Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Revised Determinations of Prudency and Proposed Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Island of Lanai, HI

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17 RIN 1018-AH10 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Revised Determinations of Prudency and Proposed Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Island of Lanai, HI AGENCY:

Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION:

Revised proposed rule and notice of determinations of whether designations of critical habitat is prudent.

SUMMARY:

We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), propose critical habitat for 32 of the 37 species listed under the Endangered Species Act, known historically from the island of Lanai within 8 critical habitat units totaling approximately 7,853 hectares (ha) (19,405 acres (ac)) on the island of Lanai.

If this proposal is made final, section 7 of the Act requires Federal agencies to ensure that actions they carry out, fund, or authorize do not destroy or adversely modify critical habitat to the extent that the action appreciably diminishes the value of the critical habitat for the survival and recovery of the species. Section 4 of the Act requires us to consider economic and other relevant impacts of specifying any particular area as critical habitat.

We solicit data and comments from the public on all aspects of this proposal, including data on the economic and other impacts of the designations. We may revise or further refine this rule, including critical habitat boundaries, prior to final designation based on habitat and plant surveys, public comment on the revised proposed critical habitat rule, and new scientific and commercial information.

DATES:

We will accept comments until May 3, 2002. Public hearing requests must be received by April 18, 2002.

ADDRESSES:

If you wish to comment, you may submit your comments and materials concerning this proposal by any one of several methods:

You may submit written comments and information to the Field Supervisor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Office, 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 3-122, P.O

cept comments until May 3, 2002. Public hearing requests must be received by April 18, 2002.

ADDRESSES:

If you wish to comment, you may submit your comments and materials concerning this proposal by any one of several methods:

You may submit written comments and information to the Field Supervisor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Office, 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 3-122, P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850-0001.

You may hand-deliver written comments to our Pacific Islands Office at the address given above.

You may view comments and materials received, as well as supporting documentation used in the preparation of this proposed rule, by appointment, during normal business hours at the above address.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

Paul Henson, Field Supervisor, Pacific Islands Office (see ADDRESSES section) (telephone 808/541-3441; facsimile 808/541-3470).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

The 32 species for which we propose critical habitat are Abutilon eremitopetalum, Adenophorus periens, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia rockii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea lobata, Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gibsonii, Cyperus trachysanthos, Cyrtandra munroi, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Gahnia lanaiensis, Hedyotis mannii, Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, Melicope munroi, Neraudia sericea, Portulaca sclerocarpa, Sesbania tomentosa, Solanum incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium remyi, Vigna o-wahuensis, and Viola lanaiensis. Critical habitat is not proposed for 4 ( Mariscus fauriei, Silene lanceolata, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp

speromannia arborescens, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, Melicope munroi, Neraudia sericea, Portulaca sclerocarpa, Sesbania tomentosa, Solanum incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium remyi, Vigna o-wahuensis, and Viola lanaiensis. Critical habitat is not proposed for 4 ( Mariscus fauriei, Silene lanceolata, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ) of the 37 species which no longer occur on the island of Lanai, and for which we are unable to identify any habitat that is essential to their conservation on the island of Lanai. Prudency determinations for these species were contained in previous proposals published in the Federal Register on November 7, 2000, December 18, 2000, December 27, 2000, December 29, 2000, and January 28, 2002. Critical habitat is not proposed for Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis, for which we determined that critical habitat designation is not prudent because it has not been seen recently in the wild, and no viable genetic material of this species is known.

Background

In the Lists of Endangered and Threatened Plants (50 CFR 17.12), there are 37 plant species that, at the time of listing, were reported from the island of Lanai (Table 1). Seven of these species are endemic to the island of Lanai, while 30 species are reported from one or more other islands, as well as Lanai. Each of these species is described in more detail below in the section, “Discussion of Plant Taxa.”

Table 1.—Summary of Island Distribution of 37 Species From Lanai Species Island Distribution Kauai Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii NW. Isles, Kahoolawe Niihau Abutilon eremitopetalum (NCN*) C Adenophorus periens (pendant kihi fern) C H C R R C Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha (kookoolau) H C Bonamia menziesii (NCN) C C H C C C Brighamia rockii (pua ala) C H H Cenchrus agrimonioides (kamanomano, sandbur, agrimony) C H C R NW Isles (H) Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi) C C C C C Clermontia oblongifolia ssp

Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii NW. Isles, Kahoolawe Niihau Abutilon eremitopetalum (NCN*) C Adenophorus periens (pendant kihi fern) C H C R R C Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha (kookoolau) H C Bonamia menziesii (NCN) C C H C C C Brighamia rockii (pua ala) C H H Cenchrus agrimonioides (kamanomano, sandbur, agrimony) C H C R NW Isles (H) Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi) C C C C C Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis (oha wai) C C Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa) H C C C C H Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (haha) C C C C Cyanea lobata (haha) H C Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gibsonii (NCN) C Cyperus trachysanthos (puukaa) C C H H Ni (C) Cyrtandra munroi (haiwale) C C Diellia erecta (NCN) C C C H C C Diplazium molokaiense (asplenium-leaved asplenium) H H H H C Gahnia lanaiensis (NCN) C Hedyotis mannii (pilo) C C C Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi (kopa) C Hesperomannia arborescens (NCN) C C H C Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau hele) H C H C C C Ka (R) Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho kula) H H H H C Ni (H) Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis (kamakahala) C Mariscus fauriei (NCN) C H C Melicope munroi (alani) H C Neraudia sericea (NCN) C H C Ka (H) Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis (NCN) H Portulaca sclerocarpa (poe) C C Sesbania tomentosa (ohai) C C C H C C Ni (H), ka (C), NW Isles (C) Silene lanceolata (NCN) H C C H C Solanum incompletum (popolo ku mai) H H H H C Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN) C C C C C C Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum (NCN) C H Tetramolopium remyi (NCN) C H Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN) H C C C C Ni (H), Ka (C) Viola lanaiensis (NCN) C Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (ae) C C H C C KEY: C (Current)—population last observed within the past 30 years. H (Historical)—population not seen for more than 30 years. R (Reported)—reported from undocumented observations. * NCN—No Common Name. We determined that designation of critical habitat was prudent for six plants from the island of Lanai on December 27, 2000 (65 FR 82086). These species are: Abutilon eremitopetalum, Cyanea macrostegia ssp

Current)—population last observed within the past 30 years. H (Historical)—population not seen for more than 30 years. R (Reported)—reported from undocumented observations. * NCN—No Common Name. We determined that designation of critical habitat was prudent for six plants from the island of Lanai on December 27, 2000 (65 FR 82086). These species are: Abutilon eremitopetalum, Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gibsonii, Gahnia lanaiensis, Portulaca sclerocarpa, Tetramolopium remyi, and Viola lanaiensis. In proposals published on November 7, 2000 (65 FR 66808), and December 18, 2000 (65 FR 79192), we determined that designation of critical habitat was prudent for ten plants that are reported from Lanai as well as from Kauai, Niihau, Maui, or Kahoolawe. These ten plants are: Bonamia menziesii, Centarium sebaeoides, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyrtandra munroi, Hedyotis mannii, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and Vigna o-wahuensis. In addition, at the time we listed Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi, Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, and Melicope munroi, on September 3, 1999 (64 FR 48307), we determined that designation of critical habitat was prudent for these three taxa from Lanai. No change is made to these 19 prudency determinations in this revised proposal and they are hereby incorporated by reference (64 FR 48307, 65 FR 66808, 65 FR 79192).

In the December 27, 2000, proposal we determined that critical habitat was not prudent for Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis, a species known only from Lanai, because it had not been seen in the wild on Lanai since 1914 and no viable genetic material of this species is known to exist. Therefore, such designation would not be beneficial to this species. No change is made here to the December 27, 2000, not prudent determination for Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis and it is hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR 82086)

a species known only from Lanai, because it had not been seen in the wild on Lanai since 1914 and no viable genetic material of this species is known to exist. Therefore, such designation would not be beneficial to this species. No change is made here to the December 27, 2000, not prudent determination for Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis and it is hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR 82086).

In the December 27, 2000, proposal we proposed designation of critical habitat for 18 plants from the island of Lanai. These species are: Abutilon eremitopetalum, Bonamia menziesii, Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gibsonii, Cyrtandra munroi, Gahnia lanaiensis, Hedyotis mannii, Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, Melicope munroi, Portulaca sclerocarpa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium remyi, and Viola lanaiensis. In this proposal we have revised the proposed designations for these 18 plants based on new information and to address comments received during the comment periods on the December 27, 2000, proposal.

In the December 27, 2000, proposal we did not propose designation of critical habitat for 17 species that no longer occur on Lanai but are reported from one or more other islands. We determined that critical habitat was prudent for 16 of these species ( Adenophorus periens, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Brighamia rockii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Cyanea lobata, Cyperus trachysanthos, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Hesperomannia arborescens, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Mariscus faurei, Neraudia sericea, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Solanum incompletum, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ) in other proposed rules published on November 7, 2000 (Kauai), December 18, 2000 (Maui and Kahoolawe), December 29, 2000 (Molokai), and January 28, 2002 (Kauai revised proposal)

santhos, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Hesperomannia arborescens, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Mariscus faurei, Neraudia sericea, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Solanum incompletum, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ) in other proposed rules published on November 7, 2000 (Kauai), December 18, 2000 (Maui and Kahoolawe), December 29, 2000 (Molokai), and January 28, 2002 (Kauai revised proposal). No change is made to these prudency determinations for these 16 species in this proposal and they are hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR 66808, 65 FR 79192, 65 FR 83158, and 67 FR 3940). In this proposal, we propose designation of critical habitat Adenophorus periens, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Brighamia rockii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Cyanea lobata, Cyperus trachysanthos, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Hesperomannia arborescens, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Neraudia sericea, Sesbania tomentosa, and Solanum incompletum on the island of Lanai, based on new information, including information received during the comment periods on the December 27, 2000, proposal. Critical habitat is not proposed for Mariscus faurei, Silene lanceolata, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense on the island of Lanai because these plants no longer occur on Lanai and we are unable to determine habitat which is essential to their conservation on this island. However, proposed critical habitat designations for these species may be included in other future Hawaiian plants proposed critical habitat rules (Table 2).

Table 2.—List of Proposed Rules in Which Critical Habitat Decisions Will Be Made for Four Species for Which We Are Unable To Determine Habitat Which Is Essential for Their Conservation on the Island of Lanai Species Proposed rules in which critical habitat designations will be made Mariscus fauriei Molokai, Hawaii. Silene lanceolata Molokai, Hawaii, and Oahu. Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum Oahu. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Kauai, Maui, Molokai, and Hawaii

sions Will Be Made for Four Species for Which We Are Unable To Determine Habitat Which Is Essential for Their Conservation on the Island of Lanai Species Proposed rules in which critical habitat designations will be made Mariscus fauriei Molokai, Hawaii. Silene lanceolata Molokai, Hawaii, and Oahu. Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum Oahu. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Kauai, Maui, Molokai, and Hawaii. In this proposal, we determine that critical habitat is prudent for one species ( Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum ) for which a prudency determination has not been made previously, and that no longer occurs on Lanai but is reported from one other island (Oahu). This plant was listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act) in 1991. At the time this plant was listed, we determined that designation of critical habitat was not prudent because designation would increase the degree of threat to this species and would not benefit the plant. We determine that designation of critical habitat is prudent for Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum because we now believe that such designation would be beneficial to this species. Critical habitat is not proposed at this time for Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum on the island of Lanai because the species no longer occurs on Lanai and we are unable to determine habitat which is essential to its conservation on this island. However, proposed critical habitat designation, or non-designation, for this species will be included in other future Hawaiian plants proposed critical habitat rules (Table 2).

Critical habitat for 32 of the 37 species from the island of Lanai is proposed at this time. These species are: Abutilon eremitopetalum, Adenophorus periens, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia rockii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea lobata, Cyanea macrostegia ssp

habitat for 32 of the 37 species from the island of Lanai is proposed at this time. These species are: Abutilon eremitopetalum, Adenophorus periens, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia rockii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea lobata, Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gibsonii, Cyperus trachysanthos, Cyrtandra munroi, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Gahnia lanaiensis, Hedyotis mannii, Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, Melicope munroi, Neraudia sericea, Portulaca sclerocarpa, Sesbania tomentosa, Solanum incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium remyi, Vigna o-wahuensis, and Viola lanaiensis. Critical habitat is not proposed for four of the 37 species ( Mariscus fauriei, Silene lanceolata, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ) which no longer occur on the island of Lanai, and for which we are unable to determine any habitat that is essential to their conservation on the island of Lanai. However, proposed critical habitat designations for these species may be included in other future Hawaiian plants proposed critical habitat rules (Table 2). Critical habitat is not proposed for Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis for which we determined, on December 27, 2000, that critical habitat designation is not prudent because it had not been seen recently in the wild, and no viable genetic material of this species is known to exist. No change is made to this prudency determination here, and it is hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR 82086).

The Island of Lanai

Lanai is a small island totaling about 360 square kilometers (sq km) (139 square miles (sq mi)) in area

ritical habitat designation is not prudent because it had not been seen recently in the wild, and no viable genetic material of this species is known to exist. No change is made to this prudency determination here, and it is hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR 82086).

The Island of Lanai

Lanai is a small island totaling about 360 square kilometers (sq km) (139 square miles (sq mi)) in area. Hidden from the trade winds in the lee or rain shadow of the more massive West Maui Mountains, Lanai was formed from a single shield volcano built by eruptions at its summit and along three rift zones. The principal rift zone runs in a northwesterly direction and forms a broad ridge whose highest point, Lanaihale, has an elevation of 1,027 meters (m) (3,370 feet (ft)). The entire ridge is commonly called Lanaihale, after its highest point. Annual rainfall on the summit of Lanaihale is 760 to 1,015 millimeters (mm) (30 to 40 inches (in)), but is considerably less, 250 to 500 mm (10 to 20 in), over much of the rest of the island (Department of Geography 1998).

Geologically, Lanai is part of the four island complex comprising Maui, Molokai, Lanai, and Kahoolawe, known collectively as Maui Nui (Greater Maui). During the last Ice Age about 12,000 years ago when sea levels were about 160 m (525 ft) less than their present level, these four islands were connected by a broad lowland plain. This land bridge allowed the movement and interaction of each island's flora and fauna and contributed to the present close relationships of their biota (Department of Geography 1998).

Changes in Lanai's ecosystem began with the arrival of the first Polynesians about 1,500 years ago. In the 1800s, goats ( Capra hircus ) and sheep ( Ovis aries ) were first introduced to the island. Native vegetation was soon decimated by these non-native ungulates, and erosion from wind and rain caused further damage to the native forests. Formal ranching was begun in 1902, and by 1910, the Territory forester helped to revegetate the island

rrival of the first Polynesians about 1,500 years ago. In the 1800s, goats ( Capra hircus ) and sheep ( Ovis aries ) were first introduced to the island. Native vegetation was soon decimated by these non-native ungulates, and erosion from wind and rain caused further damage to the native forests. Formal ranching was begun in 1902, and by 1910, the Territory forester helped to revegetate the island. By 1911, a ranch manager from New Zealand, George Munro, instituted a forest management practice to recover the native forests and bird species which included fencing and eradication of sheep and goats from the mountains. By the 1920s, Castle and Cooke had acquired more than 98 percent of the island and established a 6,500 ha (16,000 ac) pineapple plantation

There are no military installations on the island of Lanai.

Discussion of Plant Taxa

Species Endemic to Lanai

Abutilon eremitopetalum (NCN)

Abutilon eremitopetalum is a long-lived shrub in the mallow family (Malvaceae) with grayish-green, densely hairy, and heart-shaped leaves. It is the only Abutilon on Lanai whose flowers have green petals hidden within the calyx (the outside leaf-like part of the flower) (Bates 1999).

Abutilon eremitopetalum is known to flower during February. Little else is known about the life history of Abutilon eremitopetalum. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).

