Oneida Business Committee (2026)
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Public Packet
1 of 488
Oneida Business Committee
Executive Session
8:30 AM Tuesday, August 11, 2026
BC Conference Room, 2nd Floor, Norbert Hill Center
Regular Meeting
8:30 AM Wednesday, August 12, 2026
BC Conference Room, 2nd Floor, Norbert Hill Center
Agenda
Meeting agenda is available here: oneida-nsn.gov/government/business-committee/agendas-packets/.
Materials for the “General Tribal Council” section of the agenda, if any, are available to enrolled members
of the Oneida Nation; to obtain a copy, visit the Government Administrative Office, 1st floor, Norbert Hill
Center and present a valid Tribal I.D. or go to https://goo.gl/uLp2jE. Scheduled times are subject to
change.
I.
CALL TO ORDER
II.
OPENING
III.
ADOPT THE AGENDA
IV.
OATH OF OFFICE
V.
A.
Anna John Resident Centered Care Community Board - Patricia Moore
Sponsor: Lisa Liggins, Secretary
B.
Oneida Public Safety and Security Commission - Beverly Anderson
Sponsor: Lisa Liggins, Secretary
C.
Oneida Youth Leadership Institute Board - Brian Denny Jr.
Sponsor: Lisa Liggins, Secretary
D.
Pardon and Forgiveness Screening Committee - Brandon Vande Hei and Alexis
Woelfel
Sponsor: Lisa Liggins, Secretary
MINUTES
A.
Approve the July 22, 2026, regular Business Committee meeting minutes
Sponsor: Lisa Liggins, Secretary
Oneida Business Committee
Regular Meeting Agenda
Page 1 of 6
August 12, 2026
Public Packet
VI.
VII.
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RESOLUTIONS
A.
Adopt resolution entitled Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
Sponsor: Kaylynn Biely, Emergency Management Director
B.
Adopt resolution entitled Extension of the Emergency Adoption of the Safe
Neighborhoods Law
Sponsor: Jameson Wilson, Councilman
C.
Adopt resolution entitled Amendments to the Code of Ethics Law
Sponsor: Jameson Wilson, Councilman
D.
Adopt resolution entitled Amendments to the Boards, Committees, and
Commissions Law
Sponsor: Jameson Wilson, Councilman
APPOINTMENTS
A.
VIII.
Enter the e-poll results into the record regarding the approved recommendation
from the Chief of Police to appoint Brandon VandeHei and Alexis Woelfel to Pardon
and Forgiveness Screening Committee as Oneida Police Department representatives
with terms ending August 31, 2029
Sponsor: Lisa Liggins, Secretary
STANDING COMMITTEES
A.
FINANCE COMMITTEE
1.
B.
LEGISLATIVE OPERATING COMMITTEE
1.
IX.
Accept the July 9, 2026, regular Finance Committee meeting minutes
Sponsor: Lawrence Barton, Treasurer
Accept the July 15, 2026, regular Legislative Operating Committee meeting
minutes
Sponsor: Jameson Wilson, Councilman
TRAVEL REQUESTS
A.
Approve the travel request - Councilwoman Jennifer Webster - 57th Annual National
Indian Education Association (NIEA) Convention - Buffalo, NY - October 7-11, 2026
Sponsor: Jennifer Webster, Councilwoman
B.
Approve the travel request - Councilwoman Jennifer Webster - Department of Health
& Human Services Secretary's Tribal Advisory Committee (STAC) - Jamal, CA September 21-25, 2026
Sponsor: Jennifer Webster, Councilwoman
Oneida Business Committee
Regular Meeting Agenda
Page 2 of 6
August 12, 2026
Public Packet
X.
XI.
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C.
Approve the travel request - Councilman Jameson Wilson - 83rd National Congress
of American Indians Annual (NCAI) Conference & Marketplace - Palm Springs, CA October 21-23, 2026
Sponsor: Jameson Wilson, Councilman
D.
Approve the travel request in accordance with §216.16-2 for seven (7) Oneida
Gaming Commission staff - National Tribal Gaming Commissioners & Regulators
(NTGCR) - Prior Lake, MN - August 31 - September 4, 2026
Sponsor: Mark A. Powless Sr., Chair/Oneida Gaming Commission
E.
