Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determinations of Prudency and Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Islands of Maui and Kahoolawe, Hawaii

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17 RIN 1018-AH70 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determinations of Prudency and Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Islands of Maui and Kahoolawe, Hawaii AGENCY:

Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION:

Proposed rule and Notice of determinations of whether designation of critical habitat is prudent.

SUMMARY:

We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, have reconsidered our findings concerning whether designating critical habitat for 38 federally protected plants from the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe, some of which may also occur on other Hawaiian Islands, listed between 1991 and 1996, would be prudent. At the time each plant was listed, we determined that designation of critical habitat was not prudent because designation would increase the degree of threat to the species and/or would not benefit the plant. We have determined that critical habitat is prudent for 37 of these species since the potential benefits of designating critical habitat essential for the conservation of these species outweigh the risks of designation that may result from human activity. We propose that designation of critical habitat is not prudent for one species, which is no longer extant in the wild and for which no genetic material is currently extant, because such designation would not be beneficial to this species.

We propose critical habitat designations for a total of 50 species in 52 units on Maui and 4 units on Kahoolawe at this time. The approximate land area within these units totals 13,574 hectares (33,614 acres) on Maui and 207 hectares (512 acres) on Kahoolawe. This proposed rule includes proposed designations for 33 of the 37 species mentioned above. Critical habitat is not proposed for four species that are currently only found in areas on Maui that are permanently protected and managed. In addition, critical habitat is being proposed for six other species from Maui and Kahoolawe that were listed in 1999

Maui and 207 hectares (512 acres) on Kahoolawe. This proposed rule includes proposed designations for 33 of the 37 species mentioned above. Critical habitat is not proposed for four species that are currently only found in areas on Maui that are permanently protected and managed. In addition, critical habitat is being proposed for six other species from Maui and Kahoolawe that were listed in 1999. We are also proposing critical habitat on Maui and Kahoolawe for 11 species which also occur on Kauai.

We solicit data and comments from the public on all aspects of this proposal, including data on the economic and other impacts of the proposed designations. We may revise this proposal to incorporate or address new information received during the comment period.

DATES:

We must receive comments from all interested parties by February 16, 2001. Public hearing requests must be received by February 1, 2001.

ADDRESSES:

If you wish to comment, you may submit your comments and materials concerning this proposal by any one of several methods:

You may submit written comments and information to the Field Supervisor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Office, 300 Ala Moana Blvd., P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850-0001.

You may send comments by electronic mail (e-mail) to mandk_crithab_pr@fws.gov. See the Public Comments Solicited section in SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION below for file format and other information about electronic filing.

You may hand-deliver written comments to our Pacific Islands Office at 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 3-122, Honolulu, HI.

Comments and materials received, as well as supporting documentation used in the preparation of this proposed rule, will be available for public inspection, by appointment, during normal business hours at the Pacific Islands Office.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

Paul Henson, Field Supervisor, Pacific Islands Office (see ADDRESSES section) (telephone: 808/541-3441; facsimile: 808/541-3470)

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

Paul Henson, Field Supervisor, Pacific Islands Office (see ADDRESSES section) (telephone: 808/541-3441; facsimile: 808/541-3470).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), have reconsidered our previous findings concerning whether designating critical habitat for some of the 69 Federally protected plants currently or historically found on the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe is prudent. Table 1 lists the species that are currently found on Maui and/or Kahoolawe, reported to occur on these islands, or were historically present (not seen for more than 30 years). Seventeen of these species ( Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Cyanea mceldowneyi, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis, Geranium arboreum, Geranium multiflorum, Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Lipochaeta kamolensis, Melicope adscendens, Melicope balloui, Melicope ovalis, Remya mauiensis, Schiedea haleakalensis , and Tetramolopium capillare ) are endemic to the islands of Maui and/or Kahoolawe, while 33 species ( Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana ssp

, Melicope balloui, Melicope ovalis, Remya mauiensis, Schiedea haleakalensis , and Tetramolopium capillare ) are endemic to the islands of Maui and/or Kahoolawe, while 33 species ( Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyrtandra munroi, Diellia erecta, Flueggea neowawraea, Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope knudsenii, Melicope mucronulata, Neraudia sericea, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Sesbania tomentosa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Vigna o-wahuensis , and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ) are known from Maui and/or Kahoolawe, as well as one or more other islands (Table 1). Two species, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha and Cyanea lobata , were known from Maui and Lanai, but are currently only extant on Maui. Lysimachia lydgatei was known from Maui and Oahu, while Diplazium molokaiense was known from several islands, but currently both species are extant only on Maui. We believe that one species, Acaena exigua , may be extinct. The fourteen remaining species are known only from historical records (pre-1970) on Maui and/or Kahoolawe or from undocumented observations. While these species do occur on other islands, we do not believe they still occur on Maui or Kahoolawe.

on Maui or Kahoolawe.

Table 1.—Summary of Island Distribution of 69 Species From Maui and Kahoolawe Species (common name) Island Distribution Kauai Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii N.W. Isles, Ka hoolawe Ni ihau Acaena exigua (liliwai) H H Alectryon macrococcus (mahoe) C C C C Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum (ahinahina) C Asplenium fragile var. insulare (NCN*) H C Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha (ko oko olau) H C Bonamia menziesii (NCN) C C H C C C Brighamia rockii (pua ala) C H H Cenchrus agrimonioides (kamanomano) C H C R NW Isles (H) Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi) C C C C C Clermontia lindseyana (oha wai) C C Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis (oha wai) C C Clermontia peleana (oha wai) H C Clermontia samuelii (oha wai) C Colubrina oppositifolia (kauila) C C C Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa) H C H C C H Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis (haha) C Cyanea glabra (haha) C Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (haha) C C C C Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora (haha) C Cyanea lobata (haha) H C Cyanea mceldowneyi (haha) C Cyrtandra munroi (ha iwale) C C Delissea undulata (NCN) C H C Ni (H) Diellia erecta (Asplenium-leaved diellia) H H C H C C Diplazium molokaiense (NCN) H H H H C Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis (na ena e) C Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame) C C H C C Geranium arboreum (nohoanu) C Geranium multiflorum (nohoanu) C Gouania vitifolia (NCN) C H C Hedyotis coriacea (kioele) H C C Hedyotis mannii (pilo) C C C Hesperomannia arborescens (NCN) C C H C Hesperomannia arbuscula (NCN) C C Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau hele) H C H C C C Ka (R) Ischaemum byrone (Hilo ischaemum) R H C D C C Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho kula) H H H H C Ni (H) Kanaloa kahoolawensis (kohe malama malama o kanaloa) Ka (C) Lipochaeta kamolensis (nehe) C Lysimachia lydgatei (NCN) H C Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN) H H C H NW Isles (C) Melicopoe adcendens (alani) C Melicope balloui (alani) C Melicope knudenii (alani) C C Melicope mucronulata (alani) C C Melicope ovalis (alani) C Neraudia sericea (NCN) C H C Ka (H) Nototri

ium (wahine noho kula) H H H H C Ni (H) Kanaloa kahoolawensis (kohe malama malama o kanaloa) Ka (C) Lipochaeta kamolensis (nehe) C Lysimachia lydgatei (NCN) H C Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN) H H C H NW Isles (C) Melicopoe adcendens (alani) C Melicope balloui (alani) C Melicope knudenii (alani) C C Melicope mucronulata (alani) C C Melicope ovalis (alani) C Neraudia sericea (NCN) C H C Ka (H) Nototrichium humile (kului) C H Peucedanum sandwicense (makou) C C C C Phegmariurus mannii (wawae iole) H C C Phyotegia mannii (NCN) C H Phyllostegia mollis (NCN) C H C Phyllostegia parvilfora (NCN) C H H Planatago princeps (laukahi kuahiwi) C C C C H Plantanthera holochila (NCN) C H C C Peteris lidgatei (NCN) C H C Remya mauiensis (NCN) C Sanicula purpurea (NCN) C C Schiedea haleakalensis (NCN) C Schiedea hookeri (NCN) C H Schiedea nuttallii (NCN) C C C R Sesbania tomentosa (NCN) C C C H C C Ni (H), Ka (C), NW Isles (C) Solanum incompletum (popolo ku mai) H H H H C Sptermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN) C C C C C C Tetramolopium arenarium (NCN) H C Tetramologpium capillare (pamakani) C Tetramologpium remyi (NCN) C H Vigna o-waheuensis (NCN) H C C C C Ni (H), Ka (C) Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (a w) C C H C C KEY C (Current)—population last observed within the past 30 years. H (Historical)—population not seen for more than 30 years. R (Reported)—reported from undocumented observations. * NCN—no common name. When 38 of the above species where listed between 1991 and 1996 ( Acaena exigua, Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana ssp

30 years. R (Reported)—reported from undocumented observations. * NCN—no common name. When 38 of the above species where listed between 1991 and 1996 ( Acaena exigua, Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea lobata, Cyanea mceldowneyi, Cyrtandra munroi, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium arboreum, Geranium multiflorum, Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Lipochaeta kamolensis, Lysimachia lydgatei, Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope adscendens, Melicope balloui, Melicope mucronulata, Melicope ovalis, Neraudia sericea, Phlegmariurus mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Pteris lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea haleakalensis, Tetramolopium capillare, and Vigna o-wahuensis), we determined that designation of critical habitat was not prudent because designation would increase the degree of threat to the species and/or would not benefit the plant. However, after reevaluating our previous decision, we propose that critical habitat designation for 37 of these species would be prudent because the potential benefits of designating critical habitat essential for the conservation of these species outweigh the risks, resulting from human activity, of designation (see CRITICAL HABITAT section below). We propose that designation of critical habitat is not prudent for Acaena exigua, which we believe may be extinct, because such a designation would not be beneficial to this species, since we believe the species may be extinct

ting critical habitat essential for the conservation of these species outweigh the risks, resulting from human activity, of designation (see CRITICAL HABITAT section below). We propose that designation of critical habitat is not prudent for Acaena exigua, which we believe may be extinct, because such a designation would not be beneficial to this species, since we believe the species may be extinct.

Proposed determinations for 11 species that also occur on the island of Kauai ( Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Centaurium sebaeoides, Flueggea neowawraea, Melicope knudsenii, Peucedanum sandwicense, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Sesbania tomentosa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ) were published in a previous proposal (65 FR 66808). In addition, the designation of critical habitat was found to be prudent for six species ( Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis, and Kanaloa kahoolawensis ) when they were listed as endangered in 1999.

An additional 14 species listed in Table 1 are known only from historical records (pre-1970) on Maui and/or Kahoolawe or from undocumented observations. Since these species do not currently occur on Maui or Kahoolawe, is it not prudent to designate critical habitat for them on these islands. However, proposed determinations and critical habitat designations or non-designations for these species will be included in other proposed rules for the islands on which they currently occur (Table 2).

Table 2.—Proposed rules in which prudency and critical habitat designations/non-designations will be proposed for 14 species that no longer occur on Maui or Kahoolawe

t for them on these islands. However, proposed determinations and critical habitat designations or non-designations for these species will be included in other proposed rules for the islands on which they currently occur (Table 2).

Table 2.—Proposed rules in which prudency and critical habitat designations/non-designations will be proposed for 14 species that no longer occur on Maui or Kahoolawe. SPECIES Proposed rule in which prudency will be proposed Proposed rule in which critical habitat designations/non designations will be discussed Asplenium fragile var insulare Hawaii Hawaii Brighamia rockii Molokai Molokai Clermontia peleana Hawaii Hawaii Delissea undulata Hawaii Hawaii Gouania vitifolio Hawaii Hawaii; Oahu Isodendrion pyrifolium Hawaii Hawaii Nototrichium humile Oahu Oahu Phyllostegia mannii Oahu Oahu Phyllostegia parviflora Oahu Oahu Schiedea hookeri Oahu Oahu Schiedea nuttallii Kauai (65 FR 66808) Kauai; Oahu; Molokai Solanum incompletum Hawaii Hawaii Tetramolopium arenarium Hawaii Hawaii Tetramolopium remyi Lanai Lanai The plants discussed in this proposed rule were listed as endangered or threatened species under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act), between 1991 and 1999. At the time many of these plants were listed, we determined that designation of critical habitat was not prudent because designation would increase the degree of threat to the species and/or would not benefit the plant. These not prudent determinations, along with 196 others, were challenged in Conservation Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt , 2 F. Supp. 2d 1280 (D. Hawaii). On March 9, 1998,

In addition, a second court order ( Conservation Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt , Civ. No. 99-002283 HG (D. Haw. Aug. 19, 1999, Feb. 16, 2000, and March 28, 2000)) requires that we propose critical habitat for 10 other plant species, 6 of which are addressed in this proposed rule ( Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Dubautia plantaginea ssp

ond court order ( Conservation Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt , Civ. No. 99-002283 HG (D. Haw. Aug. 19, 1999, Feb. 16, 2000, and March 28, 2000)) requires that we propose critical habitat for 10 other plant species, 6 of which are addressed in this proposed rule ( Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis, Kanaloa kahoolawensis ) for which determination was found to be prudent at the time of listing. This second court order requires us to publish proposed critical habitat designations by November 30, 2000, and to publish final critical habitat designations by November 30, 2001.

To comply with these court orders, we plan to publish seven proposed rules, between now and April 30, 2002, in the following island groupings: Kauai and Niihau; Maui and Kahoolawe; Lanai; Molokai; Northwest Hawaiian Islands; Hawaii; and Oahu. Each notice will contain the proposed prudency determinations for species occurring on that island for which prudency determinations have not been previously proposed, and proposed designations or non-designations of critical habitat for each plant species known to occur from that island. The proposed prudency determination and proposed rule for Kauai and Niihau plants was published in the Federal Register on November 7, 2000 (65 FR 66808). When a plant species occurs on more than one island, critical habitat may be proposed in all of the proposed rules that cover the respective islands.

The Islands of Maui and Kahoolawe

Maui, the second largest island in Hawaii at 1,888 square kilometers (sq km) (729 square miles (sq mi)) in area, was formed from the remnants of two large shield volcanoes, the older west Maui volcano (1.3 million years) on the west and the larger, but much younger Haleakala volcano on the east. Stream erosion has cut deep valleys and ridges into the originally shield-shaped West Maui volcano. The highest point on West Maui is Puu Kukui at 1,764 meters (m) (5,787 feet (ft)) elevation, which has an average rainfall of 1,020 centimeters (cm) (400 inches (in.)) per year, making it the second wettest spot in Hawaii (Department of Geography 1998). Having erupted just 200 years ago, East Maui's Haleakala crater, reaching 3,055 m (10,023 ft) in elevation, has retained its classic shield shape and lacks the diverse vegetation typical of the older and more eroded West Maui mountain. Rainfall on the slopes of Haleakala is about 89 cm (35 in.) per year, with its windward (northeastern) slope receiving the most precipitation. However, Haleakala's crater is a dry cinder desert because it is below the level at which precipitation develops, and is sheltered from moisture-laden winds (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999).

The island of Kahoolawe measures about 17.7 km (11 mi) long by 11.3 km (7 mi) wide, comprising some 11,655 hectares (ha) (28,800 acres (ac)). Located in the lee of Haleakala, the island lies approximately 11 km (6.7 mi) from East Maui. The highest point is the rim of an extinct volcano at 450 m (1,477 ft) above sea level. The estimated annual precipitation is approximately 500 millimeters (mm) (20 in.), with most if it falling from November through March. In addition to the low precipitation, Kahoolawe is the windiest of the Hawaiian Islands (Gon et al. 1992).

