Shoshone-Bannock Tribes

Shoshone-Bannock Tribes

Tribal Department of Energy

Community

Action Plan

Promoting Cleaner Air Through

the Development of Renewable

Energy Resources

November 15, 2022

Dear Residents of the Fort Hall Reservation:

The Shoshone-Bannock Energy Resources program is excited to provide this community

action plan as a collaborative living document to guide the Energy Resources Program’s

mission to develop and implement renewable energy technology and energy efficiency

projects for the benefit of the economy, environment, culture and the health and safety of

the Fort Hall community.

The Tribal Energy Resources Program works diligently to assess, develop, and promote

renewable energy and energy efficiency projects for the benefit of the economic, natural,

and cultural resources and health and safety for the community. Greenhouse gas is released

from agricultural, residential, and business sources and is detrimental to the long-term

sustainability of our people.

Under this project, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission data are being collected from Tribal

lands. These data will then be analyzed and used for public education and outreach on

GHGs and impact to climate change and awareness of technological advances in renewable

energy as an alternative to carbon emitting sources.

We appreciate the community input to this plan and sincerely hope that the work under

this project results in beneficial tribal policies for our people.

Sincerely,

Alana Baldwin

Energy Resource Coordinator - Tribal Energy Resources Program

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Acknowledgements

The Shoshone-Bannock Tribal Energy Program greatly appreciate the

financial assistance provided by the United States Environmental Protection

Agency’s Office of Environmental Justice under the 2020 Environmental

Justice Collaborative Problem-Solving (EJCPS) Cooperative Agreement

Program Award.

The Tribal Energy Program would also like to thank the Fort Hall district

community for providing valuable input to this Community Action Plan.

Finally, the Tribal Energy Program would like to express support for all

project partners to this effort.

Table of Contents

Executive Summary .................................................................................... 1

Background and Purpose ............................................................................ 2

Regional Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Emissions ................................ 5

Air Quality Community Survey Results .................................................... 10

Shoshone-Bannock Air Quality Monitoring ..............................................15

Mitigation Measures ................................................................................. 22

Energy Conservation Mitigation Measures .......................................... 22

Clean Energy Production Mitigation Measures ................................... 27

Implementation ........................................................................................ 29

Energy Conservation Action Steps ....................................................... 29

Clean Energy Production Action Steps ................................................ 30

Conclusion ................................................................................................ 31

References ................................................................................................. 32

Executive Summary

The Shoshone-Bannock Tribes has a traditional, core value for

environmental protection and the protection of human health and natural

resources on the Fort Hall Reservation. The Tribal Energy Resources

Program works diligently to assess, develop, and promote renewable energy

and energy efficiency projects for the benefit of the economic, natural, and

cultural resources and health and safety for the community.

Greenhouse gas (GHG) is released from agricultural, residential, and

business sources and is detrimental to the long-term sustainability of our

people. In recent studies, researchers have determined adverse conditions

can be attributed to the surrounding sources of agricultural practices,

electricity sources generating carbon dioxide, and general car emission.

These conditions lead to severe allergies and respiratory disorders, lung

tissue damage, and asthma. This can result in causing an increase of doctor

visits, missed school and work. Fort Hall also experiences higher impacts

from ozone than on average in the State of Idaho, resulting in an increased

exposure to carcinogenic toxins in the air.

The Energy Resources and Air Quality Departments are initiating a two-year

greenhouse gas monitoring project as part of an education and outreach to

implement renewable energies with the AQS1 Urban Air Monitor. Under this

project, greenhouse gas emission data are being collected from Tribal lands.

These data will then be analyzed and used for public education and outreach

on GHGs and impact to climate change and awareness of technological

advances in renewable energy as an alternative to carbon emitting sources.

Ultimately, the goals of the Energy Resources and Air Quality Departments

is to garner support through the data to implement renewable energies on

the Reservation to combat climate change and adverse conditions.

The Tribes have the opportunity to meet the challenge of climate change by

adopting and implementing this Community Action Plan. Once backed by

the community, the Fort Hall Business Council can directly effect change

through policy or program decisions and therefore promote regional energy

conservation and clean energy production.

pg. 1

Background and Purpose

Greenhouse gas is released from agricultural, residential, and business

sources and is detrimental to the long-term sustainability of our people. In

fact, Idaho is already being impacted by climate change. Over the past

century, most of the state has warmed one to two degrees °F (see Figure 1

below).