Historically, Abutilon eremitopetalum was found in small, widely scattered colonies in the ahupuaa (geographical areas) of Kalulu, Mahana, Maunalei, Mamaki, and Paawili on the northern, northeastern, and eastern parts of Lanai. Currently, about seven individuals are known from a single population on privately owned land in Kahea Gulch on the northeastern part of the island (Caum 1933; Hawaii Natural Heritage Program (HINHP) Database 2000; Service 1995; Geographic Decision Systems International (GDSI) 2000)

l areas) of Kalulu, Mahana, Maunalei, Mamaki, and Paawili on the northern, northeastern, and eastern parts of Lanai. Currently, about seven individuals are known from a single population on privately owned land in Kahea Gulch on the northeastern part of the island (Caum 1933; Hawaii Natural Heritage Program (HINHP) Database 2000; Service 1995; Geographic Decision Systems International (GDSI) 2000).

Abutilon eremitopetalum is found in lowland dry forest at elevations between 108 and 660 m (354 and 2,165 ft), on a moderately steep north-facing slope on red sandy soil and rock. Erythrina sandwicensis (wili wili) and Diospyros sandwichensis (lama) are the dominant trees in open forest of the area. Other associated native species include Psydrax odoratum (alahee), Dodonaea viscosa (aalii), Nesoluma polynesicum (keahi), Rauvolfia sandwicensis (hao), Sida fallax (ilima), and Wikstroemia sp. (akia) (Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000).

The threats to Abutilon eremitopetalum are habitat degradation and competition by encroaching alien plant species such as Lantana camara (lantana), Leucaena leucocephala (koa haole), and Pluchea carolinensis (sourbush); browsing by axis deer ( Axis axis ); soil erosion caused by feral ungulate grazing on grasses and forbs; and the small number of extant individuals, as the limited gene pool may depress reproductive vigor, or a single natural or man-caused environmental disturbance could destroy the only known existing population. Fire is another potential threat because the area is dry much of the year (HINHP Database 2000; 56 FR 47686; Service 1995).

Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gibsonii (NCN)

Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gibsonii, a long-lived perennial and a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a palm-like tree 1 to 7 m (3 to 23 ft) tall with elliptic or oblong leaves that have fine hairs covering the lower surface

is another potential threat because the area is dry much of the year (HINHP Database 2000; 56 FR 47686; Service 1995).

Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gibsonii (NCN)

Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gibsonii, a long-lived perennial and a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a palm-like tree 1 to 7 m (3 to 23 ft) tall with elliptic or oblong leaves that have fine hairs covering the lower surface. The following combination of characters separates this taxon from the other members of the genus on Lanai: calyx lobes are oblong, narrowly oblong, or ovate in shape; and the calyx and corolla (petals of a flower) are both more than 0.5 centimeters (cm) (0.2 in) wide (Lammers 1999; 56 FR 47686).

Limited observations suggest Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gibsonii flowers during the month of July. Pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity of plants and seeds, specific environmental requirements, and other limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).

Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gibsonii has been is documented from the summit of Lanaihale and the upper parts of Mahana, Kaiholena, and Maunalei Valleys of Lanai. There are currently only two populations containing 74 individuals. One population is located north of Lanaihale and the second population is north of Puu aalii on privately owned land (Lammers 1999; 56 FR 47686; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

The habitat of Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gibsonii is lowland wet Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia) forest or Diplopterygium pinnatum (uluhe lau nui)- Metrosideros polymorpha shrubland between elevations of 738 and 1,032 m (2,421 and 3,385 ft). It has been observed to grow on flat to moderate or steep slopes, usually on lower gulch slopes or gulch bottoms, often at edges of streambanks, probably due to vulnerability to ungulate damage at more accessible locations

t Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia) forest or Diplopterygium pinnatum (uluhe lau nui)- Metrosideros polymorpha shrubland between elevations of 738 and 1,032 m (2,421 and 3,385 ft). It has been observed to grow on flat to moderate or steep slopes, usually on lower gulch slopes or gulch bottoms, often at edges of streambanks, probably due to vulnerability to ungulate damage at more accessible locations. Associated vegetation includes Dicranopteris linearis (uluhe), Perrottetia sandwicensis (olomea), Scaevola chamissoniana (naupaka kuahiwi), Pipturus albidus (mamaki), Antidesma platyphyllum (hame), Cheirodendron trigynum (olapa), Freycinetia arborea (ieie), Psychotria sp. (kopiko), Cyrtandra sp. (haiwale), Broussaisia arguta (kanawao), Clermontia sp. (oha wai), Dubautia sp. (naenae), Hedyotis sp. (NCN), Ilex anomala (kawau), Labordia sp. (kamakahala), Melicope sp. (alani), Pneumatopteris sandwicensis (NCN), and Sadleria sp. (amau) (Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000; Joel Lau, Hawaii Natural Heritage Program, pers. comm., 2001).

The threats to Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gibsonii are browsing by deer; competition with the alien plant Hedychium gardnerianum (kahili ginger); and the small number of extant individuals, as the limited gene pool may depress reproductive vigor, or any natural or man-caused environmental disturbance could destroy the existing populations (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1995; 56 FR 47686).

Gahnia lanaiensis (NCN)

Gahnia lanaiensis, a short-lived perennial and a member of the sedge family (Cyperaceae), is a tall (1.5 to 3 m (5 to 10 ft)), tufted, grass-like plant. This sedge may be distinguished from grasses and other genera of sedges on Lanai by its spirally arranged flowers, its solid stems, and its numerous, three-ranked leaves. Gahnia lanaiensis differs from the other members of the genus on the island by its achenes (seed-like fruits), which are 0.36 to 0.46 cm (0.14 to 0.18 in) long and purplish-black when mature (Koyama 1999)

ufted, grass-like plant. This sedge may be distinguished from grasses and other genera of sedges on Lanai by its spirally arranged flowers, its solid stems, and its numerous, three-ranked leaves. Gahnia lanaiensis differs from the other members of the genus on the island by its achenes (seed-like fruits), which are 0.36 to 0.46 cm (0.14 to 0.18 in) long and purplish-black when mature (Koyama 1999).

July has been described as the “end of the flowering season” for Gahnia lanaiensis. Plants of this species have been observed with fruit in October. Pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity of plants and seeds, specific environmental requirements, and other limiting factors are unknown (Degener et al., 1964; 56 FR 47686).

Gahnia lanaiensis is known from one population containing 47 individuals on privately owned land along the summit of Lanaihale in the Haalelepaakai area and on the eastern edge of Hauola Gulch. The population is found between 915 and 1,030 m (3,000 and 3,380 ft) in elevation. This distribution encompasses the entire known historic range of the species (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

The habitat of Gahnia lanaiensis is lowland wet forest (shrubby rainforest to open scrubby fog belt or degraded lowland mesic forest), wet Diplopterygium pinnatum-Dicranopteris linearis-Metrosideros polymorpha shrubland, or wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis shrubland at elevations between 737 and 1,032 m (2,417 and 3,385 ft). It occurs on flat to gentle ridgecrest topography in moist to wet clay or other soil substrate in open areas or in moderate shade. Associated species include native mat ferns, Doodia sp. Odontosoria chinensis (palaa), Ilex anomala (kawau), Hedyotis terminalis (manono), Sadleria spp. (amau), Coprosma sp. (pilo), Lycopodium sp. (wawaeiole), Scaevola sp. (naupaka), and Styphelia tameiameiae (pukiawe) (Service 1995)

at to gentle ridgecrest topography in moist to wet clay or other soil substrate in open areas or in moderate shade. Associated species include native mat ferns, Doodia sp. Odontosoria chinensis (palaa), Ilex anomala (kawau), Hedyotis terminalis (manono), Sadleria spp. (amau), Coprosma sp. (pilo), Lycopodium sp. (wawaeiole), Scaevola sp. (naupaka), and Styphelia tameiameiae (pukiawe) (Service 1995).

The primary threats to this species are the small number of plants and their restricted distribution, which increase the potential for extinction from naturally occurring events. In addition, Gahnia lanaiensis is threatened by habitat destruction resulting from the planned development of the island, and competition with Leptospermum scoparium (manuka), a weedy tree introduced from New Zealand, which is spreading along Lanaihale, but has not yet reached the area where Gahnia is found (Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000).

Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi (kopa)

Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi, a short-lived perennial and a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a few-branched subshrub from 60 to 600 cm (24 to 240 in) long, with weakly erect or climbing stems that may be somewhat square, smooth, and glaucous (with a fine waxy coating that imparts a whitish or bluish hue to the stem). The species is distinguished from others in the genus by the distance between leaves and the length of the sprawling or climbing stems, and the variety remyi is distinguished from Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. schlechtendahliana by the leaf shape, presence of narrow flowering stalks, and flower color (Wagner et al., 1999).

Pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity of plants and seeds, specific environmental requirements, and other limiting factors are unknown for Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi (Service 2001).

Historically, Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi was known from five locations on the northwestern portion of Lanaihale

rrow flowering stalks, and flower color (Wagner et al., 1999).

Pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity of plants and seeds, specific environmental requirements, and other limiting factors are unknown for Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi (Service 2001).

Historically, Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi was known from five locations on the northwestern portion of Lanaihale. Currently, this species is known from eight individuals in two populations on privately owned land on Kaiholeha-Hulupoe Ridge, Kapohaku drainage, and Waiapaa drainage on Lanaihale (64 FR 48307; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi typically grows on or near ridge crests in mesic windswept shrubland with a mixture of dominant plant species that may include Metrosideros polymorpha, Dicranopteris linearis, or Styphelia tameiameiae at elevations between 558 and 1,032 m (1,830 and 3,385 ft). Associated plant species include Dodonaea viscosa, Odontosoria chinensis, Sadleria spp., Dubautia spp., and Myrsine sp. (kolea) (HINHP Database 2000; 64 FR 48307).

The primary threats to Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi are habitat degradation and destruction by axis deer; competition with alien plant species, such as Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava), Myrica faya (firetree), Leptospermum scoparium, and Schinus terebinthifolius (christmasberry); and random environmental events or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals and populations (HINHP Database 2000; 64 FR 48307).

Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis (kamakahala)

Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, a short-lived perennial in the logan family (Loganiaceae), is an erect shrub or small tree 1.2 to 15 m (4 to 49 ft) tall. The stems branch regularly into two forks of nearly equal size. This subspecies differs from the other species in this endemic Hawaiian genus by having larger capsules (a dry, generally many seeded fruit) and smaller corollas (petals, whorl of flower parts) (Wagner et al., 1999)

short-lived perennial in the logan family (Loganiaceae), is an erect shrub or small tree 1.2 to 15 m (4 to 49 ft) tall. The stems branch regularly into two forks of nearly equal size. This subspecies differs from the other species in this endemic Hawaiian genus by having larger capsules (a dry, generally many seeded fruit) and smaller corollas (petals, whorl of flower parts) (Wagner et al., 1999).

Little is known about the life history of Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 2001).

Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis was historically known from the entire length of the summit ridge of Lanaihale. Currently, Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis is known from only one population on privately owned land at the southeastern end of the summit ridge of Lanaihale. This population totals 300 to 800 scattered individuals (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000; Service 2001).

The typical habitat of Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis is gulch slopes in lowland mesic forest. Associated native species include Diospyros sandwicensis, Bobea elatior (ahakea launui), Myrsine lessertiana (kolea), Pipturus albidus, Pittosporum confertiflorum (hoawa), Pleomele fernaldii (hala pepe), Sadleria cyatheoides, Scaevola chamissoniana, Xylosma hawaiiense (maua), Cyrtandra grayii (haiwale) and Cyrtandra grayana (haiwale), Diplopterygium pinnatum, Hedyotis acuminata (au), Clermontia spp., Alyxia oliviformis (maile), Coprosma spp., Dicranopteris linearis, Freycinetia arborea, Melicope spp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pouteria sandwicensis (alaa), and Psychotria spp., Dicranopteris linearis, and Scaevola chamissoniana, at elevations between 558 and 1,013 m (1,830 and 3,323 ft) (HINHP Database 2000; 64 FR 48307; Service 2001).

Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis is threatened by axis deer and several alien plant species

spp., Dicranopteris linearis, Freycinetia arborea, Melicope spp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pouteria sandwicensis (alaa), and Psychotria spp., Dicranopteris linearis, and Scaevola chamissoniana, at elevations between 558 and 1,013 m (1,830 and 3,323 ft) (HINHP Database 2000; 64 FR 48307; Service 2001).

Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis is threatened by axis deer and several alien plant species. The species is also threatened by random environmental factors because of the small population (64 FR 48307; Service 2001).

Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis (NCN)

Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis is a robust, erect to decumbent (reclining, with the end ascending), glabrous, short-lived perennial herb in the mint family (Lamiaceae). Its leaves are thin, narrow, lance-shaped, 8 to 24 cm (3.2 to 9.5 in) long and 1.6 to 2.5 cm (0.63 to 0.98 in) wide, often red-tinged or with red veins, and toothed at the edges. The flowers are in clusters of six to ten per leaf axil, mostly at the ends of branches. The flowers are white, occasionally tinged with purple, and are variable in size, about 1 to 2.5 cm (0.39 to 0.98 in) long. The fruit consists of four small, fleshy nutlets. This variety is very similar to Phyllostegia glabra var. glabra; it may be difficult to differentiate between the two species without flowers (Wagner et al., 1999).

Little is known about the life history of Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).

Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis is known from only two collections from Lanai (one near Kaiholena) and was last collected in 1914 (two fertile specimens). A report of this plant from the early 1980s probably was erroneous and should be referred to as Phyllostegia glabra var. glabra (Robert Hobdy, DOFAW, pers. comm., 1992; Service 1995)

ements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).

Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis is known from only two collections from Lanai (one near Kaiholena) and was last collected in 1914 (two fertile specimens). A report of this plant from the early 1980s probably was erroneous and should be referred to as Phyllostegia glabra var. glabra (Robert Hobdy, DOFAW, pers. comm., 1992; Service 1995).

Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plant species associated with Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis on the island of Lanai (Service 1995).

Nothing is known of the threats to Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis on the island of Lanai (Service 1995).

Viola lanaiensis (NCN)

Viola lanaiensis, a short-lived perennial of the violet family (Violaceae), is a small, erect, unbranched or little-branched subshrub. The leaves, which are clustered toward the upper part of the stem, are lance-shaped with a pair of narrow, et al., 1999).

Little is known about the life history of Viola lanaiensis. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).

Viola lanaiensis was known historically from scattered sites on the summit, ridges, and upper slopes of Lanaihale (from near the head of Kaiolena and Hookio Gulches to the vicinity of Haalelepaakai, a distance of about 4 km (2.5 mi), at elevations of approximately 850 to 975 m (2,790 to 3,200 ft). An occurrence of V. lanaiensis was known in the late 1970s along the summit road near the head of Waialala Gulch where a population of approximately 20 individuals flourished. That population has since disappeared due to habitat disturbance. Two populations are currently known from privately owned land on southern Lanai: in Kunoa Gulch; between Kunoa and Waialala Gulches; in the upper end of the northernmost drainage of Awehi Gulch; in Hauola Gulch; and along Hauola Trail

road near the head of Waialala Gulch where a population of approximately 20 individuals flourished. That population has since disappeared due to habitat disturbance. Two populations are currently known from privately owned land on southern Lanai: in Kunoa Gulch; between Kunoa and Waialala Gulches; in the upper end of the northernmost drainage of Awehi Gulch; in Hauola Gulch; and along Hauola Trail. It is estimated that the populations total less than 500 plants (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

The habitat of Viola lanaiensis is Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet forest or lowland mesic shrubland. It has been observed on moderate to steep slopes from lower gulches to ridgetops, at elevations between 639 and 1,032 m (2,096 and 3,385 ft), with a soil and decomposed rock substrate in open to shaded areas. It was once observed growing from crevices in drier soil on a mostly open rock area near a recent landslide. Associated vegetation includes ferns and short windswept shrubs or other diverse mesic community members, such as Scaevola chamissoniana, Hedyotis terminalis, Hedyotis centranthoides (NCN), Styphelia tameiameiae, Carex sp. (NCN), Ilex anomala, Psychotria spp., Antidesma spp. (hame), Coprosma spp., Freycinetia arborea, Myrsine spp., Nestegis sp. (olopua), Psychotria spp., and Xylosma sp. (maua) (Service 1995; 56 FR 47686).