Discussion of the Plant Taxa

Species Endemic to Maui and/or Kahoolawe

Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum

Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp

vel. The estimated annual precipitation is approximately 500 millimeters (mm) (20 in.), with most if it falling from November through March. In addition to the low precipitation, Kahoolawe is the windiest of the Hawaiian Islands (Gon et al. 1992).

Discussion of the Plant Taxa

Species Endemic to Maui and/or Kahoolawe

Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum

Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum , a long-lived perennial and a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is called the Haleakala silversword. It is a distinctive, globe-shaped rosette plant with a dense covering of silver hairs. This subspecies is distinguished from Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. sandwicense by the shape and ratio of the dimensions of the inflorescence, the number of ray florets per head, and the combination of its longer, three-angled leaves; its silvery leaf hairs, which completely hide the leaf surface; and its longer achenes (Carr 1985, 1999a).

This monocarpic (flowers only once, at the end of its lifetime) plant matures from seed to its final stage in approximately 15-50 years (Loope and Medeiros, in press). The plant remains a compact rosette until it sends up an erect, central flowering stalk, sets seed, and dies. Flowering occurs from June to September, with annual numbers of flowering plants varying dramatically from year to year. Reliable counts of flowering plants were made in 1935 (217 flowered) and in 1941 (815 flowered) (Loope and Crivellone 1986). Numbers recorded in recent years have ranged from zero in 1970 to 6,632 in 1991. The environmental stimulus for synchronous flowering is as yet unknown. An apparent relationship of the 1991 mass flowering event to stratospheric alteration by the eruption of Pinatubo Volcano in the Philippines has been considered. Investigations are underway by R. Pharis of the University of Calgary and L.L

1986). Numbers recorded in recent years have ranged from zero in 1970 to 6,632 in 1991. The environmental stimulus for synchronous flowering is as yet unknown. An apparent relationship of the 1991 mass flowering event to stratospheric alteration by the eruption of Pinatubo Volcano in the Philippines has been considered. Investigations are underway by R. Pharis of the University of Calgary and L.L. Loope to explore whether enhanced flowering is related to increased UV-B radiation due to temporary reduction of stratospheric ozone (United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) 1997). Flying insects, especially native bees, moths, flies, bugs, and wasps, many of which are pollinators, are attracted in large numbers to the giant, aromatic inflorescences. It has been demonstrated that Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum cannot fertilize itself and is reliant on insect pollinators for reproduction. Rarely, hybrids between A. sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum and Dubautia menziesii, have been observed. Primarily found within Haleakala Crater, especially on Puu o Pele and Puu o Maui cinder cones, these hybrid individuals flower for several years before dying (Carr 1985).

Currently, Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum occupies all of its historic range, a 1,000 ha (2,500 ac) area at 2,100-3,000 m (6,890-9,840 ft) elevation in the crater and outer slopes of Haleakala Volcano, within Haleakala National Park, and The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii's (TNCH) Waikamoi Preserve (Loope and Crivellone 1986; TNC 1998). There are a total of seven populations on Federal and privately owned land, with 39,013 to 44,013 individual plants (TNCH 1998; Geographic Decision Systems International (GDSI) 2000; Hawaii Natural Heritage Program (HINHP) Database 2000).

39,013 to 44,013 individual plants (TNCH 1998; Geographic Decision Systems International (GDSI) 2000; Hawaii Natural Heritage Program (HINHP) Database 2000).

The habitat of this species consists primarily of dry, well-drained, otherwise barren, unstable slopes of recent (less than several thousand years old) volcanic cinder cones. Mean annual precipitation is approximately 75-125 cm (29-49 in.). The substrate has almost no soil development and is subject to frequent formation of ice at night and extreme heating during cloudless days (USFWS 1997). This species is found in alpine dry shrubland with native species including: Agrostis sandwicensis (bent grass), Deschampsia nubigena (hair grass), Dubautia menziesii (na ena e), Silene (catchfly), Styphelia tameiameiae (pukiawe), Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia), Tetramolopium humile (pamakani), and Trisetum glomeratum (pili uka) (USFWS 1997).

The threats to this species are loss of pollinators due to the Argentine ant ( Iridomyrmex humilis ) and alien yellowjackets ( Vespula pennsylvanica ); native seed-eating and herbivorous insects such as the tephritid fly ( Trupanea cratericola ), the larvae of a native phycitid moth ( Rhynchephestia rhabdotis ), and the endemic cerambycid beetle ( Plagithmysus terryi ); limited natural range which makes it vulnerable to extinction due to catastrophic events, such as a natural disaster; competition from the alien plant species Verbascum thapsus (mullein) and Pennisetum setaceum (fountain grass); and human impacts (trampling and site degradation). Although goats ( Capra hircus ) and cattle ( Bos taurus ) have been removed from the park, they remain a potential threat (USFWS 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Clermontia samuelii

ra hircus ) and cattle ( Bos taurus ) have been removed from the park, they remain a potential threat (USFWS 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Clermontia samuelii

Clermontia samuelii, a short-lived perennial in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a terrestrial shrub with elliptical leaves which are sometimes broader at the tips. Clermontia samuelii ssp. hanaensis is differentiated from C. samuelii ssp. samuelii by the greenish white to white flowers; longer, narrower leaves with the broadest point near the base of the leaves; and fewer hairs on the lower surface of the leaves. This species is separated from other members of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the size of the flowers and the hypanthium (Lammers 1999).

There is very little known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (USFWS 1999).

Historically, Clermontia samuelii has been reported from Haleakala and from Keanae Valley on the windward side to Manawainui on the more leeward (southeastern) side of Haleakala (Medeiros and Loope 1989; HINHP Database 2000). Currently, C. samuelii ssp. hanaensis is known from the northeastern side of Haleakala, within Haleakala National Park, Hanawi Natural Area Reserve (NAR), and Hana Forest Reserve. There is a total of five populations with 600 individual plants on State and Federal lands (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000; B. Hobdy in litt. 2000; K. Wood in litt. 2000). C. samuelii ssp. samuelii is known from three populations totaling 50 to 100 individuals on State and Federal lands within Haleakala National Park, Hanawi NAR, and the Hana and Koolau forest reserves (Warshauer 1998; USFWS 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood in litt. 2000).

i NAR, and the Hana and Koolau forest reserves (Warshauer 1998; USFWS 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood in litt. 2000).

Clermontia samuelii ssp. hanaensis is found between 735 and 1,060 m (2,400 and 3,475 ft) elevation, while C. samuelii ssp. samuelii is typically found between 1,725 to 2,100 m (5,660 to 6,900 ft) elevation (64 FR 48307; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood in litt. 2000). C. samuelii ssp. hanaensis is found in wet Metrosideros polymorpha and M. polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis (uluhe) forest with Tetraplasandra oahuensis (ohe mauka), Hedyotis terminalis (manono), Hedyotis hillebrandii (manono), Broussaisia arguta (kanawao), Cibotium sp. (hapuu), Argyroxiphium grayanum (greensword), Dubautia sp. (na ena e), Clermontia arborea (oha wai), Psychotria mariniana (kopiko), Melicope clusifolia (alani), Diplazium sandwichianum (NCN), Peperomia obovatilimba (ala ala wai nui), Adenophorus tamariscinus (pendant fern), Vaccinium sp. (ohelo), Carex alligata (NCN), Melicope sp. (alani), and Cheirodendron trigynum (olapa) (HINHP Database 2000). Clermontia samuelii ssp. samuelii is found in wet Metrosideros polymorpha and M. polymorpha-Cheirodendron trigynum forest with Hedyotis hillebrandii, Cibotium sp., Broussaisia arguta, Dubautia sp., Diplazium sandwichianum, Rubus hawaiiensis (akala), Clermontia arborescens ssp. waihiae (oha wai), Vaccinium sp., Carex alligata, and Melicope sp. (HINHP Database 2000).

Threats to Clermontia samuelii ssp. hanaensis include habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs ( Sus scrofa ) and competition with alien plant taxa such as Tibouchina herbacea (glorybush), Paspalum urvillei (vasey grass), Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo grass), Juncus sp. (NCN), Hedychium coronarium (ginger), and Hedychium gardnerianum (64 FR 48307; K. Wood in litt. 2000). In addition, two extremely invasive alien plant taxa, Miconia calvescens (velvet tree) and Clidemia hirta (Koster's curse), are found in nearby areas and may invade this habitat if not controlled (64 FR 48307)

orybush), Paspalum urvillei (vasey grass), Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo grass), Juncus sp. (NCN), Hedychium coronarium (ginger), and Hedychium gardnerianum (64 FR 48307; K. Wood in litt. 2000). In addition, two extremely invasive alien plant taxa, Miconia calvescens (velvet tree) and Clidemia hirta (Koster's curse), are found in nearby areas and may invade this habitat if not controlled (64 FR 48307). The habitat of C. samuelii ssp. samuelii was extensively damaged by pigs in the past, and pigs are still a major threat to the populations on State owned lands. The population within the National Park has been fenced and pigs have been eradicated. However, due to the large populations of pigs in adjacent areas, the park populations must constantly be monitored to prevent further occurrence (64 FR 48307). Competition with alien plant taxa such as Holcus lanatus (velvet grass) and Juncus planifolius (NCN) is a major threat to this subspecies (K. Wood in litt. 2000). In addition, rats (mainly black rat ( Rattus rattus )) and slugs (mainly Milax gagetes ) are known to eat leaves, stems, and fruits of other members of this genus, and therefore are a potential threat to both subspecies (64 FR 48307).

Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis

Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, a short-lived perennial member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a vine-like shrub with sprawling stems and tan latex sap. This subspecies is differentiated from the other subspecies by its shorter elliptical leaves. The species differs from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the vine-like stems and the yellowish flowers that appear red due to the covering of hairs (Lammers 1999).

There is very little known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis was reported from the windward side of Haleakala and from Waikamoi to Kipahulu Valley (Lammers 1999)

lowish flowers that appear red due to the covering of hairs (Lammers 1999).

There is very little known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis was reported from the windward side of Haleakala and from Waikamoi to Kipahulu Valley (Lammers 1999). Currently, this taxon is known from three populations with a total of 205 individuals in Kipahulu Valley within Haleakala National Park; west of Kuhiwa Stream and Valley in Hanawi NAR; and on lower Waikamoi flume, which is privately owned (64 FR 48307; Warshauer 1998; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis is found on stream banks and wet scree (a sloping mass of rocks at the base of a cliff) slopes in montane wet or mesic forest dominated by Acacia koa (koa) and/or Metrosideros polymorpha at elevations between 730 and 1,340 m (2,400 and 4,400 ft) (64 FR 48307; HINHP Database 2000). Associated species include Cibotium sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis (olomea), Psychotria hawaiiensis (kopiko ula), Broussaisia arguta, and Hedyotis acuminata (au) (64 FR 48307; HINHP Database 2000).

The major threats to this species are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; competition with several alien plant taxa; rats; slugs; and potential extinction due to random environmental events due to small population sizes (64 FR 48307).

Cyanea glabra

Cyanea glabra, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a short-lived, perennial shrub, with the leaves of juvenile plants deeply pinnately lobed, while those of the adult plants are more or less entire and elliptical. This species is differentiated from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the size of the flower and the pinnately lobed juvenile leaves (Lammers 1999).

There is very little known about the life history of this plant

panulaceae), is a short-lived, perennial shrub, with the leaves of juvenile plants deeply pinnately lobed, while those of the adult plants are more or less entire and elliptical. This species is differentiated from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the size of the flower and the pinnately lobed juvenile leaves (Lammers 1999).

There is very little known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Cyanea glabra has been reported from West Maui and on Haleakala, East Maui (64 FR 48307; HINHP Database 2000). Currently, this species is known from a single population of 12 individual plants on privately owned land in Kauaula Valley (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Cyanea glabra is found on soil and rock stream banks in wet lowland forest dominated by Acacia koa and/or Metrosideros polymorpha, at elevations between 800 to 1,340 m (2,625 to 4,400 ft) (HINHP Database 2000).

The threats to this species are slugs; habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; flooding; competition with several alien plant taxa; rats; the two-spotted leafhopper ( Saphonia rufofascia ); and extinction caused by random environmental events due to the small number individuals in the only remaining population (64 FR 48307).

Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora

Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, a short-lived perennial and member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a palm-like tree with tan colored latex. This subspecies is differentiated from the listed subspecies ( C. hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii ) by its longer calyx lobes and shorter individual flower stalks. This species is separated from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by fewer flowers per inflorescence and narrower leaves (Lammers 1999).

There is very little known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown

amatiflora ssp. carlsonii ) by its longer calyx lobes and shorter individual flower stalks. This species is separated from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by fewer flowers per inflorescence and narrower leaves (Lammers 1999).

There is very little known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora was known from the windward side of Haleakala, stretching from Puu o Kakae to Manawainui (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, this taxon is known from nine populations with a total of 22 individuals in Haipuaena Gulch in the Koolau Forest Reserve; along East Wailuaki Stream in the Koolau Forest Reserve; upper Kipahulu Valley in Haleakala National Park; and between Puu Ahulili and Kaupo Gap (State, Federal, and privately owned lands) (Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Typical habitat for this taxon is montane wet forest dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha, with a Cibotium sp. and/or native shrub understory and closed Acacia koa-M. polymorpha wet forest from 975 to 1,500 m (3,200 to 4,920 ft) elevation (HINHP Database 2000). Associated native plant taxa include Dicranopteris linearis, Cheirodendron trigynum, Broussaisia arguta, Cyanea solenocalyx (haha), Cyanea kunthiana (haha), Vaccinium sp., Melicope sp., and Myrsine sp. (kolea) (64 FR 48307; HINHP Database 2000).

The threats to this species are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; landslides; competition with the alien plant Ageratina adenophora (Maui pamakani); rats; and slugs (64 FR 48307).

Cyanea mceldowneyi

Cyanea mceldowneyi (a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae)) is a short-lived, unbranched perennial shrub with rough to prickly stems. This species is distinguished from other species of Cyanea by the combination of a densely armed trunk, long (40 mm (1.6 in.)) white-colored corollas, and leaf blade size and shape (Lammers 1999)

ani); rats; and slugs (64 FR 48307).

Cyanea mceldowneyi

There is very little known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (USFWS 1997).

Historically, Cyanea mceldowneyi was known from rainforest west of Waikamoi to Honomanu on northwestern Haleakala (Lammers 1999). Currently, this species is known from six populations with a total of 31 individuals, in the vicinity of Waikamoi Drainage on East Maui, on or near State and privately owned lands (Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

The habitat of this species is montane wet forest with mixed Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa at elevations between 925 and 1,280 m (3,030 and 4,200 ft) (Lammers 1999; HINHP Database 2000). Associated native plants include Melicope clusiifolia (kolokolo mokihana), Hedyotis sp. (NCN), Clermontia arborescens, Diplazium sandwichianum, Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium sp., Cyrtandra sp. (haiwale), Dicranopteris linearis, and Cheirodendron trigynum (57 FR 20772).