Figure 1: Average Temperature Change in the United States from 1901 to 2020. Source:

EPA, Climate Change Indicators in the United States.

While these steadily rising temperatures and their resulting impacts are

definitely problematic, an additional risk from climate change is the

increased variability of temperature and precipitation trends including

increased extreme weather events. For example, an area may have similar

annual precipitation amounts but could get more rainfall in the spring and

pg. 2

less in the summer. Too much water in the spring may cause flooding and

less in the summer could result in less useful water for irrigation.

Snowpack is melting earlier in the year, and the flow of meltwater into

streams during summer is declining. In the coming decades, streams will be

warmer, populations of several fish species may decline, wildfires may be

more common, deserts may expand, and water may be less available for

irrigation (EPA, 2016).

Figure 2: Trends in April Snowpack in the Western United

States, 1955-2020. Source: EPA Climate Change Indicators

pg. 3

Declining snowpack and streamflow could adversely impact regional

recreation economies and aquatic ecosystems. Water temperatures will rise

if there is less melting snow to feed the streams during summer. The

combination of warmer water and lower flows would threaten salmon,

steelhead, trout, and other cold-water fish. Hydroelectric power production

will also likely be impacted by lower flows (EPA, 2016).

Climate change may also increase the number and severity of forest or

grassland fires. On average, nearly 1 percent of the land in Idaho has burned

per year since 1984, making it the most heavily burned state in the nation

(EPA, 2016). Increasing wildfires also threaten homes and pollute the air.

Figure 3: Image of the 2018 Chesterfield Fire near Fort Hall, ID

There are also secondary effects of climate change on vegetation. For

example, increased temperatures and reduced water can make trees more

susceptible to pests and disease, and trees damaged or killed burn more

readily than living trees. This could increase the area of pine forests in the

Idaho infested with mountain pine beetles over the next few decades.

The combination of more fires and drier conditions may expand deserts and

otherwise change the landscape in southern Idaho. Many plants and animals

living in arid lands are already near the limits of what they can tolerate.

Higher temperatures and a drier climate would generally extend the

pg. 4

geographic range of the Great Basin Desert. In some cases, native vegetation

may persist and delay or prevent expansion of the desert. In other cases, fires

or livestock grazing may accelerate the conversion of grassland to desert in

response to changing climate. For similar reasons, some forests may change

to desert or grassland (EPA, 2016).

Finally, climate change is likely to cause additional heath threats to

vulnerable populations in Idaho, including children, the elderly, the sick, and

the poor.

Under this project, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission data are being collected

from Tribal lands. The data will then be analyzed and used for public

education and outreach on GHGs and impact to climate change and

awareness of technological advances in renewable energy as an alternative

to carbon emissions.

Figure 4: Image in 1996 Simplot Facility near Fort Hall, ID

Regional Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas

Emissions

Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere are called greenhouse gases. Some

greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide occur naturally and are emitted to

pg. 5

the atmosphere both through natural processes and human activities. Other

greenhouse gases (such as fluorinated gases) are created and emitted solely

through human activities. The following principal greenhouse gases enter

the atmosphere because of human and agricultural activities:

• Carbon dioxide

• Methane

• Nitrous oxide

• Fluorinated gases

In recent studies, researchers have determined adverse conditions can be

attributed to the surrounding sources of agricultural practices, electricity

sources generating carbon dioxide, and general car emissions. The Fort Hall

Tribal Business Campus (TBC) is surrounded with agricultural fields

harvesting wheat, grain, sugar beets, corn, potatoes, alfalfa, and cattle feed

hay. Through these practices, pesticides are dispersed into the air causing

severe allergies and respiratory disorders, lung tissue damage, and asthma.

This can result in causing an increase of doctor visits, missed school and

work. Fort Hall also experiences higher impacts from ozone 44.2 ppb/year

of parts per billion (ppb) than the state value 39.9 ppb/year, one that may be

attributed to both tourism and agricultural activities. Importantly, the

EJSCREEN Tool shows that at the TBC (Block group: 1611940002) the

PM2.5, Ozone, Air Toxics Cancer Risk, and National Air Toxins Assessment

(NATA) Respiratory Hazard Environmental Justice (EJ) Indexes are at or

above the 90th percentile for both the state and EPA Region.