The main threats to Viola lanaiensis include browsing and habitat disturbance by axis deer; encroaching alien plant species, such as Leptospermum sp. (NCN); depressed reproductive vigor due to a limited local gene pool; the probable loss of appropriate pollinators; and predation by slugs (Midax gigetes) (Service 1995; 56 FR 47686).

Multi-Island Species

Adenophorus periens (pendent kihi fern)

Adenophorus periens, a member of the grammitis family (Grammitidaceae), is a small, pendant, epiphytic (not rooted on the ground), and short-lived perennial fern

ssed reproductive vigor due to a limited local gene pool; the probable loss of appropriate pollinators; and predation by slugs (Midax gigetes) (Service 1995; 56 FR 47686).

Multi-Island Species

Adenophorus periens (pendent kihi fern)

Adenophorus periens, a member of the grammitis family (Grammitidaceae), is a small, pendant, epiphytic (not rooted on the ground), and short-lived perennial fern. This species differs from other species in this endemic Hawaiian genus by having hairs along the pinna (a leaflet) margins, pinnae at right angles to the midrib axis, placement of the sori on the pinnae, and by the degree of dissection of each pinna (Linney 1989).

Little is known about the life history of Adenophorus periens, which seems to grow only in closed canopy dense forest with high humidity. Its breeding system is unknown, but outbreeding is very likely to be the predominant mode of reproduction. Spores may be dispersed by wind, water, or perhaps on the feet of birds or insects. Spores lack a thick resistant coat, which may indicate their longevity is brief, probably measured in days at most. Due to the weak differences between the seasons, there seems to be no evidence of seasonality in growth or reproduction. Additional information on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is not known (Linney 1989; Service 1999).

Historically, Adenophorus periens was known from Kauai, Oahu, and the island of Hawaii, with undocumented reports from Lanai and Maui. Currently, it is known from several locations on Kauai, Molokai, and Hawaii. On Lanai, it was last seen in the 1860s (59 FR 56333; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1999)

ronmental requirements, and limiting factors is not known (Linney 1989; Service 1999).

Historically, Adenophorus periens was known from Kauai, Oahu, and the island of Hawaii, with undocumented reports from Lanai and Maui. Currently, it is known from several locations on Kauai, Molokai, and Hawaii. On Lanai, it was last seen in the 1860s (59 FR 56333; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1999).

This species, an epiphyte (a plant that derives moisture and nutrients from the air and rain) usually growing on Metrosideros polymorpha trunks, is found in riparian banks of stream systems in well-developed, closed canopy that provides deep shade or high humidity in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis-Diplopterygium pinnatum wet forests, open Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet forest, or Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet forest at elevations between 763 and 1,032 m (2,503 and 3,385 ft). Associated native plant species include Machaerina angustifolia (uki), Cheirodendron trigynum, Sadleria spp., Clermontia spp., Psychotria spp., Melicope spp., Freycinetia arborea, Broussaisia arguta, Syzygium sandwicensis (ohia ha), and Hedyotis terminalis (59 FR 56333; Linney 1989; Kennith Wood, National Tropical Botanical Garden, pers. comm., 2001; Service 1999).

Nothing is known of the threats to Adenophorus periens on the island of Lanai because the species was last seen there in the 1860s.

Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha (kookoolau)

Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, a short-lived member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is an erect perennial herb. This subspecies can be distinguished from other subspecies by the shape of the seeds, the density of the flower clusters, the numbers of ray and disk florets per head, differences in leaf surfaces, and other characteristics (57 FR 20772; Ganders and Nagata 1999).

Bidens micrantha is known to hybridize with other native Bidens, such as B. mauiensis and B. menziesii, and possibly B. conjuncta

erb. This subspecies can be distinguished from other subspecies by the shape of the seeds, the density of the flower clusters, the numbers of ray and disk florets per head, differences in leaf surfaces, and other characteristics (57 FR 20772; Ganders and Nagata 1999).

Bidens micrantha is known to hybridize with other native Bidens, such as B. mauiensis and B. menziesii, and possibly B. conjuncta. Little else is known about the life history of Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, and specific environmental requirements are unknown (Ganders and Nagata 1999; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Historically, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha was known from Lanai and Maui. Currently, this taxon remains only on East Maui. It was last seen on Lanai in the 1960s (Ganders and Nagata 1999; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

The habitat of Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha is gulch slopes in dry Dodonaea viscosa shrubland at elevations between 409 and 771 m (1,342 and 2,529 ft) (J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001).

The threats to this species on Lanai included habitat destruction by feral goats, pigs, and deer; competition from a variety of alien plant species; and fire (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Bonamia menziesii (NCN)

Bonamia menziesii, a short-lived perennial and a member of the morning-glory family (Convolvulaceae), is a vine with twining branches that are fuzzy when young. This species is the only member of the genus that is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and differs from other genera in the family by its two styles (narrowed top of ovary), longer stems and petioles (a stalk that supports a leaf), and rounder leaves (Austin 1999).

Little is known about the life history of Bonamia menziesii. Its flowering

Historically, Bonamia menziesii was known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, West Maui, and Hawaii. Currently, this species is known from Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Hawaii, and Lanai

enera in the family by its two styles (narrowed top of ovary), longer stems and petioles (a stalk that supports a leaf), and rounder leaves (Austin 1999).

Little is known about the life history of Bonamia menziesii. Its flowering

Historically, Bonamia menziesii was known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, West Maui, and Hawaii. Currently, this species is known from Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Hawaii, and Lanai. On Lanai, the three populations, containing a total of 14 individual plants, are found on privately owned land in the Ahakea and Kanepuu Units of Kanepuu Preserve, and on Puhielelu Ridge (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Bonamia menziesii is found in dry Nestegis sandwicensis-Diospyros sp. (lama) forest and dry Dodonea viscosa shrubland at elevations between 315 and 885 m (1,033 and 2,903 ft). Associated species include Bobea sp. (ahakea), Nesoluma polynesicum, Erythrina sandwicensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Psydrax odoratum, Dienella sandwicensis (uki uki), Diospyros sandwicensis (lama), Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope sp., Myoporum sandwicense (naio), Nestegis sandwicensis (olopua), Pisonia sp. (papala kepau), Pittosporum sp. (hoawa), Pouteria sandwicensis, and Sapindus oahuensis (lonomea) (HINHP Database 2000; 59 FR 56333).

The primary threats to this species on Lanai are habitat degradation and possible predation by feral pigs, goats, and axis deer; competition with a variety of alien plant species, such as Lantana camara, Leucaena leucocephala and Schinus terebinthifolius; and an alien beetle ( Physomerus grossipes ) (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Brighamia rockii (pua ala)

Brighamia rockii, a long-lived perennial member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), grows as an unbranched stem succulent with a thickened stem that tapers from the base. This species is a member of a unique endemic Hawaiian genus with only one other species, found on Kauai, from which it differs by the color of its petals, its longer calyx (fused sepals) lobes, and its shorter flower stalks (Lammers 1999)

i, a long-lived perennial member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), grows as an unbranched stem succulent with a thickened stem that tapers from the base. This species is a member of a unique endemic Hawaiian genus with only one other species, found on Kauai, from which it differs by the color of its petals, its longer calyx (fused sepals) lobes, and its shorter flower stalks (Lammers 1999).

Observations of Brighamia rockii have provided the following information: the reproductive system is protandrous, meaning there is a temporal separation between the production of male and female gametes, in this case a separation of several days; only 5 percent of the flowers produce pollen; very few fruits are produced per inflorescence; there are 20 to 60 seeds per capsule; and plants in cultivation have been known to flower at nine months. This species was observed in flower during August. Little else is known about the life history of Brighamia rockii. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325).

Historically, Brighamia rockii ranged along the northern coast of East Molokai from Kalaupapa to Halawa and may possibly have grown on Maui, and it was last seen on Lanai in 1911 (Lammers 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 2000; Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325). Currently, it is extant only on Molokai.

On Lanai, Brighamia rockii occurred on sparsely vegetated ledges of steep, rocky, dry cliffs, at elevations between 119 and 756 m (390 and 2,480 ft) with native grasses, sedges, herbs and shrubs (J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001; Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325).

Threats to Brighamia rockii on the island of Lanai included habitat destruction from deer and goats, and competition with alien plants (Service 1996b)

anai, Brighamia rockii occurred on sparsely vegetated ledges of steep, rocky, dry cliffs, at elevations between 119 and 756 m (390 and 2,480 ft) with native grasses, sedges, herbs and shrubs (J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001; Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325).

Threats to Brighamia rockii on the island of Lanai included habitat destruction from deer and goats, and competition with alien plants (Service 1996b).

Cenchrus agrimonioides (kamanomano (= sandbur, agrimony))

Cenchrus agrimonioides is a short-lived perennial member of the grass family (Poaceae) with leaf blades that are flat or folded and have a prominent midrib. There are two varieties, Cenchrus agrimonioides var. laysanensis and Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides. They differ from each other in that var. agrimonioides has smaller burs, shorter stems, and narrower leaves. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the cylindrical to lance-shaped bur and the arrangement and position of the bristles (O'Connor 1999).

Little is known about the life history of Cenchrus agrimonioides. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown. This species has been observed to produce fruit year round (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).

Historically, Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides was known from Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and an undocumented report from the Island of Hawaii. Historically, C. agrimonioides var. laysanensis was known from Laysan, Kure, and Midway, all within the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge. This variety has not been seen since 1973. Currently, Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides is known from Oahu and Maui. On Lanai it was last seen in 1915 (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 2000).

Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides was found on slopes in mesic Metrosideros polymorpha forest and shrubland at elevations between 583 and 878 m (1,912 and 2,880 ft) (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 2000; R

ce 1973. Currently, Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides is known from Oahu and Maui. On Lanai it was last seen in 1915 (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 2000).

Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides was found on slopes in mesic Metrosideros polymorpha forest and shrubland at elevations between 583 and 878 m (1,912 and 2,880 ft) (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 2000; R. Hobdy et al., pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides on Lanai included competition with alien plant species, and browsing and habitat degradation by goats and cattle ( Bos taurus ) (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).

Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi)

Centaurium sebaeoides , a member of the gentian family (Gentianaceae), is an annual herb with fleshy leaves and stalkless flowers. This species is distinguished from Centaurium erythraea , which is naturalized in Hawaii, by its fleshy leaves and the unbranched arrangement of the flower cluster (Wagner et al ., 1999).

Centaurium sebaeoides has been observed flowering in April. Flowering may be induced by heavy rainfall. Populations are found in dry areas, and plants are more likely to be found following heavy rains. Little else is known about the life history of Centaurium sebaeoides . Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).

Centaurium sebaeoides was historically and is currently known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. On Lanai, there is one population containing between 20 and 30 individual plants in Maunalei Valley on privately owned land (HINHP Database 2000).

This species is found on dry ledges at elevations between 39 and 331 m (128 and 1,086 ft). Associated species include Hibiscus brackenridgei (HINHP Database 2000)

ides was historically and is currently known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. On Lanai, there is one population containing between 20 and 30 individual plants in Maunalei Valley on privately owned land (HINHP Database 2000).

This species is found on dry ledges at elevations between 39 and 331 m (128 and 1,086 ft). Associated species include Hibiscus brackenridgei (HINHP Database 2000).

The major threats to this species on Lanai are competition from alien plant species, depressed reproductive vigor, and natural or human-caused environmental disturbance that could easily be catastrophic to the only known population due to the small number of remaining individuals and the limited and scattered distribution of the species (Service 1999; HINHP Database 2000).

Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis (oha wai)

Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis , a short-lived perennial and a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a shrub or tree with oblong to lance-shaped leaves on leaf stalks (petioles). Clermontia oblongifolia is distinguished from other members of the genus by its calyx and corolla, which are similar in color and are each fused into a curved tube that falls off as the flower ages. The species is also distinguished by the leaf shape, the male floral parts, the shape of the flower buds, and the lengths of the leaf and flower stalks, the flower, and the smooth green basal portion of the flower (the hypanthium). Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis is reported from Maui and Lanai, while Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. oblongifolia is only known from Oahu, and Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes is only known from Molokai (Lammers 1988, 1999; 57 FR 20772).

Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis is known to flower from November to July. Little else is known about the life history of Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis

folia ssp. mauiensis is reported from Maui and Lanai, while Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. oblongifolia is only known from Oahu, and Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes is only known from Molokai (Lammers 1988, 1999; 57 FR 20772).

Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis is known to flower from November to July. Little else is known about the life history of Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis . Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1997; Rock 1919).

Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis was historically and is currently known from Lanai and Maui. On Lanai, an unknown number of individuals are reported from Kaiholena Gulch on privately owned land (Lammers 1999; 57 FR 20772; HINHP Database 2000).

This plant typically grows in gulch bottoms in mesic forests at elevations between 700 and 1,032 m (2,296 and 3,385 ft) (HINHP Database 2000).

The threats to this species on Lanai are its vulnerability to extinction from a single natural or human-caused environmental disturbance; depressed reproductive vigor; and habitat degradation by feral pigs (57 FR 20772; Service 1997).

Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa)

Ctenitis squamigera is a short-lived perennial and a member of the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae). It has a rhizome (horizontal stem), creeping above the ground and densely covered with scales similar to those on the lower part of the leaf stalk. It can be readily distinguished from other Hawaiian species of Ctenitis by the dense covering of tan-colored scales on its frond (Wagner and Wagner 1992).

Little is known about the life history of Ctenitis squamigera. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998a).

Historically, Ctenitis squamigera was recorded from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, Lanai, and the island of Hawaii

tan-colored scales on its frond (Wagner and Wagner 1992).

Little is known about the life history of Ctenitis squamigera. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998a).

Historically, Ctenitis squamigera was recorded from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, Lanai, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, it is found on Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and Molokai. On Lanai, there are two populations totaling 42 individual plants on privately owned land in the Waiapaa-Kapohaku area on the leeward side of the island, and in the Lopa and Waiopa Gulches on the windward side (59 FR 49025; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

This species is found in the forest understory at elevations between 640 and 944 m (2,099 and 3,096 ft) in diverse mesic forest and scrubby mixed mesic forest (HINHP Database 2000). Associated native plant species include Nestegis sandwicensis, Coprosma spp., Sadleria spp., Selaginella sp. (lepelepe a moa), Carex meyenii (NCN), Blechnum occidentale (NCN), Pipturus spp., Melicope spp., Pneumatopteris sandwicensis, Pittosporum spp., Alyxia oliviformis, Freycinetia arborea, Antidesma spp., Cyrtandra spp., Peperomia sp. (ala ala wai nui), Myrsine spp., Psychotria spp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Syzygium sandwicensis, Wikstroemia spp., Microlepia sp. (NCN), Doodia spp., Boehmeria grandis (akolea), Nephrolepis sp. (kupukupu), Perrotettia sandwicensis , and Xylosma sp. (HINHP Database 2000, 59 FR 49025).

The primary threats to this species on Lanai are habitat degradation by feral pigs, goats, and axis deer; competition with alien plant species, especially Psidium cattleianum and Schinus terebinthifolius; fire; decreased reproductive vigor; and extinction from naturally occurring events due to the small number of existing populations and individuals (Service 1998a; Culliney 1988; HINHP Database 2000; 59 FR 49025).

Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (haha)

Cyanea grimesiana ssp

goats, and axis deer; competition with alien plant species, especially Psidium cattleianum and Schinus terebinthifolius; fire; decreased reproductive vigor; and extinction from naturally occurring events due to the small number of existing populations and individuals (Service 1998a; Culliney 1988; HINHP Database 2000; 59 FR 49025).

Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (haha)

Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana , a short-lived perennial and a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a shrub with pinnately divided leaves. This species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the pinnately lobed leaf margins and the width of the leaf blades. This subspecies is distinguished from the other two subspecies by the shape and size of the calyx lobes, which overlap at the base (Lammers 1999).

On Molokai, flowering plants have been reported in July and August. Little else is known about the life history of Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana . Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).

Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana was historically and is currently known from Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. Currently, on Lanai there are two populations with at least three individuals on privately owned land in Kaiholena Gulch and Waiakeakua Gulch (61 FR 53108; Service 1999; HINHP Database 2000).

This species is typically found in mesic forest often dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or Metrosideros polymorpha and Acacia koa (koa), or on rocky or steep slopes of stream banks, at elevations between 667 and 1,032 m (2,188 and 3,385 ft). Associated plants include Antidesma spp., Bobea spp., Myrsine spp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Psychotria spp., and Xylosma sp. (61 FR 53108; Service 1999)

.

This species is typically found in mesic forest often dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or Metrosideros polymorpha and Acacia koa (koa), or on rocky or steep slopes of stream banks, at elevations between 667 and 1,032 m (2,188 and 3,385 ft). Associated plants include Antidesma spp., Bobea spp., Myrsine spp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Psychotria spp., and Xylosma sp. (61 FR 53108; Service 1999).

The threats to this species on Lanai are habitat degradation and/or destruction caused by feral axis deer, goats, and pigs; competition with various alien plants; randomly naturally occurring events causing extinction due to the small number of existing individuals; fire; landslides; and predation by rats (Rattus rattus) and various slugs (59 FR 53108; Service 1999).

Cyanea lobata (haha)

Cyanea lobata, a short-lived member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a sparingly branched perennial shrub with smooth to somewhat rough stems and oblong, irregularly lobed leaves. This species is distinguished from other species of Cyanea by the size of the flower and the irregularly lobed leaves with petioles (Lammers 1990).

Cyanea lobata is known to flower from August to February, even in individuals as small as 50 cm (20 in) in height. Little else is known about the life history of Cyanea lobata . Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Rock 1919; Degener 1936; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Historically, Cyanea lobata was known from Lanai and West Maui. It was last seen on Lanai in 1934 (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772)

n about the life history of Cyanea lobata . Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Rock 1919; Degener 1936; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Historically, Cyanea lobata was known from Lanai and West Maui. It was last seen on Lanai in 1934 (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

This species occurs in gulches in mesic to wet forest and shrubland at elevations between 664 and 1,032 m (2,178 and 3,385 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species: Freycinetia arborea, Touchardia latifolia (olona), Morinda trimera (noni kuahiwi), Metrosideros polymorpha, Clermontia kakeana (oha wai), Cyrtandra spp., Xylosma spp., Psychotria spp., Antidesma spp., Pipturus albidus, Peperomia spp., Pleomele spp. (halapepe), and Athyrium spp. (akolea) (J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; HINHP Database 2000; R. Hobdy et al ., pers. comm., 2001).

The threats to this species on Lanai included habitat degradation by feral pigs (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Cyperus trachysanthos (puukaa)

Cyperus trachysanthos , a member of the sedge family (Cyperaceae), is a short-lived perennial grass-like plant with a short rhizome. The culms are densely tufted, obtusely triangular in cross section, tall, sticky, and leafy at the base. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the short rhizome, the leaf sheath with partitions at the nodes, the shape of the glumes, and the length of the culms (Koyama 1999).

Little is known about the life history of Cyperus trachysanthos. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).

Historically, Cyperus trachysanthos was known on Niihau and Kauai, and from scattered locations on Oahu, Molokai, and Lanai. Currently it is found on Kauai, Niihau and Oahu

ttle is known about the life history of Cyperus trachysanthos. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).

Historically, Cyperus trachysanthos was known on Niihau and Kauai, and from scattered locations on Oahu, Molokai, and Lanai. Currently it is found on Kauai, Niihau and Oahu. It was last observed on Lanai in 1919 (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

Cyperus trachysanthos is usually found in seasonally wet sites (mud flats, wet clay soil, or wet cliff seeps) on seepy flats or talus slopes in Heteropogon contortus (pili) grassland at elevations between 0 and 46 m (0 and 151 ft). Hibiscus tiliaceus (hau) is often found in association with this species (J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001; 61 FR 53108; Koyama 1999; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

On Lanai, the threats to this species included the loss of wetlands (61 FR 53108; Service 1999).

Cyrtandra munroi (haiwale)

Cyrtandra munroi is a short-lived perennial and a member of the African violet family (Gesneriaceae). It is a shrub with opposite, elliptic to almost circular leaves that are sparsely to moderately hairy on the upper surface and covered with velvety, rust-colored hairs underneath. This species is distinguished from other species of the genus by the broad opposite leaves, the length of the flower cluster stalks, the size of the flowers, and the amount of hair on various parts of the plant (Wagner et al., 1999).

Some work has been done on the reproductive biology of some species of Cyrtandra , but not on Cyrtandra munroi specifically. These studies of other members of the genus suggest that a specific pollinator may be necessary for successful pollination. Seed dispersal may be via birds, which eat the fruits. Flowering time, longevity of plants and seeds, specific environmental requirements, and other limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).

Cyrtandra munroi was historically and is currently known from Lanai and Maui

ly. These studies of other members of the genus suggest that a specific pollinator may be necessary for successful pollination. Seed dispersal may be via birds, which eat the fruits. Flowering time, longevity of plants and seeds, specific environmental requirements, and other limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).

Cyrtandra munroi was historically and is currently known from Lanai and Maui. Currently, on Lanai there are a total of two populations containing 17 individuals on privately owned land in the Kapohaku/Waiapaa area, and in the gulch between Kunoa and Waialala gulches (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

The habitat of this species is diverse mesic forest, wet Metrosideros polymorpha forest, and mixed mesic Metrosideros polymorpha forest, typically on rich, moderately steep gulch slopes at elevations between 667 and 1,016 m (2,188 and 3,332 ft). It occurs on soil and rock substrates on slopes from watercourses in gulch bottoms and up the sides of gulch slopes to near ridgetops. Associated native species include, Diospyros sandwicensis, Bobea elatior, Myrsine lessertiana, Pipturus albidus, Pittosporum confertiflorum, Pleomele fernaldii, Sadleria cyatheoides, Scaevola chamissoniana, Xylosma hawaiiense, Cyrtandra grayii, Cyrtandra grayana Diplopterygium pinnatum, Hedyotis acuminata (au), Clermontia spp., Alyxia oliviformis, Coprosma spp., Dicranopteris linearis, Freycinetia arborea, Melicope spp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pouteria sandwicensis , and Psychotria spp. (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1995).

The threats to this species on Lanai are browsing and habitat disturbance by axis deer; competition with the alien plant species Psidium cattleianum, Myrica faya, Leptospermum scoparium, Pluchea symphytifolia (sourbush), Melinis minutiflora (molasses grass), Rubus rosifolius (thimbleberry), and Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo grass); depressed reproductive vigor; and loss of appropriate pollinators (Service 1995; 57 FR 20772)

cies on Lanai are browsing and habitat disturbance by axis deer; competition with the alien plant species Psidium cattleianum, Myrica faya, Leptospermum scoparium, Pluchea symphytifolia (sourbush), Melinis minutiflora (molasses grass), Rubus rosifolius (thimbleberry), and Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo grass); depressed reproductive vigor; and loss of appropriate pollinators (Service 1995; 57 FR 20772).

Diellia erecta (NCN)

Diellia erecta , a short-lived perennial fern in the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), grows in tufts of three to nine lance-shaped fronds emerging from a rhizome covered with brown to dark gray scales. This species differs from other members of the genus in having large brown or dark gray scales, fused or separate sori along both margins, shiny black midribs that have a hardened surface, and veins that do not usually encircle the sori (Degener and Greenwell 1950; Wagner 1952).

Little is known about the life history of Diellia erecta . Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).

Historically, Diellia erecta was known on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, it is known from Molokai, Maui, Oahu, and the island of Hawaii and was recently rediscovered on Kauai. On Lanai it was last seen in 1929 (Service 1999; HINHP Database 2000).

This species is found in brown granular soil with leaf litter and occasional terrestrial moss on north facing slopes in deep shade on steep slopes or gulch bottoms in Pisonia spp. forest at elevations between 651 and 955 m (2,135 and 3,132 ft). Associated native plant species include native grasses and ferns (J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001; Service 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to Diellia erecta on Lanai included habitat degradation by pigs and goats, and competition with alien plant species (59 FR 56333; Service 1999)

n Pisonia spp. forest at elevations between 651 and 955 m (2,135 and 3,132 ft). Associated native plant species include native grasses and ferns (J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001; Service 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to Diellia erecta on Lanai included habitat degradation by pigs and goats, and competition with alien plant species (59 FR 56333; Service 1999).

Diplazium molokaiense (asplenium-leaved asplenium)

Diplazium molokaiense , a short-lived perennial member of the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), has a short prostrate rhizome and green or straw-colored leaf stalks with thin-textured fronds. This species can be distinguished from other species of Diplazium in the Hawaiian Islands by a combination of characteristics, including venation pattern, the length and arrangement of the sori, frond shape, and the degree of dissection of the frond (Wagner and Wagner 1992).

Little is known about the life history of Diplazium molokaiense . Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998a).

Historically, Diplazium molokaiense was found on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. Currently, this species is known only from Maui. It was last seen on Lanai in 1914 (HINHP Database 2000).

This species occurs in shady, damp places in wet forests at elevations between 737 and 1,032 m (2,417 and 3,385 ft) (J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001; Service 1998a; HINHP Database 2000).

The primary threats to Diplazium molokaiense on Lanai included habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs and competition with alien plant species (59 FR 49025; Service 1998a; HINHP Database 2000).

Hedyotis mannii (pilo)

Hedyotis mannii is a short-lived perennial and a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae). It has smooth, usually erect stems 30 to 60 cm (1 to 2 ft) long, which are woody at the base and four-angled or -winged

lokaiense on Lanai included habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs and competition with alien plant species (59 FR 49025; Service 1998a; HINHP Database 2000).

Hedyotis mannii (pilo)

Hedyotis mannii is a short-lived perennial and a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae). It has smooth, usually erect stems 30 to 60 cm (1 to 2 ft) long, which are woody at the base and four-angled or -winged. This species' growth habit; its quadrangular or winged stems; the shape, size, and texture of its leaves; and its dry capsule, which opens when mature, separate it from other species of the genus (Wagner et al. , 1999).

Little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996b).

Hedyotis mannii was once widely scattered on Lanai, West Maui, and Molokai. After a hiatus of 50 years, this species was rediscovered in 1987 by Steve Perlman on Molokai. In addition, a population was discovered on Maui and two populations, now numbering between 35 and 40 individual plants, were discovered on Lanai in 1991 on privately owned land in Maunalei and Hauola gulches (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996b).

Hedyotis mannii typically grows on dark, narrow, rocky gulch walls and on steep stream banks in wet forests between 711 and 1,032 m (2,332 and 3,385 ft) in elevation. Associated plant species include Thelypteris sandwicensis, Sadleria spp., Cyrtandra grayii, Scaevola chamissoniana, Freycinetia arborea , and Carex meyenii (J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996b).

The limited number of individuals of Hedyotis mannii makes it extremely vulnerable to extinction from random environmental events. Feral pigs and alien plants, such as Melinis minutiflora, Psidium cattleianum , and Rubus rosifolius , degrade the habitat of this species and contribute to its vulnerability (57 FR 46325)

Carex meyenii (J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996b).

The limited number of individuals of Hedyotis mannii makes it extremely vulnerable to extinction from random environmental events. Feral pigs and alien plants, such as Melinis minutiflora, Psidium cattleianum , and Rubus rosifolius , degrade the habitat of this species and contribute to its vulnerability (57 FR 46325).

Hesperomannia arborescens (NCN)

Hesperomannia arborescens , a long-lived perennial of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a small shrubby tree that usually stands 1.5 to 5 m (5 to 16 ft) tall. This member of an endemic Hawaiian genus differs from other Hesperomannia species in having the following combination of characteristics: erect to ascending flower heads, thick flower head stalks, and usually hairless and relatively narrow leaves (Wagner et al. , 1999).

This species has been observed in flower from April through June and fruit during March and June. Little else is known about the life history of Hesperomannia arborescens . Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).

Hesperomannia arborescens was formerly known from Lanai, Molokai, and Oahu. This species is now known from Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. It was last seen on Lanai in 1940 (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).

Hesperomannia arborescens is found on slopes or ridges in lowland mesic or wet forest at elevations between 737 and 1,032 m (2,417 and 3,385 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species: Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine sandwicensis (kolea), Isachne distichophylla, Pipturus spp., Antidesma spp., Psychotria spp., Clermontia spp., Cibotium spp. (hapuu), Dicranopteris linearis, Bobea spp., Coprosma spp., Sadleria spp., Melicope spp., Machaerina spp. (uki), Cheirodendron spp. (olapa), or Freycinetia arborea (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482; R

ated native plant species: Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine sandwicensis (kolea), Isachne distichophylla, Pipturus spp., Antidesma spp., Psychotria spp., Clermontia spp., Cibotium spp. (hapuu), Dicranopteris linearis, Bobea spp., Coprosma spp., Sadleria spp., Melicope spp., Machaerina spp. (uki), Cheirodendron spp. (olapa), or Freycinetia arborea (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482; R. Hobdy et al. , pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to Hesperomannia arborescens on Lanai included habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats, and competition with alien plant species (Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482; HINHP Database 2000).

Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau hele)

Hibiscus brackenridgei , a short-lived perennial and a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae), is a sprawling to erect shrub or small tree. This species differs from other members of the genus in having the following combination of characteristics: yellow petals, a calyx consisting of triangular lobes with raised veins and a single midrib, bracts attached below the calyx, and thin stipules that fall off, leaving an elliptic scar.

Two subspecies are currently recognized, H. brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei and H. brackenridgei ssp. mokuleianus (Bates 1999).

Hibiscus brackenridgei is known to flower continuously from early February through late May, and intermittently at other times of year. Intermittent flowering may possibly be tied to day length. Little else is known about the life history of this plant. Pollination biology, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).

Historically, Hibiscus brackenridgei was known from the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, Molokai, and the island of Hawaii. Hibiscus brackenridgei was collected from an undocumented site on Kahoolawe, though the subspecies has never been determined. Currently, Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. mokuleianus is only known from Oahu. Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp

iting factors are unknown (Service 1999).

Historically, Hibiscus brackenridgei was known from the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, Molokai, and the island of Hawaii. Hibiscus brackenridgei was collected from an undocumented site on Kahoolawe, though the subspecies has never been determined. Currently, Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. mokuleianus is only known from Oahu. Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei is currently known from Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. On Lanai, there are two populations containing an unknown number of individuals on privately owned land; one population is known from Keamuku Road, one from a fenced area on the dry plains of Kaena Point. Outplanted individuals that were initially planted in Kanepuu Preserve now appear to be reproducing naturally (Service 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Wesley Wong, Jr., formerly of Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife, in litt . 1998).

Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei occurs in lowland dry to mesic forest and shrubland between 0 and 645 m (0 and 2,116 ft) in elevation. Associated plant species include Dodonea viscosa, Psydrax odoratum, Eurya sandwicensis (anini), Isachne distichophylla , and Sida fallax (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1999).

The primary threats to Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei on Lanai are habitat degradation; possible predation by pigs, goats, axis deer, and rats ( Rattus rattus ); competition with alien plant species; fire; and susceptibility to extinction caused by naturally occurring events or reduced reproductive vigor (59 FR 56333; Service 1999).

Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho kula)

Isodendrion pyrifolium , a short-lived perennial of the violet family (Violaceae), is a small, branched shrub with elliptic to lance-shaped leaf blades. The papery-textured blade is moderately hairy beneath (at least on the veins) and stalked

y to extinction caused by naturally occurring events or reduced reproductive vigor (59 FR 56333; Service 1999).

Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho kula)

Isodendrion pyrifolium , a short-lived perennial of the violet family (Violaceae), is a small, branched shrub with elliptic to lance-shaped leaf blades. The papery-textured blade is moderately hairy beneath (at least on the veins) and stalked. The petiole (stalk) is subtended Isodendrion pyrifolium is distinguished from other species in the genus by its smaller, green-yellow flowers, and hairy stipules and leaf veins (Wagner et al. , 1999).

During periods of drought, this species will drop all but the newest leaves. After sufficient rains, the plants produce flowers with seeds ripening one to two months later. Little else is known about the life history of Isodendrion pyrifolium . Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).

Isodendrion pyrifolium was historically found on six of the Hawaiian Islands: Niihau, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently it is found only on the island of Hawaii. It was last seen on Lanai in 1870 (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

On Lanai, Isodendrion pyrifolium occured in dry shrubland at elevations between 132 and 574 m (433 and 1,883 ft) with one or more of the following associated native plant species: Dodonaea viscosa, Lipochaeta spp. (nehe), Heteropogon contortus , and Wikstroemia oahuensis (akia) (J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001; Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305; R. Hobdy et al. , pers. comm., 2001).

Nothing is known of the threats to Isodendrion pyrifolium on the island of Lanai because the species was last seen there in 1870

1,883 ft) with one or more of the following associated native plant species: Dodonaea viscosa, Lipochaeta spp. (nehe), Heteropogon contortus , and Wikstroemia oahuensis (akia) (J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001; Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305; R. Hobdy et al. , pers. comm., 2001).

Nothing is known of the threats to Isodendrion pyrifolium on the island of Lanai because the species was last seen there in 1870.

Mariscus fauriei (NCN)

Mariscus fauriei , a member of the sedge family (Cyperaceae), is a short-lived perennial plant with somewhat enlarged underground stems and three-angled, single or grouped aerial stems 10 to 50 cm (4 to 20 in) tall. It has leaves shorter than or the same length as the stems and 1 to 3.5 mm (0.04 to 0.1 in) wide. This species differs from others in the genus in Hawaii by its smaller size and its more narrow, flattened, and more spreading spikelets (Koyama 1990; 59 FR 10305).

Little is known about the life history of Mariscus fauriei . Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (USFWS 1996a).

Historically, Mariscus fauriei was found on Molokai, Lanai, and the island of Hawaii. It currently occurs on Molokai and the island of Hawaii. It was last seen on Lanai in 1929 (59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000; Service 1996a).

Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plant species associated with Mariscus fauriei on the island of Lanai (Service 1996a).

Nothing is known of the threats to Mariscus fauriei on the island of Lanai (Service 1996a).

Melicope munroi (alani)

Melicope munroi , a long-lived perennial of the rue (citrus) family (Rutaceae), is a sprawling shrub up to 3 m (10 ft) tall. The new growth of this species is minutely hairy. This species differs from other Hawaiian members of the genus in the shape of the leaf and the length of the inflorescence (a flower cluster) stalk (Stone et al. , 1999).

Little is known about the life history of Melicope munroi

pe munroi , a long-lived perennial of the rue (citrus) family (Rutaceae), is a sprawling shrub up to 3 m (10 ft) tall. The new growth of this species is minutely hairy. This species differs from other Hawaiian members of the genus in the shape of the leaf and the length of the inflorescence (a flower cluster) stalk (Stone et al. , 1999).

Little is known about the life history of Melicope munroi . Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 2001).

Historically, this species was known from the Lanaihale summit ridge of Lanai and above Kamalo on Molokai. Currently, Melicope munroi is known only from the Lanaihale summit ridge on Lanai. There are two populations totaling an estimated 300 to 800 individuals on privately owned land on the Lanaihale summit, head of Hauola gulch, Waialala gulch, and the ridge of Waialala gulch (HINHP Database 2000; 64 FR 48307; GDSI 2000; Service 2001).

Melicope munroi is typically found on slopes in lowland wet shrublands, at elevations of 701 and 1,032 m (2,299 and 3,385 ft). Associated native plant species include Diplopterygium pinnatum, Dicranopteris linearis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Cheirodendron trigynum, Coprosma spp., Broussaisia arguta , other Melicope spp., and Machaerina angustifolia (HINHP Database 2000; Service 2001).

The major threats to Melicope munroi on Lanai are trampling, browsing, and habitat degradation by axis deer and competition with the alien plant species Leptospermum scoparium and Psidium cattleianum . Random environmental events also threaten the two remaining populations (HINHP Database 2000; 64 FR 48307; Service 2001).

Neraudia sericea (NCN)

Neraudia sericea , a short-lived perennial member of the nettle family (Urticaceae), is a 3 to 5 m (10 to 16 ft) tall shrub with densely hairy branches. The elliptic or oval leaves have smooth margins or slightly toothed margins on young leaves

anum . Random environmental events also threaten the two remaining populations (HINHP Database 2000; 64 FR 48307; Service 2001).

Neraudia sericea (NCN)

Neraudia sericea , a short-lived perennial member of the nettle family (Urticaceae), is a 3 to 5 m (10 to 16 ft) tall shrub with densely hairy branches. The elliptic or oval leaves have smooth margins or slightly toothed margins on young leaves. The upper leaf surface is moderately hairy and the lower leaf surface is densely covered with irregularly curved, silky gray to white hairs along the veins. The male flowers may be stalkless or have short stalks. The female flowers are stalkless and have a densely hairy calyx that is either toothed, collar-like, or divided into narrow unequal segments. The fruits are achenes with the apical section separated from the basal portion by a deep constriction. Seeds are oval with a constriction across the upper half. N. sericea differs from the other four closely related species of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the density, length, color, and posture of the hairs on the lower leaf surface and by its mostly entire leaf margins (Wagner et al. , 1999).

Little is known about the life history of Neraudia sericea . Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Neraudia sericea was historically found on Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe. Currently, this species is extant on Molokai and Maui. It was last seen on Lanai in 1913 (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Neraudia sericea generally occurs in gulch slopes or gulch bottoms in dry-mesic or mesic forest at elevations between 693 and 869 m (2,273 and 2,850 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species: Metrosideros polymorpha, Diospyros sandwicensis, Nestegis sandwicensis , and Dodonaea viscosa (HINHP Database 2000; 59 FR 56333; J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001)

9 FR 56333).

Neraudia sericea generally occurs in gulch slopes or gulch bottoms in dry-mesic or mesic forest at elevations between 693 and 869 m (2,273 and 2,850 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species: Metrosideros polymorpha, Diospyros sandwicensis, Nestegis sandwicensis , and Dodonaea viscosa (HINHP Database 2000; 59 FR 56333; J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001).

The primary threats to Neraudia sericea on Lanai included habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats, and competition with alien plant species (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Portulaca sclerocarpa (poe)

Portulaca sclerocarpa of the purslane family (Portulacaceae) is a short-lived perennial herb with a fleshy tuberous taproot, which becomes woody and has stems up to about 20 cm (8 in) long. The stalkless, succulent, grayish-green leaves are almost circular in cross- P. villosa , differs mainly in its thinner-walled, opening capsule (Wagner et al. , 1999).

This species was observed in flower during March 1977, December 1977, and June 1978. The presence of juveniles indicated that pollination and germination were occurring. Pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity of plants and seeds, specific environmental requirements, and other limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996a).

Portulaca sclerocarpa was historically and is currently found on the island of Hawaii, and on an islet (Poopoo Islet) off the south coast of the island of Lanai. The population on privately owned land on Poopoo Islet contains about 10 plants (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000; Service 1996a). Poopoo Islet is a small rocky outcrop, 1 ha (2.4 ac) in area and approximately 200 m (600 ft) from the south shoreline of Lanai, and is considered part of the island of Lanai.

This species grows on exposed ledges in thin soil in coastal communities at elevations between 0 and 82 m (0 and 269 ft) (Wagner et al., 1999; HINHP Database 2000)

10 plants (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000; Service 1996a). Poopoo Islet is a small rocky outcrop, 1 ha (2.4 ac) in area and approximately 200 m (600 ft) from the south shoreline of Lanai, and is considered part of the island of Lanai.

This species grows on exposed ledges in thin soil in coastal communities at elevations between 0 and 82 m (0 and 269 ft) (Wagner et al., 1999; HINHP Database 2000).

The major threats to Portulaca sclerocarpa on Lanai are herbivory (feeding on plants) by the larvae of an introduced sphinx moth ( Hyles lineata ); competition from alien plants; and fire (Frank Howarth, Bishop Museum, in litt. 2000; 59 FR 10305; Service 1996a).

Sesbania tomentosa (ohai)

Sesbania tomentosa , a member of the pea family (Fabaceae), is typically a sprawling short-lived perennial shrub, but may also be a small tree. Each compound leaf consists of 18 to 38 oblong to elliptic leaflets, which are usually sparsely to densely covered with silky hairs. The flowers are salmon color tinged with yellow, orange-red, scarlet or, rarely, pure yellow. Sesbania tomentosa is the only endemic Hawaiian species in the genus, differing from the naturalized S. sesban by the color of the flowers, the longer petals and calyx, and the number of seeds per pod (Geesink et al. , 1999).

The pollination biology of Sesbania tomentosa is being studied by David Hopper, a graduate student in the Department of Zoology at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. His preliminary findings suggest that although many insects visit Sesbania flowers, the majority of successful pollination is accomplished by native bees of the genus, Hylaeus, and that populations at Kaena Point on Oahu are probably pollinator-limited. Flowering at Kaena Point is highest during the winter-spring rains, and gradually declines throughout the rest of the year. Other aspects of this plant's life history are unknown (Service 1999)

many insects visit Sesbania flowers, the majority of successful pollination is accomplished by native bees of the genus, Hylaeus, and that populations at Kaena Point on Oahu are probably pollinator-limited. Flowering at Kaena Point is highest during the winter-spring rains, and gradually declines throughout the rest of the year. Other aspects of this plant's life history are unknown (Service 1999).

Currently, Sesbania tomentosa occurs on six of the eight main Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii) and on two islands in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (Nihoa and Necker). Although once found on Niihau and Lanai, it is no longer extant on these islands. It was last seen on Lanai in 1957 (59 FR 56333; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

Sesbania tomentosa is found on sandy beaches, dunes, or pond margins at elevations between 44 and 221 m (144 and 725 ft). It commonly occurs in coastal dry shrublands or mixed coastal dry cliffs with the associated native plant species Chamaesyce celastroides (akoko), Cuscuta sandwichiana (kaunaoa), Dodonaea viscosa, Heteropogon contortus, Myoporum sandwicense, Nama sandwicensis (nama), Scaevola sericea (naupaka kahakai), Sida fallax, Sporobolus virginicus (akiaki), Vitex rotundifolia (kolokolo kahakai) or Waltheria indica (uhaloa) (Service 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The primary threats to Sesbania tomentosa on Lanai included habitat degradation caused by competition with various alien plant species; lack of adequate pollination; seed predation by rats, mice ( Mus musculus ) and, potentially, alien insects; and fire (59 FR 56333; Service 1999).

Silene lanceolata (NCN)

Silene lanceolata , a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is an upright, short-lived perennial plant with stems 15 to 51 cm (6 to 20 in) long, which are woody at the base. The narrow leaves are smooth except for a fringe of hairs near the base. Flowers are arranged in open clusters. The flowers are white with deeply lobed, clawed petals

FR 56333; Service 1999).

Silene lanceolata (NCN)

Silene lanceolata , a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is an upright, short-lived perennial plant with stems 15 to 51 cm (6 to 20 in) long, which are woody at the base. The narrow leaves are smooth except for a fringe of hairs near the base. Flowers are arranged in open clusters. The flowers are white with deeply lobed, clawed petals. The capsule opens at the top to release reddish-brown seeds. This species is distinguished from Silene alexandri by its smaller flowers and capsules and its stamens, which are shorter than the sepals (Wagner et al. , 1999).

Little is known about the life history of Silene lanceolata . Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (57 FR 46325; Service 1996b).

The historical range of Silene lanceolata includes five Hawaiian Islands: Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Hawaii. Silene lanceolata is presently extant on the islands of Molokai, Oahu, and Hawaii. It was last observed on Lanai in 1930 (57 FR 46325; GDSI 2000; Service 1996b).

Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plant species associated with Silene lanceolata on the island of Lanai (Service 1996b).

Nothing is known of the threats to Silene lanceolata on the island of Lanai (Service 1996b).

Solanum incompletum (popolo ku mai)

Solanum incompletum , a short-lived perennial member of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), is a woody shrub. Its stems and lower leaf surfaces are covered with prominent reddish prickles or sometimes with yellow fuzzy hairs on young plant parts and lower leaf surfaces. The oval to elliptic leaves have prominent veins on the lower surface and lobed leaf margins. Numerous flowers grow in loose branching clusters with each flower on a stalk

ial member of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), is a woody shrub. Its stems and lower leaf surfaces are covered with prominent reddish prickles or sometimes with yellow fuzzy hairs on young plant parts and lower leaf surfaces. The oval to elliptic leaves have prominent veins on the lower surface and lobed leaf margins. Numerous flowers grow in loose branching clusters with each flower on a stalk. This species differs from other native members of the genus by being generally prickly and having loosely clustered white flowers, curved anthers about 2 mm (0.08 in) long, and berries 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in) in diameter (Symon 1999).

Little is known about the life history of Solanum incompletum . Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (59 FR 56333; Service 1999).

Historically, Solanum incompletum was known on Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. According to David Symon (1999), the known distribution of Solanum incompletum also extended to the islands of Kauai and Molokai. Currently, Solanum incompletum is only known from the island of Hawaii. It was last seen on Lanai in 1925 (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1999).

On Lanai, Solanum incompletum occurred on broad, gently sloping ridges in dry, Dodonaea viscosa shrubland, at elevations between 151 and 372 m (495 and 1,220 ft) with one or more of the Heteropogon contortus, Lipochaeta spp., and Wikstroemia oahuensis (Service 1999; J. Lau pers comm., 2001).

On Lanai, the threats to Solanum incompletum included habitat destruction by goats and competition with various alien plants (Service 1999).

Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN)

Spermolepis hawaiiensis , a member of the parsley family (Apiaceae), is a slender annual herb with few branches. Its leaves, dissected into narrow, lance-shaped divisions, are oblong to somewhat oval in outline and grow on stalks

anai, the threats to Solanum incompletum included habitat destruction by goats and competition with various alien plants (Service 1999).

Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN)

Spermolepis hawaiiensis , a member of the parsley family (Apiaceae), is a slender annual herb with few branches. Its leaves, dissected into narrow, lance-shaped divisions, are oblong to somewhat oval in outline and grow on stalks. Flowers are arranged in a loose, compound umbrella-shaped inflorescence arising from the stem, opposite the leaves. Spermolepis hawaiiensis is the only member of the genus native to Hawaii. It is distinguished from other native members of the family by being a non-succulent annual with an umbrella-shaped inflorescence (Constance and Affolter 1999).

Little is known about the life history of Spermolepis hawaiiensis . Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).

Historically, Spermolepis hawaiiensis was known from Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, and the island of Hawaii. Based on recent collections it is now known to be extant on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. On Lanai, this species is known from three populations of 570 to 620 individuals on privately owned land: in the southern edge of Kapoho Gulch, Kamiki Ridge, and approximately 274 m (900 ft) downslope of Puu Manu (59 FR 56333; HINHP Database 2000; R Hobdy, pers. comm., 2000; Service 1999).