The threats to this species are habitat degradation and physical destruction by feral pigs; small number of populations and individuals (57 FR 20772); and competition with alien plant species, especially Setaria palmifolia (palmgrass) (USFWS 1997).

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis

and individuals (57 FR 20772); and competition with alien plant species, especially Setaria palmifolia (palmgrass) (USFWS 1997).

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis, a short-lived perennial of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a dwarf shrub less than 80 cm (30 in.) tall with hairless or strigullose (bulbous-based hairs, all pointing in the same direction) stems. This species differs from other Hawaiian members of the genus by the number of nerves in the leaves and by the close resemblance of the leaves to the genus Plantago (Carr 1985, 1999b). The subspecies humilis differs from the other two subspecies ( D. plantaginea ssp. magnifolia and Dubautia plantaginea ssp. plantaginea ) by having fewer heads per inflorescence, but more florets per head (Carr 1999b).

There is very little known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis has only been reported from two locations in Iao Valley, on West Maui. These populations, totaling 60-65 individuals, are on or near State and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

The typical habitat of the species is wet, barren, steep, rocky, wind-blown cliffs between 350 to 400 m (1,150 to 1,300 ft) elevation. Associated native plant taxa include Metrosideros polymorpha , Pipturus albidus (mamaki), Eragrostis variabilis (kawelu), Carex sp. (NCN), Hedyotis formosa (NCN), Lysimachia remyi (kolokolo kuahiwi), Bidens sp. (kookoolau), Pritchardia sp. (loulu), and Plantago princeps (64 FR 48307; HINHP Database 2000).

Threats to Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis include landslides and competition from alien plant taxa (64 FR 48307). Random environmental events, such as landslides, are a threat because of the limited number of individuals and populations and their narrow distribution.

Geranium arboreum

Geranium arboreum , a long-lived perennial and a member of the geranium family (Geraniaceae)

abase 2000).

Geranium arboreum

Geranium arboreum , a long-lived perennial and a member of the geranium family (Geraniaceae). It is a many branched, spreading, woody shrub about 1.8 to 3.7 m (6 to 12 ft) tall. This species can be distinguished from other Geranium by its red petals with the upper three petals erect and the lower et al. 1999).

Geranium arboreum is the only species in its genus that appears to be adapted to bird-pollination (Funk 1982, 1988). Native honeycreepers appear to be a major pollination vector. G. arboreum from the southwest area of Haleakala in the Kula Forest Reserve produce seeds that are larger and fuller than seeds from the northwest extension of its distribution (USFWS 1997). Native honeycreepers are reasonably abundant in both areas (USFWS 1997).

The original range and abundance of the species is unknown, but late 19th and early 20th century collections indicate that it once grew on the southern slopes of Haleakala and that its distribution on the northern slopes extended beyond its presently known range. There are ten populations totaling 142 to147 individuals, on State, private, and federally owned lands (Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). These populations are found in Waiohuli; west side of Puu Nianiau; west side of Puu Koolau; Waiakoa and Kealahou; Hapapa Gulch; Kaonoulu; southeast and southwest side of Puu Keokea; and Papaanui (Warshauer 1998; HINHP Database 2000).

pa Gulch; Kaonoulu; southeast and southwest side of Puu Keokea; and Papaanui (Warshauer 1998; HINHP Database 2000).

Geranium arboreum grows in steep, damp, and shaded narrow canyons and gulches, steep banks, and along intermittent streams in Sophora chrysophylla (mamane) subalpine dry shrubland and Metrosideros polymorpha montane forest, between 1,525 to 2,135 m (5,000 and 7,000 ft) in elevation. Associated native plant species include Vaccinium reticulatum (ohelo ai), Dodonaea viscosa (aalii), Styphelia tameiameiae , Rubus hawaiiensis , and Dryopteris wallichiana (NCN) (USFWS 1997).

The greatest immediate threat to the survival of this species is the encroachment and competition from naturalized, exotic vegetation, chiefly grasses and trees. Soil disturbance, caused by trampling cattle and rooting by feral pigs, also is a major threat as it destroys plants and facilitates the encroachment of competing species of naturalized plants. Other less important threats include browsing by cattle; fires; and pollen from exotic pine trees, which at times of the year completely cover the stigmas of the geraniums, precluding any fertilization by its own species (Funk 1982, 1988). The small number of individual plants increases the potential for extinction from random environmental events, and the limited gene pool may depress reproductive vigor (57 FR 20580; USFWS 1997).

Geranium multiflorum

Geranium multiflorum , a long-lived member of the geranium family (Geraniaceae). This perennial is a 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) tall, many-branched shrub. Flowers are in clusters of 25 to 50, and have 5 white petals that are 10 to 15 mm (0.4 to 0.6 in.) long with purple veins or bases. This species is distinguished from others of the genus by its white, regularly symmetrical flowers and by the shape and pattern of teeth on its leaf margins (57 FR 20772; Wagner et al. 1999).

There is very little known about the life history of this plant

hed shrub. Flowers are in clusters of 25 to 50, and have 5 white petals that are 10 to 15 mm (0.4 to 0.6 in.) long with purple veins or bases. This species is distinguished from others of the genus by its white, regularly symmetrical flowers and by the shape and pattern of teeth on its leaf margins (57 FR 20772; Wagner et al. 1999).

There is very little known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (USFWS 1997).

Historically, Geranium multiflorum was known from Ukulele, Waieleele, and Waianapanapa on East Maui (HINHP Database 2000). This species is now known from Haleakala National Park, Hanawi NAR, Koolau Forest Reserve, and Waikamoi Preserve on Federal, State, and private lands (Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). The nine known populations extend over a distance of about 10.5 by 5.5 km (6.5 by 3.5 mi). Due to the inaccessibility of the populations and the difficulty in determining the number of individuals (due to the plant's multi-branched form), the total number of individuals of this species is not known; however, it probably does not exceed 3,000 plants (57 FR 20772; HINHP Database 2000).

Geranium multiflorum is found in wet or mesic Metrosideros polymorpha montane forest and alpine mesic forest, Styphelia tameiameiae shrubland, Sophora chrysophylla subalpine dry forest, open sedge swamps, fog-swept lava flows, or montane grasslands, between 1,580 and 2,450 m (5,180 and 8,040 ft) in elevation (Wagner et al. 1999; HINHP Database 2000). Associated native species include Coprosma montana (pilo), Dryopteris glabra (hohui), Dryopteris wallichiana , Rubus hawaiiensis , Ranunculus sp. (makou), Vaccinium sp., Hedyotis sp., and Sadleria cyatheoides (amau) (HINHP Database 2000).

The major threat to Geranium multiflorum is competition with encroaching alien plant species, particularly Rubus argutus (prickly Florida blackberry) (57 FR 20772)

ciated native species include Coprosma montana (pilo), Dryopteris glabra (hohui), Dryopteris wallichiana , Rubus hawaiiensis , Ranunculus sp. (makou), Vaccinium sp., Hedyotis sp., and Sadleria cyatheoides (amau) (HINHP Database 2000).

The major threat to Geranium multiflorum is competition with encroaching alien plant species, particularly Rubus argutus (prickly Florida blackberry) (57 FR 20772). A potential threat is habitat destruction by feral pigs and goats in unfenced areas.

Kanaloa kahoolawensis

Kanaloa kahoolawensis , a short-lived perennial and a member of the legume family (Fabaceae), is a densely branched shrub 0.75 to 1 m (2.5 to 3.5 ft) tall. The leaves are divided into three pairs of leaflets, with a leaf nectary (nectar-bearing gland) at the joint between each pair of leaflets. One to three inflorescences are found in the leaf axils (joint between leaf and stem), developing with the flush of new leaves. The inflorescence is a globose head with 20 to 54 white flowers. Up to four fruits develop in each flowering head. One slender, brown seed, about 2 mm (0.08 in.) long, is found in each fruit. There is no other species of legume in Hawaii that bears any resemblance to this species or genus (Lorence and Wood 1994).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (64 FR 48307).

Kanaloa kahoolawensis was unknown to science until its discovery by Steve Perlman and Ken Wood in 1992 on a steep rocky spire on the coast of Kahoolawe. The only known location of Kanaloa kahoolawensis is this rocky stack on the southern coast of the island of Kahoolawe, which is owned by the State of Hawaii (Lorence and Wood 1994). While there are no previous records of the plant, pollen core studies on the island of Oahu revealed a legume pollen that could not be identified until this species was discovered. The pollen cores indicate that K

awe. The only known location of Kanaloa kahoolawensis is this rocky stack on the southern coast of the island of Kahoolawe, which is owned by the State of Hawaii (Lorence and Wood 1994). While there are no previous records of the plant, pollen core studies on the island of Oahu revealed a legume pollen that could not be identified until this species was discovered. The pollen cores indicate that K. kahoolawensis was a codominant with Dodonaea viscosa and Pritchardia sp. from before 1210 B.C. to 1565 A.D., at which point K. kahoolawensis disappeared from the pollen record and D. viscosa and Pritchardia sp. declined dramatically (Athens et al. 1992; Athens and Ward 1993; Lorence and Wood 1994). Only one population with two living individuals is known (Paul Higashino, Kahoolawe Island Reserve Commission (KIRC), pers. comm. 2000).

The only known habitat is mixed coastal shrubland on steep rocky talus slopes at 45 to 60 m (150 to 200 ft) elevation. Associated native plant taxa include Sida fallax (ilima), Senna gaudichaudii (kolomona), Bidens mauiensis (kookoolau), Lipochaeta livarum (nehe), Portulaca molokinensis (ihi), and Capparis sandwichiana (maia pilo) (64 FR 48307).

The major threats to Kanaloa kahoolawensis are landslides and the alien plant taxa Emilia fosbergii (pualele), Chloris barbata (swollen finger grass), and Nicotiana glauca (tobacco tree) (Lorence and Wood 1994). Goats played a major role in the destruction of vegetation on Kahoolawe K. kahoolawensis probably survived only because the rocky stack is almost completely separated from the island and inaccessible to goats (Lorence and Wood 1994). Rats are a potential threat to Kanaloa kahoolawensis , because the species has seeds similar in appearance and presentation to the seeds of the federally endangered Caesalpinia kavaiense (Uhiuhi), which are eaten by rats. Rats may have been the cause of the decline of this species 800 years ago. Trampling and habitat degradation from cats and seabirds are also potential threats (P. Higashino, pers. comm

re a potential threat to Kanaloa kahoolawensis , because the species has seeds similar in appearance and presentation to the seeds of the federally endangered Caesalpinia kavaiense (Uhiuhi), which are eaten by rats. Rats may have been the cause of the decline of this species 800 years ago. Trampling and habitat degradation from cats and seabirds are also potential threats (P. Higashino, pers. comm. 2000). Random environmental events and/or reduced reproductive vigor are also a threat to this species, because only two individuals are known (64 FR 48307).

Lipochaeta kamolensis

Lipochaeta kamolensis , a short-lived perennial herb of the aster family (Asteraceae), has trailing or climbing stems that are woody at the base and reach a length of 0.3 to 3 m (1 to 10 ft). This species is distinguished from others of the genus by the simple leaves which are pinnately lobed or cut and by the size of the flower heads (Wagner et al. 1999).

Lipochaeta kamolensis has been observed flowering from December through February, as well as in April. The growing season coincides with the wet season between November and April/May. Plants are dry and appear to be metabolically inactive during the dry season. Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).

Historically, Lipochaeta kamolensis was known from Kamole Gulch, west of Kepuni Gulch, and 7.2 km (11.8 mi) southeast of Ulupalakua Ranch Office (Wagner et al. 1999). This species still occurs in the Kamole Gulch, as well as Kepuni Gulch, both above and below Highway 31 on State-owned and private lands. The only known population, which extends over an area of about 40 ha (100 ac), is estimated to contain less than 500 individuals (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000; Kenneth Wood, National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG) in litt. 1999)

Office (Wagner et al. 1999). This species still occurs in the Kamole Gulch, as well as Kepuni Gulch, both above and below Highway 31 on State-owned and private lands. The only known population, which extends over an area of about 40 ha (100 ac), is estimated to contain less than 500 individuals (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000; Kenneth Wood, National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG) in litt. 1999).

Lipochaeta kamolensis typically grows along the bottom of rock ledges in dry to mesic scrub or dry lowland forests at elevations from 220 to 250 m (720 to 820 ft) (Wagner et al. 1999). Associated vegetation includes Dodonaea viscosa , Plumbago zeylanica (iliee), and Ipomoea indica (koali awa) (K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

The major threats to Lipochaeta kamolensis are habitat destruction and predation by cattle and goats, competition with alien plants such as Lantana camara , fire, and the small number of populations subject to extinction by random environmental events (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1997).

Melicope adscendens

Melicope adscendens , a long-lived perennial of the citrus family (Rutaceae), is a sprawling shrub with long, slender branches covered with gray hairs when young, which become hairless when older. M. adscendens is distinguished from other species of the genus by its growth habit, the distinct follicles of its fruit, and the persistent (remaining attached) sepals and petals (Stone et al. 1999).

Melicope adscendens fruits have been collected in March and July. Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).

Melicope adscendens has been found only on the southwestern slope of Haleakala; two plants, separated by an unspecified distance, were found by Forbes in 1920

adscendens fruits have been collected in March and July. Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).

Melicope adscendens has been found only on the southwestern slope of Haleakala; two plants, separated by an unspecified distance, were found by Forbes in 1920. Today, there are a total of three known populations on State and private lands: one of the original plants persists near Puu Ouli on privately owned land, 26 individuals are known from Auwahi, and one individual has been found in the Kanaio NAR (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).

This species typically grows at elevations between 770 and 1,220 m (2,520 and 4,000 ft) in Nestegis sandwicensis (olopua) lowland mesic forest or open dry forest on a‘a lava flows (a particular type of lava flow with very sharp edges) with pockets of soil. Associated native plant species include: Pleomele auwahiensis (hala pepe), Dodonaea viscosa , Osteomeles anthyllidifolia (ulei), Alphitonia ponderosa (kauila), Chamaesyce celastroides var. lorifolia (akoko), Santalum ellipticum (iliahialo e), Pouteria sandwicensis (alaa), Styphelia tameiameiae and Xylosma hawaiiensis (maua) (HINHP Database 2000, K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

Major threats are habitat damage and trampling by cattle, competition with alien plant species, including Lantana camara , Bocconia frutescens (NCN), and Pennisetum clandestinum , and reduced reproductive vigor or extinction from random environmental events due to the small number of individuals and narrow distribution. Potential threats include habitat degradation and damage to plants by axis deer ( Axis axis ), feral goats, feral pigs, black twig borer, fire, and ranch activities (59 FR 62346; USFWS 1997; HINHP Database 2000).

Melicope balloui

Melicope balloui , a long-lived perennial of the citrus family (Rutaceae), is a small tree or shrub

ts due to the small number of individuals and narrow distribution. Potential threats include habitat degradation and damage to plants by axis deer ( Axis axis ), feral goats, feral pigs, black twig borer, fire, and ranch activities (59 FR 62346; USFWS 1997; HINHP Database 2000).

Melicope balloui

Melicope balloui , a long-lived perennial of the citrus family (Rutaceae), is a small tree or shrub. New growth has yellowish brown woolly hairs and waxy scales; plant parts later become nearly hairless. M. balloui is distinguished from other species of the genus by the partially fused carpels of its four-lobed capsule and usually persistent sepals and petals (Stone et al. 1999).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).