The following sources were identified to contributing to the air quality

conditions within this area: A concentrated animal feeding operation

(CAFO), as defined by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

contributes to the reduction of ambient air quality. CAFOs is the source for

various gas emissions, including ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methane, and

particulate matter. The amount of gas emissions depends largely on the size

of the CAFO. The primary cause of gas emissions from CAFOs is the

decomposition of animal manure being stored in large quantities.

pg. 6

Figure 5: Bannock Creek Cattle Company on Fort Hall Reservation

Another source we have identified contributing to GHG’s are Motor Vehicles

in Transportation Services and Industrial Size high emission vehicles. The

High Traffic through the Campus and extended community suspending dust

into the air from unpaved roads, vehicles left to idle while unattended, and

Interstate 15, a major freeway, and highway 91 exit directly through the Fort

Hall Reservation causing high emission rates to impact the community.

Lastly, our tribal campus is mostly powered by electricity and most

mechanisms for generating electricity release carbon dioxide and other

greenhouse gases—gases that absorb and emit radiation -- into Earth's

atmosphere. While small quantities of carbon dioxide exist naturally in the

atmosphere, the generation of electricity has greatly increased the presence

of greenhouse gases in the planet's atmosphere. Earth's atmosphere traps

these gases, leading to air pollution and smog. Weather patterns and

geological variations can affect the prevalence of smog in a particular area.

The Tribal Campus is located in a valley where pollution becomes trapped

causing inversions mostly during the winter months.

pg. 7

Figure 6: old FMC facility near Fort Hall, ID

The Fort Hall District also contains the highest population of concentrated

residents and business on the Fort Hall reservation. This is due to the casino,

hotel, and the Tribal businesses located within a 5-mile radius. The

EJSCREEN Tool shows a Demographic Index of 80% in the Fort Hall District

(Block group: 1611940002) which is at the 99th percentile for the state and

EPA Region.

The Tribal Energy Resources program and Air Quality have a long-standing

collaboration working together on monitoring activities from radiological,

and chemical contaminants that impact the watershed, airshed, and

viewshed of the Shoshone-Bannocks Tribal and ancestral lands. The

programs work directly with the Tribal leadership, technical programs and

community to ensure their social and cultural concerns are provided to the

federal agencies and contractors. The program provides public updates, site

visits and tours for the community to be involved in activities to protect and

preserve natural and cultural resources. Air Quality program manages the

Tribes air permits, and regularly reviews and comments on notices, and all

material provided to the public that can impact the Fort Hall community

airsheds. The following demonstrates their history and willingness to assist

the community:

• Monitoring areas that impact the Tribal lands – Eastern Michaud Flats

(EMF) sites, and air monitoring stations (daily maintenance by air

quality staff).

pg. 8

• Monitoring of Idaho National Laboratories and DOE activities –

cultural committee, elders, Tribal council and youth visits to view:

Middle Butte Cave, Aviator Cave, former pioneer settlements, and

prayer gatherings on the federal reserve site. Staff monitors

environmental concerns of the site such as air and water quality.

• Air Quality Permit Program – Tribal air quality ordinance to monitor

and protect the sources impacting air quality on the reservation.

pg. 9

Air Quality Community Survey Results

The Shoshone-Bannock Tribal Air Quality Program developed a public

survey to better understand the public perception regarding air quality

on the Reservation. The following provides the survey questions and a

summary of responses. This survey was conducted through zoom, Tribal

social media, and local newspaper due to the impact of Covid-19

pg. 10

pg. 11

pg. 12

pg. 13

There were several interesting findings from the community survey.

First, air pollution was perceived to be of highest concern when compared

with soil, water, noise, or sound pollution. Secondly, elders were

perceived to have the highest impact from air pollution. Also, winter was

found to be the season where the air quality changed the most and poor

air quality was perceived to have a detrimental impact on community.

Finally, when comparing alternative renewable resources, the

community was most interested in developing solar energy on the

Reservation.

pg. 14

Shoshone-Bannock Air Quality Monitoring

Shoshone Bannock Tribal Air Quality Program has been conducting sample

analysis for Green House Gases (GHG) for a period of 12 months to

determine the levels of carbon derivatives and other gases contributing to

climate change originating from the Fort Hall District (10-mile radius). The

Air Quality Monitor 65 (AQS-1), is continuously measuring common air

pollutants including; ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter

(PM2.5), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC).

