats are non-colonial and non-social (Dalquest and Collier 1964, p. 147; Packard and Roberts 1973, p. 681), so each burrow usually contains a single adult (Goetze et al. 2008, p. 315). They are opportunistic seed gatherers (Martin 2002, p. 31), primarily eating grass seeds as well as fruits and flowers from forbs (Chapman 1972, pp. 878-879)

and 8 ft (2.4 m) long (Lewis 1970, p. 8). Texas kangaroo rats are non-colonial and non-social (Dalquest and Collier 1964, p. 147; Packard and Roberts 1973, p. 681), so each burrow usually contains a single adult (Goetze et al. 2008, p. 315). They are opportunistic seed gatherers (Martin 2002, p. 31), primarily eating grass seeds as well as fruits and flowers from forbs (Chapman 1972, pp. 878-879). Food items are not consumed immediately, but instead are placed in cheek pouches and later cached inside their burrows (Goetze et al. 2008, pp. 311-315). It is assumed that, like other Dipodomys spp., Texas kangaroo rats forage within

For more information, please refer to the SSA report (version 1.0; Service 2021, pp. 1-18), which presents a thorough review of the taxonomy, life history, and ecology of the Texas kangaroo rat.

Regulatory and Analytical Framework

Regulatory Framework

Section 4 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1533) and the implementing regulations in title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations set forth the procedures for determining whether a species is an endangered species or a threatened species, issuing protective regulations for threatened species, and designating critical habitat for endangered and threatened species. In 2019, jointly with the National Marine Fisheries Service, the Service issued a final rule that revised the regulations in 50 CFR part 424 regarding how we add, remove, and reclassify endangered and threatened species and the criteria for designating listed species' critical habitat (84 FR 45020; August 27, 2019). On the same day, the Service also issued final regulations that, for species listed as threatened species after September 26, 2019, eliminated the Service's general protective regulations automatically applying to threatened species the prohibitions that section 9 of the Act applies to endangered species (84 FR 44753; August 27, 2019)

isted species' critical habitat (84 FR 45020; August 27, 2019). On the same day, the Service also issued final regulations that, for species listed as threatened species after September 26, 2019, eliminated the Service's general protective regulations automatically applying to threatened species the prohibitions that section 9 of the Act applies to endangered species (84 FR 44753; August 27, 2019).

The Act defines an “endangered species” as a species that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range and a “threatened species” as a species that is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range. The Act requires that we determine whether any species is an endangered species or a threatened species because of any of the following factors:

(A) The present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range;

(B) Overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes;

(D) The inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms; or

(E) Other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued existence.

These factors represent broad categories of natural or human-caused actions or conditions that could have an effect on a species' continued existence. In evaluating these actions and conditions, we look for those that may have a negative effect on individuals of the species, as well as other actions or conditions that may ameliorate any negative effects or may have positive effects.

We use the term “threat” to refer in general to actions or conditions that are known to or are reasonably likely to negatively affect individuals of a species. The term “threat” includes actions or conditions that have a direct impact on individuals (direct impacts), as well as those that affect individuals through alteration of their habitat or required resources (stressors)

e positive effects.

However, the mere identification of any threat(s) does not necessarily mean that the species meets the statutory definition of an “endangered species” or a “threatened species.” In determining whether a species meets either definition, we must evaluate all identified threats by considering the species' expected response and the effects of the threats—in light of those actions and conditions that will ameliorate the threats—on an individual, population, and species level. We evaluate each threat and its expected effects on the species, then analyze the cumulative effect of all of the threats on the species as a whole. We also consider the cumulative effect of the threats in light of those actions and conditions that will have positive effects on the species, such as any existing regulatory mechanisms or conservation efforts. The Secretary determines whether the species meets the definition of an “endangered species” or a “threatened species” only after conducting this cumulative analysis and describing the expected effect on the species now and in the foreseeable future.

ed species” only after conducting this cumulative analysis and describing the expected effect on the species now and in the foreseeable future.

The Act does not define the term “foreseeable future,” which appears in the statutory definition of “threatened species.” Our implementing regulations at 50 CFR 424.11(d) set forth a framework for evaluating the foreseeable future on a case-by-case basis. The term “foreseeable future” extends only so far into the future as we can reasonably determine that both the future threats and the species' responses to those threats are likely. In other words, the foreseeable future is the period of time in which we can make reliable predictions. “Reliable” does not mean “certain”; it means sufficient to provide a reasonable degree of confidence in the prediction. Thus, a prediction is reliable if it is reasonable to depend on it when making decisions.

It is not always possible or necessary to define the foreseeable future as a particular number of years. Analysis of the foreseeable future uses the best scientific and commercial data available and should consider the timeframes applicable to the relevant threats and to the species' likely responses to those threats in view of its life-history characteristics. Data that are typically relevant to assessing the species' biological response include species-specific factors such as lifespan, reproductive rates or productivity, certain behaviors, and other demographic factors.

Analytical Framework

The SSA report documents the results of our comprehensive biological review of the best scientific and commercial data regarding the status of the species, including an assessment of the potential threats to the species. The SSA report does not represent our decision on whether the species should be proposed for listing as an endangered or threatened species under the Act. However, it does provide the scientific basis that informs our regulatory decisions, which involve the further application of standards within the Act and its implementing regulations and policies.

To assess the Texas kangaroo rat's viability, we used the three conservation biology principles of resiliency, redundancy, and representation (Shaffer and Stein 2000, pp. 306-310). Briefly, resiliency is the ability of the species to withstand environmental and demographic stochasticity (for example, wet or dry, warm or cold years), redundancy is the ability of the species to withstand catastrophic events (for example, droughts, large pollution events), and representation is the ability of the species to adapt to both near-term and long-term changes in its physical and biological environment (for example, climate conditions, pathogens). In general, species viability will increase with increases in resiliency, redundancy, and representation (Smith et al. 2018, p. 306). Using these principles, we identified the species' ecological requirements for survival and reproduction at the individual, population, and species levels, and described the beneficial and risk factors influencing the species' viability.

The SSA process can be categorized into three sequential stages. During the first stage, we evaluated the individual species' life-history needs. The next stage involved an assessment of the historical and current condition of the species' demographics and habitat

The following is a summary of the key results and conclusions from the SSA report; the full SSA report can be found at Docket No

The following is a summary of the key results and conclusions from the SSA report; the full SSA report can be found at Docket No. FWS-R2-ES-2021-0143 on https://www.regulations.gov.

Summary of Biological Status and Threats

In this discussion, we review the biological condition of the species and its resources, and the threats that influence the species' current and future condition, in order to assess the species' overall viability and the risks to that viability. We analyze these factors both individually and cumulatively to determine the current condition of the species and project the future condition of the species under several plausible future scenarios.

Species Needs

We assessed the best available information to identify the physical and biological needs to support all life stages for the Texas kangaroo rat. Several important habitat parameters vary from the eastern to the western portions of the species' range, such as vegetation type, precipitation, and amount of woody cover. The structural nature of vegetation and soils within occupied areas has been well-studied, and there is evidence that specific soil types and vegetation structure are important for the Texas kangaroo rat; however, other specific needs, especially those related to the species' demographics, are unknown (see the SSA; Service 2021, pp. 14-18)

vegetation type, precipitation, and amount of woody cover. The structural nature of vegetation and soils within occupied areas has been well-studied, and there is evidence that specific soil types and vegetation structure are important for the Texas kangaroo rat; however, other specific needs, especially those related to the species' demographics, are unknown (see the SSA; Service 2021, pp. 14-18). Based upon the best available scientific and commercial information, and acknowledging existing ecological uncertainties, we recognize that Texas kangaroo rats need loose, loam/clay-loam soil for burrowing; some form of topographic relief ( e.g., prairie mounds or roots of shrubs) not prone to flooding to support the burrow structure; adequate space (0.2 ac (0.1 ha)) for individual territories; bare ground for dust bathing (to ameliorate parasites) and scent marking (for territory delineation/sexual receptivity); and short-statured grasses and forbs with sparse canopy cover for foraging and travel corridors.

Although no rangewide estimate of the number of Texas kangaroo rats exists, many recent rangewide surveys have been conducted. The few studies that published statistics on local abundance reported ranges of 2 to 10 individuals per hectare (1 to 5 individuals per acre) of suitable habitat (Roberts and Packard 1973, p. 960; Goetze et al. 2007, pp. 20-21; Martin 2002, p. 25). Surveys have documented that the Texas kangaroo rat exhibits a particularly dynamic distribution, with only a few locations known to be continuously occupied through time (Service 2021, pp. 10-11). Recent studies have documented sporadic detections since 1985, with Texas kangaroo rats disappearing from previously occupied areas or reappearing in areas where it had been absent (Service 2021, p. 11)

Surveys have documented that the Texas kangaroo rat exhibits a particularly dynamic distribution, with only a few locations known to be continuously occupied through time (Service 2021, pp. 10-11). Recent studies have documented sporadic detections since 1985, with Texas kangaroo rats disappearing from previously occupied areas or reappearing in areas where it had been absent (Service 2021, p. 11). These temporal and spatial distribution changes are believed to be dependent on the use of travel corridors and the availability of suitable habitat; thus, we recognize habitat connectivity between sites as an important species need that facilitates dispersal (Service 2021, pp. 15-17).

The most recent surveys for the species were conducted between 2015 and 2022 by two separate labs: Texas Tech University (Stuhler and Stevens 2023, entire) and Texas State University (Veech et al. 2022, entire). Surveys by both labs conducted from 2020 to 2022 revealed very few individuals compared to surveys conducted from 2015 to 2017 even though the researchers conducted a similar or even higher level of survey effort. Sites where the species could be reliably detected in the past have not had any recent evidence of Texas kangaroo rats, despite having suitable habitat considered by experts to be in good condition. Because the results of these surveys were published just recently, they were not incorporated into the SSA analysis. However, they do not contradict or conflict with the information that was used and would not significantly alter the results of the analysis.

We delineated analysis units for the Texas kangaroo rat based on recent occupancy information. We used data from three surveys (two rangewide and one covering part of the range) conducted between 2015 to 2018 that resulted in 285 detections in Texas and no evidence of occupied areas in Oklahoma, where it is considered extirpated (Braun 2017; Veech et al. 2018; Ott et al. 2019; Stuhler et al. 2019). These surveys represented the best available scientific information at the time of the SSA analysis. Using these survey data, we determined the Texas kangaroo rat currently exists within four groups, or analysis units. We named the analysis units based on their position relative to one another within north-central Texas: East, Central, North, and West Units (figure 1). The total area of the four analysis units is approximately 274,287 ac (111,000 ha), ranging from the largest (East Unit) of approximately 115,398 ac (46,700 ha) to the smallest (West Unit) of approximately 44,973 ac (18,200 ha). For the purposes of our analysis, these four units define areas where a concentration of Texas kangaroo rat activity suggests a relatively isolated group of individuals. Large distances and habitat fragmentation resulting from anthropogenic landscape features, such as highways and developed areas, separate the units. While it is possible that individuals could occur outside the boundaries of the four units, we determined that it would be unlikely for individuals to successfully disperse or travel between them.

EP17AU23.164

Figure 1. Estimated current and historical range of the Texas kangaroo rat with the four analysis units identified in the SSA report. The boundary of the historical range is based on all known detections of Texas kangaroo rats since the species was described in 1894; however, no individuals have been detected in Tillman County, Oklahoma, though they may have once occurred there based on proximity of other records

ted current and historical range of the Texas kangaroo rat with the four analysis units identified in the SSA report. The boundary of the historical range is based on all known detections of Texas kangaroo rats since the species was described in 1894; however, no individuals have been detected in Tillman County, Oklahoma, though they may have once occurred there based on proximity of other records. To assess resiliency, we evaluated five components that broadly relate to the species' physical environment or its population demography. Standardized survey data, which represents individuals detected, was combined with four metrics determined to have the most influence on the suitability of the species' physical environment: availability of potential habitat, proportion of suitable road edge habitat, percentage of cropland, and percentage of high-density woody cover.