Melicope balloui has been found only on the northern and southeastern slopes of Haleakala. There are two known populations, located approximately 4.0 km (2.5 mi) apart; one near Puu o Kakae on privately owned land and the second on federally owned land in Kipahulu Valley within Haleakala National Park. The two populations are comprised of approximately 50 individuals (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

This species typically grows in Acacia koa and Metrosideros polymorpha dominated montane wet forest at elevations between 760 and 1,520 m (2,500 and 5,000 ft). Associated taxa include Machaerina angustifolia (uki), Cheirodendron trigynum , Labordia hedyosmifolia (kamakahala), Coprosma sp. (pilo), Dicranopteris linearis , Joinvillea ascendens ssp. ascendens (ohe), and Peperomia subpetiolata (ala ala wai nui) (HINHP Database 2000, USFWS 2000).

osma sp. (pilo), Dicranopteris linearis , Joinvillea ascendens ssp. ascendens (ohe), and Peperomia subpetiolata (ala ala wai nui) (HINHP Database 2000, USFWS 2000).

Major threats are habitat degradation and damage to plants by feral pigs and axis deer and reduced reproductive vigor or extinction caused by random environmental events due to the small number of existing populations and individuals. Potential threats include competition with alien plant taxa, such as Paspalum conjugatum , Clidemia hirta , Paspalum urvillei , Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge), and Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava); susceptibility to black twig borer; and predation by rats (59 FR 62346; USFWS 1997; HINHP Database 2000).

Melicope ovalis

Melicope ovalis , a long-lived perennial of the citrus family M. anisata. Each flower cluster is on a main stalk and comprises three to seven flowers on individual stalks. Further details of the flowers are unknown. The fruit, a capsule, has carpels that are fused along almost their entire length. Each fertile carpel contains one or two glossy black seeds. The exocarp and endocarp are both hairless. M. ovalis is distinguished from other species of the genus by the almost entirely fused carpels of its capsule, its nonpersistent sepals and petals, and its well-developed petioles (Stone et al. 1999).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).

Melicope ovalis has been found only on the eastern and southeastern slopes of Haleakala. There is one known population with less than 300 individuals, found on federally owned land in Kipahulu Valley in Haleakala National Park (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

This species typically grows in Acacia koa and Metrosideros polymorpha -dominated montane wet forests along streams at elevations between 850 and 1,430 m (2,800 and 4,700 ft)

astern slopes of Haleakala. There is one known population with less than 300 individuals, found on federally owned land in Kipahulu Valley in Haleakala National Park (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

This species typically grows in Acacia koa and Metrosideros polymorpha -dominated montane wet forests along streams at elevations between 850 and 1,430 m (2,800 and 4,700 ft). Associated taxa include Dicranopteris linearis , Machaerina angustifolia , Labordia hedyosmifolia , Wikstroemia oahuensis (akia), Dubautia plantaginea , Hedyotis hillebrandii , Broussaisia arguta , Cheirodendron trigynum , and Perrottetia sandwicensis (USFWS 1997; HINHP Database 2000).

Major threats to the only known population are habitat degradation and damage to plants by feral pigs and reduced reproductive vigor and/or extinction due to random environmental events. Competition with introduced plants such as Paspalum conjugatum , Clidemia hirta , Rubus rosifolius (thimbleberry) and Psidium cattleianum , seed predation by rats, and susceptibility to black twig borer are also threats to this species (59 FR 62346; USFWS 1997; HINHP 2000; K. Wood in litt. 1999). Habitat degradation and damage to plants by feral goats and axis deer are potential threats if the integrity of the fence currently surrounding the population is compromised.

Remya mauiensis

Remya mauiensis is a short-lived perennial member of the aster family (Asteraceae). The genus Remya is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. It is a small perennial shrub, about 90 cm (3 ft) tall, with many slender, sprawling, or scandent to weakly erect branches, covered with a fine tan fuzz near their tips. The leaves are narrow, up to about 15 cm (6 in.) long, and are bunched at the ends of the branches. The coarsely toothed leaf blade is 5 to 12 times longer than wide, has a long-attenuate base, and a petiole of less than 1 cm (0.4 in.) long. The leaves are green on the upper surface and covered with a dense mat of fine white hairs on the lower surface

covered with a fine tan fuzz near their tips. The leaves are narrow, up to about 15 cm (6 in.) long, and are bunched at the ends of the branches. The coarsely toothed leaf blade is 5 to 12 times longer than wide, has a long-attenuate base, and a petiole of less than 1 cm (0.4 in.) long. The leaves are green on the upper surface and covered with a dense mat of fine white hairs on the lower surface. The flowers are small, about 0.7 cm (0.3 in.) in diameter, dark yellow, and densely clustered at the ends of their stems (Wagner et al. 1999).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).

Remya mauiensis was collected twice by William Hillebrand on West Maui between 1851 and 1871, and again in 1920 by Charles Forbes, also on West Maui. It was thought to be extinct until its rediscovery in 1971 by L.E. Bishop, W. Gagne, and S. Montgomery on the slopes of Manawainui Gulch, West Maui. Currently, R. mauiensis is known from three small populations on adjacent ridges on State-owned land in West Maui: Manawainui, Papaalua Gulch, and Ukemehame (GDSI 2000). Because of the sprawling habit of this species, and the often dense growth of the surrounding vegetation, it is difficult to determine the exact number of individuals in a population; however, there is an estimate of 26 individuals (HINHP Database 2000).

Remya mauiensis grows chiefly on steep, north or northeast-facing slopes between 850 to 1,250 m (2,800 to 4,100 ft) in elevation, primarily in mixed mesophytic forests, Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet forest, or the remnants of such forests. Associated species include: Diospyros sandwicensis (lama), Xylosma hawaiiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Myrsine lessertiana (kolea lau nui), Wikstroemia sp. (akia), Dodonaea viscosa, Diplazium sandwichianum, Lysimachia remyi, Microlepia strigosa (palapalai), Melicope sp., Alyxia oliviformis (maile), Psychotria mariniana, Ctenitis squamigera, Pleomele auwahiensis , and Styphelia tameiameiae (HINHP Database 2000, USFWS 1997).

This species is threatened by extinction due to random catastrophic environmental events by virtue of the extremely small size of the populations coupled with a limited distribution of the remaining populations. The limited gene pool may depress reproductive vigor, or a single environmental disturbance could destroy a significant percentage of the known individuals. However, the primary threat to this species is the loss and degradation of its habitat due to the introduction of alien plants, such as Rubus rosifolius and Tibouchina herbacea , and feral pigs (56 FR 1450; USFWS 1997).

Schiedea haleakalensis

Schiedea haleakalensis , a short-lived perennial of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a hairless shrub, with slightly fleshy, narrow leaves and a single vein. Flowers are arranged in clusters at the ends of the branches. The flower has 5 green, oval sepals; no petals; 5 nectaries; and 10 stamens. Capsules contain grayish to reddish brown seeds. This species differs from other species of the genus on East Maui by its crowded, hairless inflorescence composed of bisexual flowers (Wagner et al. 1999).

s. This species differs from other species of the genus on East Maui by its crowded, hairless inflorescence composed of bisexual flowers (Wagner et al. 1999).

Schiedea haleakalensis is gynodioecious (individuals either have only female flowers or only perfect flowers) and so likely needs cross pollination by small insects. Small, short-flighted flies and moths have been observed visiting flowers. Fruits and seeds have been observed from August through September. Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).

Due to the lack of early collections or sightings, the historical range of Schiedea haleakalensis is unknown. This species is known only from Holua and the west side of Kaupo Gap in the federally owned Haleakala National Park (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). The two populations are estimated to contain a total of 100 to 200 individuals, which together extend over a total area of 11 ha (28 ac) (HINHP Database 2000).

Schiedea haleakalensis typically grows on sheer, north-facing arid subalpine cliffs at elevations of 1,830 to 2,140 m (6,000 to 7,020 ft) (Wagner et al. 1999). Associated vegetation includes Artemisia mauiensis (hinahina), Bidens micrantha (NCN), Dubautia sp., and Viola chamissoniana (pamakani) (USFWS 1997; HINHP Database 2000).

The greatest threats to Schiedea haleakalensis are fire and other catastrophic events that could severely impact the species due the small number and restricted distribution of remaining individuals and populations (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1997).

Tetramolopium capillare

uals and populations (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1997).

Tetramolopium capillare

Tetramolopium capillare , a short-lived perennial of the sunflower family (Asteraceae), is a sprawling shrub with stems measuring 50 to 80 cm (20 to 31 in.) long and covered with many glands when young. The very firm, stalkless leaves are involute (edges rolled under). Flower heads are situated singly at the ends of stalks. Located beneath each flower head are 45 to 50 bracts, arranged in a structure 3 to 4 mm (about 0.1 in.) high and 7 to 10 mm (0.3 to 0.4 in.) in diameter. In each flower head, 30 to 50 white, male ray florets are surround by 15 to 25 greenish yellow tinged with red, functionally female florets. The achenes (dry, one-seeded fruits) are topped by a white pappus comprising a single series of bristles. T. capillare differs from other species of the genus by its very firm leaves with edges rolled under, its solitary flower heads, the color of its disk florets, and its shorter pappus. It differs from T. remyi , with which it sometimes grows, by its more sprawling habit and the shorter stalks of its smaller flower heads (Lowrey 1999).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).

Historically, Tetramolopium capillare is known from Lahainaluna to Wailuku on West Maui (Lowrey 1999). Currently, four known populations with a total of between 130 and 150 individuals are known to be extant near Halepohaku, Koai, and Kauaula on State and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000; USFWS 2000).

Tetramolopium capillare typically grows on rocky substrates at elevations between 610 and 1,050 m (2,000-3,440 ft) in Metrosideros polymorpha-Styphelia tameiameiae montane mesic or wet shrubland or in Heteropogon contortus (pili grass) lowland dry forest. Plant species associated with the higher elevation populations include Dodonaea viscosa, Metrosideros polymorpha , and Styphelia tameiameiae

The major threats to Tetramolopium capillare are fires; competition from alien plant species, particularly Lantana camara, Leucaena leucocephala (koa haole), and Rhynchelytrum repens (natal redtop); and reduced reproductive vigor and/or extinction from random environmental events due to the small number of existing populations and individuals (59 FR 49860; USFWS 1997).

Multi-Island Species

Alectryon macrococcus

Alectryon macrococcus , a long-lived perennial and a member of the soapberry family (Sapindaceae), consists of two varieties, macrococcus and auwahiensis , both trees with reddish-brown branches and net-veined paper or leather-like leaves with one to five pairs of sometimes asymmetrical egg-shaped leaflets. The underside of the leaf has dense brown hairs, only when young in A. macrococcus var. macrococcus , and persistent in A. macrococcus var. auwahiensis . The only member of its genus found in Hawaii, this species is distinguished from other Hawaiian members of its family by being a tree with a hard fruit 2.5 cm (1 in.) or more in diameter (57 FR 20772; Wagner et al . 1999).

Alectryon macrococcus is a relatively slow-growing, long-lived tree that grows in xeric to mesic sites and is adapted to periodic drought. Little else is known about the life history of A. macrococcus . Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, and specific environmental requirements are unknown.

Historically and currently, Alectryon macrococcus var

t al . 1999).

Historically and currently, Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus is known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. On Maui, this taxon is found along the Honokowai Ditch Trail and in Launiupoko Valley, on or near State and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). There are three populations with a total of four individuals (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, A. macrococcus var. auwahiensis is known from three populations with 22 individuals on leeward East Maui in the Auwahi and Kanaio districts, and on the slopes of Haleakala on private land and State-owned, but privately leased, ranchland (Medeiros et al . 1986; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

The habitat of Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus is dry slopes or in gulches in dense mesic mixed Metrosideros polymorpha forest or Diospyros sandwicensis forest at elevations of 360-1,070 m (1,180-3,510 ft) (HINHP Database 2000). Associated native plants include Nestegis sandwicensis and Antidesma platyphyllum (hame). The habitat of A. macrococcus var. auwahiensis is mixed lowland dry forest at elevations of 360-1,070 m (1,180-3,510 ft). Associated native plants include Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Alphitonia ponderosa, Santalum ellipticum, Xylosma hawaiiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus (aiai), and Pleomele auwahiensis (HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt . 1999).

The threats to Alectryon macrococcus var

lowland dry forest at elevations of 360-1,070 m (1,180-3,510 ft). Associated native plants include Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Alphitonia ponderosa, Santalum ellipticum, Xylosma hawaiiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus (aiai), and Pleomele auwahiensis (HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt . 1999).

The threats to Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus on Maui include feral goats and pigs; alien plant species, such as Melinus minutiflora (molasses grass), Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu grass), Schinus terebinthifolius (Christmasberry), and Psidium cattleianum ; damage from the black twig borer; seed predation by rats and mice ( Mus musculus ); fire; seed predation by insects (probably the endemic microlepidopteran Prays cf. fulvocanella ); loss of pollinators; depressed reproductive vigor; and due to the very small remaining number of individuals and their limited distribution, a single natural or human-caused environmental disturbance could easily be catastrophic. The threats to A. macrococcus var. auwahiensis on Maui are damage from the black twig borer; seed predation by rats and mice; habitat degradation by feral pigs and escaped cattle; seed predation by insects (probably Prays cf. fulvocanella ); loss of pollinators; depressed reproductive vigor; and due to the very small remaining number of individuals and their limited distribution, a single natural or human-caused environmental disturbance could easily be catastrophic (57 FR 20772).

Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha

Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, a short-lived member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is an erect perennial herb. This subspecies can be distinguished from other subspecies by the shape of the seeds, the density of the flower clusters, the numbers of ray and disk florets per head, differences in leaf surfaces, and other characteristics (57 FR 20772; Ganders and Nagata 1999).

Bidens micrantha is known to hybridize with other native Bidens, such as B. mauiensis and B

(Asteraceae), is an erect perennial herb. This subspecies can be distinguished from other subspecies by the shape of the seeds, the density of the flower clusters, the numbers of ray and disk florets per head, differences in leaf surfaces, and other characteristics (57 FR 20772; Ganders and Nagata 1999).

Bidens micrantha is known to hybridize with other native Bidens, such as B. mauiensis and B. menziesii, and possibly B. conjuncta (Ganders and Nagata 1999). Little else is known about the life history of Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, and specific environmental requirements are unknown.

Historically, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha was known from Lanai, the south slope of Haleakala on East Maui,

The habitat of Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha is blocky lava flows with little or no soil development, deep pit craters, and sheer rock walls in open canopy Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa forest, montane shrubland, or cliff faces at elevations of 1,600 to 2,300 m (5,250 to 7,550 ft) (Ganders and Nagata 1999; HINHP Database 2000). Associated native species include Styphelia tameiameiae, Coprosma montana, Dodonaea viscosa, Lysimachia remyi, Viola chamissoniana, Dubautia menziesii, and Dubautia platyphylla (na ena e) (Ganders and Nagata 1999; HINHP Database 2000).

The threats to this species on Maui are habitat destruction by feral goats, pigs, and cattle; competition from a variety of invasive plant species; and fire (57 FR 20772).