Enter the e-poll results into the record regarding the approved travel request Chairman Tehassi Hill - Prediction Market Roundtable Discussion - Washington, D.C.
- August 3-5, 2026
Sponsor: Lisa Liggins, Secretary
F.
Enter the e-poll results into the record regarding the approved travel request Councilwoman Jennifer Webster - Administration for Children & Families and Tribal
Advisory Committee - Worley, ID - August 3-6, 2026
Sponsor: Jennifer Webster, Councilwoman
NEW BUSINESS
A.
Accept the memorandum regarding the progress report on the General Welfare
Assistance (GWA) as income for rent calculations
Sponsor: Mark W. Powless, CEO-Nation Services
B.
Accept the Nation Building Closeout Report for term 2023-2026
Sponsor: Lisa Summers, Government Administration Director
C.
Enter the e-poll results into the record regarding the approved letter of support to
the Ukwakhwa, Inc. grant application to the Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux
Community Grants Program
Sponsor: Lisa Liggins, Secretary
REPORTS
A.
APPOINTED BOARDS, COMMITTEES, COMMISSIONS (8:30 a.m.)
1.
Accept the Anna John Resident Centered Care Community Board FY-2026 3rd
quarter report
Sponsor: Lynn Metoxen, Chair/Anna John Resident Centered Care Community
Board
2.
Accept the Oneida Community Library Board FY-2026 3rd quarter report
Sponsor: Stephanie Metoxen, Chair/Oneida Community Library Board
3.
Accept the Oneida Nation Arts Board FY-2026 3rd quarter report
Sponsor: Harmony Hill, Chair/Oneida Nation Arts Board
Oneida Business Committee
Regular Meeting Agenda
Page 3 of 6
August 12, 2026
Public Packet
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B.
C.
4.
Accept the Oneida Nation Veterans Affairs Committee FY-2026 3rd quarter
report
Sponsor: Gerald Cornelius, Chair/Oneida Nation Veterans Committee
5.
Accept the Oneida Public Safety and Security Commission FY-2026 3rd
quarter report
Sponsor: Richard VanBoxtel, Chair/Oneida Public Safety and Security Commission
6.
Accept the Oneida Pardon & Forgiveness Screening Committee FY-2026 3rd
quarter report
Sponsor: Julie King, Vice Chair/Pardon and Forgiveness Screening Committee
7.
Accept the Southeastern Wisconsin Oneida Tribal Services Advisory Board
FY-2026 3rd quarter report
Sponsor: Diane Hill, Chair/Southeastern Wisconsin Oneida Tribal Services
Advisory Board
ELECTED BOARDS, COMMITTEES, COMMISSIONS (8:30 a.m.)
1.
Accept the Oneida Election Board FY-2026 3rd quarter report
Sponsor: Tina Skenandore, Vice Chair/Oneida Election Board
2.
Accept the Oneida Gaming Commission FY-2026 3rd quarter report
Sponsor: Mark Powless Sr., Chair/Oneida Gaming Commission
3.
Accept the Oneida Land Claims Commission FY-2026 3rd quarter report
Sponsor: Chris Cornelius, Chair/Oneida Land Claims Commission
4.
Accept the Oneida Land Commission FY-2026 3rd quarter report
Sponsor: Sidney White, Chair/Oneida Land Commission
5.
Accept the Oneida Nation Commission on Aging FY-2026 3rd quarter report
Sponsor: Winnifred Thomas, Chair/Oneida Nation Commission on Aging
6.
Accept the Oneida Nation School Board FY-2026 3rd quarter report
Sponsor: Cary Waubanascum Hawpetoss, Chair/Oneida Nation School Board
7.
Accept the Oneida Trust Enrollment Committee FY-2026 3rd quarter report
Sponsor: Teresa Schuman, Chair/Oneida Trust Enrollment Committee
STANDING COMMITTEES (8:30 a.m.)
1.
Accept the Finance Committee FY-2026 3rd quarter report
Sponsor: Lawrence Barton, Treasurer
2.