To assess representation, we evaluated the ecological and genetic diversity across the current range of the species. It is important to have sufficiently resilient populations (analysis units) where both genetic and ecological differences are apparent to maintain the existing adaptive capacity. To evaluate representation in the current condition of the Texas kangaroo rat, we consider both genetic information and the geographic distribution of populations. At a minimum, at least one moderate or highly resilient analysis unit should be represented in areas where both genetic and ecological differences exist within the species' range to maintain adequate representation.

To assess redundancy, we considered the number and distribution of populations across the range of the species and the potential for catastrophic events to impact the Texas kangaroo rat's ability to maintain viability. To have high redundancy, the species would need to have multiple populations distributed across a large area relative to the scale of anticipated catastrophic events

presentation.

Factors Influencing Species Viability

Loss and Conversion of Habitat

The primary factor influencing the viability of the Texas kangaroo rat is habitat loss and conversion, largely related to historical land use changes. The ecological processes within the geographic range of the species were historically influenced by the presence of American bison, black-tailed prairie dog, and periodic wildfire. Together, these three components helped to create a mosaic of habitat features on the landscape that included the short-statured vegetation interspersed with areas of bare ground and minimal woody cover preferred by the Texas kangaroo rat. This ecological association greatly affected vegetation succession and composition within the Great Plains region (Koford 1958, pp. 69-70; Coppock et al. 1983, p. 10).

At one time, the foraging habits of bison and prairie dogs maintained patches of short grasses and bare ground across the Great Plains (Krueger 1986, p. 769). Bison preferred grasslands where prairie dog colonies existed, using the area for foraging and wallowing (Tyler 1968, p. 17; Coppock and Detling 1986, p. 452; Chipault and Detling 2013, p. 171; Wydeven and Dahlgren 1985, p. 809). Prairie dog foraging reduced shrub growth, affected vegetation height and structure, and increased the amount of bare ground within the colonies (Agnew et al. 1986, p. 138; Weltzin et al. 1997b, p. 760; Kotliar et al. 1999, p. 178)

, using the area for foraging and wallowing (Tyler 1968, p. 17; Coppock and Detling 1986, p. 452; Chipault and Detling 2013, p. 171; Wydeven and Dahlgren 1985, p. 809). Prairie dog foraging reduced shrub growth, affected vegetation height and structure, and increased the amount of bare ground within the colonies (Agnew et al. 1986, p. 138; Weltzin et al. 1997b, p. 760; Kotliar et al. 1999, p. 178). In places where other species of kangaroo rat ( e.g., the Ord's kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys ordii )) coexist with prairie dogs today, the patches of short, clipped grass and bare ground may facilitate kangaroo rat dispersal (Service 2021, p. 19). Bison once numbered in the tens of millions across their range, and prairie dog colonies once occupied 100 to 250 million ac (40 to 100 million ha) (Knapp et al. 1999, p. 39; Miller et al. 2007, p. 678). The expansion of Euro-Americans into the West beginning in the 1800s led directly to the decline of bison and black-tailed prairie dogs. By the early 1900s, bison were near extinction, and prairie dog control substantially reduced once-large colonies of black-tailed prairie dogs across the Great Plains, and in north-central Texas specifically (Weltzin et al. 1997a, p. 251).

Fire also historically shaped prairies. In the Great Plains, it influenced the spread of grasslands and reduced tree and shrub proliferation (Axelrod 1985, pp. 187-188). Periodic burning of grasslands increased species diversity and maintained ecosystem functions (Ryan et al. 2013, pp. e17-e18) but also attracted prairie dogs and bison (Coppock and Detling 1986, p. 454; Coppedge and Shaw 1998, p. 262; Augustine et al. 2007, p. 541). These complex interactions contributed to maintaining the dynamic prairie ecosystem. Since Euro-American expansion to the area, regular prairie fires have been scarce, leading to an increase in shrub encroachment across the prairie landscape. The alteration of the bison, prairie dog, and fire complex has led to increased shrub canopy (Service 2021, p. 7)

98, p. 262; Augustine et al. 2007, p. 541). These complex interactions contributed to maintaining the dynamic prairie ecosystem. Since Euro-American expansion to the area, regular prairie fires have been scarce, leading to an increase in shrub encroachment across the prairie landscape. The alteration of the bison, prairie dog, and fire complex has led to increased shrub canopy (Service 2021, p. 7).

For the Texas kangaroo rat, woody plant encroachment represents a loss of suitable habitat, as the species avoids areas of dense vegetation and closed canopy cover. Within the microhabitats surrounding individual burrow sites, woody canopy cover averages less than one percent (Ott et al. 2018, p. 16). Across the broader habitat, native woody plants such as honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) can increase at a rate of up to 2.3 percent per year when they are not managed (from 14.6 to 58.7 percent over 20 years; see Ansley et al. 2001, pp. 171-172 and Barger et al. 2011, p. 3), quickly spreading and replacing suitable Texas kangaroo rat habitat. Prescribed fires are not often used to manage woody species within the range of the Texas kangaroo rat for various reasons, including the presence of oil field equipment and limitations from drought; in addition, mechanical means of shrub removal are prohibitively expensive (Stasey et al. 2010, pp. 11-12). These circumstances allow areas to develop dense stands of mesquite and herbaceous understory, which is unsuitable habitat for the Texas kangaroo rat.

Although the loss of the bison, prairie dog, and fire complex has negatively impacted the availability of habitat for the Texas kangaroo rat, grazing cattle can act as a disturbance surrogate to create conditions that are suitable for Texas kangaroo rats. Disturbance created by cattle grazing resulted in higher numbers of Texas kangaroo rats when compared to ungrazed areas at a Texas ranch, likely due to the presence of bare ground and lack of dense vegetation (Nelson et al. 2009, p. 126; Stasey et al. 2010, pp. 9-12)

exas kangaroo rat, grazing cattle can act as a disturbance surrogate to create conditions that are suitable for Texas kangaroo rats. Disturbance created by cattle grazing resulted in higher numbers of Texas kangaroo rats when compared to ungrazed areas at a Texas ranch, likely due to the presence of bare ground and lack of dense vegetation (Nelson et al. 2009, p. 126; Stasey et al. 2010, pp. 9-12). Much like bison and prairie dogs, cattle can create and maintain short-statured grass and bare ground.

However, cattle tend to occur in different areas and do not use the habitat in the same way as bison and prairie dogs. When present, bison were more likely to occur in upland grassland areas favored by Texas kangaroo rats. Bison are not limited by distance to a water source and prefer grasslands, whereas cattle often prefer to forage near permanent water sources or areas with woody vegetation (Allred et al. 2011, p. 8; Knapp et al. 1999, p. 46). Of most importance, cattle confinement through fenced pastures leads to reduced biological diversity relative to a landscape grazed by wandering bison (Benedict et al. 1996, p. 155). Both cattle and prairie dogs are grazers, but unlike cattle, prairie dogs also move soil, influence nutrient cycling, increase nitrogen in soils and plants, and facilitate water infiltration (Miller et al. 2007, p. 2807; Whicker and Detling 1988, entire). For species such as the Texas kangaroo rat that require open areas within habitat, prairie dog colonies can create more bare ground than high-intensity cattle grazing (Augustine and Derner 2012, p. 726). Additionally, high-intensity cattle grazing coupled with lack of fire can quicken the conversion of grasslands to shrublands (Brennan and Kuvlesky 2005, p. 6). For these reasons, domestic cattle may be able to replace some lost historical ecosystem functions, but only in a limited capacity

colonies can create more bare ground than high-intensity cattle grazing (Augustine and Derner 2012, p. 726). Additionally, high-intensity cattle grazing coupled with lack of fire can quicken the conversion of grasslands to shrublands (Brennan and Kuvlesky 2005, p. 6). For these reasons, domestic cattle may be able to replace some lost historical ecosystem functions, but only in a limited capacity.

The conversion of native rangeland to cropland has resulted in a direct loss of habitat because the Texas kangaroo rat does not typically construct burrows in soils of agricultural crops (Martin and Matocha 1972, p. 874; Martin 2002, pp. 33-34; Goetze et al. 2007, p. 18; Goetze et al. 2008, p. 313; Nelson et al. 2009, pp. 119-120; Ott et al. 2019, p. 627). Ground disturbance caused by plowing and disking associated with cultivating cropland disturbs the soil substrate, resulting in a loss of burrowing habitat in areas that would have previously supported the species. The establishment of cropland has eliminated native foraging areas, although some cropland edges may provide a forage base, at least opportunistically. The conversion of rangeland to cropland has also led to increased habitat fragmentation, as it presents a barrier to movement and dispersal, since it appears Texas kangaroo rats do not traverse active croplands seeking food, shelter, or mates as they would in native rangeland habitats (Stangl et al. 1992, p. 31; Goetze et al. 2008, pp. 312-318). The amount of cropland acres in Texas increased along with the human population until the 1950s (Dethloff and Nall 2010, entire). Since then, the number of acres in farming has remained largely the same with some areas seeing a slight decline (USDA Census of Agriculture 2020, unpaginated).

thloff and Nall 2010, entire). Since then, the number of acres in farming has remained largely the same with some areas seeing a slight decline (USDA Census of Agriculture 2020, unpaginated).

The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) is a voluntary program that provides incentives for private landowners to convert croplands to perennial grasslands to provide cover for the prevention of soil erosion. It was introduced through the Farm Bill in 1985 and provides short-term protection of previously cultivated lands. Under the program, the amount of enrolled land fluctuates as contracts expire or new lands are enrolled (USDA Farm Service Agency 2016, p. 22). In the Great Plains, enrolled CRP lands are largely planted with mid- and tallgrass species that often remain undisturbed for the entirety of their 10- to 15-year contracts (McLachlan and Carter 2009, p. 28). As a result, vegetation structure in CRP fields often includes taller, more dense vegetation that differs from native shortgrass or mixed-grass prairie (Bidwell and Engle 2005, p. 16). While CRP lands benefit some species, shortgrass-adapted birds or mammals such as the Texas kangaroo rat may find CRP lands to be poor-quality habitat because the vegetation structure does not meet their needs (Kamler et al. 2003, p. 993; McLachlan and Carter 2009, p. 30). Managed haying and grazing are permitted in CRP fields to improve the quality of the land for wildlife, but the frequency of haying/grazing (no more than 1 out of every 3 years) may not be sufficient to maintain short vegetation structures (Noto and Searchinger 2005, p. 153). Because the Texas kangaroo rat requires short-statured vegetation with bare ground and limited woody cover, lands enrolled in CRP may not be suitable habitat for the species (Martin 2002, p. 33; Nelson et al. 2013, p. 12; Ott et al. 2019, p. 626)

f haying/grazing (no more than 1 out of every 3 years) may not be sufficient to maintain short vegetation structures (Noto and Searchinger 2005, p. 153). Because the Texas kangaroo rat requires short-statured vegetation with bare ground and limited woody cover, lands enrolled in CRP may not be suitable habitat for the species (Martin 2002, p. 33; Nelson et al. 2013, p. 12; Ott et al. 2019, p. 626). Thus, the amount and distribution of CRP land within the range of the Texas kangaroo rat may provide some habitat along the edge of the fields or serve as connectivity corridors; however, the lands likely have a negative influence on the amount of available habitat overall.