Spermolepis hawaiiensis is known from gulch slopes and ridge tops in dry forests dominated by Diospyros sandwicensis , or shrublands dominated by Dodonaea viscosa at elevations between 402 and 711 m (1,319 and 2,332 ft). Associated native plant species include Nestegis sandwicensis, Nesoluma polynesicum, Psydrax odorata, and Rauvolfia sandwicensis (J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001; HINHP Database 2000; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2000; Service 1999)

ch slopes and ridge tops in dry forests dominated by Diospyros sandwicensis , or shrublands dominated by Dodonaea viscosa at elevations between 402 and 711 m (1,319 and 2,332 ft). Associated native plant species include Nestegis sandwicensis, Nesoluma polynesicum, Psydrax odorata, and Rauvolfia sandwicensis (J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001; HINHP Database 2000; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2000; Service 1999).

The primary threats to Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Lanai are habitat degradation by feral goats, competition with various alien plants, such as Lantana camara ; and erosion, landslides, and rockslides due to natural weathering, which result in the death of individual plants as well as habitat destruction (59 FR 56333; Service 1999; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2000; Service 1999).

Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum (NCN)

Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum , a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is an erect shrub 12 to 36 cm (4.7 to 14 in) tall, branching near the ends of the stems. Leaves of this taxon are lance-shaped, wider at the leaf tip, and measure 1.0 to 1.8 in (25 to 45 mm) long and 0.04 to 0.3 in (1 to 7 mm) wide. Flower heads are arranged in groups of six to 12. The involucre is bell-shaped and less than 0.2 in (4 mm) high. Florets are either female or bisexual, with both occurring on the same plant. There are 21 to 40 white to pinkish-lavender ray florets 0.04 to 0.08 in (1 to 2 mm) long on the periphery of each head. In the center of each head there are four to eleven maroon to pale salmon disk florets. The fruits are achenes, 0.06 to 0.1 in (1.6 to 2.5 mm) long and 0.02 to 0.03 in (0.5 to 0.8 mm) wide. This taxon can be distinguished from the other extant species on Oahu by its hermaphroditic disk flowers and its inflorescence of six to 12 heads (Lowrey 1999).

Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum is a short-lived perennial that has been observed producing fruit and flowers from April through July

ruits are achenes, 0.06 to 0.1 in (1.6 to 2.5 mm) long and 0.02 to 0.03 in (0.5 to 0.8 mm) wide. This taxon can be distinguished from the other extant species on Oahu by its hermaphroditic disk flowers and its inflorescence of six to 12 heads (Lowrey 1999).

Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum is a short-lived perennial that has been observed producing fruit and flowers from April through July. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (56 FR 55770; Service 1998b).

Historically, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum was known from Oahu and Lanai. It currently occurs only on Oahu. It was last seen on Lanai in 1928 (56 FR 55770; Service 1998b HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000; EDA Database 2001).

Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plant species associated with Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum on the island of Lanai (Service 1998b).

Nothing is known of the threats to Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum on the island of Lanai (Service 1998b).

Tetramolopium remyi (NCN)

Tetramolopium remyi, a short-lived perennial member of the sunflower family (Asteraceae), is a many branched, decumbent (reclining, with the end ascending) or occasionally erect shrub up to about 38 cm (15 in) tall. Its leaves are firm, very narrow, and with the edges rolled inward when the leaf is mature. There is a single flower head per branch. The heads are each comprised of 70 to 100 yellow disk and 150 to 250 white ray florets. The stems, leaves, flower bracts, and fruit are covered with sticky hairs. Tetramolopium remyi has the largest flower heads in the genus. Two other species of the genus are known historically from Lanai, but both have purplish rather than yellow disk florets and from 4 to 60 rather than 1 flower head per branch (Lowrey 1999).

Tetramolopium remyi flowers between April and January

ite ray florets. The stems, leaves, flower bracts, and fruit are covered with sticky hairs. Tetramolopium remyi has the largest flower heads in the genus. Two other species of the genus are known historically from Lanai, but both have purplish rather than yellow disk florets and from 4 to 60 rather than 1 flower head per branch (Lowrey 1999).

Tetramolopium remyi flowers between April and January. Field observations suggest that the population size of the species can be profoundly affected by variability in annual precipitation; the adult plants may succumb to prolonged drought, but apparently there is a seedbank in the soil that can replenish the population during favorable conditions. Such seed banks are of great importance for arid-dwelling plants to allow populations to persist through adverse conditions. The aridity of the area, possibly coupled with human-induced changes in the habitat and subsequent lack of availability of suitable sites for seedling establishment, may be a factor limiting population growth and expansion. Requirements of this taxon in these areas are not known, but success in greenhouse cultivation of these plants with much higher water availability implies that, although these plants are drought-tolerant, perhaps the dry conditions in which they currently exist are not optimum. Individual plants are probably not long-lived. Pollination is hypothesized to be by butterflies, bees, or flies. Seed dispersal agents, environmental requirements, and other limiting factors are unknown (Lowrey 1986; Service 1995).

Historically, the species was known from Maui and Lanai. Currently, Tetramolopium remyi is known only from two populations on Lanai on privately owned land, one near Awalua Road and the other near Awehi Road, with a total of approximately 66 plants (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Tetramolopium remyi is found in red, sandy, loam soil in dry Dodonea viscosa-Heteropogon contortus communities at elevations between 65 and 485 m (213 and 1,591 ft)

Lanai. Currently, Tetramolopium remyi is known only from two populations on Lanai on privately owned land, one near Awalua Road and the other near Awehi Road, with a total of approximately 66 plants (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Tetramolopium remyi is found in red, sandy, loam soil in dry Dodonea viscosa-Heteropogon contortus communities at elevations between 65 and 485 m (213 and 1,591 ft). Commonly associated native species include Bidens mauiensis (kookoolau), Waltheria indica, Wikstroemia oahuensis, and Lipochaeta lavarum (nehe) (HINHP Database 2000).

Browsing by deer and mouflon sheep ( Ovis musimon ) and competition from alien species, primarily Andropogon viginicus (broomsedge) and Panicum maximum (guinea grass), are the main threats to the species on Lanai. Fire is also a potential threat (Service 1995; 56 FR 47686).

Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN)

Vigna o-wahuensis, a member of the legume family (Fabaceae), is a slender, twining, short-lived perennial herb with fuzzy stems. Each leaf is made up of three leaflets, which vary in shape from round to linear, and are sparsely or moderately covered with coarse hairs. Flowers, in clusters of 1 to 4, have thin, translucent, pale yellow or greenish-yellow petals. The two lowermost petals are fused and appear distinctly beaked. The sparsely hairy calyx has asymmetrical lobes. The fruits are long slender pods that may or may not be slightly inflated and contain 7 to 15 gray to black seeds. This species differs from others in the genus by its thin yellowish petals, sparsely hairy calyx, and thin pods, which may or may not be slightly inflated (Geesink et al., 1999).

Little is known about the life history of Vigna o-wahuensis. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).

Historically, Vigna o-wahuensis was known from Niihau, Oahu, and Maui

sparsely hairy calyx, and thin pods, which may or may not be slightly inflated (Geesink et al., 1999).

Little is known about the life history of Vigna o-wahuensis. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).

Historically, Vigna o-wahuensis was known from Niihau, Oahu, and Maui. Based on recent collections, Vigna o-wahuensis is now known to be extant on the islands of Molokai, Maui, Lanai, Kahoolawe, and Hawaii. On Lanai, one population with at least one individual is known from Kanepuu on privately owned land (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; J. Lau, in litt. 2000; Service 1999).

On Lanai, Vigna o-wahuensis is found in Nestegis sandwicensis or Diospyros sandwicensis dry forest at elevations between 98 and 622 m (321 and 2,040 ft) (HINHP Database 2000; J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001; 59 FR 56333).

Threats to Vigna o-wahuensis on Lanai include habitat degradation by pigs and axis deer; competition with various alien plant species; fire; and random naturally occurring events causing extinction and or reduced reproductive vigor of the only remaining individual on Lanai (Service 1999).

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (ae)

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is a medium-sized tree in the rue (citrus) family (Rutaceae) with pale to dark gray bark, and lemon-scented leaves. Alternate leaves are composed of three small triangular-oval to lance-shaped, toothed leaves (leaflets) with surfaces usually without hairs. A long-lived perennial tree, Z. hawaiiense is distinguished from other Hawaiian members of the genus by several characteristics: three leaflets all of similar size, one joint on the lateral leaf stalk, and sickle-shape fruits with a rounded tip (Stone et al., 1999).

Little is known about the life history of Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996a)

nus by several characteristics: three leaflets all of similar size, one joint on the lateral leaf stalk, and sickle-shape fruits with a rounded tip (Stone et al., 1999).

Little is known about the life history of Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996a).

Historically, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense was known from five islands: Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is found on Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. It was last seen on Lanai in 1947 (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plant species associated with Zanthoxylum hawaiiense on the island of Lanai (Service 1996a).

Nothing is known of the threats to Zanthoxylum hawaiiense on the island of Lanai (Service 1996a).

A summary of populations and landownership for the 37 plant species reported from the island of Lanai is given in Table 3.

Table 3.—Summary of Existing Populations Occurring on Lanai, and Landownership for 37 Species Reported From Lanai Species Number of current populations Landownership Federal State Private Abutilon eremitopetalum 1 X Adenophorus periens 0 Bidens micrantha 0 Bonamia menziesii 3 X Brighamia rockii 0 Cenchrus agrimonioides 0 Centaurium sebaeoides 1 X Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis 1 X Ctenitis squamigera 2 X Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana 2 X Cyanea lobata 0 Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gibsonii 2 X Cyperus trachysanthos 0 Cyrtandra munroi 2 X Diellia erecta 0 Diplazium molokaiense 0 Gahnia lanaiensis 1 X Hedyotis mannii 2 X Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi 2 X Hesperomannia arborescens 0 Hibiscus brackenridgei 2 X Isodendrion pyrifolium 0 Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis 1 X Mariscus fauriei 0 Melicope munroi 2 X Neraudia sericea 0 Phyllostegia glabra var

acrostegia ssp. gibsonii 2 X Cyperus trachysanthos 0 Cyrtandra munroi 2 X Diellia erecta 0 Diplazium molokaiense 0 Gahnia lanaiensis 1 X Hedyotis mannii 2 X Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi 2 X Hesperomannia arborescens 0 Hibiscus brackenridgei 2 X Isodendrion pyrifolium 0 Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis 1 X Mariscus fauriei 0 Melicope munroi 2 X Neraudia sericea 0 Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis 0 Portulaca sclerocarpa 1 X Sesbania tomentosa 0 Silene lanceolata 0 Solanum incompletum 0 Spermolepis hawaiiensis 3 X Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum 0 Tetramolopium remyi 2 X Vigna o-wahuensis 1 X Viola lanaiensis 2 X Zanthoxylum hawaiiense 0 Previous Federal Action

Federal action on these plants began as a result of section 12 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act) (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq. ), which directed the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution to prepare a report on plants considered to be endangered, threatened, or extinct in the United States. This report, designated as House Document No. 94-51, was presented to Congress on January 9, 1975. In that document, Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia rockii, Cyanea lobata (as Cyanea baldwinii ), Gahnia lanaiensis, Hedyotis mannii (as Hedyotis thyrsoidea var. thyrsoidea ), Hesperomannia arborescens (as Hesperomannia arborescens var. bushiana and var. swezeyi ), Hibiscus brackenridgei (as Hibiscus brackenridgei var. brackenridgei, var. mokuleianus, and var. “from Hawaii”), Neraudia sericea (as Neraudia kahoolawensis ), Portulaca sclerocarpa, Sesbania tomentosa (as Sesbania hobdyi and Sesbania tomentosa var. tomentosa ), Silene lanceolata, Solanum incompletum (as Solanum haleakalense and Solanum incompletum var. glabratum, var. incompletum, and var. mauiensis ), Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, Vigna o-wahuensis (as Vigna sandwicensis var. heterophylla and var. sandwicensis ), Viola lanaiensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (as Zanthoxylum hawaiiense var

Sesbania hobdyi and Sesbania tomentosa var. tomentosa ), Silene lanceolata, Solanum incompletum (as Solanum haleakalense and Solanum incompletum var. glabratum, var. incompletum, and var. mauiensis ), Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, Vigna o-wahuensis (as Vigna sandwicensis var. heterophylla and var. sandwicensis ), Viola lanaiensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (as Zanthoxylum hawaiiense var. citiodora ) were considered endangered; Cyrtandra munroi, Diellia erecta, Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (as Zanthoxylum hawaiiense var. hawaiiense and var. velutinosum ) were considered threatened; and, Abutilon eremitopetalum, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha (as Bidens distans and Bidens micrantha spp. kalealaha ), Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gibsonii, Diplazium molokaiense, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Melicope munroi (as Pelea munroi ), Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis, and Tetramolopium remyi were considered to be extinct. On July 1, 1975, we published a notice in the Federal Register (40 FR 27823) of our acceptance of the Smithsonian report as a petition within the context of section 4(c)(2) (now section 4(b)(3)) of the Act, and gave notice of our intention to review the status of the plant taxa named therein. As a result of that review, on June 16, 1976, we published a proposed rule in the Federal Register (41 FR 24523) to determine endangered status pursuant to section 4 of the Act for approximately 1,700 vascular plant taxa, including all of the above taxa except Cyrtandra munroi, Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, and Melicope munroi. The list of 1,700 plant taxa was assembled on the basis of comments and data received by the Smithsonian Institution and the Service in response to House Document No. 94-51 and the July 1, 1975, Federal Register publication (40 FR 27823).

General comments received in response to the 1976 proposal were summarized in an April 26, 1978, Federal Register publication (43 FR 17909)

nd Melicope munroi. The list of 1,700 plant taxa was assembled on the basis of comments and data received by the Smithsonian Institution and the Service in response to House Document No. 94-51 and the July 1, 1975, Federal Register publication (40 FR 27823).

General comments received in response to the 1976 proposal were summarized in an April 26, 1978, Federal Register publication (43 FR 17909). In 1978, amendments to the Act required that all proposals over 2 years old be withdrawn. A 1-year grace period was given to proposals already over 2 years old. On December 10, 1979, we published a notice in the Federal Register (44 FR 70796) withdrawing the portion of the June 16, 1976, proposal that had not been made final, along with four other proposals that had expired. We published updated Notices of Review for plants on December 15, 1980 (45 FR 82479), September 27, 1985 (50 FR 39525), February 21, 1990 (55 FR 6183), September 30, 1993 (58 FR 51144), and February 28, 1996 (61 FR 7596). A summary of the status categories for these 37 plant species in the 1980 through 1996 notices of review can be found in Table 4(a). We listed the 37 species as endangered or threatened between 1991 and 1999. A summary of the listing actions can be found in Table 4(b).