Accept the Legislative Operating Committee FY-2026 3rd quarter report
Sponsor: Jameson Wilson, Councilman
3.
Accept the On?yote?a?ká ni? i Standing Committee FY-2026 3rd quarter
report
Sponsor: Taryn Webster, Chair/On?yote?a?ká ni? i Standing Committee
Oneida Business Committee
Regular Meeting Agenda
Page 4 of 6
August 12, 2026
Public Packet
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GENERAL TRIBAL COUNCIL
A.
XIII.
PETITIONER GINA POWLESS-BUENROSTRO - PETITION # 2026-01
1.
Accept the statement of effect regarding - Amend Judiciary Law -petition #
2026-01
Sponsor: Jameson Wilson, Councilman
2.
Accept the legal review regarding - Amend Judiciary Law - petition # 2026-01
Sponsor: Jo Anne House, Chief Counsel
3.
Accept the fiscal impact statement regarding - Amend Judiciary Law - petition
# 2026-01
Sponsor: RaLinda Ninham-Lamberies, Chief Financial Officer
EXECUTIVE SESSION
A.
B.
C.
REPORTS
1.
Accept the CEO-Nation Services report (9:00 a.m.)
Sponsor: Mark W. Powless, CEO-Nation Services
2.
Accept the Treasurer's June 2026 report
Sponsor: Lawrence Barton, Treasurer
AUDIT COMMITTEE
1.
Accept the June 22, 2026, regular Audit Committee meeting minutes
Sponsor: Lisa Liggins, Secretary
2.
Accept the Audit Committee FY-2026 3rd quarter report
Sponsor: Lisa Liggins, Secretary
3.
Accept the Roulette Rules of Play compliance audit and lift the confidentiality
requirement
Sponsor: Lisa Liggins, Secretary
NEW BUSINESS
1.
Approve the 2017-2021 Multi-Year Funding Agreement between the Oneida
Nation and the U.S. Department of Interior #11 - file # 2026-0760
Sponsor: Melinda J. Danforth, Intergovernmental Affairs Director
2.
Approve Attorney Contract - Legislative Reference Office - file # 2022-0389
Sponsor: Jameson Wilson, Councilman
3.
Accept the Personnel Commission Screening/Interview Transition report in
accordance with BC Resolution # 07-08-26-G
Sponsor: Laura Laitinen-Warren, CEO-Human Resources
Oneida Business Committee
Regular Meeting Agenda
Page 5 of 6
August 12, 2026
Public Packet
XIV.
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ADJOURN
Posted on the Oneida Nation’s official website, www.oneida-nsn.gov pursuant to the Open Records and
Open Meetings law (§ 107.14.)
The meeting packet of the open session materials for this meeting is available by going to the Oneida
Nation’s official website at: oneida-nsn.gov/government/business-committee/agendas-packets/
For information about this meeting, please call the Government Administrative Office at (920) 869-4364 or
(800) 236-2214
Oneida Business Committee
Regular Meeting Agenda
Page 6 of 6
August 12, 2026
Public Packet
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Anna John Resident Centered Care Community Board - Patricia Moore
Business Committee Agenda Request
1. Meeting Date Requested:
08/12/26
2. General Information:
Session:
☒ Open
☐ Executive – must qualify under §107.4-1.
Justification: DRAFT materials/discussion
3. Supporting Documents:
☐ Bylaws
☐ Contract Document(s)
☒ Correspondence
☐ Draft GTC Notice
☐ Draft GTC Packet
☐ E-poll results/back-up
☐ Other: Describe
☐ Fiscal Impact Statement
☐ Law
☐ Legal Review
☐ Minutes
☐ MOU/MOA
☐ Petition
☐ Presentation
☐ Report
☐ Resolution
☐ Rule (adoption packet)
☐ Statement of Effect
☐ Travel Documents
4. Budget Information:
☐ Budgeted
☒ Not Applicable
☐ Budgeted – Grant Funded ☐ Unbudgeted
☐ Other: Describe
5. Submission:
Authorized Sponsor:
Lisa Liggins, Secretary
Primary Requestor:
Amber Van Kirk, Administrative Assistant
Additional Requestor:
(Name, Title/Entity)
Additional Requestor:
(Name, Title/Entity)
Submitted By:
AVANKIRK
Public Packet
8 of 488
Oneida Nation
Government Administrative Office
PO Box 365 Oneida, WI 54155-0365
oneida-nsn.gov
Memorandum
TO:
Oneida Business Committee
FROM:
Brooke Doxtator, BCC Supervisor
DATE:
August 4, 2026
RE:
Oath of Office – Anna John Resident Centered Care Community Board
Background
On July 22, 2026, the Oneida Business Committee appointed Patricia Moore to the Anna
John Resident Centered Care Community Board.