Since the introduction of CRP, peak enrollment acres within the Texas portion of the species' historical range generally occurred from 1989 to 1998, cumulatively peaking at approximately 239,692 ac (97,000 ha). Since then, enrolled acres have generally decreased over time to approximately 126,024 ac (51,000 ha) over the past decade. Counties in the western portion of the historical range (Childress, Cottle, Foard, Hardeman, and Motley Counties)

The development of roads within Texas kangaroo rat habitat has had mixed impacts on the species. Both paved and unpaved (dirt) roads represent a loss of native grassland or rangeland habitat and have the potential to fragment the species' range; however, survey data show a complex relationship. Because of limited access for surveys on private lands, surveying for Texas kangaroo rats using mostly the public unpaved road systems has been common practice and accounts for a substantial proportion of all published detections. Road surveys, which involve sighting individuals while driving or walking along roads, have resulted in Texas kangaroo rats being frequently observed using burrows in the narrow strip of habitat adjacent to unpaved roads (Stangl et al. 1992, p. 26; Martin 2002, p. 19; Nelson et al. 2013, p. 8)

d systems has been common practice and accounts for a substantial proportion of all published detections. Road surveys, which involve sighting individuals while driving or walking along roads, have resulted in Texas kangaroo rats being frequently observed using burrows in the narrow strip of habitat adjacent to unpaved roads (Stangl et al. 1992, p. 26; Martin 2002, p. 19; Nelson et al. 2013, p. 8). For similar species ( e.g., Stephen's kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys stephensi ) in California), unpaved roads can provide substitute habitat for areas of bare ground and sparse grass cover and can be used for burrowing, foraging, dust bathing, and scent marking (Brock and Kelt 2004, p. 638). They may connect larger areas of suitable habitat and support dispersal between sites.

While unpaved roads may function as nontraditional habitat and travel corridors, paved and gravel roads have an overall negative impact. Paved and gravel roads substantially reduce or eliminate bare ground and provide a hard substrate assumed to be of limited use by Texas kangaroo rats (Goetze et al. 2016, p. 229). Paved roads have a higher traffic volume, allow greater vehicle speed, and are generally wider than unpaved roads. Small mammals avoid crossing paved or gravel roads (Oxley et al. 1974, p. 56; Merriam et al. 1989, pp. 231-232). Additionally, small mammals are often killed by traffic (Adams and Geis 1983, p. 413), and there is documentation of Texas kangaroo rats being hit by cars on roads (Dalquest and Collier 1964, p. 146; Jones et al. 1988, p. 249; Martin 2002, p. 4). Therefore, we determined that paved and gravel roads have a negative impact on the Texas kangaroo rat because they may restrict movement, increase mortality, and fragment habitat. However, as discussed above, the overall effect of unpaved roads on the species is unknown because, while the roads lead to removal of native habitat, they also may provide substitute habitat in some settings

002, p. 4). Therefore, we determined that paved and gravel roads have a negative impact on the Texas kangaroo rat because they may restrict movement, increase mortality, and fragment habitat. However, as discussed above, the overall effect of unpaved roads on the species is unknown because, while the roads lead to removal of native habitat, they also may provide substitute habitat in some settings.

Within the Texas kangaroo rat's range, major highways and urban areas are expected to impact the distribution of the species. The largest thoroughfare within the range is State highway 287, a four-lane divided highway, which bisects the entire northern portion of the species' range from east to west. Additional highways and the City of Wichita Falls also influence Texas kangaroo rat movement by presenting a complete or partial dispersal barrier. Within the 11-county historical range, human population growth has increased minimally (by 3,000 people between 1997 and 2017) in comparison to other parts of Texas (TAMU 2020), and future growth of the human population within the Texas kangaroo rat's range is expected to be similarly minor through 2040 (Texas Department of Transportation 2015, pp. 4-5).

The Texas kangaroo rat's association with disturbance (natural and anthropogenic) is well established (Stangl et al. 1992, pp. 29-34; Goetze et al. 2007, pp. 18-19). Among sources of anthropogenic disturbance, oil and gas infrastructure is common throughout the range of the species. Texas produces the most crude oil and natural gas of any State in the nation. As of June 2, 2020, within the historical range 71,843 oil and natural gas well sites occurred across the 11 Texas counties (Railroad Commission of Texas 2020, unpaginated). The majority of all wells within the current range of the Texas kangaroo rat occur within Wichita and Wilbarger Counties

t the range of the species. Texas produces the most crude oil and natural gas of any State in the nation. As of June 2, 2020, within the historical range 71,843 oil and natural gas well sites occurred across the 11 Texas counties (Railroad Commission of Texas 2020, unpaginated). The majority of all wells within the current range of the Texas kangaroo rat occur within Wichita and Wilbarger Counties. The presence of oil and gas infrastructure ( i.e., oil pad access roads, stacks of drill pipe segments, margins of established/maintained well pads, etc.) has an unclear impact on the species, but it may provide opportunistic burrowing sites for Texas kangaroo rats (Martin 2002, p. 16; Nelson et al. 2013, p. 8; Stuhler et al. 2019, p. 139). Oil and gas extraction also often involves creating new unpaved roads for access, which could benefit the species or further remove native habitat, as discussed above. The full extent of the influence of oil and gas on the Texas kangaroo rat, including potential benefits or detriments, has not been studied. The loss of naturally occurring disturbances ( i.e., bison grazing, prairie dog towns, wildfire) may make anthropogenic features and disturbance more important in creating or maintaining bare ground and short-statured vegetation preferred by the Texas kangaroo rat, at least opportunistically or as a remnant source of habitat.

Climate Change

Climate models developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have projected a worldwide overall warming trend towards the end of the 21st century (IPCC 2007, p. 747). Based on simulations of several global climate models, Seager et al. (2007, p. 1181) showed that southwestern North America, which encompasses the range of the Texas kangaroo rat, is projected to become drier and that the transition to a more arid climate is already underway

mate Change (IPCC) have projected a worldwide overall warming trend towards the end of the 21st century (IPCC 2007, p. 747). Based on simulations of several global climate models, Seager et al. (2007, p. 1181) showed that southwestern North America, which encompasses the range of the Texas kangaroo rat, is projected to become drier and that the transition to a more arid climate is already underway. The main scientific measure of climate change, the earth's average annual temperature (the surface air temperature above land and oceans), shows clear evidence of the change since modern recordkeeping began in 1880. Since that time, the average annual temperature has varied ( i.e., each year is not necessarily warmer than the last), and, despite the variability, a clear warming trend is evident (see https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag/time-series/global ; IPCC 2014, p. 2).

Downscaled global climate models predict changes in temperature and precipitation across subregions of Texas (Jiang and Yang 2012). Evaluating these subregions under the IPCC's emissions scenarios (IPCC 2000, pp. 177-182), the downscaled models predict that annual temperatures in the Central subregion, which includes the Texas kangaroo rat's range, will increase with trends ranging from an increase of approximately 4.3 °F (2.4 °C, lower emissions scenario) to 7.6 °F (4.2 °C, higher emissions scenario) (Jiang and Yang 2012, p. 235). Likewise, a continuing drying trend is predicted for four of the five subregions analyzed, including the Central subregion. The downscaled global climate models also illustrate a potential future shift in seasonal rainfall patterns in the Central subregion, where summer is projected to have more rainfall, while winter is projected to have less rainfall (Jiang and Yang 2012, p. 238).

One manifestation of projected warming trends is the greater number of days per year that a given region of Texas will experience temperatures exceeding 100 °F (38 °C)

odels also illustrate a potential future shift in seasonal rainfall patterns in the Central subregion, where summer is projected to have more rainfall, while winter is projected to have less rainfall (Jiang and Yang 2012, p. 238).

One manifestation of projected warming trends is the greater number of days per year that a given region of Texas will experience temperatures exceeding 100 °F (38 °C). In the recent past, some regions of Texas reached temperatures above 100 °F approximately 10-20 days per year; however, climate models project more than 100 such 100 °F days per year by

Climate may have direct or indirect effects on species, and the effects may be positive, neutral, or negative, and may change over time depending on the species and other relevant considerations, such as interactions of climate with other variables. Examples of possible results include habitat fragmentation, alterations in key vegetation in response to temperature or other climate-related changes ( e.g., expansion of invasive species), or changes in types or abundance of competing species, predators, or prey (Settele et al. 2014, pp. 274-275, 278-279). The life-history characteristics of many species are closely connected with climate conditions ( e.g., thermal tolerances during certain stages of the life cycle). Accordingly, many climate scientists expect numerous species will shift their geographical distributions in response to a warming climate ( e.g., McLaughlin et al. 2002, p. 6070). Populations occurring in fragmented habitats can be more vulnerable to effects of climate change and other threats, particularly those species with limited dispersal abilities (McLaughlin et al. 2002, p. 6074).

change and other threats, particularly those species with limited dispersal abilities (McLaughlin et al. 2002, p. 6074).

Historically, distributions of plants and animals have shifted with changes in regional and global temperatures. Studies continue to indicate that these changes will impact the distribution of plant and animal species as well as the composition of plant and animal communities. Projections of the distribution of vegetation across the State of Texas predicted that distributions and richness of particular taxa of mammals would be altered and fragmented in response to shifts in preferred habitats resulting from climate change (Cameron and Scheel 2001, p. 654). Rodents in general are expected to be more adaptable to changes in vegetation than other Texas mammals, whose ranges are expected to decrease (Cameron and Scheel 2001, p. 654). The impact of climate change in Texas is expected to be greatest under warmer, drier climatic scenarios, where rodent geographic ranges are likely to shift to areas containing vegetation types different than those historically observed. The impact of climate change could be the most severe in western and southern Texas if the climate becomes warmer and drier because of the expansion of desert and shrub habitats (Cameron and Scheel 2001, p. 652), which will have direct implications for the future of the Texas kangaroo rat.

There is some evidence that hotter, drier years limit Texas kangaroo rat populations (Nelson et al. 2013, p. 10). Additionally, in a vegetation study of rodents in Texas, two climate circulation models (one projecting wetter and one projecting drier conditions than the current climate) were used to predict climate-vegetation associations and vegetation distribution changes over the coming decades as atmospheric carbon dioxide doubles from baseline levels (Cameron and Scheel 2001, p. 658), which is anticipated to happen after 2050 in the most pessimistic climate scenarios (Terando et al. 2020, p. 9)

e projecting wetter and one projecting drier conditions than the current climate) were used to predict climate-vegetation associations and vegetation distribution changes over the coming decades as atmospheric carbon dioxide doubles from baseline levels (Cameron and Scheel 2001, p. 658), which is anticipated to happen after 2050 in the most pessimistic climate scenarios (Terando et al. 2020, p. 9). Under both scenarios, Texas kangaroo rat were projected to experience a decline in suitable habitat and a shift in distribution, though the severity depends on precipitation patterns, with the wetter conditions model resulting in a greater loss of suitable habitat. However, this future suitable habitat overlaps the existing geographic range in only 494 ac (200 ha; drier conditions) or 2,471 ac (1,000 ha; wetter) and is almost entirely composed of new vegetation associations that the Texas kangaroo rat does not currently use.

An increase in woody encroachment associated with climate change may also result in a contraction in available suitable Texas kangaroo rat habitat. Projected warming temperatures and dry conditions will likely have an influence on future shrubland dominance (Van Auken 2000, p. 206). In northwest Texas, the effect of climate change and fire suppression would result in a shrubland-dominated landscape (White et al. 2011, p. 541). As described above, encroachment of woody vegetation has deleterious effects to the use of habitat by Texas kangaroo rats. Therefore, the expected shift in vegetative structure brought on by climate change resulting in woody species encroachment would limit the amount of suitable habitat available to the Texas kangaroo rat.

, the expected shift in vegetative structure brought on by climate change resulting in woody species encroachment would limit the amount of suitable habitat available to the Texas kangaroo rat.

In the range of the Texas kangaroo rat within the Southwestern Tablelands and Central Great Plains regions, climate change is also expected to increase drought frequency and severity in the coming decades. One metric widely used for drought monitoring is the Palmer Drought Severity Index, which uses readily available temperature and precipitation data to estimate relative dryness and quantify past long-term drought. The Palmer Drought Severity Index can also be used to model future drought conditions (Cook et al. 2007, p. 103). These model projections consistently predict significantly drier conditions in the latter half of the 21st century (2050-2099) and suggest an exceptionally high risk of a multi-decadal megadrought occurring over the Central Plains and Southwest regions during the late 21st century (Cook et al. 2015, pp. 1-4).