Bonamia menziesii

Bonamia menziesii, a short-lived perennial member of the morning-glory family (Convolvulaceae), is a vine with twining branches that are fuzzy when young. This species is the only member of the genus that is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and differs from other genera in the family by its two styles, longer stems and petioles, and rounder leaves (Austin 1999).

Little is known about the life history of this plant

a short-lived perennial member of the morning-glory family (Convolvulaceae), is a vine with twining branches that are fuzzy when young. This species is the only member of the genus that is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and differs from other genera in the family by its two styles, longer stems and petioles, and rounder leaves (Austin 1999).

Little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Bonamia menziesii was known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, one location on West Maui, and the island of Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, this species is known from Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Maui, this species is known from Puu o kali; Honokowai Ditch Trail; and Kanaio NAR. Currently there are three populations containing a total of 11 individuals on State and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

Bonamia menziesii is found on a‘a lava in mixed open dry forest, or Erythrina sandwicensis (wiliwili) lowland dry forest, and in mesic mixed Metrosideros polymorpha forest at elevations between 150 and 850 m (490 and 2,800 ft) (HINHP database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). Associated species include Nestegis sandwicensis, Pleomele auwahiensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Alphitonia ponderosa, Santalum ellipticum, Xylosma hawaiiensis, Nothocestrum latifolium (aiea), Pouteria sandwicensis, Achyranthes splendens (NCN), Acacia koaia (koaia), Sida fallax, Reynoldsia sandwicensis (ohe), Sicyos sp. (anunu), Lipochaeta rockii (nehe), Nototrichium sp. (kului), Myoporum sandwicense (HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999)

, Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Alphitonia ponderosa, Santalum ellipticum, Xylosma hawaiiensis, Nothocestrum latifolium (aiea), Pouteria sandwicensis, Achyranthes splendens (NCN), Acacia koaia (koaia), Sida fallax, Reynoldsia sandwicensis (ohe), Sicyos sp. (anunu), Lipochaeta rockii (nehe), Nototrichium sp. (kului), Myoporum sandwicense (HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

The primary threats to this species on Maui are habitat degradation and possible predation by feral pigs, goats, axis deer, and cattle; competition with a variety of alien plant species, particularly Pennisetum setaceum, Lantana camara, and Bocconia frutescens; and an alien beetle ( Physomerus grossipes ) (59 FR 56333).

Cenchrus agrimonioides

Cenchrus agrimonioides is a short-lived perennial member of the grass family (Poaceae) with leaf blades which are flat or folded and have a prominent midrib. There are two varieties, C. agrimonioides var. laysanensis and C. agrimonioides var. agrimonioides. They differ from each other in that var. agrimonioides has smaller burs, shorter stems, and narrower leaves. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the cylindrical to lance-shaped bur and the arrangement and position of the bristles (O'Connor 1999).

Little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are generally unknown, however, this species has been observed to produce fruit year round (USFWS 1999).

Historically, Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides was known from the Oahu, Lanai, and the south slope of Haleakala and Ulupalakua on Maui, and an undocumented report from the Island of Hawaii (61 FR 53108). Historically, C. agrimonioides var laysanensis was known from Laysan, Kure, and Midway, all within the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge. This variety has not been seen since 1973 (61 FR 53108; Corn 1980). Currently, Cenchrus agrimonioides var

hu, Lanai, and the south slope of Haleakala and Ulupalakua on Maui, and an undocumented report from the Island of Hawaii (61 FR 53108). Historically, C. agrimonioides var laysanensis was known from Laysan, Kure, and Midway, all within the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge. This variety has not been seen since 1973 (61 FR 53108; Corn 1980). Currently, Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides is known from Oahu and Maui. On Maui, this variety is known from a single population within the Kanaio NAR, containing an unknown number of individuals (HINHP Database 2000).

Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides is found on rough a‘a lava scree in mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa forest at elevations between 560 and 820 m (1,830 and 2,700 ft). Associated plants include Alyxia oliviformis, Canthium odoratum (alahee), Carex sp., Diospyros sp. (lama), Styphelia tameiameiae, and Eragrostis variabilis (61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 2000).

The major threats to the only known population of Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides on Maui are competition with alien plants; browsing and habitat degradation by goats and cattle; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals (61 FR 53108).

Centaurium sebaeoides

Centaurium sebaeoides is an annual herb in the gentian family (Gentianaceae), with fleshy leaves and stalkless flowers. This species is distinguished from C. erythraea, which is naturalized in Hawaii, by its fleshy leaves and the unbranched arrangement of the flower cluster (56 FR 55770; Wagner et al. 1999).

Centaurium sebaeoides has been observed flowering in April. Flowering may be induced by heavy rainfall. Populations are found in dry areas, and plants are more likely to be found following heavy rains (USFWS 1995c). Other than that, little is known about the life history of this plant

ii, by its fleshy leaves and the unbranched arrangement of the flower cluster (56 FR 55770; Wagner et al. 1999).

Historically and currently, Centaurium sebaeoides is known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui (Wagner et al. 1999). On Maui, there are three populations of this species, with a total of more than 50 individuals, on or near State and privately owned lands, north of Waihee; Puu Koae; and near the mouth of Makamakaole Stream (HINHP Database 2000).

This species typically grows in volcanic or clay soils or on cliffs in arid coastal areas below 250 m (820 ft) elevation (56 FR 55770; Wagner et al. 1999). Associated species include Panicum torridum (kakonakona), Lysimachia mauritiana (kolokolo kuahiwi), Schiedea globosa (NCN), Lipochaeta integrifolia (nehe), Argemone glauca (pua kala), Bidens mauiensis, Lycium sandwicense (ohelo kai), and Dicranopteris linearis (HINHP Database 2000).

The major threats to this species on Maui are habitat degradation by feral goats and cattle; competition from the alien plant species Leucaena leucocephala; trampling by humans on or near trails; and fire (56 FR 55770).

Clermontia lindseyana

Clermontia lindseyana, a short-lived perennial and a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a small, branched tree that grows 2.5-6 m (8.2 to 20 ft) tall (Lammers 1999). Clermontia lindseyana is either terrestrial or epiphytic, living on the surface of other plants. The upper surface of the oblong-shaped leaves is dark green while the lower is pale green or purplish and hairy. Leaf stalks are 2.5-7 cm (1-2.8 in.) long and hairy

al and a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a small, branched tree that grows 2.5-6 m (8.2 to 20 ft) tall (Lammers 1999). Clermontia lindseyana is either terrestrial or epiphytic, living on the surface of other plants. The upper surface of the oblong-shaped leaves is dark green while the lower is pale green or purplish and hairy. Leaf stalks are 2.5-7 cm (1-2.8 in.) long and hairy. Berries are 2.5-4 cm (1-1.6 in.) wide, almost round, and orange. Clermontia lindseyana is easily separable from the other taxa within this genus by several characters: much larger leaves and flowers, similar petals and sepals, and spreading floral lobes (Cuddihy et al. 1983; Lammers 1999). Rock (1962) commented on the leaves being conspicuously hairy beneath.

This species was observed in fruit from June to October, and in flower from February to August (HINHP Database 2000). No other life history information is currently available.

Historically, Clermontia lindseyana was known on Maui from the southern slope of Haleakala and the eastern portion of the island, and on the island of Hawaii. Since 1975, populations of Clermontia lindseyana have been identified on Maui and Hawaii (59 FR 10305). The two Maui populations are located in Waiopai and Wailaulau Gulches in the Kahikinui Forest Reserve and in Kula Forest Reserve on State and private lands, and are estimated to total about 330 individuals (Arthur Medeiros, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, in litt. 2000; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

The extant populations grow in remnant Acacia koa mesic forest on the leeward slopes between 1,311 and 2,150 m (4,300 and 7,041 ft). Associated native taxa include the following native plant species: Cyrtandra oxybapha , native fern species, Phlegmariurus mannii, Ilex anomala (aiea), Coprosma sp., and Myrsine sp. (HINHP Database 2000; USFWS 1996)

, in litt. 2000; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

The threats to Clermontia lindseyana are trampling and grazing by cattle, trampling and browsing by goats, and rooting and trampling by pigs; competition with the alien plant Pennisetum clandestinum; and consumption of berries, flowers, and vegetation by black rats (59 FR 10305).

Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis

Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, a short-lived perennial and a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a shrub or tree with oblong to lance-shaped leaves on leaf stalks (petioles). Clermontia oblongifolia is distinguished from other members of the genus by its calyx and corolla, which are similar in color and are each fused into a curved tube that falls off as the flower ages. The species is also distinguished by the leaf shape, the male floral parts, the shape of the flower buds, and the lengths of the leaf and flower stalks, the flower, and the smooth green basal portion of the flower (the hypanthium) (57 FR 20772; Lammers 1988, 1999). Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis is reported from Maui and Lanai, while ssp. oblongifolia is only known from Oahu and ssp. brevipes is only known from Molokai.

Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis is known to flower from November to July (Rock 1919). Little is known regarding pollination vectors, seed dispersal, or other factors.

Historically, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis was known from Lanai and from Honomanu Valley on Haleakala, East Maui (57 FR 20772; Lammers 1999). Currently, it is reported from Lanai and Maui

only known from Molokai.

Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis is known to flower from November to July (Rock 1919). Little is known regarding pollination vectors, seed dispersal, or other factors.

Historically, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis was known from Lanai and from Honomanu Valley on Haleakala, East Maui (57 FR 20772; Lammers 1999). Currently, it is reported from Lanai and Maui. On West Maui, this taxon is known from one population with an unknown number of individuals, along the trail to Puu Kukui in the Honokowai section of the West Maui NAR on or near State and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Lammers 1999).

This plant typically grows on the sides of ridges in Metrosideros polymorpha -dominated montane wet forest at elevations between 850-1,000 m (2,800-3,280 ft) (57 FR 20772; HINHP Database 2000). Associated native species include Dicranopteris linearis, Coprosma sp., Clermontia sp., Hedyotis sp., and Melicope sp. (57 FR 20772; HINHP Database 2000).

The only known population of this species on Maui is vulnerable to extinction from a natural or human-caused environmental disturbance due to its small size; depressed reproductive vigor; and habitat degradation by feral pigs (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1997).

Colubrina oppositifolia

Colubrina oppositifolia, a member of the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae), is a long-lived tree with extremely hard red wood. This species is readily distinguished from the other species in Hawaii by the opposite leaf position, dull leaf surface, and entire leaf margins (Wagner et al. 1999).

This species was observed in fruit and flower during September 1929 and June 1968, and in flower during December 1947 and January 1984 (HINHP Database 2000). No other life history information is currently available.

Historically and currently, Colubrina oppositifolia is known from Oahu, Maui, and the Island of Hawaii (59 FR 10305)

ull leaf surface, and entire leaf margins (Wagner et al. 1999).

Historically and currently, Colubrina oppositifolia is known from Oahu, Maui, and the Island of Hawaii (59 FR 10305). Currently on Maui, there are two populations containing one individual each on privately owned lands in the Kapunakea Preserve on West Maui and on privately owned lands in the Auwahi area of East Maui (Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Habitats of this species are lowland dry and mesic forests dominated by Diospyros sandwicensis, and found at elevations between 240 and 915 m (800 and 3,000 ft). Associated native species include Dodonaea viscosa, Canavalia sp. (awikiwiki), Wikstroemia sp., Canthium odoratum, and Reynoldsia sandwicensis (HINHP Database 2000).

The threats to this species on Maui are habitat destruction by feral pigs; competition with the alien plants Lantana camara, Pennisetum setaceum, and Schinus terebinthifolius; black twig borer; Chinese rose beetles ( Adoretus sinicus ); fire; and its small population numbers and limited distribution (59 FR 10305; USFWS 1996).

Ctenitis squamigera

Ctenitis squamigera is a short-lived perennial of the wood fern family (Dryopteridaceae) (Wagner and Wagner 1992). It has a rhizome (horizontal stem) 5 to 10 mm (0.2 to 0.4 in.) thick, creeping above the ground and densely covered with scales similar to those on the lower part of the leaf stalk. The leaf stalks are densely clothed with tan-colored scales up to 1.8 cm (0.7 in.) long and 1 mm (0.04 in.) wide. The sori are tan-colored when mature and are in a single row one-third of the distance from the margin to the midrib of the ultimate segments (Degener and Degener 1957)

hick, creeping above the ground and densely covered with scales similar to those on the lower part of the leaf stalk. The leaf stalks are densely clothed with tan-colored scales up to 1.8 cm (0.7 in.) long and 1 mm (0.04 in.) wide. The sori are tan-colored when mature and are in a single row one-third of the distance from the margin to the midrib of the ultimate segments (Degener and Degener 1957). The indusium is whitish before wrinkling, thin, suborbicular with a narra sinus extending about half way, glabrous except for a circular margin which is ciliolate with simple several-celled glandular and nonglandular hairs arising directly from the margin or from the deltoid base (Degener and Degener 1957). Ctenitis squamigera can be readily distinguished from other Hawaiian species of Ctenitis by the dense covering of tan-colored scales on its frond (Wagner and Wagner 1992).

Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Ctenitis squamigera was recorded from the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000). It is currently found on Oahu, Lanai, in litt. 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm. 2000; Joel Lau, HINHP, pers. comm. 2000 and in litt. 2000). These populations are all on West Maui, in Honolua Valley; Kahanaiki Gulch; Kanaha Valley; Ukumehame Valley; Kapunakea Preserve; and Iao Valley (H. Oppenheimer, in litt. 2000; K. Wood and J. Lau, pers. comm. 2000).

This species is found in the forest understory at elevations of 380 to 1,000 m (1,250 to 3,280 ft) (HINHP Database 2000; H. Oppenheimer, pers. comm. 2000), in Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet forest, Metrosideros polymorpha-Diospyros sp. mesic forest and diverse mesic forest (HINHP Database 2000). Associated native plant taxa include Alyxia oliviformis, Freycinetia arborea (ieie), Coprosma sp., Pleomele sp. (hala pepe), Thelypteris globulifera (NCN), Sadleria sp. (amau), Doodia sp. (okupukupu lauii), Pittosporum sp. (ho awa), Dryopteris sp., Bobea sp

Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet forest, Metrosideros polymorpha-Diospyros sp. mesic forest and diverse mesic forest (HINHP Database 2000). Associated native plant taxa include Alyxia oliviformis, Freycinetia arborea (ieie), Coprosma sp., Pleomele sp. (hala pepe), Thelypteris globulifera (NCN), Sadleria sp. (amau), Doodia sp. (okupukupu lauii), Pittosporum sp. (ho awa), Dryopteris sp., Bobea sp. (ahakea), Antidesma sp. (hame), Peperomia sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Schiedea pubescens var. pubescens, Hibiscus kokio ssp. kokio (kokio), Hedyotis formosa, Pritchardia forbesiana (loulu), Myrsine sp., Psychotria sp. (kopiko), and Xylosma sp. (maua) (USFWS 1998a; HINHP Database 2000).

The primary threats to Ctenitis squamigera are habitat degradation by feral pigs, goats, and axis deer; competition with alien plant taxa, especially Psidium cattleianum and Schinus terebinthifolius; fire; and extinction from naturally occurring events due to the small number of existing populations and individuals (USFWS 1998a).

Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana

Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, a short-lived member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a perennial shrub with pinnately divided leaves. This species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the pinnately lobed leaf margins and the width of the leaf blades. This subspecies is distinguished from the other two subspecies by the shape and size of the calyx lobes, which overlap at the base (Lammers 1999).

Little is known about the life history of this plant. On Molokai, flowering plants have been reported in July and August. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically and currently, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana is known from Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and scattered locations on Maui (61 FR 53108)

at the base (Lammers 1999).

Historically and currently, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana is known from Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and scattered locations on Maui (61 FR 53108). Currently on Maui, there are two populations with a total of five individuals in Iao Valley on State and privately owned lands (61 FR 53108; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

This species is typically found in mesic forest often dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or Metrosideros polymorpha and Acacia koa, on rocky or steep slopes of stream banks, at elevations between 350 and 945 m (1,150 and 3,100 ft). Associated plants include Antidesma sp., Bobea sp., Myrsine sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., and Xylosma sp. (61 FR 53108).

The threats to this species on Maui are habitat degradation and/or destruction caused by axis deer, goats, and pigs; competition with various alien plants; randomly naturally occurring events that could cause extinction due to the small number of existing individuals; trampling by hikers; landslides; rats; and slugs (61 FR 53108; USFWS 1999).

Cyanea lobata

Cyanea lobata, a short-lived member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a sparingly branched perennial shrub with smooth to somewhat rough stems and oblong, irregularly lobed leaves. This species is distinguished from other species of Cyanea by the size of the flower and the irregularly lobed leaves with petioles (Lammers 1999).

Cyanea lobata is known to flower from August to February, even in individuals as small as 50 cm (20 in.) in height (Rock 1919, Degener 1936).

Historically, Cyanea lobata was known from Lanai and West Maui (Lammers 1999; HINHP Database 2000)

leaves. This species is distinguished from other species of Cyanea by the size of the flower and the irregularly lobed leaves with petioles (Lammers 1999).

Cyanea lobata is known to flower from August to February, even in individuals as small as 50 cm (20 in.) in height (Rock 1919, Degener 1936).

Historically, Cyanea lobata was known from Lanai and West Maui (Lammers 1999; HINHP Database 2000). It is no longer extant on Lanai, and was rediscovered at 600 m (1,970 ft) elevation on privately owned land in Waikapu Valley on West Maui in 1982 (HINHP Database 2000). The single known plant of this species was later destroyed by a landslide triggered by heavy rains (Hobdy et al. 1990; HINHP Database 2000). Another population of three individuals was discovered in 1996 at 560 m (1,840 ft) elevation on privately owned land in Honokohau Valley on West Maui (GDSI 2000: HINHP Database 2000).

This species has been seen and collected on steep stream banks in deep shade in wet forest at elevations of 550-915 m (1,800-3,000 ft) with Touchardia latifolia (olona), Morinda trimera (noni), and Athyrium sp. (akolea) ( 57 FR 20772; Lammers 1999; HINHP Database 2000).

The threats to this species on Maui are habitat degradation by feral pigs; depressed reproductive vigor; and natural or human-caused environmental disturbance that could easily be catastrophic to the only known population due to the small number of remaining individuals and the limited and scattered distribution of the species (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1997).

Cyrtandra munroi

maining individuals and the limited and scattered distribution of the species (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1997).

Cyrtandra munroi

Cyrtandra munroi, a short-lived perennial and member of the African violet family (Gesneriaceae), is a shrub with opposite, elliptic to almost circular leaves which are sparsely to moderately hairy on the upper surface and covered with velvety, rust-colored hairs underneath. This species is distinguished from other species of the genus by the broad opposite leaves, the length of the flower cluster stalks, the size of the flowers, and the amount of hair on various parts of the plant (Wagner et al. 1999).

Some work has been done on the reproductive biology of some species of Cyrtandra (USFWS 1995b), but not on that of C. munroi specifically. The pollinators of these plants have not been identified, although studies indicate that a specific pollinator may be necessary for successful pollination. Seed dispersal may be carried out by birds which eat the fruits (USFWS 1995b). Flowering time, longevity of plants and seeds, specific environmental requirements, and other limiting factors are unknown.

Historically and currently, Cyrtandra munroi is known from Lanai and West Maui (Wagner et al. 1999; HINHP Database 2000). Currently on Maui, there is a single population in Kahana Valley containing more than 30 individuals on State and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

The habitat of this species is lowland wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis forest, typically on rich, moist to wet, moderately steep talus slopes from 300 to 920 m (980-3,020 ft). It occurs on soil and rock substrates on slopes from watercourses in gulch bottoms and up the sides of gulch slopes to near ridgetops. Associated native species include Diospyros sp., Hedyotis acuminata, Clermontia sp., Alyxia oliviformis, Bobea sp., Coprosma sp., Freycinetia arborea, Melicope sp., Myrsine sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus sp

ep talus slopes from 300 to 920 m (980-3,020 ft). It occurs on soil and rock substrates on slopes from watercourses in gulch bottoms and up the sides of gulch slopes to near ridgetops. Associated native species include Diospyros sp., Hedyotis acuminata, Clermontia sp., Alyxia oliviformis, Bobea sp., Coprosma sp., Freycinetia arborea, Melicope sp., Myrsine sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus sp. (mamaki), Pittosporum sp., Pleomele sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., Sadleria sp., Scaevola sp. Xylosma sp., and other Cyrtandra sp. ( 57 FR 20772; HINHP Database 2000).

The threats to this species on Maui are from browsing and habitat disturbance by axis deer; competition with the alien plant species Psidium cattleianum, Myrica faya (firetree), Leptospermum scoparium (tea tree), Pluchea symphytifolia (sourbush), Melinis minutiflora, Rubus rosifolius, and Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo grass); loss of appropriate pollinators; a very small number of extant individuals which can cause depressed reproductive vigor; and the effects of random environmental events that could easily be catastrophic to the only known population on Maui (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1995b).

Diellia erecta

Diellia erecta, a short-lived perennial fern in the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), grows in tufts of 3 to 9 lance-shaped fronds emerging from a rhizome covered with brown to dark gray scales. This species differs from other members of the genus in having brown or dark gray scales usually more than 2 cm (0.8 in.) in length, fused or separate sori along both margins, shiny black midribs that have a hardened surface, and veins that do not usually encircle the sori (Smith 1934; Degener and Greenwell 1950; Wagner 1952).

Little is known about the life history of this taxon. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Diellia erecta was known on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, scattered locations on Maui, and various locations on the Island of Hawaii (USFWS 1999)

usually encircle the sori (Smith 1934; Degener and Greenwell 1950; Wagner 1952).

Little is known about the life history of this taxon. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Diellia erecta was known on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, scattered locations on Maui, and various locations on the Island of Hawaii (USFWS 1999). Currently, it is only known from Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Maui, there are four known populations containing 23 individual plants on or near State or privately owned lands in Iao Valley, Manawainui Plant Sanctuary, Papalaua Gulch, and Waiopai Gulch (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

This species is found in deep shade on steep slopes or gulch bottoms in Diospyros sandwicensis-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic forest at elevations between 210 and 1,590 m (700 and 5,200 ft) (HINHP Database 2000; USFWS 1999). Associated native plant species include Nestegis sp., Styphelia tameiameiae, Melicope sp., Coprosma sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Dryopteris unidentata (NCN), Myrsine sp., Psychotria sp., Pleomele auwahiensis, Syzygium sandwicensis (ohia ha), and Wikstroemia sp. (HINHP Database 2000; USFWS 1999).

The major threats to Diellia erecta on Maui are habitat degradation by pigs, goats, and cattle; competition with alien plant species, including Blechnum occidentale (NCN); and random naturally occurring events that could cause extinction and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals (59 FR 56333; USFWS 1996).

Diplazium molokaiense

Diplazium molokaiense, a short-lived perennial member of the woodfern family (Dryopteridaceae), has a short prostrate rhizome and green or straw-colored leaf stalks with thin-textured fronds

e (NCN); and random naturally occurring events that could cause extinction and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals (59 FR 56333; USFWS 1996).

Diplazium molokaiense

Diplazium molokaiense, a short-lived perennial member of the woodfern family (Dryopteridaceae), has a short prostrate rhizome and green or straw-colored leaf stalks with thin-textured fronds. This species can be distinguished from other species of Diplazium in the Hawaiian Islands by a combination of characteristics, including venation pattern, the length and arrangement of the sori, frond shape, and the degree of dissection of the frond (Wagner and Wagner 1992).

There is little known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Diplazium molokaiense was found on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Ainahou Valley and Maliko Gulch (East Maui) and Wailuku (Iao) Valley and Waikapu (West Maui) on Maui (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, this species is only known from Maui. Two populations with one individual each are found in Waiopai Gulch and Makawao Forest Reserve, on or near State or privately owned lands (Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

This species occurs near water falls in lowland or montane mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa forest between 850 and 1,680 m (2,800 and 5,500 ft) in elevation (USFWS 1998a; HINHP Database 2000).

The primary threats on Maui are habitat degradation by feral goats, cattle, pigs, and axis deer; competition with alien plant taxa; decreased reproductive vigor; and extinction from randomly occurring natural events due to the small number of populations and individuals (59 FR 49025; USFWS 1998a; HINHP Database 2000).

Flueggea neowawraea

Flueggea neowawraea, a long-lived perennial and a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), is a large tree with white oblong pores covering its scaly, pale brown bark

alien plant taxa; decreased reproductive vigor; and extinction from randomly occurring natural events due to the small number of populations and individuals (59 FR 49025; USFWS 1998a; HINHP Database 2000).

Flueggea neowawraea

Flueggea neowawraea, a long-lived perennial and a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), is a large tree with white oblong pores covering its scaly, pale brown bark. This species is the only member of the genus found in Hawaii and can be distinguished from other species in the genus by its large size, scaly bark, the shape, size, and color of the leaves, flowers clustered along the branches, and the size and shape of the fruits (Linney 1982; Hayden 1999).

Individual trees of Flueggea neowawraea bear only male or female flowers, and must be cross-pollinated from a different tree to produce viable seed (Hayden 1999). Little else is known about the life history of this species. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Flueggea neowawraea was known from the islands of Molokai, Oahu, Kauai, and Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, populations are known from Kauai, Oahu, East Maui, and Hawaii. It is now known from two populations with a total of three trees on East Maui at Auwahi, and above the Lualailua Hills on the southwest slope of Haleakala, on State and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Mahealani Kaiaokamelie, (formerly with) Ulupalakua Ranch, in litt. 2000).

Flueggea neowawraea occurs in dry or mesic forest at elevations of 250 to 1,000 m (820 to 3,280 ft) (Hayden 1999). Associated native plant species include Alectryon macrococcus, Bobea timonioides (ahakea), Charpentiera sp. (papala), Hibiscus sp. (aloalo), Melicope sp., Myrsine lanaiensis (kolea), Tetraplasandra sp. (ohe ohe), Psychotria mariniana (kopiko), Diplazium sandwichianum, Freycinetia arborea, Nesoluma polynesicum (keahi), Diospyros sp., Antidesma pulvinatum (hame), A

m (820 to 3,280 ft) (Hayden 1999). Associated native plant species include Alectryon macrococcus, Bobea timonioides (ahakea), Charpentiera sp. (papala), Hibiscus sp. (aloalo), Melicope sp., Myrsine lanaiensis (kolea), Tetraplasandra sp. (ohe ohe), Psychotria mariniana (kopiko), Diplazium sandwichianum, Freycinetia arborea, Nesoluma polynesicum (keahi), Diospyros sp., Antidesma pulvinatum (hame), A. platyphyllum, Canthium odoratum, Nestegis sandwicensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis (hao), Pittosporum sp., Pleomele sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, and Streblus pendulinus (HINHP Database 2000).

The threats to the populations on Maui are the black twig borer; habitat degradation by feral pigs, goats, deer, and cattle; competition with alien plant species; depressed reproductive vigor; the risk of extinction from a random environmental event due to the small number of individuals; and predation of the fruit by rats (59 FR 56333; USFWS 1999; HINHP Database 2000).

Hedyotis coriacea

Hedyotis coriacea, a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a small, short-lived perennial shrub with leathery leaves which are generally elliptic to oblong in shape, 3 to 8 cm (1.2 to 3.1 in.) long and usually 1.5 to 3 cm (0.6 to 1.2 in.) wide. This species is distinguished from others of the genus by its small, triangular calyx lobes, which do not enlarge in fruit, and the combination of capsules which are et al. 1999).

Little is known about the life history of this plant. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Hedyotis coriacea was known from Oahu and the Island of Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000). Considered extinct on all islands in recent years, this species was rediscovered in 1990 by Steve Perlman in the State-owned Lihau section of the West Maui NAR and in 1991 on the 1859 lava flow in the Pohakuloa Training Area, Island of Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000; USFWS 1997)

factors are unknown.

Hedyotis coriacea is found on steep, rocky, slopes in dry lowland Dodonaea viscosa dominated shrublands at elevations between 470 to 2,300 m (1,540 to 7,550 ft) (HINHP Database 2000). Associated species include Sida fallax, Gouania hillebrandii (NCN), Bidens menziesii, Lipochaeta livarum, Myoporum sp. (naio), and Schiedea menziesii (NCN) (HINHP Database 2000).

The single remaining individual of Hedyotis coriacea on Maui is threatened by extinction from a random naturally occurring event.

Hedyotis mannii

Hedyotis mannii, a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a short-lived perennial plant with smooth, usually erect stems 30 to 60 cm (1 to 2 ft) long, which are woody at the base and four-angled or winged. The leaves are opposite, thin in texture, and elliptic to sometimes lance-shaped. Stipules (leaf-like appendages), which are attached to the slightly winged leaf stalks where they join and clasp the stem, are triangular. Flowers are arranged in loose clusters up to 30 cm (1 ft) long at the ends of the stems and are either bisexual or female. This species' growth habit, its quadrangular or winged stems, the shape, size, and texture of its leaves, and its dry capsule, which opens when mature, separate it from other species of the genus (Wagner et al. 1999).

Currently, no life history information is available for this species (USFWS 1996).

Currently and historically, Hedyotis mannii is known from Lanai, West Maui, and Molokai (USFWS 1992)

species' growth habit, its quadrangular or winged stems, the shape, size, and texture of its leaves, and its dry capsule, which opens when mature, separate it from other species of the genus (Wagner et al. 1999).

Currently, no life history information is available for this species (USFWS 1996).

Currently and historically, Hedyotis mannii is known from Lanai, West Maui, and Molokai (USFWS 1992). On Maui, there is a single population of approximately 20 individuals located on private land in Kauaula Valley (GDSI 2000; K. Wood in litt. 2000).

The population on Maui is found on basalt cliffs along stream banks in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis montane wet forest between 825 and 885 m (2,700 and 2,900 ft) (K. Wood in litt. 2000). Associated plant species include Machaerina sp. (uki), Carex meyenii (NCN), Phyllostegia sp. (NCN), Hedyotis acuminata, Cyrtandra platyphylla (haiwale), Cyanea sp. (haha), and Isachne distichophylla (ohe) (K. Wood in litt. 2000).

Hedyotis mannii on Maui is threatened by landslides; competition with the alien plant species Rubus rosifolius, Ageratina adenophora, Buddleia asiatica (butterfly bush), Pluchea carolinensis (sourbush), and Clidemia hirta; and the low number of individuals makes it extremely vulnerable to extinction by random naturally occurring events (USFWS 1996; K. Wood in litt. 2000).