A good mind. A good heart. A strong fire.
Public Packet
9 of 488
Oneida Public Safety and Security Commission - Beverly Anderson
Business Committee Agenda Request
1. Meeting Date Requested:
08/12/26
2. General Information:
Session:
☒ Open
☐ Executive – must qualify under §107.4-1.
Justification: DRAFT materials/discussion
3. Supporting Documents:
☐ Bylaws
☐ Contract Document(s)
☒ Correspondence
☐ Draft GTC Notice
☐ Draft GTC Packet
☐ E-poll results/back-up
☐ Other: Describe
☐ Fiscal Impact Statement
☐ Law
☐ Legal Review
☐ Minutes
☐ MOU/MOA
☐ Petition
☐ Presentation
☐ Report
☐ Resolution
☐ Rule (adoption packet)
☐ Statement of Effect
☐ Travel Documents
4. Budget Information:
☐ Budgeted
☒ Not Applicable
☐ Budgeted – Grant Funded ☐ Unbudgeted
☐ Other: Describe
5. Submission:
Authorized Sponsor:
Lisa Liggins, Secretary
Primary Requestor:
Amber Van Kirk, Administrative Assistant
Additional Requestor:
(Name, Title/Entity)
Additional Requestor:
(Name, Title/Entity)
Submitted By:
AVANKIRK
Public Packet
10 of 488
Oneida Nation
Government Administrative Office
PO Box 365 Oneida, WI 54155-0365
oneida-nsn.gov
Memorandum
TO:
Oneida Business Committee
FROM:
Brooke Doxtator, BCC Supervisor
DATE:
August 04, 2026
RE:
Oath of Office – Oneida Public Safety and Security Commission
Background
On July 22, 2026, the Oneida Business Committee appointed Beverly Anderson
to the Oneida Public Safety and Security Commission.
A good mind. A good heart. A strong fire.
Public Packet
11 of 488
Oneida Youth Leadership Institute Board - Brian Denny Jr.
Business Committee Agenda Request
1. Meeting Date Requested:
08/12/26
2. General Information:
Session:
☒ Open
☐ Executive – must qualify under §107.4-1.
Justification: DRAFT materials/discussion
3. Supporting Documents:
☐ Bylaws
☐ Contract Document(s)
☒ Correspondence
☐ Draft GTC Notice
☐ Draft GTC Packet
☐ E-poll results/back-up
☐ Other: Describe
☐ Fiscal Impact Statement
☐ Law
☐ Legal Review
☐ Minutes
☐ MOU/MOA
☐ Petition
☐ Presentation
☐ Report
☐ Resolution
☐ Rule (adoption packet)
☐ Statement of Effect
☐ Travel Documents
4. Budget Information:
☐ Budgeted
☒ Not Applicable
☐ Budgeted – Grant Funded ☐ Unbudgeted
☐ Other: Describe
5. Submission:
Authorized Sponsor:
Lisa Liggins, Secretary
Primary Requestor:
Amber Van Kirk, Administrative Assistant
Additional Requestor:
(Name, Title/Entity)
Additional Requestor:
(Name, Title/Entity)
Submitted By:
AVANKIRK
Public Packet
12 of 488
Oneida Nation
Government Administrative Office
PO Box 365 Oneida, WI 54155-0365
oneida-nsn.gov
Memorandum
TO:
Oneida Business Committee
FROM:
Brooke Doxtator, BCC Supervisor
DATE:
August 4, 2026
RE:
Oath of Office – Oneida Youth Leadership Institute Board
Background
On June 22, 2026, the Oneida Business Committee appointed Brian Denny Jr. to the
Oneida Youth Leadership Institute Board.