To date, a limited number of observations inform our understanding of the impacts of drought on the Texas kangaroo rat. On one property, a substantial decline in the number of individuals was observed in 2011 (Nelson et al. 2013, p. 10), the worst single-year drought on record in Texas (Nielsen-Gammon 2012, entire). However, it is not known if the decline observed was caused directly by drought ( e.g., by a lack of available water), indirectly ( e.g., a change in vegetation and decline in food resources resulting from the drought), or by an unrelated or unknown factor. The 2011 drought and corresponding heat wave were largely attributed to anomalous sea surface temperatures related to La Niña conditions in the Pacific Ocean, rather than anthropogenic climate change, and are considered outliers (compared to conditions over the past 100 years) not consistent with regional trends (Hoerling et al. 2013, entire)

rom the drought), or by an unrelated or unknown factor. The 2011 drought and corresponding heat wave were largely attributed to anomalous sea surface temperatures related to La Niña conditions in the Pacific Ocean, rather than anthropogenic climate change, and are considered outliers (compared to conditions over the past 100 years) not consistent with regional trends (Hoerling et al. 2013, entire). Although the effects of the influence of prolonged drought on Texas kangaroo rats have not been well studied, predicted intensified drought conditions may limit the Texas kangaroo rat in the coming decades.

In some instances, effects from one threat may increase effects of another threat, resulting in what is referred to as synergistic effects. Synergistic effects often include an increased susceptibility to predation (Moore and Townsend 1998, pp. 332-333), disease (Kiesecker and Blaustein 1995, pp. 11050-11051; Taylor et al. 1999, pp. 539-540), or parasites (Kiesecker 2002, pp. 9902-9903; Gendron et al. 2003, pp. 472-473). Synergistic interactions are possible between the effects of climate change and the effects of other potential threats, especially those that affect the composition and structure of the vegetation communities, such as energy development, livestock grazing, and woody vegetation expansion. Changes in temperature and precipitation resulting from climate change are likely to affect the composition and structure of the vegetation communities as well, which the Texas kangaroo rat is closely associated with, and many of these relationships are discussed in the previous sections. While it is difficult to project specifically how the climate, especially temperature and precipitation, will change and how the vegetation will be affected, the effects of climate change are expected to exacerbate the increase in woody vegetation and subsequent loss of appropriate habitat.

Other Potential Threats

Barn owls and diamondback rattlesnakes prey on Texas kangaroo rats (Stangl et al. 2005, p. 137, Bailey 1905, p

ct specifically how the climate, especially temperature and precipitation, will change and how the vegetation will be affected, the effects of climate change are expected to exacerbate the increase in woody vegetation and subsequent loss of appropriate habitat.

Other Potential Threats

Barn owls and diamondback rattlesnakes prey on Texas kangaroo rats (Stangl et al. 2005, p. 137, Bailey 1905, p. 149; Veech et al. 2018, p. 5); however, there is no documentation of predation pressure exerting a substantial effect on Texas kangaroo rat populations. Parasites may also threaten some rodent populations. However, a nematode first described from a Texas kangaroo rat specimen appears to have had no deleterious effects on the individual or population from which it came (Pfaffenberger and Best 1989, entire).

The range of the Texas kangaroo rat overlaps areas with adequate wind resources necessary for generating energy. There are no published records of Texas kangaroo rats using or avoiding habitat associated with wind facilities. Similarly, solar energy development is an emerging industry in Texas that may also have a substantial impact on the landscape within the range of the Texas kangaroo rat. There are no published records of Texas kangaroo rats using or avoiding the land where solar facilities currently exist. Greater detailed analyses of these potential threats can be reviewed in the SSA report (Service 2021, pp. 37-40).

Conservation Efforts and Regulatory Mechanisms

The Texas kangaroo rat was listed as threatened by the State of Texas (Texas Administrative Code section 65.175) in 1977. A State-threatened designation makes it unlawful to collect, kill, or take the species without a permit from the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. The designation protects the Texas kangaroo rat by increasing its restitution value, meaning that if a person violates the law, the fine is higher than for other nongame species in Texas

te of Texas (Texas Administrative Code section 65.175) in 1977. A State-threatened designation makes it unlawful to collect, kill, or take the species without a permit from the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. The designation protects the Texas kangaroo rat by increasing its restitution value, meaning that if a person violates the law, the fine is higher than for other nongame species in Texas.

Coordinated conservation of the Texas kangaroo rat in the State has been ongoing for several years. The Natural Resources Conservation Service encourages private landowners to implement compatible conservation management practices that may benefit the Texas kangaroo rat through habitat improvements. In coordination with the Fort Worth Zoo (TX), research on Texas kangaroo rat husbandry has been ongoing since 2018. The results from this study are intended to inform a potential captive propagation effort that could lead to the release of captive-reared individuals into the wild. If successful, captive propagation could be a useful conservation tool to augment Texas kangaroo rat populations or reintroduce the species to historical localities in the future.

Lastly, we have collaborated with the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and private landowners to develop a CCAA for the species on non-Federal lands. The CCAA was completed May 16, 2022, and is available to non-Federal landowners within the species' historical range in Texas (Service 2022, unpaginated). The purpose of the agreement is to maintain, enhance, and establish self-sustaining populations of Texas kangaroo rats in the wild through the implementation of specific conservation measures. Landowners that choose to enroll in the CCAA enter into a cooperative agreement via a wildlife management plan or other approved conservation plan with the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department to undertake conservation measures for the benefit of the Texas kangaroo rat

ablish self-sustaining populations of Texas kangaroo rats in the wild through the implementation of specific conservation measures. Landowners that choose to enroll in the CCAA enter into a cooperative agreement via a wildlife management plan or other approved conservation plan with the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department to undertake conservation measures for the benefit of the Texas kangaroo rat. The key conservation measures in the CCAA are designed to increase the resiliency of Texas kangaroo rat populations in occupied and historical areas by maintaining or improving the habitat through management, restoration, or enhancement; by increasing the connectivity of habitat; and by establishing new populations in areas where they were previously extirpated through translocation of wild or captive-reared individuals in the future.

Summary

Our analysis of the factors influencing the Texas kangaroo rat's viability revealed several threats that pose a risk to the species' current and future viability: loss of ecosystem functions maintained by the bison, prairie dog, and fire complex, encroachment of woody vegetation, conversion of native rangeland to cropland and CRP land, construction of roads (in particular, paved and gravel roads), urbanization, and influences of climate change. Conversely, well-managed livestock grazing can be compatible with management of Texas kangaroo rat habitat. Also, the influences of road construction, oil and gas extraction, wind energy, and solar energy development on the Texas kangaroo rat's viability are not fully understood. Efforts to conserve the species are in the planning stages and are expected to benefit the species in future years.

Species Condition

fully understood. Efforts to conserve the species are in the planning stages and are expected to benefit the species in future years.

Species Condition

To evaluate the current condition of the Texas kangaroo rat, we considered the resiliency of known populations or groups, the redundancy of populations or groups, and the ecological or genetic representation within the species across its range. We assessed resiliency of the four analysis units using the five metrics ( i.e., standardized survey data, habitat availability, road edge habitat, cropland percentage, and woody cover percentage; see Species Needs, above) and assigned a rank of good, fair, or poor for each metric based on evidence from documented studies, available unpublished information, and expert opinion. Weighting was placed on each metric prior to calculating a final resiliency score for each of the analysis units. Habitat availability and woody cover percentage were weighted more heavily because there is strong evidence that soils and land cover type are associated with species presence and that dense woody cover has a negative effect. Road edge habitat and cropland percentage were given a lower weight because there is less certainty about the influences these factors have on the species' resiliency. Based on the total of weighted metric scores, a condition category of high, moderate, low, or minimal was assigned to each analysis unit to represent its current resiliency. The results of our resiliency analysis are presented in table 1.

Table 1—Summary of Current Resiliency of Texas Kangaroo Rat Analysis Units [Each metric condition rank of good, fair, and poor refers to the score evaluated in each unit based on either a positive or negative influence of the metric ( e.g., “good” condition for cropland represents a unit with minimal cropland impact).] Analysis unit Survey data Habitat availability Road edge habitat Cropland percentage Woody cover percentage Overall resiliency East Poor Fair Poor Poor Good Moderate

c condition rank of good, fair, and poor refers to the score evaluated in each unit based on either a positive or negative influence of the metric ( e.g., “good” condition for cropland represents a unit with minimal cropland impact).] Analysis unit Survey data Habitat availability Road edge habitat Cropland percentage Woody cover percentage Overall resiliency East Poor Fair Poor Poor Good Moderate. Central Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Low. North Poor Fair Good Fair Poor Low. West Poor Fair Fair Good Poor Low. The analysis results indicate the Central, North, and West analysis units have low resiliency. The East Unit has moderate resiliency. None of the units have a resiliency that ranked as minimal or high.

The overall resiliency scores were largely driven by low detections during surveys and the amount of woody cover in all units except the East Unit. All units scored poor in the standardized survey data metric, meaning that fewer than three Texas kangaroo rats were detected per 16 kilometers (10 miles) of unpaved road in the unit. It is important to note that species detection can be highly variable from year to year and there is no population trend information or consistency of survey methods over time. Additionally, there are no published accounts of a population level that would be considered stable. Our analysis estimated the ranking of good in the standardized survey data metric based on the largest published record of the species collected across a single year and apportioned the other categories equally. A ranking of poor in the standardized survey data metric is an indication that the species is not currently observed in the analysis unit in the same abundance compared to the height of detectability in the past

the ranking of good in the standardized survey data metric based on the largest published record of the species collected across a single year and apportioned the other categories equally. A ranking of poor in the standardized survey data metric is an indication that the species is not currently observed in the analysis unit in the same abundance compared to the height of detectability in the past. Due to the difficulty in detecting the species and the lack of published information on standard population numbers, the standardized survey metric ranking should not be interpreted to represent the number of individuals needed for persistence, but as a contributing factor to the overall resiliency score of a unit.

To evaluate representation in the current condition of the Texas kangaroo rat, we considered both genetic information and the geographic distribution of populations. The ecological diversity of the Texas kangaroo rat is represented by two ecoregions: the Southwestern Tablelands (West Unit) and the Central Great Plains (East, Central, and North Units). The two ecoregions generally correspond to an east-west environmental gradient. The species exhibits adaptive potential by occupying these two different habitat types that vary in terms of precipitation, soils, topography, and vegetation.

Genetic structuring within the Texas kangaroo rat population was analyzed in two recent studies (Pfau et al. 2019; Stuhler et al. 2019) in which the researchers found spatial separation in genetic variation occurring along an east-west gradient. Genetic differences between the two sides of the range may be substantial enough to indicate a metapopulation dynamic, with at least two subpopulations (Stuhler et al. 2019, pp. 105-107). However, the boundaries of the genetic subpopulations are uncertain and differ between the two studies. The North and West Units are genetically similar, and the East Unit differs, but the Central Unit occurs in an intermediate zone (Pfau et al. 2019, pp. 1177-1178; Stuhler et al. 2019, pp

gh to indicate a metapopulation dynamic, with at least two subpopulations (Stuhler et al. 2019, pp. 105-107). However, the boundaries of the genetic subpopulations are uncertain and differ between the two studies. The North and West Units are genetically similar, and the East Unit differs, but the Central Unit occurs in an intermediate zone (Pfau et al. 2019, pp. 1177-1178; Stuhler et al. 2019, pp. 105-107). It is unknown if the differences correspond to an environmental gradient, geographic or anthropogenic barrier, or some combination of factors, but they do not match the geographic boundary between ecoregions described above. Samples from the center of the range are limited, making it difficult to identify whether the genetic differences are true subpopulations or reduced gene flow due to distance across a continuous population (Pfau 2019, pers. comm.; Stuhler et al. 2019, p. 107). There is also evidence that a historical loss of genetic diversity or population bottleneck involving the entire species occurred prior to the establishment of the current distribution (Pfau et al. 2019, p. 1176). However, despite contemporary changes in species' distribution, there does not seem to be a substantial loss of genetic diversity within the past 30 years (Stuhler et al. 2019, p. 105).