Table 4(a).—Summary of Candidacy Status for 37 Plant Species on Lanai Species Federal Register Notice of Review 12/15/80 9/27/85 2/20/90 9/30/93 2/28/96 Abutilon eremitopetalum C1 C1 C1 Adenophorus periens C1 C1 C1 Bidens micrantha C1 C1 C1 Bonamia menziesii C1 C1 C1 Brighamia rockii C1 C1 C1 Cenchrus agrimonioides Centaurium sebaeoides C1 Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis C1 Ctenitis squamigera C1* C1* C1* Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana C1 C1 C2 Cyanea lobata C1 C1 C1 Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gibsonii C1 C1 C1 Cyperus trachysanthos C2 Cyrtandra munroi C2 C2 C1 Diellia erecta C1 C1 C1 Diplazium molokaiense C1* C1* C1 Gahnia lanaiensis C1 C1 C1 Hedyotis mannii C1* C1* C1 Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var

Centaurium sebaeoides C1 Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis C1 Ctenitis squamigera C1* C1* C1* Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana C1 C1 C2 Cyanea lobata C1 C1 C1 Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gibsonii C1 C1 C1 Cyperus trachysanthos C2 Cyrtandra munroi C2 C2 C1 Diellia erecta C1 C1 C1 Diplazium molokaiense C1* C1* C1 Gahnia lanaiensis C1 C1 C1 Hedyotis mannii C1* C1* C1 Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi C2 C2 C Hesperomannia arborescens C1 C1 C1 Hibiscus brackenridgei C1 C1 C1 Isodendrion pyrifolium C1* C1* 3A Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis C2 C2 3C 3C Mariscus fauriei C1 Melicope munroi C1* C1* C2 C2 C Neraudia sericea 3A 3A C1 Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis C1 C1 C1 Portulaca sclerocarpa C1 C1 C1 Sesbania tomentosa C1* C1* C1 Silene lanceolata C1 C1 C1 Solanum incompletum C1* C1* C1 Spermolepis hawaiiensis C1 Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum C1 C1 C1 Tetramolopium remyi C1 C1 C1 Vigna o-wahuensis C1 C1 C1 Viola lanaiensis C1 C1 C1 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense C1 C1 C1 Key: C: Taxa for which the Service has on file enough sufficient information on biological vulnerability and threat(s) to support proposals to list them as endangered or threatened species. C1: Taxa for which the Service has on file enough sufficient information on biological vulnerability and threat(s) to support proposals to list them as endangered or threatened species. C1*: Taxa of known vulnerable status in the recent past that may already have become extinct. C2: Taxa for which there is some evidence of vulnerability, but for which there are not enough data to support listing proposals at this time. 3A: Taxa for which the Service has persuasive evidence of extinction. If rediscovered, such taxa might acquire high priority for listing. 3C: Taxa that have proven to be more abundant or widespread than previously believed and/or those that are not subject to any identifiable threat

s some evidence of vulnerability, but for which there are not enough data to support listing proposals at this time. 3A: Taxa for which the Service has persuasive evidence of extinction. If rediscovered, such taxa might acquire high priority for listing. 3C: Taxa that have proven to be more abundant or widespread than previously believed and/or those that are not subject to any identifiable threat. If further research or changes in habitat indicate a significant decline in any of these taxa, they may be reevaluated for possible inclusion in categories C1 or C2. Federal Register Notices of Review— 1980: 45 FR 82479  1985: 50 FR 39525  1990: 55 FR 6183  1993: 58 FR 51144  1996: 61 FR 7596 Table 4(b).—Summary of Listing Actions for 37 Plant Species From Lanai Species Federal status Proposed rule Date Federal Register Final rule Date Federal Register Purdency and/or proposed critical habitat Date Federal Register Abutilon eremitopetalum E 09/17.90 55 FR 38236 09/20/91 56 FR 47686 12/27/00 65 FR 82086 Adenophorus periens E 09/14/93 58 FR 48102 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 11/07/00 12/29/00 65 FR 66808 65 FR 83157 Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Bonamia menziesii E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 11/7/00 12/18/00 12/27/00 01/28/02 65 FR 66808 65 FR 79192 65 FR 82086 67 FR 3940 Brighamia rockii E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325 12/29/00 65 FR 83157 Cenchrus agrimonioides E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Centaurium sebaeoides E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 11/07/00 12/18/00 12/27/00 12/29/00 01/28/02 65 FR 66808 65 FR 79192 65 FR 82086 65 FR 83157 67 FR 3940 Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772 12/18/00 12/27/00 65 FR 79192 65 FR 82086 Ctenitis squamigera E 06/24/93 58 FR 34231 09/09/94 59 FR 49025 12/18/00 12/27/00 12/29/00 65 FR 79192 65 FR 82086 65 FR 8315 Cyanea grimesiana ssp

64 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 11/07/00 12/18/00 12/27/00 12/29/00 01/28/02 65 FR 66808 65 FR 79192 65 FR 82086 65 FR 83157 67 FR 3940 Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772 12/18/00 12/27/00 65 FR 79192 65 FR 82086 Ctenitis squamigera E 06/24/93 58 FR 34231 09/09/94 59 FR 49025 12/18/00 12/27/00 12/29/00 65 FR 79192 65 FR 82086 65 FR 8315 Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 64 FR 53108 12/18/00 12/27/00 12/29/00 65 FR 79192 65 FR 82086 65 FR 8315 Cyanea lobata E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gilsonii E 09/17/90 55 FR 38236 09/20/91 56 FR 47686 12/27/00 65 FR 82086 Cyperus trachysanthos E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 11/07/0 01/28/02 65 FR 66808 67 FR 3940 Cyrtandra munroi E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772 12/18/00 12/27/00 65 FR 79192 65 FR 82086 Diellia erecta E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 11/07/00 12/18/00 12/29/00 01/28/02 65 FR 66808 65 FR 79192 65 FR 83157 67 FR 3940 Diplazium molokaiense E 06/24/93 58 FR 34231 09/09/94 59 FR 49025 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Gahnia lanaiensis E 09/17/90 55 FR 38236 09/20/91 56 FR 47686 12/27/00 65 FR 82086 Hedyotis mannii E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325 12/18/00 12/27/00 12/29/00 65 FR 79192 65 FR 82086 65 FR 83157 Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307 12/27/00 65 FR 82086 Hesperomannia arborescens E 10/14/92 57 FR 47028 03/28/94 59 FR 14482 12/18/00 12/29/00 65 FR 79192 65 FR 83157 Hibiscus brackenridgei E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Isodendrion pyrifolium E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305 01/28/02 67 FR 3940 Labordia tinifolia var

echtendahliana var. remyi E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307 12/27/00 65 FR 82086 Hesperomannia arborescens E 10/14/92 57 FR 47028 03/28/94 59 FR 14482 12/18/00 12/29/00 65 FR 79192 65 FR 83157 Hibiscus brackenridgei E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Isodendrion pyrifolium E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305 01/28/02 67 FR 3940 Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307 12/27/00 65 FR 82086 Mariscus fauriei E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305 12/29/00 65 FR 83157 Melicope munroi E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307 12/27/00 65 FR 82086 Neraudia sericea E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 12/18/00 12/29/00 65 FR 79192 65 FR 83157 Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis E 09/17/90 55 FR 38236 09/20/91 56 FR 47686 12/29/00 65 FR 83157 Portulaca sclerocarpa E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305 12/27/00 65 FR 82086 Sesbania tomentosa E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 11/07/00 12/18/00 12/29/00 01/28/02 65 FR 66808 65 FR 79192 65 FR 83157 67 FR 3940 Silene lanceolata E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325 12/29/00 65 FR 83157 Solanum incompletum E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 01/28/02 67 FR 3940 Spermolepis hawaiiensis E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 11/07/00 12/18/00 12/27/00 12/29/00 12/28/00 65 FR 66808 65 FR 79192 65 FR 82086 65 FR 83157 67 FR 3940 Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp

5 FR 79192 65 FR 83157 67 FR 3940 Silene lanceolata E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325 12/29/00 65 FR 83157 Solanum incompletum E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 01/28/02 67 FR 3940 Spermolepis hawaiiensis E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 11/07/00 12/18/00 12/27/00 12/29/00 12/28/00 65 FR 66808 65 FR 79192 65 FR 82086 65 FR 83157 67 FR 3940 Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Tetramolopium remyi E 09/17/90 55 FR 38236 09/20/91 56 FR 47686 12/27/00 65 FR 82086 Vigna o-wahuensis E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 12/18/00 12/29/00 65 FR 79192 65 FR 83157 Viola lanaiensis E 09/17/90 55 FR 38236 09/20/91 56 FR 47686 12/27/00 65 FR 82086 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305 11/07/00 12/18/00 12/29/00 12/28/00 01/28/02 65 FR 66808 65 FR 79192 65 FR 83157 67 FR 3940 Key: E= Endangered, T= Threatened Critical Habitat

Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as amended, and implementing regulations (50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the maximum extent prudent and determinable, the Secretary designate critical habitat at the time the species is determined to be endangered or threatened. Our regulations (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)) state that designation of critical habitat is not prudent when one or both of the following situations exist: (1) the species is threatened by taking or other human activity, and identification of critical habitat can be expected to increase the degree of threat to the species, or (2) such designation of critical habitat would not be beneficial to the species. At the time each plant was listed, we determined that designation of critical habitat was prudent for three of these plants ( Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi , Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis , and Melicope munroi ) and not prudent for the other 34 plants because it would not benefit the plant or would increase the degree of threat to the species

t would not be beneficial to the species. At the time each plant was listed, we determined that designation of critical habitat was prudent for three of these plants ( Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi , Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis , and Melicope munroi ) and not prudent for the other 34 plants because it would not benefit the plant or would increase the degree of threat to the species.

The not prudent determinations for these species, along with others, were challenged in Conservation Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt , 2 F. Supp. 2d 1280 (D. Haw. 1998). On March 9, 1998, the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii, directed us to review the prudency determinations for 245 listed plant species in Hawaii, including 34 of the 37 species reported from Lanai. Among other things, the court held that, in most cases we did not sufficiently demonstrate that the species are threatened by human activity or that such threats would increase with the designation of critical habitat. The court also held that we failed to balance any risks of designating critical habitat against any benefits ( id . at 1283-85).

Regarding our determination that designating critical habitat would have no additional benefits to the species above and beyond those already provided through the section 7 consultation requirement of the Act, the court ruled that we failed to consider the specific effect of the consultation requirement on each species ( id . at 1286-88). In addition, the court stated that we did not consider benefits outside of the consultation requirements. In the court's view, these potential benefits include substantive and procedural protections. The court held that, substantively, designation establishes a “uniform protection plan” prior to consultation and indicates where compliance with section 7 of the Act is required

s ( id . at 1286-88). In addition, the court stated that we did not consider benefits outside of the consultation requirements. In the court's view, these potential benefits include substantive and procedural protections. The court held that, substantively, designation establishes a “uniform protection plan” prior to consultation and indicates where compliance with section 7 of the Act is required. Procedurally, the court stated that the designation of critical habitat educates the public, State, and local governments and affords them an opportunity to participate in the designation ( id . at 1288). The court also stated that private lands may not be excluded from critical habitat designation even though section 7 requirements apply only to Federal agencies. In addition to the potential benefit of informing the public, State, and local governments of the listing and of the areas that are essential to the species' conservation, the court found that there may be Federal activity on private property in the future, even though no such activity may be occurring there at the present ( id . at 1285-88).

On August 10, 1998, the court ordered us to publish proposed critical habitat designations or non-designations for at least 100 species by November 30, 2000, and to publish proposed designations or non-designations for the remaining 145 species by April 30, 2002 ( Conservation Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt , 24 F. Supp. 2d 1074 (D. Haw. 1998)).

At the time we listed Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi , Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis , and Melicope munroi (64 FR 48307), we determined that designation of critical habitat was prudent and that we would develop critical habitat designations for these three taxa, along with seven others, by the time we completed designations for the other 245 Hawaiian plant species. This timetable was challenged in Conservation Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt , Civ. No. 99-00283 HG (D. Haw. Aug. 19, 1999, Feb. 16, 2000, and March 28, 2000)

determined that designation of critical habitat was prudent and that we would develop critical habitat designations for these three taxa, along with seven others, by the time we completed designations for the other 245 Hawaiian plant species. This timetable was challenged in Conservation Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt , Civ. No. 99-00283 HG (D. Haw. Aug. 19, 1999, Feb. 16, 2000, and March 28, 2000). The court agreed, however, that it was reasonable for us to integrate these ten Maui Nui (Maui, Lanai, Molokai, and Kahoolawe) plant taxa into the schedule established for designating critical habitat for the other 245 Hawaiian plants, and ordered us to publish proposed critical habitat designations for the ten Maui Nui species with the first 100 plants from the group of 245 by November 30, 2000, and to publish final critical habitat designations by November 30, 2001.

On November 30, 1998, we published a notice in the Federal Register requesting public comments on our reevaluation of whether designation of critical habitat is prudent for the 245 Hawaiian plants at issue (63 FR 65805). The comment period closed on March 1, 1999, and was reopened from March 24, 1999, to May 24, 1999 (64 FR 14209). We received more than 100 responses from individuals, non-profit organizations, the State Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW), county governments, and Federal agencies (U.S. Department of Defense-Army, Navy, Air Force). Only a few responses offered information on the status of individual plant species or on current management actions for one or more of the 245 Hawaiian plants. While some of the respondents expressed support for the designation of critical habitat for 245 Hawaiian plants, more than 80 percent opposed the designation of critical habitat for these plants. In general, these respondents opposed designation because they believed it would cause economic hardship, discourage cooperative projects, polarize relationships with hunters, or potentially increase trespass or vandalism on private lands

essed support for the designation of critical habitat for 245 Hawaiian plants, more than 80 percent opposed the designation of critical habitat for these plants. In general, these respondents opposed designation because they believed it would cause economic hardship, discourage cooperative projects, polarize relationships with hunters, or potentially increase trespass or vandalism on private lands. In addition, commenters also cited a lack of information on the biological and ecological needs of these plants which, they suggested, may lead to designation based on guesswork. The respondents who supported the designation of critical habitat cited that designation would provide a uniform protection plan for the Hawaiian Islands; promote funding for management of these plants; educate the public and State government; and protect partnerships with landowners and build trust.

In early February 2000, we hand-delivered a letter to representatives of the private landowner on Lanai requesting any information considered germane to the management of any of the 37 plants on the island, and containing a copy of the November 30, 1998, Federal Register notice, a map showing the general locations of the plants on Lanai, and a handout containing general information on critical habitat. On April 4, 2000, we met with representatives of the landowner to discuss their current land management activities. In addition, we met with Maui County DOFAW staff and discussed their management activities on Lanai.

On December 27, 2000, we published the third of the court-ordered prudency determinations and proposed critical habitat designations or non-designations for 18 Lanai plants (65 FR 82086). The prudency determinations and proposed critical habitat designations for Kauai and Niihau plants were published on November 7, 2000 (65 FR 66808), for Maui and Kahoolawe plants on December 18, 2000 (65 FR 79192), and for Molokai plants on December 29, 2000 (65 FR 83158)

dered prudency determinations and proposed critical habitat designations or non-designations for 18 Lanai plants (65 FR 82086). The prudency determinations and proposed critical habitat designations for Kauai and Niihau plants were published on November 7, 2000 (65 FR 66808), for Maui and Kahoolawe plants on December 18, 2000 (65 FR 79192), and for Molokai plants on December 29, 2000 (65 FR 83158). All of these proposed rules had been sent to the Federal Register by or on November 30, 2000, as required by the court orders. In those proposals we determined that critical habitat was prudent for 33 species ( Abutilon eremitopetalum , Adenophorus periens , Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha , Bonamia menziesii , Brighamia rockii , Cenchrus agrimonioides , Centaurium sebaeoides , Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis , Ctenitis squamigera , Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana , Cyanea lobata , Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gibsonii , Cyperus trachysanthos , Cyrtandra munroi , Diellia erecta , Diplazium molokaiense , Gahnia lanaiensis , Hedyotis mannii , Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi, Hesperomannia arborescens , Hibiscus brackenridgei , Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis , Mariscus fauriei , Melicope munroi , Neraudia sericea , Portulaca sclerocarpa , Sesbania tomentosa , Silene lanceolata , Spermolepis hawaiiensis , Tetramolopium remyi , Vigna o-wahuensis , Viola lanaiensis , and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ) that are reported from Lanai as well as on Kauai, Niihau, Maui, Kahoolawe, and Molokai.

In the December 27, 2000, proposal we determined that it was prudent to designate approximately 1,953 ha (4,826 ac) on Lanai as critical habitat. The publication of the proposed rule opened a 60-day public comment period, which closed on February 26, 2001. On February 22, 2001, we published a notice (66 FR 11133) announcing the reopening of the comment period until April 2, 2001, on the proposal to designate critical habitat for plants from Lanai and a notice of a public hearing

pproximately 1,953 ha (4,826 ac) on Lanai as critical habitat. The publication of the proposed rule opened a 60-day public comment period, which closed on February 26, 2001. On February 22, 2001, we published a notice (66 FR 11133) announcing the reopening of the comment period until April 2, 2001, on the proposal to designate critical habitat for plants from Lanai and a notice of a public hearing. On March 22, 2001, we held a public hearing at the Lanai Public Library Meeting Room, Lanai. On April 6, 2001, we published a notice (66 FR 18223) announcing corrections to the proposed rule. These corrections included changes to the map of general locations of units and new UTM coordinates and increased the total proposed critical habitat to 2,034 ha (5,027 ac).