Additionally, noise and meteorological parameters such as rainfall,

temperature, humidity, pressure, wind speed and direction are being

measured. AQS-1 ensures air quality data is reliable and robust and traceable

back to recognized international standards e.g. USEPA (40 CFR Part 53) and

EU (2008/50/EC).

Figure 7: AQS1 air monitor located in Fort Hall, ID

pg. 15

Figure 8: Wind sensor for the AQS1

Figure 9: AQS1 air monitor set up

The Air Quality Program has developed a web-based map application to view

pg. 16

real-time data associated with the AQS-1 and Purple Air monitoring

locations. Clicking on the map icons provides summary data and air quality

risk levels.

Figure 10: Image of website set up for community to observe air monitor

In addition to establishing real time data visualization, the Air Quality

Program has begun analyzing the data collected over the past 12 months. The

following series of plots show daily levels of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Ozone

(O3), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), Particulate Matter (PM2.5), Wind

Speed (WS), Wind Direction (WD), Air Pressure, Air Temperature, and

Relative Humidity over the past year (November 1, 2021 to October 31,

2022).

pg. 17

pg. 18

pg. 19

The first clear observation is how variable pollutant levels are throughout

the year. Other than with VOCs (whose sensor was defective throughout

the year, air pollutant levels can vary greatly depending on wind speed

and direction, time of day, and human activities such as farming or road

traffic.

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) was found to be highest in the winter while

Particulate Matter (PM2.5) spiked highest in the fall (likely due to harvest

operations). Ozone (O3) showed a high amount a variability but a

consistent average value of about 60 parts per billion (ppb) throughout

most of the year

Pollutant concentrations varied greatly even throughout the day. The

following plots show hourly Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Ozone (O3),

Particulate Matter (PM2.5), and Wind Direction (WD) on November 14,

2022.

pg. 20

The Air Quality Program will continue to analyze the data gathered

through ongoing air quality monitoring to look for trends impacting tribal

members and renewable energy development.

pg. 21

Mitigation Measures

Mitigations measures to combat greenhouse gas emissions but look at both

energy conservation and production. IDEQ (2021) provides several potential

mitigation measures to combat the impacts from greenhouse gas emissions

and adverse air quality.

Energy Conservation Mitigation Measures

Optimize Lighting Energy Consumption

▪ Turn off lights when not in use or install occupancy sensors in

hallways, bathrooms, meeting rooms, kitchens, storage rooms, and

other areas where lights can be shut off for blocks of time.

▪ Install photocells in outdoor entryways and security lighting to

automatically sense outdoor lighting levels.

▪ Install light-emitting diode (LED) exit signs in place of incandescent

signs. LED signs last up to 15 times longer, and use less energy.

▪ Reduce overhead lighting near day lit areas, over lit areas, or areas not

requiring light

▪ Install LED light bulbs

▪ Turn all lights off when they are not needed.

Optimize Water Energy Consumption

▪ Install low flow fixtures on showers, sinks, and toilets.

▪ Insulate hot water heaters.

▪ Lower the temperature on water heaters.

▪ Implement a water conservation program and post water conservation

stickers, signs, and posters in bathrooms, kitchens, cafeterias,

conference rooms, and other places where people congregate.

▪ Minimize lawns. Lawns use more water than any other landscape

plants.

▪ Use drip and other low-flow irrigation devices.

pg. 22

Optimize Vehicle Energy Consumption

▪ Implement a no-idling for vehicles.

▪ Implement a vehicle maintenance policy for vehicle fleets to maximize

vehicle efficiency.

▪ Consider allowing employees to telecommute or work an alternative

schedule to limit driving to work.

▪ Educate drivers to be more efficient on the road and drive fewer miles.

Speeding and rapid acceleration and deceleration can increase fuel

consumption.

▪ Schedule travel so that multiple tasks can be accomplished with one

trip.

▪ Remove excess weight from vehicles.

▪ Replace air filters regularly. A clogged air filter can significantly reduce

fuel economy.

▪ Keep tires properly inflated. Maintaining correct tire pressure and a

tuned engine can save over a ton of greenhouse gases per year.

▪ Change the oil according to the manufacturer's recommendations.

▪ Consider using biofuels, which is biomass converted directly into liquid

fuel, to help meet transportation fuel needs. Ethanol and biodiesel are

the two most common types of biofuels. Invest in alternative fuel and

flex-fuel vehicles for your business transportation needs.