Redundancy refers to the species' ability to withstand catastrophic events. Because the Texas kangaroo rat is a narrow-ranging endemic, any catastrophic event that may happen has the potential to affect the entire range of the species, although no specific catastrophic events acting on the species in the past or likely to act on the species in the future were identified in our analysis. For the purposes of our analysis, the species' redundancy was measured by assessing the number and average resiliency of the analysis units within each ecoregion because the number and the distribution of populations are important to mitigate risk and reduce the potential effects of catastrophic events should they occur

or likely to act on the species in the future were identified in our analysis. For the purposes of our analysis, the species' redundancy was measured by assessing the number and average resiliency of the analysis units within each ecoregion because the number and the distribution of populations are important to mitigate risk and reduce the potential effects of catastrophic events should they occur. Average resiliency scores were calculated by assigning numerical values to the resiliency metric conditions (see Table 1) for each analysis unit and weighting the values to reflect the relative importance of having moderately or highly resilient populations (or analysis units) within the ecoregion, which would indicate that the species is likely to withstand stochastic events (see Service 2021, pp. 63-65). The results of our redundancy analysis are presented in table 2.

Table 2—Summary of Current Redundancy Rankings of Texas Kangaroo Rat Ecoregions Redundancy ecoregions Analysis units included Average unit resiliency Redundancy ranking Central Great Plains East, Central, North 1.5 Moderate. Southwestern Tablelands West 1.5 Low. Populations with adequate resiliency are needed to withstand the potential effects of catastrophic events due to the inherently limited distribution of the species. The Central Great Plains ecoregion contains three extant analysis units ( i.e., North, Central, and East). While the number of units in the Central Great Plains is considered adequate, the average resiliency of those analysis units is low, and the ecoregion is therefore considered to have a moderate redundancy. The Southwestern Tablelands ecoregion contains just one analysis unit ( i.e., West), which has low resiliency. Therefore, this region is considered to have low redundancy. To maintain viability, the species' representation should include at least one moderate to high resilient unit within each ecoregion

analysis units is low, and the ecoregion is therefore considered to have a moderate redundancy. The Southwestern Tablelands ecoregion contains just one analysis unit ( i.e., West), which has low resiliency. Therefore, this region is considered to have low redundancy. To maintain viability, the species' representation should include at least one moderate to high resilient unit within each ecoregion. Under current conditions, representation is lacking in the Southwestern Tablelands ecoregion, which maintains a single unit that ranks low, and is slightly higher in the Central Great Plains ecoregion, which has three units (two that rank low, one that ranks moderate). At the species level, the current range of the Texas kangaroo rat is spread across two ecoregions encompassing an area of approximately 1.4 million ac (0.6 million ha). Based on our current knowledge, this represents a substantial reduction from the estimated maximum historical distribution that covered approximately 3.4 million ac (1.4 million ha).

As part of the SSA, we also developed four future condition scenarios reasonably expected to occur over the next 25 years that capture the range of uncertainties regarding future threats i.e., standardized survey data, habitat availability, road edge habitat, cropland percentage, and woody cover percentage) used to assess resiliency for each analysis unit and developed criteria in which each metric could be projected for the future condition. Because we determined that the current condition of the Texas kangaroo rat is consistent with an endangered species (see Determination of Texas Kangaroo Rat Status, below), we are not presenting the results of the future scenarios in this proposed rule. Please refer to the SSA report (Service 2021) for the full analysis of future scenarios.

w), we are not presenting the results of the future scenarios in this proposed rule. Please refer to the SSA report (Service 2021) for the full analysis of future scenarios.

We note that, by using the SSA framework to guide our analysis of the scientific information documented in the SSA report, we have analyzed the cumulative effects of identified threats and conservation actions on the species. The best available science indicates that there are strong synergistic and cumulative interactions among the factors influencing Texas kangaroo rat viability. For example, the reduction of ecosystem function from the losses of bison, prairie dogs, and periodic fire has synergistically led to increasing shrub canopy, resulting in habitat loss and causing Texas kangaroo rat populations to exist in increasingly small areas. Development and conversion of native rangeland to cropland have also led to increased habitat loss and fragmentation. Cumulatively, these factors affect the species' viability because there is less connectivity among populations, diminishing the species' ability to repopulate areas following extirpation. To assess the current and future condition of the species, we evaluate the effects of all the relevant factors that may be influencing the species, including threats and conservation efforts. Because the SSA framework considers not just the presence of the factors, but to what degree they collectively influence risk to the entire species, our assessment integrates the cumulative effects of the factors and replaces a standalone cumulative-effects analysis.

Determination of Texas Kangaroo Rat Status

entire species, our assessment integrates the cumulative effects of the factors and replaces a standalone cumulative-effects analysis.

Determination of Texas Kangaroo Rat Status

Section 4 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1533) and its implementing regulations (50 CFR part 424) set forth the procedures for determining whether a species meets the definition of an endangered species or a threatened species. The Act defines an “endangered species” as a species in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range and a “threatened species” as a species likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range. The Act requires that we determine whether a species meets the definition of an endangered species or a threatened species because of any of the following factors: (A) The present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range; (B) Overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes; (C) Disease or predation; (D) The inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms; or (E) Other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued existence.

Status Throughout All of Its Range

After evaluating threats to the species and assessing the cumulative effect of the threats under the section 4(a)(1) factors, we find that the viability of the species is currently at risk. Our analysis revealed several threats that have caused the Texas kangaroo rat's range to become greatly reduced, and much of its remaining habitat is now unsuitable. The most important factors affecting the species' current status and trend are the destruction and modification of its habitat (Factors A and E) and the effects of climate change on its habitat (Factor E).

s affecting the species' current status and trend are the destruction and modification of its habitat (Factors A and E) and the effects of climate change on its habitat (Factor E).

The primary driver of the status of the Texas kangaroo rat has been the loss and degradation of suitable grassland and rangeland habitats caused by loss of ecosystem functions, conversion to croplands, and development. The historical loss of the bison, prairie dog, and fire complex that occurred in the late 1800s to early 1900s resulted in loss of the natural disturbance regime essential for maintaining habitat suitability. Texas kangaroo rats require a mosaic of short-statured vegetation interspersed with areas of bare ground and minimal woody cover. Without the complex interactions maintaining that mosaic of habitat and dynamic prairie ecosystem, vegetational succession occurred in areas across the Great Plains region. In the absence of the natural disturbance regime, woody vegetation invaded grasslands, eventually converting some to shrublands or woodlands uninhabitable by Texas kangaroo rats. Native woody plants such as mesquite continue to encroach into the remaining grasslands and are currently estimated to increase at a rate of 2.3 percent per year. Warming temperatures and dry conditions related to climate change are expected to increase the rate of woody plant encroachment, further limiting the amount of suitable habitat available to Texas kangaroo rats into the future.

Another source of historical habitat loss occurred in the early and mid-1900s when many native grasslands and rangelands were converted to croplands. The impacts of land conversion to cropland, which often involved plowing and disking, were initially very high and included direct loss of occupied Texas kangaroo rat habitat, destruction of burrows, and potential mortality of individuals present at the time. The longer term impacts of rangeland conversion have been loss of native foraging sources and increased habitat fragmentation

to croplands. The impacts of land conversion to cropland, which often involved plowing and disking, were initially very high and included direct loss of occupied Texas kangaroo rat habitat, destruction of burrows, and potential mortality of individuals present at the time. The longer term impacts of rangeland conversion have been loss of native foraging sources and increased habitat fragmentation. Despite this situation, Texas kangaroo rats likely still use portions of cropland to opportunistically forage and travel along field edges where regular mowing maintains the short-statured vegetation associated with their habitat requirements. The CRP program, which was introduced in 1985, results in tall, dense vegetation on enrolled lands and typically does not provide the short-statured vegetation and bare ground suitable for Texas kangaroo rats. Additionally, CRP lands do not typically maintain the edge characteristics of active or fallow croplands that have the potential to provide marginal habitat for the species. Conversion of additional grasslands and rangelands to croplands are not expected to continue within the range of the species, but conversion of cropland to CRP has the potential to further reduce and fragment Texas kangaroo rat habitat in the future.

Development of grasslands and rangelands to roads, highways, and urban areas has had significant impacts on connectivity across the range of the species. Texas kangaroo rats use unpaved roads and the narrow strip of adjacent land as nontraditional habitat and travel corridors. In comparison, paved and gravel roads have a negative effect on the species because they restrict movement, increase mortality, and fragment habitat. Highways, such as State highway 287, have bisected the species' range, restricting dispersal and genetic exchange between populations. Urban development in some areas has further limited movement

t land as nontraditional habitat and travel corridors. In comparison, paved and gravel roads have a negative effect on the species because they restrict movement, increase mortality, and fragment habitat. Highways, such as State highway 287, have bisected the species' range, restricting dispersal and genetic exchange between populations. Urban development in some areas has further limited movement. Decreased habitat connectivity reduces the Texas kangaroo rat's viability by limiting gene flow and the ability of the species to repopulate suitable sites where they were previously extirpated.

Because of these threats acting upon the Texas kangaroo rat, the species' range has decreased to approximately 41

In summary, the Texas kangaroo rat is currently experiencing significant impacts due to loss of ecosystem functions maintained by the historical interactions of bison, prairie dog, and wildfire; encroachment of woody vegetation, which is exacerbated by climate change; loss of habitat due to conversion of native rangeland to cropland; and loss of habitat connectivity due to urban development and construction of roads throughout its very limited range. Texas kangaroo rats currently occur in a limited portion of north-central Texas, and nearly all populations of the species are in low-resiliency condition with reduced redundancy. Due to impacts of threats discussed above, we find the species is currently at a high risk of extinction. Thus, after assessing the best available information, we determine that the Texas kangaroo rat is in danger of extinction throughout all of its range. We do not find that the species meets the Act's definition of a threatened species because the species has already shown low levels in current resiliency, redundancy, and representation due to the threats discussed above

t a high risk of extinction. Thus, after assessing the best available information, we determine that the Texas kangaroo rat is in danger of extinction throughout all of its range. We do not find that the species meets the Act's definition of a threatened species because the species has already shown low levels in current resiliency, redundancy, and representation due to the threats discussed above.

Status Throughout a Significant Portion of Its Range

Under the Act and our implementing regulations, a species may warrant listing if it is in danger of extinction or likely to become so in the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range. We have determined that the Texas kangaroo rat is in danger of extinction throughout all of its range and accordingly did not undertake an analysis of any significant portion of its range. Because the Texas kangaroo rat warrants listing as endangered throughout all of its range, our determination does not conflict with the decision in Center for Biological Diversity v. Everson, 435 F. Supp. 3d 69 (D.D.C. 2020), ( Everson ) which vacated the provision of the Final Policy on Interpretation of the Phrase “Significant Portion of Its Range” in the Endangered Species Act's Definitions of “Endangered Species” and “Threatened Species” (79 FR 37578, July 1, 2014) providing that if the Service determines that a species is threatened throughout all of its range, the Service will not analyze whether the species is endangered in a significant portion of its range.

Determination of Status

Our review of the best available scientific and commercial information indicates that the Texas kangaroo rat meets the definition of an endangered species. Therefore, we propose to list the Texas kangaroo rat as an endangered species in accordance with sections 3(6) and 4(a)(1) of the Act

t analyze whether the species is endangered in a significant portion of its range.

Determination of Status

Available Conservation Measures

Conservation measures provided to species listed as endangered or threatened species under the Act include recognition as a listed species, planning and implementation of recovery actions, requirements for Federal protection, and prohibitions against certain practices. Recognition through listing results in public awareness, and conservation by Federal, State, Tribal, and local agencies, private organizations, and individuals. The Act encourages cooperation with the States and other countries and calls for recovery actions to be carried out for listed species. The protection required by Federal agencies, including the Service, and the prohibitions against certain activities are discussed, in part, below.

The primary purpose of the Act is the conservation of endangered and threatened species and the ecosystems upon which they depend. The ultimate goal of such conservation efforts is the recovery of these listed species, so that they no longer need the protective measures of the Act. Section 4(f) of the Act calls for the Service to develop and implement recovery plans for the conservation of endangered and threatened species. The goal of this process is to restore listed species to a point where they are secure, self-sustaining, and functioning components of their ecosystems.

s to restore listed species to a point where they are secure, self-sustaining, and functioning components of their ecosystems.