Hesperomannia arborescens

Hesperomannia arborescens, a long-lived perennial of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a small shrubby tree that usually stands 1.5 to 5 m (5 to 16 ft) tall. This member of an endemic Hawaiian genus differs from other Hesperomannia species in having the following combination of characteristics: erect to ascending flower heads, thick flower head stalks, and usually hairless and relatively narrow leaves (Wagner et al. 1999).

This species was observed in flower from April through June and fruit during March 1993 and June 1997 (USFWS 1998)

o 16 ft) tall. This member of an endemic Hawaiian genus differs from other Hesperomannia species in having the following combination of characteristics: erect to ascending flower heads, thick flower head stalks, and usually hairless and relatively narrow leaves (Wagner et al. 1999).

This species was observed in flower from April through June and fruit during March 1993 and June 1997 (USFWS 1998). No other information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors.

Hesperomannia arborescens was formerly known from Lanai, Molokai, and Oahu (HINHP Database 2000). This species is now known from Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. There is currently one population with four individuals on East Maui, between Lanilili and Keahikauo on State and privately-owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Hesperomannia arborescens is found on slopes or ridges in lowland mesic or wet forest between 360 and 750 m (1,180 and 2,460 ft) in elevation, in association with Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine sandwicensis (kolea), Isachne distichophylla, Pipturus sp., Antidesma sp., Psychotria sp., Clermontia sp., Cibotium sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Bobea sp., Coprosma sp., Sadleria sp., Melicope sp., Machaerina sp., Cheirodendron sp., and Freycinetia arborea (HINHP Database 2000).

The major threats to Hesperomannia arborescens on Maui are habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats; competition with alien plant taxa; extinction due to random environmental events or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals in one remaining population; and impact by humans (59 FR 14482; HINHP Database 2000).

Hesperomannia arbuscula

Hesperomannia arbuscula, a long-lived perennial member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a small shrubby tree, 2 to 3.3 m (7 to 11 ft) tall. This species can be distinguished from other members of the genus by the erect flower heads and the leaves, usually hairy beneath, which are one to two times as long as wide (Wagner et al. 1999)

9 FR 14482; HINHP Database 2000).

Hesperomannia arbuscula

Hesperomannia arbuscula usually flowers in the spring depending on precipitation. Seeds mature in about six weeks and trees last about 10 to 15 years (USFWS 1995c). No other information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors.

Historically and currently, Hesperomannia arbuscula is known from Oahu and West Maui (HINHP Database 2000). On Maui, this species is found in three populations, containing 13 individuals, on privately owned land in Iao and Waihee Valleys (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

Hesperomannia arbuscula typically grows on slopes and ridges in mesic or wet forest dominated by Acacia koa and Metrosideros polymorpha at elevations of 350 to 900 m (1,150 to 2,950 ft) (Wagner et al. 1999; HINHP Database 2000). Associated species include Bidens sp., Tetraplasandra sp., Alyxia oliviformis, and Psychotria sp. (HINHP Database 2000).

The major threats to Hesperomannia arbuscula on Maui are habitat degradation by feral pigs, competition from alien plant species, trampling by humans, and extinction from naturally occurring random events due to the small number of populations (56 FR 55770).

Hibiscus brackenridgei

Hibiscus brackenridgei, a short-lived perennial and a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae). The species is a sprawling to erect shrub or small tree. This species differs from other members of the genus in having the following combination of characteristics: yellow petals, a calyx consisting of triangular Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei and H. brackenridgei ssp. mokuleianus (Bates 1999)

ibiscus brackenridgei, a short-lived perennial and a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae). The species is a sprawling to erect shrub or small tree. This species differs from other members of the genus in having the following combination of characteristics: yellow petals, a calyx consisting of triangular Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei and H. brackenridgei ssp. mokuleianus (Bates 1999).

Hibiscus brackenridgei is known to flower continuously from early February through late May, and intermittently at other times of year. Intermittent flowering may possibly be tied to day length (USFWS 1999). Little else is known about the life history of this plant. Pollination biology, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Hibiscus brackenridgei was known from the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, Molokai, and Hawaii (USFWS 1999; HINHP Database 2000). Hibiscus brackenridgei was collected from an undocumented site on Kahoolawe, though the subspecies has never been determined (USFWS 1999). Currently, Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. mokuleianus is known from Oahu and from undocumented observations on Kauai (Bates 1999; USFWS 1999). Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei is currently known from Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Maui, Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei is found in five populations, containing 38 individuals, on or near State and privately owned lands at the northern base of Puu o kali, in the Lihau section of the West Maui NAR, Kaonohua Gulch, Keokea, and south of Puu o kali (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei occurs in lowland dry forest from 130 to 800 m (425 to 2,625 ft) in elevation, sometimes with Erythrina sandwicensis as the dominant tree (Geesink et al. 1999; HINHP Database 2000). Associated plant species include Myoporum sp., Chenopodium sp. (ahe ahea), Achyranthes sp. (NCN), Nototrichium sp., Diospyros sp., Chamaesyce celastroides var

Database 2000).

The primary threats to Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei on Maui are habitat degradation and possible predation by pigs, goats, cattle, axis deer, and rats; competition with alien plant species; and susceptibility to extinction caused by random environmental events or reduced reproductive vigor due to small population size and a limited number of populations (59 FR 56333).

Ischaemum byrone

Ischaemum byrone, a short-lived member of the grass family (Poaceae), is a perennial species with creeping underground and erect stems. Ischaemum byrone can be distinguished from other Hawaiian grasses by its tough outer flower bracts, dissimilar basic flower units, which are awned and two-flowered, and a di- or trichotomously-branching inflorescence (O'Connor 1999).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1996).

Historically, Ischaemum byrone was reported from Oahu, Molokai, East Maui, the Island of Hawaii, and an undocumented site on Kauai (59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 2000). Currently, this species is found on Molokai, Hawaii, and Maui. On Maui, it is known from along the coast on private and State owned lands at Kahanu Gardens, Pauwalu Point, Honokalani, Kauiki Head, and on the following offshore islets: Keopuka Islet, Mokuhuki Islet, and Puukii Islet (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000)

and of Hawaii, and an undocumented site on Kauai (59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 2000). Currently, this species is found on Molokai, Hawaii, and Maui. On Maui, it is known from along the coast on private and State owned lands at Kahanu Gardens, Pauwalu Point, Honokalani, Kauiki Head, and on the following offshore islets: Keopuka Islet, Mokuhuki Islet, and Puukii Islet (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). There is a total of six populations with less than 3,000 individuals (HINHP Database 2000).

The habitat of Ischaemum byrone is coastal dry shrubland, occurring near the ocean among rocks or on basalt cliffs between sea level and 75 m (250 ft) (O'Connor 1999). Associated taxa include Bidens sp., Fimbristylis cymosa (Maui u aki aki), and Scaevola sericea (naupaka kahakai) (HINHP Database 2000).

The most serious threat to Ischaemum byrone is the invasion of alien plants, particularly Digitaria ciliaris (Henry's crabgrass), Ardisia elliptica (shoebutton ardesia) and Casuarina equisetifolia (paina). Additionally, fire may pose a threat in areas infested with alien grasses, provided enough fuel is present. Other potential threats include grazing and browsing by goats and axis deer; disturbance incurred from these ungulates further promotes the introduction and establishment of alien weeds. Some populations are also threatened from residential development (59 FR 10305; USFWS 1996; HINHP Database 2000).

Lysimachia lydgatei

Lysimachia lydgatei, a short-lived perennial member of the primrose family (Primulaceae), is a sprawling, branched shrub with stems from 1 to 1.3 m (3 to 4 ft) long. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the dense hairs on both the upper and lower surfaces of mature leaves (Wagner et al. 1999).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).

Lysimachia lydgatei was known historically from a gulch behind Lahaina on West Maui and from Oahu

others in the genus by the dense hairs on both the upper and lower surfaces of mature leaves (Wagner et al. 1999).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).

Lysimachia lydgatei was known historically from a gulch behind Lahaina on West Maui and from Oahu. Currently, it is found only on Maui in the following locations on State-owned land in the Lihau section of the West Maui NAR: Halepohaku, Helu, and Kauaula-Olowalu (Wagner et al. 1999; HINHP Database 2000). The three Maui populations number approximately 240 individuals (GDSI 2000).

Lysimachia lydgatei typically grows on the sides of steep ridges in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis dominated wet to mesic shrubland or Metrosideros-Cheirodendron montane forest between elevations of about 915 to 1,415 m (3,000-4,640 ft) (HINHP Database 2000). Associated vegetation includes Lycopodium sp. (wawae iole), Ilex sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Vaccinium sp., Eurya sandwicensis, Styphelia tameiameiae, Coprosma sp., Ochrosia sp. (holei), Astelia sp. (painiu), Broussaisia arguta, and mat ferns, such as Dicranopteris sp. (HINHP Database 2000).

The greatest threats to Lysimachia lydgatei are the threat of extinction from a random environmental event due to the small number of populations; competition with alien plant species, such as Rubus argutus; and fire (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1997).

Mariscus pennatiformis

mis

Mariscus pennatiformis, a short-lived member of the sedge family (Cyperaceae), is a perennial plant with a woody root system covered with brown scales. Mariscus pennatiformis is subdivided into two subspecies, ssp. bryanii and ssp. pennatiformis, which are distinguished by the length and width of the spikelets; color, length, and width of the glume; and by the shape and length of the achenes. This species differs from other members of the genus by its three-sided, slightly concave, smooth stems; the length and number of spikelets; the leaf width; and the length and diameter of stems (Koyama 1999).

Mariscus pennatiformis is known to flower from November to December after heavy rainfall. Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,

Historically, Mariscus pennatiformis was known from Kauai, Oahu, East Maui (Keanae Valley, Hana, and Nahiku), the Island of Hawaii, and from Laysan in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (HINHP Database 2000). M. pennatiformis ssp. bryanii is only known from Laysan Island in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge. M. pennatiformis ssp. pennatiformis is currently found only on East Maui. One population of approximately 30 individuals is found on State owned land near the mouth of Hanawi Stream (GDSI 2000; K. Wood in litt. 1999).

On Maui, Mariscus pennatiformis ssp. pennatiformis is found at elevations between sea-level and 6 m (20 ft) on brown soil with talus in Pandanus coastal wet cliffs and within reach of ocean spray. Associated native plant species include: Sadleria pallida (amau), Pandanus tectorius (hala), Lysimachia mauritiana (kolokolo kuahiwi), Cyperus laevigatus (makaloa), Eragrostis variabilis, and Ipomoea sp. (morning glory) (Koyama 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood in litt. 1999).

Threats to the only known population of Mariscus pennatiformis ssp

coastal wet cliffs and within reach of ocean spray. Associated native plant species include: Sadleria pallida (amau), Pandanus tectorius (hala), Lysimachia mauritiana (kolokolo kuahiwi), Cyperus laevigatus (makaloa), Eragrostis variabilis, and Ipomoea sp. (morning glory) (Koyama 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood in litt. 1999).

Threats to the only known population of Mariscus pennatiformis ssp. pennatiformis on Maui include grazing and habitat destruction caused by ungulates; competition from alien plant species; and extinction from random naturally occurring events (59 FR 56333; USFWS 1999).

Melicope knudsenii

Melicope knudsenii, a long-lived perennial and a member of the citrus family (Rutaceae), is a tree with smooth gray bark and yellowish brown to olive-brown hairs on the tips of the branches. The species is distinguished from M. haupensis and other members of the genus by the distinct carpels present in the fruit, a hairless endocarp, a larger number of flowers per cluster, and the distribution of hairs on the underside of the leaves (Stone et al. 1999).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown.

Historically, Melicope knudsenii was known only from the southeast slope of Haleakala on Maui and from Kauai (HINHP Database 2000). This species remains on Kauai, but is only found on privately owned lands at the following locations on Maui: Auwahi, Puu Mahoi, and the Kanaio area. There are three populations with a single individual at each location (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Melicope knudsenii grows on forested flats or talus slopes in Nestegis-Pleomele mixed open dry forests at elevations of about 450 to 1,220 m (1,480 to 4,000 ft) (Stone et al. 1999). Associated native plant species include Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Alphitonia ponderosa, Santalum ellipticum, and Xylosma hawaiiensis (HINHP Database 2000)

ocation (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Threats to Melicope knudsenii include habitat degradation by alien animals, such as goats and pigs; reduced reproductive vigor; fire; natural aging and death; and invasive plant species, such as Pennisetum clandestinum (59 FR 9304; USFWS 1995a).

Melicope mucronulata

Melicope mucronulata, a long-lived perennial of the citrus family (Rutaceae), is a small tree up to 4 m (13 ft) tall with oval to elliptic-oval leaves, 8 to 16 cm (3 to 6.5 in.) long and 3.5 to 6.5 cm (1.5 to 2.5 in.) wide. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the growth habit, the number of flowers in each flower cluster, the size and shape of the fruit, and the degree of hairiness of the leaves and fruit walls (Stone et al. 1999).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).

First discovered in 1920 in Kanaio, East Maui, Melicope mucronulata was not relocated until 1983 when it was reported from State land with an unknown number of plants. This species was also found two years later on East Molokai (Stone et al. 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Melicope mucronulata typically grows on steep, west- or north-facing, dry to mesic, forested lowland slopes at elevations of 670 to 1,070 m (2,200 to 3,500 ft) (HINHP Database 2000). Associated native species include Dodonaea viscosa, Metrosideros polymorpha, Styphelia tameiameiae, and Dubautia linearis (na ena e) (USFWS 1997)

on East Molokai (Stone et al. 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

The major threat to the continued existence of the only known population of Melicope mucronulata on Maui is the risk of extinction from a random environmental event. Habitat degradation by goats and pigs, predation by goats, and competition with alien plants, particularly Melinis minutiflora, also pose immediate threats to this species (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1997).

Neraudia sericea

Neraudia sericea, a short-lived perennial member of the nettle family (Urticaceae), is a 3 to 5 m (10 to 16 ft) tall shrub with densely hairy branches. The elliptic or oval leaves have smooth margins or slightly toothed margins on young leaves. The upper leaf surface is moderately hairy and the lower leaf surface is densely covered with irregularly curved, silky gray to white hairs along the veins. The male flowers may be stalkless or have short stalks. The female flowers are stalkless and have a densely hairy calyx that is either toothed, collar-like, or divided into narrow unequal segments. The fruits are achenes with the apical section separated from the basal portion by a deep constriction. Seeds are oval with a constriction across the upper half. N. sericea differs from the other four closely related species of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the density, length, color, and posture of the hairs on the lower leaf surface and by its mostly entire leaf margins (Wagner et al. 1999).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1999)

from the other four closely related species of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the density, length, color, and posture of the hairs on the lower leaf surface and by its mostly entire leaf margins (Wagner et al. 1999).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1999).

Neraudia sericea was known historically from Molokai, Lanai, Olowalu Valley on West Maui, the southern slopes of Haleakala on East Maui, and from Kahoolawe (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, this species is known from Molokai and Maui. On Maui, three populations totaling more than four individuals are found in Pohakea Gulch (West Maui) and in Manawainui and Kamole Gulches (East Maui). These populations occur on State and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; M. Kaiaokamelie, in litt. 2000).