▪ Purchase fuel efficient or electric vehicles

Promote Alternative Transportation

▪ Effective public transportation systems can significantly reduce

greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution while at the same time

reducing congestion.

▪ By creating pedestrian- and biker-friendly travel routes, cities and

towns can often decrease the number of vehicles on the road, leading

to less congestion, air pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions.

pg. 23

Optimize Residential and Commercial Heating and Cooling Energy Usage

▪ Adjust air conditioning in the summer and heat in the winter.

▪ Install automatic, programmable, set-back thermostats to control

heating and cooling.

▪ Set thermostats and lights to correspond with shifts.

▪ Open blinds in the winter and close them in the summer.

▪ Restrict the use of space heaters, consider heating pads or blankets

instead.

▪ Clean all filters in your heating and cooling system monthly.

▪ Limit open doors when picking up or delivering material.

▪ Schedule heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system tune-ups

once or twice a year. Clean coils, check and correct refrigerant charge,

clean and lubricate the fan motor, check for proper airflow, adjust the

pulley settings and fan belts, replace air handling unit filters, and do

routine checks to ensure proper performance.

▪ When the building is unoccupied, ensure outside air dampers are

closed, including morning warm-up periods.

▪ Seal ducts that run through unconditioned spaces. Leaking ductwork

can lose 20% or more of the conditioned air in a supply duct run.

▪ When scheduling group activities and meetings after hours, use rooms

and areas that can be heated and cooled individually, so the whole floor

is not heated or cooled.

Optimize Purchasing for Reduced Energy Usage

▪ When buying new equipment, appliances, or fixtures look for ENERGY

STAR or Water Sense certified.

▪ Purchase products with recycled content or that are recyclable.

▪ Purchase only what is needed, bulk is not necessarily better if it has an

expiration date.

pg. 24

▪ Purchase Forest Stewardship Council certified paper and wood

products.

▪ Purchase local and/or organic food.

Optimize Waste Management for Reduce Energy Usage

▪ Start a recycling program.

▪ Start an on-site compost pile.

Optimize Office and Personal Equipment and Electronic Energy Usage

▪ Install motion sensors on vending machines and remove or minimize

light bulb use.

▪ Power down machines when not in use.

▪ Turn off air compressors when not in use.

▪ Turn computers and other equipment off at night.

▪ Use surge protectors for plug in devices and turn them off at the end of

the day. Even when electronics or machines are not on they still

consume energy. Surge protectors can eliminate the power consumed

when turned off.

▪ Limit printing and print double sided.

▪ Engage energy saving features on equipment and electronics.

▪ Check and regularly clean filters if you use exhaust fans.

▪ Practice routine maintenance.

▪ Regularly clean and maintain food refrigeration equipment where

applicable.

▪ Stage turn-on of continuous motor loads with one-half hour intervals

between loads. This prevents spikes in demand use and associated

charges due to higher-than normal start-up power.

Employee Involvement

▪ Start a green team.

pg. 25

▪ Seek employee suggestions on ideas for reducing greenhouse gas

emissions.

Optimize Tribal Community Energy Usage

▪ Conduct an energy audits.

▪ Re-insulate the roof, walls, and foundation.

▪ Seal cracks and leaks to prevent air flow loss with caulk, spray foam, or

weather stripping.

▪ Install double pane windows.

▪ Create a separation between entrance areas and high traffic areas to

reduce heat or cool air loss.

▪ Install sky lights or enhance day lighting.

▪ Install highly reflective roofs to reduce air-conditioning loads and save

money. Highly reflective roofs and surfaces can reduce airconditioning bills by 10% to 50%.

▪ If conducting renovation, designing a new building, or looking for a

new space to lease consider LEED criteria.

▪ Highly reflective roofs help make cities cooler, reduce the formation of

smog, reduce air-conditioning loads, and save money. Highly reflective

roofs and surfaces can reduce air-conditioning bills by 10% to 50%.

▪ Install a tankless hot water system.

▪ Plant a xeriscape garden or a garden that requires no or limited

irrigation.

▪ Reuse wastewater or reclaimed water for other industrial uses,

landscape irrigation, agricultural irrigation, aesthetic uses such as

fountains, and fire protection, and other non-potable uses.

▪ Recycle water for the same application for which it was originally used.