The recovery planning process begins with development of a recovery outline made available to the public soon after a final listing determination. The recovery outline guides the immediate implementation of urgent recovery actions while a recovery plan is being developed. Recovery teams (composed of species experts, Federal and State agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and stakeholders) may be established to develop and implement recovery plans. The recovery planning process involves the identification of actions that are necessary to halt and reverse the species' decline by addressing the threats to its survival and recovery. The recovery plan identifies recovery criteria for review of when a species may be ready for reclassification from endangered to threatened (“downlisting”) or removal from protected status (“delisting”), and methods for monitoring recovery progress. Recovery plans also establish a framework for agencies to coordinate their recovery efforts and provide estimates of the cost of implementing recovery tasks. Revisions of the plan may be done to address continuing or new threats to the species, as new substantive information becomes available. The recovery outline, draft recovery plan, final recovery plan, and any revisions will be available on our website as they are completed ( http://www.fws.gov/endangered ), or from our Arlington Ecological Services Field Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT ).

be available on our website as they are completed ( http://www.fws.gov/endangered ), or from our Arlington Ecological Services Field Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT ).

Implementation of recovery actions generally requires the participation of a broad range of partners, including other Federal agencies, States, Tribes, nongovernmental organizations, businesses, and private landowners. Examples of recovery actions include habitat restoration ( e.g., restoration of native vegetation), research, captive

If this species is listed, funding for recovery actions will be available from a variety of sources, including Federal budgets, State programs, and cost-share grants for non-Federal landowners, the academic community, and nongovernmental organizations. In addition, pursuant to section 6 of the Act, the State of Texas would be eligible for Federal funds to implement management actions that promote the protection or recovery of the Texas kangaroo rat. Information on our grant programs that are available to aid species recovery can be found at: https://www.fws.gov/service/financial-assistance.

Although the Texas kangaroo rat is only proposed for listing under the Act at this time, please let us know if you are interested in participating in recovery efforts for this species. Additionally, we invite you to submit any new information on this species whenever it becomes available and any information you may have for recovery planning purposes (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT ).

Section 7 of the Act is titled Interagency Cooperation and mandates all Federal action agencies to use their existing authorities to further the conservation purposes of the Act and to ensure that their actions are not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of listed species or adversely modify critical habitat. Regulations implementing section 7 are codified at 50 CFR part 402

CONTACT ).

Section 7(a)(2) states that each Federal action agency shall, in consultation with the Secretary, ensure that any action they authorize, fund, or carry out is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a listed species or result in the destruction or adverse modification of designated critical habitat. Each Federal agency shall review its action at the earliest possible time to determine whether it may affect listed species or critical habitat. If a determination is made that the action may affect listed species or critical habitat, formal consultation is required (50 CFR 402.14(a)), unless the Service concurs in writing that the action is not likely to adversely affect listed species or critical habitat. At the end of a formal consultation, the Service issues a biological opinion, containing its determination of whether the Federal action is likely to result in jeopardy or adverse modification.

In contrast, section 7(a)(4) of the Act requires Federal agencies to confer with the Service on any action which is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any species proposed to be listed under the Act or result in the destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat proposed to be designated for such species. Although the conference procedures are required only when an action is likely to result in jeopardy or adverse modification, action agencies may voluntarily confer with the Service on actions that may affect species proposed for listing or critical habitat proposed to be designated

or result in the destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat proposed to be designated for such species. Although the conference procedures are required only when an action is likely to result in jeopardy or adverse modification, action agencies may voluntarily confer with the Service on actions that may affect species proposed for listing or critical habitat proposed to be designated. In the event that the subject species is listed or the relevant critical habitat is designated, a conference opinion may be adopted as a biological opinion and serve as compliance with section 7(a)(2).

Examples of discretionary actions for the Texas kangaroo rate that may be subject to conference and consultation procedures under section 7 are land management or other landscape-altering activities on Federal lands as well as actions on State, Tribal, local, or private lands that require a Federal permit (such as a permit from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers under section 404 of the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq. ) or a permit from the Service under section 10 of the Act) or that involve some other Federal action (such as funding from the Federal Highway Administration, Federal Aviation Administration, or the Federal Emergency Management Agency). Federal actions not affecting listed species or critical habitat—and actions on State, Tribal, local, or private lands that are not federally funded, authorized, or carried out by a Federal agency—do not require section 7 consultation. Examples of Federal agency actions that may require consultation for the Texas kangaroo rat could include transportation projects funded by the Federal Highway Administration and authorization by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission for a company to install a gas or oil pipeline. Federal agencies should coordinate with the local Service Field Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT ) with any specific questions on section 7 consultation and conference requirements

as kangaroo rat could include transportation projects funded by the Federal Highway Administration and authorization by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission for a company to install a gas or oil pipeline. Federal agencies should coordinate with the local Service Field Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT ) with any specific questions on section 7 consultation and conference requirements.

The Act and its implementing regulations set forth a series of general prohibitions and exceptions that apply to endangered wildlife. The prohibitions of section 9(a)(1) of the Act, codified at 50 CFR 17.21, make it illegal for any person subject to the jurisdiction of the United States to commit, to attempt to commit, to solicit another to commit or to cause to be committed any of the following: (1) import endangered wildlife to, or export from, the United States; (2) take (which includes harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect) endangered wildlife within the United States or on the high seas; (3) possess, sell, deliver, carry, transport, or ship, by any means whatsoever, any such wildlife that has been taken illegally; (4) deliver, receive, carry, transport, or ship in interstate or foreign commerce in the course of commercial activity; or (5) sell or offer for sale in interstate or foreign commerce. Certain exceptions to these prohibitions apply to employees or agents of the Service, the National Marine Fisheries Service, other Federal land management agencies, and State conservation agencies.

We may issue permits to carry out otherwise prohibited activities involving endangered wildlife under certain circumstances. Regulations governing permits for endangered wildlife are codified at 50 CFR 17.22. With regard to endangered wildlife, a permit may be issued: for scientific purposes, for enhancing the propagation or survival of the species, or for take incidental to otherwise lawful activities

y issue permits to carry out otherwise prohibited activities involving endangered wildlife under certain circumstances. Regulations governing permits for endangered wildlife are codified at 50 CFR 17.22. With regard to endangered wildlife, a permit may be issued: for scientific purposes, for enhancing the propagation or survival of the species, or for take incidental to otherwise lawful activities. The statute also contains certain exemptions from the prohibitions, which are found in sections 9 and 10 of the Act.

It is the policy of the Service, as published in the Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34272), to identify, to the extent known at the time a species is listed, specific activities that will not be considered likely to result in violation of section 9 of the Act. To the extent possible, activities that will be considered likely to result in violation will also be identified in as specific a manner as possible. The intent of this policy is to increase public awareness of the effect of a proposed listing on proposed and ongoing activities within the range of the species proposed for listing.

As discussed above, certain activities that are prohibited under section 9 may be permitted under section 10 of the Act. In addition, to the extent currently known, the following activities will not be considered likely to result in violation of section 9 of the Act:

• normal residential landscaping activities on non-Federal lands;

• recreational use with minimal ground disturbance; or

• maintenance ( e.g., resurfacing, repair, mowing) of existing paved roads.

This list is intended to be illustrative and not exhaustive; additional activities e.g., with new information), the Service may conclude that one or more activities identified here will be considered likely to result in violation of section 9

n non-Federal lands;

• recreational use with minimal ground disturbance; or

• maintenance ( e.g., resurfacing, repair, mowing) of existing paved roads.

To the extent currently known, the following is a list of examples of activities that will be considered likely to result in violation of section 9 of the Act in addition to what is already clear from the descriptions of the prohibitions found at 50 CFR 17.21:

• unauthorized handling or collecting of Texas kangaroo rats;

• unauthorized modification, removal, or destruction of native grassland/rangeland habitat in which the Texas kangaroo rat is known to occur;

• introduction of nonnative species that compete with or prey upon Texas kangaroo rats or that carry pathogens known to or suspected to affect Texas kangaroo rats—for example, the introduction of competing nonnative rodents or nonnative predators to the State of Texas; or

• unauthorized modification of the soil profiles or the vegetation components on sites known to be occupied by Texas kangaroo rats.

This list is intended to be illustrative and not exhaustive; additional activities that will be considered likely to result in violation of section 9 of the Act may be identified during coordination with the local field office, and in some instances ( e.g., with new or site-specific information), the Service may conclude that one or more activities identified here will not be considered likely to result in violation of section 9. Questions regarding whether specific activities would constitute violation of section 9 of the Act should be directed to the Arlington Ecological Services Field Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT ).

II. Critical Habitat

Background

Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as:

ore activities identified here will not be considered likely to result in violation of section 9. Questions regarding whether specific activities would constitute violation of section 9 of the Act should be directed to the Arlington Ecological Services Field Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT ).

II. Critical Habitat

Background

Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as:

(1) The specific areas within the geographical area occupied by the species, at the time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which are found those physical or biological features

(a) Essential to the conservation of the species, and

(b) Which may require special management considerations or protection; and

(2) Specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by the species at the time it is listed, upon a determination that such areas are essential for the conservation of the species.

Our regulations at 50 CFR 424.02 define the geographical area occupied by the species as an area that may generally be delineated around species' occurrences, as determined by the Secretary ( i.e., range). Such areas may include those areas used throughout all or part of the species' life cycle, even if not used on a regular basis ( e.g., migratory corridors, seasonal habitats, and habitats used periodically, but not solely, by vagrant individuals).

Conservation, as defined under section 3 of the Act, means to use and the use of all methods and procedures that are necessary to bring an endangered or threatened species to the point at which the measures provided pursuant to the Act are no longer necessary. Such methods and procedures include, but are not limited to, all activities associated with scientific resources management such as research, census, law enforcement, habitat acquisition and maintenance, propagation, live trapping, and transplantation, and, in the extraordinary case where population pressures within a given ecosystem cannot be otherwise relieved, may include regulated taking

sary. Such methods and procedures include, but are not limited to, all activities associated with scientific resources management such as research, census, law enforcement, habitat acquisition and maintenance, propagation, live trapping, and transplantation, and, in the extraordinary case where population pressures within a given ecosystem cannot be otherwise relieved, may include regulated taking.

Critical habitat receives protection under section 7 of the Act through the requirement that each Federal action agency ensure, in consultation with the Service, that any action they authorize, fund, or carry out is not likely to result in the destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat. The designation of critical habitat does not affect land ownership or establish a refuge, wilderness, reserve, preserve, or other conservation area. Such designation also does not allow the government or public to access private lands. Such designation does not require implementation of restoration, recovery, or enhancement measures by non-Federal landowners. Rather, designation requires that, where a landowner requests Federal agency funding or authorization for an action that may affect an area designated as critical habitat, the Federal agency consult with the Service under section 7(a)(2) of the Act. If the action may affect the listed species itself (such as for occupied critical habitat), the Federal agency would have already been required to consult with the Service even absent the designation because of the requirement to ensure that the action is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of the species

t, the Federal agency consult with the Service under section 7(a)(2) of the Act. If the action may affect the listed species itself (such as for occupied critical habitat), the Federal agency would have already been required to consult with the Service even absent the designation because of the requirement to ensure that the action is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of the species. Even if the Service were to conclude after consultation that the proposed activity is likely to result in destruction or adverse modification of the critical habitat, the Federal action agency and the landowner are not required to abandon the proposed activity, or to restore or recover the species; instead, they must implement “reasonable and prudent alternatives” to avoid destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat.

Under the first prong of the Act's definition of critical habitat, areas within the geographical area occupied by the species at the time it was listed are included in a critical habitat designation if they contain physical or biological features (1) which are essential to the conservation of the species and (2) which may require special management considerations or protection. For these areas, critical habitat designations identify, to the extent known using the best scientific and commercial data available, those physical or biological features that are essential to the conservation of the species (such as space, food, cover, and protected habitat).

Under the second prong of the Act's definition of critical habitat, we can designate critical habitat in areas outside the geographical area occupied by the species at the time it is listed, upon a determination that such areas are essential for the conservation of the species.