Neraudia sericea generally occurs in lowland dry to mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa-Styphelia tameiameiae shrubland or forest or Acacia koa forest between 670 and 1,480 m (2,200 and 4,850 ft) in elevation (Wagner et al. 1999; HINHP Database 2000; M. Bruegmann in litt. 1995). Other associated plant species include Huperzia mannii (NCN), Urera glabra (opuhe), Cyrtandra oxybapha (haiwale), Cyrtandra platyphylla, Sida fallax, Diospyros sp., Bobea sp., Coprosma sp., and Hedyotis sp. (HINHP Database 2000; M. Bruegmann in litt. 1995).

The primary threats to Neraudia sericea on Maui are habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats; competition with the alien plants, Melinus minutiflora, Pennisetum clandestinum, Holcus lanatus, Cymbopogon refractus (barbwire grass), and nonnative Eragrostis sp. (love grass); and a risk of

Peucedanum sandwicense

alien plants, Melinus minutiflora, Pennisetum clandestinum, Holcus lanatus, Cymbopogon refractus (barbwire grass), and nonnative Eragrostis sp. (love grass); and a risk of

Peucedanum sandwicense

Peucedanum sandwicense, a member of the parsley family (Apiaceae), is a short-lived, parsley-scented, sprawling herb. Hollow stems arise from a short, vertical, perennial stem with several fleshy roots. This species is the only member of the genus in the Hawaiian Islands (Constance and Affolter 1999).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1995a).

Historically and currently, Peucedanum sandwicense is known from Molokai, Maui, and Kauai (HINHP Database 2000). Discoveries in 1990 extended the known distribution of this species to the island of Oahu (USFWS 1995a). A population is known from State-owned Keopuka Islet, off the coast of Maui with a total of between 20-30 individuals (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

This species grows in cliff habitats from sea level to above 900 m (2,950 ft) (Constance and Affolter 1999) and is associated with native species such as Chamaesyce sp. (akoko), Eragrostis sp., Diospyros sp., and Metrosideros polymorpha (USFWS 1995a; HINHP Database 2000).

Competition with introduced plants is the major threat to Peucedanum sandwicense on Keopuka Rock (59 FR 9304; USFWS 1995a).

Phlegmariurus mannii

Phlegmariurus mannii, a short-lived member of the clubmoss family (Lycopodiaceae), is a hanging epiphyte (growing on the outside of other plants instead of being rooted in the ground) with clustered, delicate red stems and forked reproductive spikes; these traits distinguish it from others in the genus in Hawaii (Degener and Degener 1959; St. John 1981; Wagner and Wagner 1992)

legmariurus mannii

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).

Historically, Phlegmariurus mannii was known from Kauai, West Maui (Haelaau and Hanaula), and the Island of Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, this species is found on Maui and Hawaii. On Maui, this species is now known on State and private lands from Kaupo, Nuanualoa Stream, and Manawainui on East Maui; and from Lihau and Puu Kukui on West Maui (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). There are five populations with fewer than 300 individuals total (HINHP Database 2000).

On Maui, Phlegmariurus mannii typically grows in moist protected gulches on the native tree species Metrosideros polymorpha, and Acacia koa, in mesic to wet montane M. polymorpha-A. koa forests at elevations of 900 to 1,600 m (2,950 to 5,250 ft) (HINHP Database 2000). Associated native species include Thelypteris sp., Athyrium sp., Styphelia tameiameiae, Cyanea sp., Machaerina sp., Cyrtandra sp., Sadleria sp., Vaccinium sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Astelia menziesiana (kaluaha), Coprosma sp., Cheirodendron trigynum, Ilex anomala, and Myrsine sp. (HINHP Database 2000).

The primary reasons for the endangerment of this species are habitat alteration by goats, cattle and pigs, and the impacts of alien plant species. Additionally, small population sizes also make the species subject to extinction due to random environmental events (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1997)

iesiana (kaluaha), Coprosma sp., Cheirodendron trigynum, Ilex anomala, and Myrsine sp. (HINHP Database 2000).

Phyllostegia mollis

Phyllostegia mollis, a short-lived member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), grows as a nearly erect, densely hairy, nonaromatic, perennial herb. Leaves are oval in outline with rounded teeth. Flowers, usually in groups of 6, are spaced along a stem; there are 2 shorter flowering stems directly below the main stem. The flowers have fused sepals and white petals fused into a tube and flaring into a smaller upper and a larger lower lip. Fruits are fleshy, dark green to black nutlets. A suite of technical characteristics concerning the kind and amount of hair, the number of flowers in a cluster, and details of the various plant parts separate this species from other members of the genus (Wagner et al. 1999).

Individual Phyllostegia mollis plants live for approximately five years. The species is known to flower in late winter and spring. Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1998b).

Historically, Phyllostegia mollis was known from Oahu, Molokai, and East Maui (Wagner et al. 1999, HINHP Database 2000). Currently, this species is only known from Oahu and Maui. On East Maui, a single population of an unknown number of individuals remains on State and private lands in Waiopai Gulch (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Phyllostegia mollis typically grows on steep slopes and in gulches in diverse mesic to wet forests at an elevation of 450 to 1,830 m (1,480 to 6,000 ft) (Wagner et al. 1999). Associated plants include ferns, Psychotria sp., and Pisonia sp

ui. On East Maui, a single population of an unknown number of individuals remains on State and private lands in Waiopai Gulch (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

The major threats to Phyllostegia mollis are competition from the alien plant species Rubus sp. and Schinus terebinthifolius ; and a risk of extinction of the only known population of this species on Maui due to random environmental events (56 FR 55770; USFWS 1998b).

Plantago princeps

Plantago princeps, a short-lived member of the plantain family (Plantaginaceae), is a small shrub or robust perennial herb. This species differs from other native members of the genus in Hawaii by its large branched stems, flowers at nearly right angles to the axis of the flower cluster, and fruits that break open at a point two-thirds from the base. The four varieties, anomala, laxiflora, longibracteata, and princeps, are distinguished by the branching and pubescence of the stems; the size, pubescence, and venation of the leaves; the density of the inflorescence; and the orientation of the flowers (Wagner et al. 1999).

Little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are generally unknown. However, individuals have been observed in fruit from April through September (USFWS 1999).

Plantago princeps is historically and currently found on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. It is no longer extant on the Island of Hawaii. Plantago princeps var. anomala is currently known from Kauai and Oahu; var. longibracteata is known from Kauai and Oahu; var. princeps is known from Oahu; and var. laxiflora is known from Molokai and Maui. On Maui, there are five populations of Plantago princeps var

ntago princeps is historically and currently found on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. It is no longer extant on the Island of Hawaii. Plantago princeps var. anomala is currently known from Kauai and Oahu; var. longibracteata is known from Kauai and Oahu; var. princeps is known from Oahu; and var. laxiflora is known from Molokai and Maui. On Maui, there are five populations of Plantago princeps var. laxiflora, with a total of 67 individuals, on State, Federal and privately owned lands. This variety is found on East Maui at Koolau Gap, Kaupo Gap, and Kipahulu Valley, and on West Maui in Iao Valley and Kauaula Valley (USFWS 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

On Maui, Plantago princeps var. laxiflora is typically found on basalt cliffs in Metrosideros polymorpha lowland wet forest or Acacia koa-M. polymorpha montane wet forest or M. polymorpha montane wet shrubland, from 400 to 2,050 m (1,300 to 6,700 ft) et al. 1999). Associated plant species include Eragrostis variabilis, Hedyotis formosa, and Dubautia plantaginea spp. humilis (USFWS 1999; HINHP Database 2000).

The primary threats to Plantago princeps var. laxiflora on Maui are herbivory and habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats, and competition with various alien plant species (59 FR 56333; USFWS 1999).

Platanthera holochila

Platanthera holochila, a short-lived, perennial member of the orchid family (Orchidaceae), is an erect, deciduous herb. The stems arise from underground tubers, the pale green leaves are lance to egg-shaped and the greenish-yellow flowers occur in open spikes. This is the only species of this genus that occurs in the Hawaiian Islands (Wagner et al. 1999).

Little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Platanthera holochila was known from Maui, Oahu, Molokai, and Kauai (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, Platanthera holochila is extant on Kauai, Molokai, and Maui (HINHP Database 2000)

he Hawaiian Islands (Wagner et al. 1999).

Little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, Platanthera holochila was known from Maui, Oahu, Molokai, and Kauai (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, Platanthera holochila is extant on Kauai, Molokai, and Maui (HINHP Database 2000). On Maui, three populations with 28 individuals are reported on State and privately owned lands from Hanaula and the Kapaloa Gulch rim on West Maui, and from Koolau Gap on East Maui (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Platanthera holochila is found in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis montane wet forest or M. polymorpha mixed montane bog or mesic scrubby M. polymorpha forest between 1,050-2,120 m (3,440-6,960 ft) elevation. Associated native plants include Cibotium sp., Coprosma ernodeoides (nene), Oreobolus furcatus (NCN), Styphelia tameiameiae, Wikstroemia sp., Scaevola chamissoniana (naupaka kuahiwi), Sadleria sp., Lythrum maritimum (pukamole), Deschampsia sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Luzula hawaiiensis (wood rush), Sisyrinchium acre (Maui u la ili), Broussaisia arguta, Clermontia sp., Lycopodium cernuum (wawae iole), Dubautia scabra (na ena e), Polypodium pellucidum, Gahnia gahniiformis (NCN), and Vaccinium reticulatum (61 FR 53108; USFWS 1999).

The primary threats to Platanthera holochila on Maui are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; competition with alien plants; and a risk of extinction on Maui from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor, due to the small number of remaining populations and individuals. Predation by slugs may also be a potential threat to this species (61 FR 53108; USFWS 1999).

Pteris lidgatei

mber of remaining populations and individuals. Predation by slugs may also be a potential threat to this species (61 FR 53108; USFWS 1999).

Pteris lidgatei

Pteris lidgatei, a short-lived member of the maidenhair fern family (Adiantaceae), is a coarse perennial herb, 0.5 to 1 m (1.6 to 3.3 ft) tall. It has a horizontal rhizome 1.5 cm (0.6 in.) thick and at least 10 cm (3.9 in.) long when mature. The fronds, including the leaf stalks, are 60 to 95 cm (24 to 37 in.) long and 20 to 45 cm (8 to 18 in.) wide. The leafy portion of the frond is oblong-deltoid to broadly ovate-deltoid, thick, brittle, and dark gray-green. The sori are apparently marginal in position, either fused into long linear sori, or more typically separated into distinct shorter sori, with intermediate conditions being common (Wagner 1949). P. lidgatei can be distinguished from other species of Pteris in the Hawaiian Islands by the texture of its fronds and the tendency of the sori along the leaf margins to be broken into short segments instead of being fused into continuous marginal sori (Wagner and Wagner 1992).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1998a).

Historically, Pteris lidgatei was found on Oahu, Molokai, and Waihee on West Maui (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, this species is known from Oahu and Maui. Two populations with approximately 20 individuals occur on Maui, one population on privately owned land in Kahuaula Valley and the other population on State owned land near Kahakuloa Stream (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

This species grows on steep stream banks between 915 to 1,070 m (3,000 to 3,500 ft) elevation in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis montane forest with mosses and other ferns, including Cibotium chamissoi (hapuu), Dicranopteris linearis, Elaphoglossum crassifolium (ekaha), Sadleria squarrosa (amau), and Sphenomeris chusana (palaa) (HINHP Database 2000)

2000; HINHP Database 2000).

The primary threats to Pteris lidgatei on Maui are the alien plant Clidemia hirta , habitat destruction by feral pigs, and a risk of extinction due to random environmental events (59 FR 49025; USFWS 1998a).

Sanicula purpurea

Sanicula purpurea, a short-lived member of the parsley family (Apiaceae), is a stout perennial herb, 8 to 36 cm (3 to 14 in.) tall, arising from a massive perennial stem. The stems are tufted and branched, with the lower portion of the stem lying close to the ground, while the upper portion rises. The basal leaves are numerous and leathery in texture and are kidney-shaped or circular to egg-heart-shaped, with three to seven lobes. The leaf lobes are circular to inversely egg-shaped. The leaf veins are impressed on the upper surface and prominent on the lower surface. The leaf margins bear short, sharp teeth. The basal leaf stalks are slender and abruptly sheathed at the base. The leaves are palmately three-to five-lobed. The small purple, or cream-colored with a purple tinge, flowers occur in branched terminal clusters, each of which contains six to ten flowers. Each flower cluster contains one to three perfect flowers and five to seven staminate flowers. Below the inflorescence is a series of about ten oblong or inversely lance-shaped bracts. The nearly spherical fruits are covered with prickles. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the number of flowers per cluster and by the color of the petals (Constance and Affolter 1999)

lowers. Each flower cluster contains one to three perfect flowers and five to seven staminate flowers. Below the inflorescence is a series of about ten oblong or inversely lance-shaped bracts. The nearly spherical fruits are covered with prickles. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the number of flowers per cluster and by the color of the petals (Constance and Affolter 1999).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1999).

Historically and currently, Sanicula purpurea is known from Oahu and West Maui (HINHP Database 2000). On West Maui, four populations totaling between 130 and 250 individuals are currently known on State and private lands in Keahikauo, Eke Crater, Violet Lake, and Puu Kukui (GSDI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

This species typically grows in open Metrosideros polymorpha mixed montane bogs between 1,000 and 1,620 m (3,280 and 5,330 ft) elevation (HINHP Database 2000). Associated plant taxa include Styphelia tameiameiae, Gahnia beechyi (NCN), Geranium humile (nohoanu), Myrsine vaccinioides (kolea), Viola mauiensis (pamakani), Argyroxiphium caliginis (eke silversword), Plantago pachyphylla (laukahi kuahiwi), Lycopodium sp., Argyroxiphium grayanum, Lagenifera mauiensis (howaiaulu), Machaerina sp., and Oreobolus furcatus (HINHP Database 2000).

Habitat degradation by feral pigs, a risk of extinction due to random environmental events, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing populations are the major threats to Sanicula purpurea (61

Sesbania tomentosa

anicula purpurea (61

Sesbania tomentosa

Sesbania tomentosa, a short-lived member of the legume family (Fabaceae), is typically a sprawling shrub, but may also be a small tree. Each compound leaf consists of 18 to 38 oblong to elliptic leaflets which are usually sparsely to densely covered with silky hairs. The flowers are salmon tinged with yellow, orange-red, scarlet or rarely, pure yellow. S. tomentosa is the only endemic Hawaiian species in the genus, differing from the naturalized S. sesban by the color of the flowers, the longer petals and calyx, and the number of seeds per pod (Geesink et al. 1999).

The pollination biology of Sesbania tomentosa is being studied by David Hopper, a graduate student in the Department of Zoology at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. His preliminary findings suggest that although many insects visit Sesbania flowers, the majority of successful pollination is accomplished by native bees of the genus Hylaeus and that populations at Kaena Point on Oahu are probably pollinator limited. Flowering at Kaena Point is highest during the winter-spring rains, and gradually declines throughout the rest of the year (USFWS 1999). Other aspects of this plant's life history are unknown.

Currently, Sesbania tomentosa

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