▪ Collect rainwater or irrigation runoff for reuse (water harvesting).

pg. 26

▪ Plan routes to maximize efficiency and prevent duplication for delivery

or pick up services.

▪ During occupied hours, ensure the amount of outside air matches load.

Adding carbon dioxide monitors, coupled with outside air controls, will

only allow as much outside air as is necessary to enter the building in

the heating season.

Clean Energy Production Mitigation Measures

Selection of Renewable Energy Providers

▪ Switch the type of energy used—consider renewable energy or

electricity supplied from energy sources, such as wind, solar,

geothermal, hydro, and biomass.

▪ Purchase green power from your utility.

▪ Increase on-site renewable energy generation by installing solar panels

or wind turbines.

Implement Offset Projects

▪ An offset is a reduction of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere due

to a project intended to compensate for emissions occurring elsewhere.

Carbon offset project types include (1) renewable energy, (2) energy

efficiency, (3) land use/land change, such as reforestation and avoided

deforestation, and (4) landfill gas destruction and agricultural

methane destruction.

▪ The offset is additional, meaning the project associated with the offset

would not have been completed otherwise or under a business-asusual scenario.

▪ The project associated with the offset is completed in a reasonable time

frame and has not yet been completed.

▪ Projects should produce permanent reductions.

▪ A local project is preferable to a long-distance project.

▪ Offset projects are monitored and verified.

pg. 27

▪ Offsets are not resold and are retired after purchased.

▪ Projects have benefits to the environment as well as health and the

community.

▪ Specific projects with a beginning and ending are better than long-term

programs.

pg. 28

Implementation

This community action plan (CAP) leverages community, Tribal, and

industry collaboration to develop a strategy to mitigate air quality and

regional climate change impacts through the implementation of energy

conservation and renewable energy technology.

Our main objective is to help the community understand how harmful air

emissions are impacting the community and climate change and educate the

community on how renewable energy technologies, such as solar and wind,

can reduce air emissions thus positively impacting the health of the

community.

Community education will lead to knowledgeable stakeholder involvement

in the development of implementation strategies for meeting the challenge

of climate change.

Energy Conservation Action Steps

It is very important to start by clearly understanding the quantity of

greenhouse gases emitted or conserved from each potential project and

evaluate the impact to the tribal community.

The Tribes shall consider implementing the energy conservation and clean

energy production mitigation measures described above by undertaking the

following methodology:

➢ Develop an inventory of greenhouse gas emissions to quantify

emissions from municipal buildings, fleets and equipment, solid waste,

and landfills.

➢ Using this greenhouse gas emission inventory, compose a set of energy

conservation projects.

➢ Distribute a survey to allow comment on these conservation projects

by the Fort Hall Community.

➢ Prioritize the resulting conservation projects based upon cost,

estimated benefit, and community comment.

pg. 29

Clean Energy Production Action Steps

The Tribes shall also consider implementing clean energy production

mitigation measures by undertaking the following methodology:

➢ Quantify the Tribes current reliance on fossil fuel energy provides and

evaluate the costs and benefits of switching to renewable energy

providers.

➢ Develop a set of carbon offset projects, including local renewable

energy projects.

➢ Distribute a survey to allow comment on these offset projects by the

Fort Hall Community.

➢ Prioritize the resulting carbon offset projects based upon cost,

estimated benefit, and community comment.

pg. 30

Conclusion

Greenhouse gas emissions and related air quality concerns are detrimental

to the long-term sustainability of our people. The mitigation measures and

implementation actions presented in this Community Action Plan have the

potential to alleviate the effects climate change on the Fort Hall Reservation

and realize the following benefits:

✓ Cost savings

✓ Energy security

✓ Job creation

✓ Human health and the environment

✓ Improving air quality

The Shoshone-Bannock Tribes have the opportunity to meet the challenge of

climate change by adopting and implementing this Community Action Plan.

Once backed by the community, the Fort Hall Business Council can directly

effect change through policy or program decisions and therefore promote

regional energy conservation and clean energy production.

pg. 31

References

Idaho Department of Environmental Quality (2021). Idaho Environmental

Guide:

A

Resource

for

Local

Governments.

https://www2.deq.idaho.gov/admin/LEIA/api/document/download/1508

3

United States Environmental Protection Agency (2016). What Climate

Change means for Idaho. https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/sites

/production/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-id.pdf

pg. 32