Section 4 of the Act requires that we designate critical habitat on the basis of the best scientific data available

Section 4 of the Act requires that we designate critical habitat on the basis of the best scientific data available. Further, our Policy on Information Standards Under the Endangered Species Act (published in the Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34271)), the Information Quality Act (section 515 of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (Pub. L. 106-554; H.R. 5658)), and our associated Information Quality Guidelines provide criteria, establish procedures, and provide guidance to ensure that our decisions are based on the best scientific data available. They require our biologists, to the extent consistent with the Act and with the use of the best scientific data available, to use primary and original sources of information as the basis for recommendations to designate critical habitat.

When we are determining which areas should be designated as critical habitat, our primary source of information is generally the information from the SSA report and information developed during the listing process for the species. Additional information sources

Habitat is dynamic, and species may move from one area to another over time. We recognize that critical habitat designated at a particular point in time may not include all of the habitat areas that we may later determine are necessary for the recovery of the species. For these reasons, a critical habitat designation does not signal that habitat outside the designated area is unimportant or may not be needed for recovery of the species

e from one area to another over time. We recognize that critical habitat designated at a particular point in time may not include all of the habitat areas that we may later determine are necessary for the recovery of the species. For these reasons, a critical habitat designation does not signal that habitat outside the designated area is unimportant or may not be needed for recovery of the species. Areas that are important to the conservation of the species, both inside and outside the critical habitat designation, will continue to be subject to: (1) Conservation actions implemented under section 7(a)(1) of the Act; (2) regulatory protections afforded by the requirement in section 7(a)(2) of the Act for Federal agencies to ensure their actions are not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered or threatened species; and (3) the prohibitions found in section 9 of the Act. Federally funded or permitted projects affecting listed species outside their designated critical habitat areas may still result in jeopardy findings in some cases. These protections and conservation tools will continue to contribute to recovery of the species. Similarly, critical habitat designations made on the basis of the best available information at the time of designation will not control the direction and substance of future recovery plans, habitat conservation plans (HCPs), or other species conservation planning efforts if new information available at the time of those planning efforts calls for a different outcome.

Physical or Biological Features Essential to the Conservation of the Species

In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) of the Act and regulations at 50 CFR 424.12(b), in determining which areas we will designate as critical habitat from within the geographical area occupied by the species at the time of listing, we consider the physical or biological features that are essential to the conservation of the species and that may require special management considerations or protection

accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) of the Act and regulations at 50 CFR 424.12(b), in determining which areas we will designate as critical habitat from within the geographical area occupied by the species at the time of listing, we consider the physical or biological features that are essential to the conservation of the species and that may require special management considerations or protection. The regulations at 50 CFR 424.02 define “physical or biological features essential to the conservation of the species” as the features that occur in specific areas and that are essential to support the life-history needs of the species, including, but not limited to, water characteristics, soil type, geological features, sites, prey, vegetation, symbiotic species, or other features. A feature may be a single habitat characteristic or a more complex combination of habitat characteristics. Features may include habitat characteristics that support ephemeral or dynamic habitat conditions. Features may also be expressed in terms relating to principles of conservation biology, such as patch size, distribution distances, and connectivity. For example, physical features essential to the conservation of the species might include gravel of a particular size required for spawning, alkaline soil for seed germination, protective cover for migration, or susceptibility to flooding or fire that maintains necessary early-successional habitat characteristics. Biological features might include prey species, forage grasses, specific kinds or ages of trees for roosting or nesting, symbiotic fungi, or a particular level of nonnative species consistent with conservation needs of the listed species. The features may also be combinations of habitat characteristics and may encompass the relationship between characteristics or the necessary amount of a characteristic essential to support the life history of the species

ses, specific kinds or ages of trees for roosting or nesting, symbiotic fungi, or a particular level of nonnative species consistent with conservation needs of the listed species. The features may also be combinations of habitat characteristics and may encompass the relationship between characteristics or the necessary amount of a characteristic essential to support the life history of the species.

In considering whether features are essential to the conservation of the species, we may consider an appropriate quality, quantity, and spatial and temporal arrangement of habitat characteristics in the context of the life-history needs, condition, and status of the species. These characteristics include, but are not limited to, space for individual and population growth and for normal behavior; food, water, air, light, minerals, or other nutritional or physiological requirements; cover or shelter; sites for breeding, reproduction, or rearing (or development) of offspring; and habitats that are protected from disturbance. These characteristics are described below for the Texas kangaroo rat:

(1) Appropriate soils to support burrowing behaviors: Texas kangaroo rats dig subterranean burrow systems in predominantly loose, loam/clay-loam soils, which are used for shelter, reproduction, and food storage.

(2) Short-statured prairie vegetation: Texas kangaroo rats generally prefer shortgrass or mixed-grass prairie with forbs. Woody canopy cover should be sparse (less than 50 percent). Maintaining this kind of habitat requires a disturbance regime to promote early successional grassland habitat, which could be caused by many sources including grazing, fire, mesquite removal, etc.

and food storage.

(3) Home range or territory features: Texas kangaroo rats require each of the following within their home ranges to support breeding: a proportional mixture of short-statured vegetation and bare ground (at the microscale) and loose soil; structure conducive to burrowing; and food availability. In the areas surrounding their burrows, individuals require the appropriate mixture of grasses, forbs, and bare ground to facilitate normal behaviors and movement. These qualities must exist at the microscale because they are important factors when individuals choose their territories. Loose soils are necessary for dust-bathing activities (to ameliorate parasites), scent marking (for territory delineation/sexual receptivity), and tunneling (for burrow construction). Burrows typically require some form of topographic relief in areas not prone to flooding. To provide structure for burrow entrance construction, Texas kangaroo rats have been known to opportunistically use shrubs; prairie mounds (natural, elevated, and relatively bare areas possibly uplifted by clay soils swelling in cracks); manmade berms that occur due to road, fence, and oilfield construction; and old (>30 years), unburned brush piles where wood has decayed leaving a mound of loose friable soil. Their territories must also include sources of food with adequate seed-producing grasses and forbs. However, specific food preferences are unknown, and the Texas kangaroo rat is thought to forage opportunistically and store seeds as resources allow

due to road, fence, and oilfield construction; and old (>30 years), unburned brush piles where wood has decayed leaving a mound of loose friable soil. Their territories must also include sources of food with adequate seed-producing grasses and forbs. However, specific food preferences are unknown, and the Texas kangaroo rat is thought to forage opportunistically and store seeds as resources allow.

Summary of Essential Physical or Biological Features

We derive the specific physical or biological features essential to the conservation of Texas kangaroo rat from studies of the species' habitat, ecology, and life history as described below. Additional information can be found in the SSA report (Service 2021, entire; available on https://www.regulations.gov under Docket No. FWS-R2-ES-2021-0143). We have determined that the following physical or biological features are essential to the conservation of the Texas kangaroo rat:

(1) loose loam/clay-loam soils;

(2) shortgrass or mixed-grass prairie with forbs and less than 50 percent woody canopy cover;

(3) early successional grassland habitat often created and maintained by a disturbance regime ( e.g., grazing, fire);

(4) proportional mixture of short-statured vegetation ( i.e., herbaceous plant species observed at a shortened height rather than their potential maximum height) and bare ground ( i.e., at microscale);

(5) structure that provides uplift for burrows ( e.g., prairie mound, shrub, manmade berm) in areas not prone to flooding; and

ted and maintained by a disturbance regime ( e.g., grazing, fire);

(5) structure that provides uplift for burrows ( e.g., prairie mound, shrub, manmade berm) in areas not prone to flooding; and

(6) habitat connectivity that supports movement and dispersal of Texas kangaroo rats ( e.g., open spaces that lack barriers such as large paved roads or dense trees and shrubs).

Special Management Considerations or Protection

When designating critical habitat, we assess whether the specific areas within the geographical area occupied by the species at the time of listing contain features which are essential to the conservation of the species and which may require special management considerations or protection. The features essential to the conservation of the Texas kangaroo rat may require special management considerations or protection to reduce the following threats: (1) Conversion of existing natural habitat to cropland; (2) urbanization of the landscape, including (but not limited to) development of roads and highways; (3) encroachment of woody vegetation due to changes in land use as well as climate change, resulting in the degradation of habitat; (4) negative impacts of CRP land; and (5) the potential effects of energy development.

Special management considerations or protection may be required within critical habitat areas to address these threats

ding (but not limited to) development of roads and highways; (3) encroachment of woody vegetation due to changes in land use as well as climate change, resulting in the degradation of habitat; (4) negative impacts of CRP land; and (5) the potential effects of energy development.

Special management considerations or protection may be required within critical habitat areas to address these threats. Management activities that could ameliorate these threats include, but are not limited to, protecting grassland and rangeland habitats and maintaining the short-statured vegetation; protecting and maintaining corridors used by Texas kangaroo rats to travel between sites; proactively implementing controlled burns and other forms of habitat management, such as cattle grazing, where appropriate, to support long-term habitat suitability; and minimizing the likelihood that energy development projects will impact the quality or quantity of suitable habitat.

Criteria Used To Identify Critical Habitat

As required by section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we use the best scientific data available to designate critical habitat. In accordance with the Act and our implementing regulations at 50 CFR 424.12(b), we review available information pertaining to the habitat requirements of the species and identify specific areas within the geographical area occupied by the species at the time of listing and any specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by the species to be considered for designation as critical habitat. We are not currently proposing to designate any areas outside the geographical area occupied by the species because we have not identified any unoccupied areas that meet the definition of critical habitat, and we have determined that the occupied areas are sufficient to conserve the species.

We anticipate that recovery will require maintaining and, where necessary, improving habitat and habitat connectivity to ensure the long-term viability of the Texas kangaroo rat

phical area occupied by the species because we have not identified any unoccupied areas that meet the definition of critical habitat, and we have determined that the occupied areas are sufficient to conserve the species.

We anticipate that recovery will require maintaining and, where necessary, improving habitat and habitat connectivity to ensure the long-term viability of the Texas kangaroo rat. We have determined that the areas containing one or more of the essential physical or biological features and occupied by the Texas kangaroo rat would maintain the species' resiliency, redundancy, and representation and are sufficient for conservation of the species. Therefore, we are not currently proposing to designate any areas outside the geographical area occupied by the species.

In summary, for areas within the geographical area occupied by the species at the time of listing, we delineated critical habitat unit boundaries using the following criteria: Evaluate suitability of habitat within the geographical area occupied at the time of listing and delineate those areas that contain some or all of the physical or biological features necessary to support life-history functions essential to the conservation of the species. Units are proposed for designation based on one or more of the physical or biological features being present to support the Texas kangaroo rat's life-history processes. All identified physical or biological features necessary to support the species' life history likely occur in some areas of each unit.

To determine the suitability of the habitat, we referred to a habitat model specific to the Texas kangaroo rat that identifies where on the landscape the necessary loam/clay-loam soils overlap with appropriate grassland and rangeland habitat types (Ott et al. 2019). We then removed patches of habitat that are likely too small to support the life cycle of a single individual ( i.e., less than 11.5 ha [28.5 ac])

the suitability of the habitat, we referred to a habitat model specific to the Texas kangaroo rat that identifies where on the landscape the necessary loam/clay-loam soils overlap with appropriate grassland and rangeland habitat types (Ott et al. 2019). We then removed patches of habitat that are likely too small to support the life cycle of a single individual ( i.e., less than 11.5 ha [28.5 ac]). We also removed areas identified in Foard County, which is currently unoccupied ( i.e., the species has not been detected there in 40 years). To delineate critical habitat, we grouped the resulting habitat patches into six units separated by likely dispersal barriers ( e.g., rivers, large highways, and urban areas). All the patches of habitat within each unit are connected by possible travel corridors that facilitate movement of individuals, a feature which is essential for the long-term viability of the species.