On October 3, 2001, we submitted a joint stipulation with Earth Justice Legal Defense Fund requesting extension of the court order for the final rules to Isodendrion pyrifolium and Solanum incompletum , two species reported from Lanai as well as Kauai, Maui, and Molokai. The designation of critical habitat is proposed for both of these species on Lanai. Publication of this revised proposal for plants from Lanai is consistent with the court-ordered stipulation.

Summary of Comments and Recommendations

In the December 27, 2000, proposed rule (65 FR 82086), we requested all interested parties to submit comments on the specifics of the proposal, including information, policy, and proposed critical habitat boundaries as provided in the proposed rule. The first comment period closed on February 26, 2001. We reopened the comment period from February 22, 2001, to April 2, 2001 (66 FR 11133), to accept comments on the proposed designations and to hold a public hearing on March 22, 2001, in Lanai City, Lanai.

We contacted all appropriate State and Federal agencies, county governments, elected officials, and other interested parties and invited them to comment

ment period closed on February 26, 2001. We reopened the comment period from February 22, 2001, to April 2, 2001 (66 FR 11133), to accept comments on the proposed designations and to hold a public hearing on March 22, 2001, in Lanai City, Lanai.

We contacted all appropriate State and Federal agencies, county governments, elected officials, and other interested parties and invited them to comment. In addition, we invited public comment through the publication of notices in the following newspapers: the Honolulu Advertiser on January 8, 2001, and the Maui News on January 4, 2001. We received one request for a public hearing. We announced the date and time of the public hearing in letters mailed to all interested parties, appropriate State and Federal agencies, county governments, and elected officials, and in notices published in the Honolulu Advertiser and in the Maui News newspapers on March 2, 2001. A transcript of the hearing held in Lanai City, Lanai on March 22, 2001, is available for inspection (see ADDRESSES section).

We requested three botanists who have familiarity with Lanai plants to peer review the proposed critical habitat designations. One peer reviewer submitted comments on the proposed critical habitat designations, providing updated biological information, critical review, and editorial comments.

We received a total of two oral comments, three written comments, and two comments both in written and oral form during the two comment periods. These included responses from one State office, and six private organizations or individuals. We reviewed all comments received for substantive issues and new information regarding critical habitat and the Lanai plants. Of the seven comments we received, five supported designation, one was opposed and one provided information and declined to oppose or support the designation. Similar comments were grouped into eight general issues relating specifically to the proposed critical habitat determinations. These are addressed in the following summary

and new information regarding critical habitat and the Lanai plants. Of the seven comments we received, five supported designation, one was opposed and one provided information and declined to oppose or support the designation. Similar comments were grouped into eight general issues relating specifically to the proposed critical habitat determinations. These are addressed in the following summary.

Issue 1: Biological Justification and Methodology

(1) Comment : The designation of critical habitat for these plant species in unoccupied habitat is particularly important, since this may be the only mechanism available to ensure that Federal actions do not eliminate the habitat needed for the conservation of these species.

Our Response : We agree. Our recovery plans for these species (Service 1995, 1996a, 1996b, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999, 2001) identify the need to expand existing populations and reestablish wild populations within their historical range. We have revised the December 27, 2000, proposal to include areas of unoccupied habitat for some of the species from Lanai.

(2) Comment : The proposal provides very limited information on the criteria and data used to determine the areas proposed as critical habitat. For example, some of the data used by the Service was 30 years old or older.

Our Response : When developing the December 27, 2000, proposal to designate critical habitat for 18 plants from Lanai, we used the best scientific and commercial data available at the time, including but not limited to information from the known locations, site-specific species information from the HINHP database and our own rare plant database; species information from the Center for Plant Conservation's (CPC) rare plant monitoring database housed at the University of Hawaii's Lyon Arboretum; the final listing rules for these species; recent biological surveys and reports; our recovery plans for these species; information received in response to outreach materials and requests for species and management information we s

e plant database; species information from the Center for Plant Conservation's (CPC) rare plant monitoring database housed at the University of Hawaii's Lyon Arboretum; the final listing rules for these species; recent biological surveys and reports; our recovery plans for these species; information received in response to outreach materials and requests for species and management information we sent to all landowners, land managers, and interested parties on the island of Lanai; discussions with botanical experts; and recommendations from the Hawaii Pacific Plant Recovery Coordinating Committee (HPPRCC) (Service 1995, 1996a, 1996b, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999, 2001; HPPRCC 1998; HINHP Database 2000; CPC in litt . 1999).

We have revised the proposed designations to incorporate new information, and address comments and new information received during the comment periods. This additional information comes from Geographic Information System (GIS) coverages ( e.g ., vegetation, soils, annual rainfall, elevation contours, land ownership), and information received during the public comment periods and the public hearing (R. Hobdy, in litt . 2001; Service 1995, 1996a, 1996b, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999, 2001).

(3) Comment : The proposed critical habitat designations should be delayed until a coordinated plan with public input is coordinated.

Our Response : We must comply with the orders of the Federal courts. As stated earlier, on August 10, 1998, the Court ordered us to publish proposed critical habitat designations or non-designations for at least 100 species by November 30, 2000, and to publish proposed designations or non-designations for the remaining 145 species by April 30, 2002 (24 F. Supp. 2d 1074). On March 28, 2000, the Court ordered us to integrate 10 Maui Nui (Maui, Lanai, Molokai, and Kahoolawe) plant taxa into the schedule for designating critical habitat for the other 245 Hawaiian plants

ations or non-designations for at least 100 species by November 30, 2000, and to publish proposed designations or non-designations for the remaining 145 species by April 30, 2002 (24 F. Supp. 2d 1074). On March 28, 2000, the Court ordered us to integrate 10 Maui Nui (Maui, Lanai, Molokai, and Kahoolawe) plant taxa into the schedule for designating critical habitat for the other 245 Hawaiian plants.

On December 27, 2000, we published the third of the court-ordered prudency determinations and/or proposed critical habitat designations, for 18 Lanai plants (65 FR 82086). On October 5, 2001, the joint stipulation with Earth Justice Legal Defense Fund requesting extension of the court orders for the final rules to designate critical habitat for plants from Kauai and Niihau (July 30, 2002), Maui and Kahoolawe (August 23, 2002), Lanai (September 16, 2002), Molokai (October 16, 2002) was approved and ordered by the court.

Publication of this revised proposed critical habitat designations for Lanai plants is consistent with the court-ordered stipulation.

Issue 2: Site-specific Biological Comments

(4) Comment : Critical habitat should be designated for Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis because habitats have not been adequately surveyed and this species may still be extant in the wild.

Our Response : No change is made here to the prudency determination for Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis , a species known only from Kaiholena on Lanai, published in the December 27, 2000, proposal (65 FR 82086). Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis has not been seen on Lanai for over 80 years. This species was last observed at Kaiholena on Lanai in 1914 and has not been observed since. A report of this plant from the early 1980s probably was erroneous and should be referred to as Phyllostegia glabra var. glabra (R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 1992). In addition, this species is not known to be in storage or under propagation. Given these circumstances, we determined that designation of critical habitat for Phyllostegia glabra var

iholena on Lanai in 1914 and has not been observed since. A report of this plant from the early 1980s probably was erroneous and should be referred to as Phyllostegia glabra var. glabra (R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 1992). In addition, this species is not known to be in storage or under propagation. Given these circumstances, we determined that designation of critical habitat for Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis was not prudent because such designation would be of no benefit to this species. If this species is rediscovered we may revise this proposal to incorporate or address new information as new data becomes available (See 16 U.S.C. 1532 (5) (B); 50 CFR 424.13(f)).

Issue 3: Legal Issues

(5) Comment : The Service failed to comply with court deadlines set forth in both Conservation Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt , 24 F. Supp. 1074 (D.Haw. 1998), and Conservation Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt , Civ. No. 99-00283 (D.Haw. Mar. 28, 2000).

Our Response: The proposed rules for plants from Kauai, Niihau, Maui, Kahoolawe, Lanai, and Molokai were sent to the Federal Register by or on November 30, 2000, as required by the court orders. On October 3, 2001, we submitted a joint stipulation with Earth Justice Legal Defense Fund requesting extension of the court orders for the final rules to designate critical habitat for plants from Kauai and Niihau (July 30, 2002), Maui and Kahoolawe (August 23, 2002), Lanai (September 16, 2002), and Molokai (October 16, 2002), citing the need to revise the proposals to incorporate or address new information and comments received during the comment periods on the December 27, 2000, proposal for plants from Lanai. The joint stipulation was approved and ordered by the court on October 5, 2001. Publication of this revised proposal for plants from Lanai is consistent with the joint stipulation.

d Molokai (October 16, 2002), citing the need to revise the proposals to incorporate or address new information and comments received during the comment periods on the December 27, 2000, proposal for plants from Lanai. The joint stipulation was approved and ordered by the court on October 5, 2001. Publication of this revised proposal for plants from Lanai is consistent with the joint stipulation.

(6) Comment: The Service should designate critical habitat on the Kanepuu Preserves since excluding them potentially violates the mandatory duty to designate critical habitat “to the maximum extent prudent and determinable” (16 U.S.C. 1533(a)(3)).

Our Response: Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as: (i) the specific areas within the geographical area occupied by a species, at the time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which are found those physical or biological features (I) essential to the conservation of the species and (II) that may require special management consideration or protection; and (ii) specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by a species at the time it is listed, upon a determination that such areas are essential for the conservation of the species. “Conservation” means the use of all methods and procedures that are necessary to bring an endangered or threatened species to the point at which listing under the Act is no longer necessary.

The Service found that the plants and their habitats within the Kanepuu Preserve receive long-term protection and management and, thus these lands are not in need of special management considerations or protection. In our December 27, 2000, proposal we determined that the lands within the Kanepuu Preserve do not meet the definition of critical habitat in the Act, and we did not propose designation of these lands as critical habitat. No change is made to this determination in this revised proposal

otection and management and, thus these lands are not in need of special management considerations or protection. In our December 27, 2000, proposal we determined that the lands within the Kanepuu Preserve do not meet the definition of critical habitat in the Act, and we did not propose designation of these lands as critical habitat. No change is made to this determination in this revised proposal. Should the status of this preserve change, for example by non-renewal of a partnership agreement or termination of funding, we will reconsider whether the lands within Kanepuu Preserve meet the definition of critical habitat. If so, we have the authority to propose to amend critical habitat to include such area at that time 50 CFR 424.12(g).

Issue 4: Mapping and Primary Constituent Elements

(7a) Comment: The designated areas are too large. (7b) Comment: The units are not large enough, and don't allow for changes that occur during known environmental processes. (7c) Comment: Make units B, C, D, E, F, H, I , and J smaller. (7d) Comment: The highly irregular and fragmented shape of proposed units make it difficult to determine if projects are within critical habitat.

Our Response: We have revised the proposed designations published in the December 27, 2000, proposal for Lanai plants to incorporate new information, and address comments and new information received during the comment periods. Areas that contain habitat necessary for the conservation of the species were identified and delineated on a species by species basis. When species units overlapped, we combined units for ease of mapping (see also Methods section). The areas we are proposing to designate as critical habitat provide some or all of the habitat components essential for the conservation of 32 plant species from Lanai.

Issue 5: Effects of Designation

y for the conservation of the species were identified and delineated on a species by species basis. When species units overlapped, we combined units for ease of mapping (see also Methods section). The areas we are proposing to designate as critical habitat provide some or all of the habitat components essential for the conservation of 32 plant species from Lanai.

Issue 5: Effects of Designation

(8) Comment: Designation of critical habitat will result in restrictions on subsistence hunting and State hunting programs funded under the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Program (Pittman-Robertson Program).

Our Response: We believe that game bird and mammal hunting in Hawaii is an important recreational and cultural activity, and we support the continuation of this tradition. The designation of critical habitat requires Federal agencies to consult under section 7 of the Act with us on actions they carry out, fund, or authorize that might destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. This requirement applies to us and includes funds distributed by the Service to the State through the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Program (Pittman-Robertson Program). Under the Act, activities funded by us or other Federal agencies cannot result in jeopardy to listed species, and they cannot adversely modify or destroy critical habitat. It is well documented that game mammals affect listed plant and animal species. In such areas, we believe it is important to develop and implement sound land management programs that provide both for the conservation of listed species and for continued game hunting. We are committed to working closely with the State and other interested parties to ensure that game management programs are implemented consistent with this need.

e mammals affect listed plant and animal species. In such areas, we believe it is important to develop and implement sound land management programs that provide both for the conservation of listed species and for continued game hunting. We are committed to working closely with the State and other interested parties to ensure that game management programs are implemented consistent with this need.

(9) Comment: Critical habitat could be the first step toward making the area a national park or refuge.

Our Response: Critical habitat designation does not in any way create a wilderness area, preserve, national park, or wildlife refuge, nor does it close an area to human access or use. Its regulatory implications apply only to activities sponsored at least in part by Federal agencies. Land uses such as logging, grazing, and recreation that may require Federal permits may take place if they do not adversely modify critical habitat. Critical habitat designations do not constitute land management plans.

Summary of Changes From the Previous Proposal

We originally determined that designation of critical habitat was prudent for six plants ( Abutilon eremitopetalum, Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gibsonii, Gahnia lanaiensis, Portulaca sclerocarpa, Tetramolopium remyi, and Viola lanaiensis ) from the Bonamia menziesii, Centarium sebaeoides, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyrtandra munroi, Hedyotis mannii (we incorrectly determined prudency for this species in the December 27, 2000, proposal as well), Hibiscus brackenridgei, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and Vigna o-wahuensis. In addition, at the time we listed Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi, Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, and Melicope munroi, on September 3, 1999, we determined that the designation of critical habitat was prudent for these three taxa from Lanai

ined prudency for this species in the December 27, 2000, proposal as well), Hibiscus brackenridgei, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and Vigna o-wahuensis. In addition, at the time we listed Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi, Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, and Melicope munroi, on September 3, 1999, we determined that the designation of critical habitat was prudent for these three taxa from Lanai. No change is made to these 19 prudency determinations in this revised proposal and they are hereby incorporated by reference (64 FR 48307, 65 FR 82086, 65 FR 66808, 65 FR 79192).

In the December 27, 2000, proposal we determined that critical habitat was not prudent for Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis, a species endemic to Lanai, because it had not been seen since 1914 and no viable genetic material of this species is known to exist. No change is made here to the December 27, 2000, prudency determination for Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis and it is hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR 82086).

In the December 27, 2000, proposal we proposed designation of critical habitat for 18 plants from the island of Lanai. These species are: Abutilon eremitopetalum, Bonamia menziesii, Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gibsonii, Cyrtandra munroi, Gahnia lanaiensis, Hedyotis mannii, Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, Melicope munroi, Portulaca sclerocarpa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium remyi, and Viola lanaiensis. In this proposal, we have revised the proposed designations for these 18 plants based on new information received during the comment periods. In addition, we incorporate new information, and address comments and new information received during the comment periods on the December 27, 2000, proposal

pe munroi, Portulaca sclerocarpa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium remyi, and Viola lanaiensis. In this proposal, we have revised the proposed designations for these 18 plants based on new information received during the comment periods. In addition, we incorporate new information, and address comments and new information received during the comment periods on the December 27, 2000, proposal.

In the December 27, 2000, proposal, we did not propose designation of critical habitat on Lanai for 17 species that no longer occur on Lanai but are reported from one or more other islands. We determined that critical habitat was prudent for 16 of these species ( Adenophorus p

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