When determining proposed critical habitat boundaries, we made every effort to avoid including developed areas such as lands covered by buildings, pavement, and other structures because such lands lack physical or biological features necessary for the Texas kangaroo rat. The scale of the maps we prepared under the parameters for publication within the Code of Federal Regulations may not reflect the exclusion of such developed lands. Any such lands inadvertently left inside critical habitat boundaries shown on the maps of this proposed rule have been excluded by text in the proposed rule and are not proposed for designation as critical habitat. Therefore, if the critical habitat is finalized as proposed, a Federal action involving these lands would not trigger section 7 consultation with respect to critical habitat and the requirement of no adverse modification unless the specific action would affect the physical or biological features in the adjacent critical habitat

roposed rule and are not proposed for designation as critical habitat. Therefore, if the critical habitat is finalized as proposed, a Federal action involving these lands would not trigger section 7 consultation with respect to critical habitat and the requirement of no adverse modification unless the specific action would affect the physical or biological features in the adjacent critical habitat.

We propose to designate as critical habitat lands that we have determined are occupied at the time of listing ( i.e., currently occupied) and that contain one or more of the physical or biological features that are essential to support life-history processes of the species. Units are proposed for designation based on one or more of the physical or biological features being present to support the Texas kangaroo rat's life-history processes. All units likely contain all of the identified physical or biological features and support multiple life-history processes.

The proposed critical habitat designation is defined by the maps, as modified by any accompanying regulatory text, presented at the end of this document under Proposed Regulation Promulgation. We include more detailed information on the boundaries of the critical habitat designation in the preamble of this document. We will make the coordinates or plot points or both on which each map is based available to the public on https://www.regulations.gov at Docket No. FWS-R2-ES-2021-0143 and on our internet site https://www.fws.gov/office/arlington-ecological-services .

Proposed Critical Habitat Designation

We are proposing to designate approximately 597,069 ac (241,625 ha)

(1) North of U.S. 287 near the cities of Childress and Quanah (Childress, Hardeman, and Wilbarger Counties),

(2) South of U.S. 287 near the cities of Childress and Quanah (Childress, Cottle, Hardeman, and Wilbarger Counties),

(3) North of U.S. 70 near the city of Paducah (Cottle County),

(4) South of U.S. 70 near the city of Paducah (Cottle County),

e approximately 597,069 ac (241,625 ha)

(1) North of U.S. 287 near the cities of Childress and Quanah (Childress, Hardeman, and Wilbarger Counties),

(2) South of U.S. 287 near the cities of Childress and Quanah (Childress, Cottle, Hardeman, and Wilbarger Counties),

(3) North of U.S. 70 near the city of Paducah (Cottle County),

(4) South of U.S. 70 near the city of Paducah (Cottle County),

(5) North of U.S. 287 near the cities of Electra and Vernon (Wilbarger and Wichita Counties), and

(6) South of U.S. 287 near the cities of Electra and Vernon (Wilbarger and Wichita Counties).

Table 3 shows the proposed critical habitat units and the approximate area of each unit. All of these units are currently occupied by the species.

Table 3—Proposed Critical Habitat Units for Texas Kangaroo Rat [Area estimates reflect all land within critical habitat unit boundaries.] Critical habitat unit Land ownership by type Size of unit in Ac (ha) Occupied? 1. North of U.S. 287 near the cities of Childress and Quanah Private 170,078 (68,828) Yes. 2. South of U.S. 287 near the cities of Childress and Quanah Private 188,211 (76,166) Yes. 3. North of U.S. 70 near the city of Paducah Private 17,035 (6,894) Yes. 4. South of U.S. 70 near the city of Paducah Private 26,727 (10,816) Yes. 5. North of U.S. 287 near the cities of Electra and Vernon Private 84,004 (33,995) Yes. 6. South of U.S. 287 near the cities of Electra and Vernon Private 111,014 (44,926) Yes. Total Area 597,069 (241,625) Note:

Area sizes may not sum due to rounding.

We present brief descriptions of all units, and reasons why they meet the definition of critical habitat for the Texas kangaroo rat, below.

Unit 1: North of U.S. 287 (Childress, Hardeman, and Wilbarger Counties)

Unit 1 consists of 170,078 ac (68,828 ha) in private ownership and management in portions of Childress, Hardeman, and Wilbarger Counties, Texas. It extends along the northern side of U.S

present brief descriptions of all units, and reasons why they meet the definition of critical habitat for the Texas kangaroo rat, below.

Unit 1: North of U.S. 287 (Childress, Hardeman, and Wilbarger Counties)

Unit 1 consists of 170,078 ac (68,828 ha) in private ownership and management in portions of Childress, Hardeman, and Wilbarger Counties, Texas. It extends along the northern side of U.S. highway 287, which is considered a likely barrier for dispersal, and around the edges of the towns of Childress and Quanah. The Texas kangaroo rat occupies the entire unit, and the unit contains all of the physical or biological features essential to the conservation of the species.

Special management considerations or protection may be required in Unit 1 to address a variety of threats. Ongoing activities in this unit include land cultivation for agriculture, livestock production, oil and gas exploration and production, and lands potentially enrolled in CRP (based on county-level data). Special management focused on infrastructure and energy development, activities involving site preparation that result in ground disturbance, conversion of rangeland to other uses (agricultural, urban/residential development), grazing management that maintains a mosaic of short-statured vegetation and areas of bare ground, and maintenance of unpaved roads will benefit habitat for the species in this unit.

Unit 2: South of U.S. 287 (Childress, Cottle, Hardeman, and Wilbarger Counties)

Unit 2 consists of 188,211 ac (76,166 ha) in private ownership and management in portions of Childress, Cottle, Hardeman, and Wilbarger Counties, Texas. It extends along the southern side of U.S. highway 287 and around the edges of the towns of Childress and Quanah. The Texas kangaroo rat occupies the entire unit, and the unit contains all of the physical or biological features essential to the conservation of the species

1 ac (76,166 ha) in private ownership and management in portions of Childress, Cottle, Hardeman, and Wilbarger Counties, Texas. It extends along the southern side of U.S. highway 287 and around the edges of the towns of Childress and Quanah. The Texas kangaroo rat occupies the entire unit, and the unit contains all of the physical or biological features essential to the conservation of the species.

The ongoing activities in Unit 2 are the same as those described in Unit 1; therefore, the special management considerations that may be required are the same.

Unit 3: North of U.S. 70 (Cottle County)

Unit 3 consists of 17,035 ac (6,894 ha) in private ownership and management in portions of Cottle County, Texas. It extends along the northern side of U.S. highway 70, which is considered a likely barrier for species dispersal, and around the edges of the town of Paducah. The Texas kangaroo rat occupies the entire unit, and the unit contains all of the physical or biological features essential to the conservation of the species.

The ongoing activities in Unit 3 are the same as those described in Unit 1; therefore, the special management considerations that may be required are the same.

Unit 4: South of U.S. 70 (Cottle County)

Unit 4 consists of 26,727 ac (10,816 ha) in private ownership and management in portions of Cottle County, Texas. It extends along the southern side of U.S. highway 70 and around the edges of the town of Paducah. The Texas kangaroo rat occupies the entire unit, and the unit contains all of the physical or biological features essential to the conservation of the species.

The ongoing activities in Unit 4 are the same as those described in Unit 1; therefore, the special management considerations that may be required are the same.

Unit 5: North of U.S. 287 (Wilbarger and Wichita Counties)

Unit 5 consists of 84,004 ac (33,995 ha) in private ownership and management in portions of Wilbarger and Wichita Counties, Texas. It extends along the northern side of U.S

The ongoing activities in Unit 4 are the same as those described in Unit 1; therefore, the special management considerations that may be required are the same.

Unit 5: North of U.S. 287 (Wilbarger and Wichita Counties)

Unit 5 consists of 84,004 ac (33,995 ha) in private ownership and management in portions of Wilbarger and Wichita Counties, Texas. It extends along the northern side of U.S. highway 287 and around the edges of the town

The ongoing activities in Unit 5 are the same as those described in Unit 1; therefore, the special management considerations that may be required are the same.

Unit 6: South of U.S. 287 (Wilbarger and Wichita Counties)

Unit 6 consists of 111,014 ac (44,926 ha) in private ownership and management in portions of Wilbarger and Wichita Counties, Texas. It extends along the southern side of U.S. highway 287 and around the edges of the town of Electra. The Texas kangaroo rat occupies the entire unit, and the unit contains all of the physical or biological features essential to the conservation of the species.

The ongoing activities in Unit 6 are the same as those described in Unit 1; therefore, the special management considerations that may be required are the same.

Effects of Critical Habitat Designation

Section 7 Consultation

Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies, including the Service, to ensure that any action they authorize, fund, or carry out is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered species or threatened species or result in the destruction or adverse modification of designated critical habitat of such species. In addition, section 7(a)(4) of the Act requires Federal agencies to confer with the Service on any agency action that is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any species proposed to be listed under the Act or result in the destruction or adverse modification of proposed critical habitat

or result in the destruction or adverse modification of designated critical habitat of such species. In addition, section 7(a)(4) of the Act requires Federal agencies to confer with the Service on any agency action that is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any species proposed to be listed under the Act or result in the destruction or adverse modification of proposed critical habitat.

We published a final rule revising the definition of destruction or adverse modification on August 27, 2019 (84 FR 44976). Destruction or adverse modification means a direct or indirect alteration that appreciably diminishes the value of critical habitat as a whole for the conservation of a listed species.

Compliance with the requirements of section 7(a)(2) is documented through our issuance of:

(1) A concurrence letter for Federal actions that may affect, but are not likely to adversely affect, listed species or critical habitat; or

(2) A biological opinion for Federal actions that may affect, and are likely to adversely affect, listed species or critical habitat.

When we issue a biological opinion concluding that a project is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a listed species and/or destroy or adversely modify critical habitat, we provide reasonable and prudent alternatives to the project, if any are identifiable, that would avoid the likelihood of jeopardy and/or destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat. We define “reasonable and prudent alternatives” (at 50 CFR 402.02) as alternative actions identified during formal consultation that:

(1) Can be implemented in a manner consistent with the intended purpose of the action,

(2) Can be implemented consistent with the scope of the Federal agency's legal authority and jurisdiction,

(3) Are economically and technologically feasible, and

l habitat. We define “reasonable and prudent alternatives” (at 50 CFR 402.02) as alternative actions identified during formal consultation that:

(1) Can be implemented in a manner consistent with the intended purpose of the action,

(2) Can be implemented consistent with the scope of the Federal agency's legal authority and jurisdiction,

(3) Are economically and technologically feasible, and

(4) Would, in the Service Director's opinion, avoid the likelihood of jeopardizing the continued existence of the listed species and/or avoid the likelihood of destroying or adversely modifying critical habitat.

Reasonable and prudent alternatives can vary from slight project modifications to extensive redesign or relocation of the project. Costs associated with implementing a reasonable and prudent alternative are similarly variable.

Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 set forth requirements for Federal agencies to reinitiate formal consultation if any of the following four conditions occur: (1) the amount or extent of taking specified in the incidental take statement is exceeded; (2) new information reveals effects of the action that may affect listed species or critical habitat in a manner or to an extent not previously considered; (3) the identified action is subsequently modified in a manner that causes an effect to the listed species or critical habitat that was not considered in the biological opinion or written concurrence; or (4) a new species is listed or critical habitat designated that may be affected by the identified action. The reinitiation requirement applies only to actions that remain subject to some discretionary Federal involvement or control. As provided in 50 CFR 402.16, the requirement to reinitiate consultations for new species listings or critical habitat designation does not apply to certain agency actions ( e.g., land management plans issued by the Bureau of Land Management in certain circumstances)

tion. The reinitiation requirement applies only to actions that remain subject to some discretionary Federal involvement or control. As provided in 50 CFR 402.16, the requirement to reinitiate consultations for new species listings or critical habitat designation does not apply to certain agency actions ( e.g., land management plans issued by the Bureau of Land Management in certain circumstances).

Application of the “Destruction or Adverse Modification” Standard

The key factor related to the destruction or adverse modification determination is whether implementation of the proposed Federal action directly or indirectly alters the designated critical habitat in a way that appreciably diminishes the value of the critical habitat as a whole for the conservation of the listed species. As discussed above, the role of critical habitat is to support physical or biological features essential to the conservation of a listed species and provide for the conservation of the species.

Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires

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