A good mind. A good heart. A strong fire.
Public Packet
13 of 488
Pardon and Forgiveness Screening Committee - Brandon Vande Hei and Alexis Woelfel
Business Committee Agenda Request
1. Meeting Date Requested:
8/12/26
2. Session:
■ Open
܆
܆Executive – must qualify under §107.4-1.
Justification: Choose or type justification
Requested Motion:
܆Accept as information; OR
Enter the requested motion related to this item.
$UHDVSRWHQWLDOO\LPSDFWHGRUDIIHFWHGE\WKLVUHTXHVW
܆Finance
܆Law Office
܆Gaming/Retail
܆Other:
܆Programs/Services
܆DTS
܆Boards, Committees, or Commissions
5. Additional attendees needed for this request:
Enter (Name, Title/Entity) OR Choose from List
Enter (Name, Title/Entity) OR Choose from List
Enter (Name, Title/Entity) OR Choose from List
Enter (Name, Title/Entity) OR Choose from List
Revised: 0/0/202
Page 1 of 2
Public Packet
14 of 488
Supporting Documents:
܆Bylaws
܆Contract Document(s)
܆Correspondence
܆Draft GTC Notice
܆Draft GTC Packet
܆E-poll results/back-up
܆Other: Describe
܆Fiscal Impact Statement
܆Law
܆Legal Review
܆Minutes
܆MOU/MOA
܆Petition
܆Presentation
܆Report
܆Resolution
܆Rule (adoption packet)
܆Statement of Effect
܆Travel Documents
Budget Information:
܆Budgeted – Tribal Contribution
܆Unbudgeted
܆Other: Describe
܆Budgeted – Grant Funded
܆Not Applicable
Submission:
Authorized Sponsor:
Lisa Liggins, Secretary
Primary Requestor:
Amber Van Kirk, Administrative Assistant
,QVWUXFWLRQV
1) Save a copy of this form for your records.
2) Print this form as a *.pdf OR print and scan this form in as *.pdf.
3) Attach a memoDGGUHVVHGWRWKH%XVLQHVV&RPPLWWHH describing your request
4) E-mail this form and all supporting materials in a *.pdf file(s) to:
BC_Agenda_Requests@oneidanation.org
5) If you are submitting a resolution for adoption, please send the :RUG version of
the resolution along with the Agenda Request file.
6) PleaseHPDLO%&B$JHQGDB5HTXHVWV#RQHLGDQDWLRQRUJwith any questions
regarding this form.
Revised: 0/0/202
Page 2 of 2
Public Packet
15 of 488
Oneida Nation
Government Administrative Office
PO Box 365 Oneida, WI 54155-0365
oneida-nsn.gov
Memorandum
TO:
Oneida Business Committee
FROM:
Brooke Doxtator, BCC Supervisor
DATE:
August 6, 2026
RE:
Oath of Office – Pardon and Forgiveness Screening Committee
Background
On August 4, 2026, the Oneida Business Committee appointed Brandon Vande Hei and
Alexis Woelfel to the Pardon and Forgiveness Screening Committee.
A good mind. A good heart. A strong fire.
Public Packet
16 of 488
Approve the July 22, 2026, regular Business Committee meeting minutes
Business Committee Agenda Request
1. Meeting Date Requested:
08/12/26
2. General Information:
Session:
☒ Open
☐ Executive – must qualify under §107.4-1.
Justification: DRAFT materials/discussion
3. Supporting Documents:
☐ Bylaws
☐ Contract Document(s)
☐ Correspondence
☐ Draft GTC Notice
☐ Draft GTC Packet
☐ E-poll results/back-up
☐ Other: Describe
☐ Fiscal Impact Statement
☐ Law
☐ Legal Review
☒ Minutes
☐ MOU/MOA
☐ Petition
☐ Presentation
☐ Report
☐ Resolution
☐ Rule (adoption packet)
☐ Statement of Effect
☐ Travel Documents
4. Budget Information:
☐ Budgeted
☒ Not Applicable
☐ Budgeted – Grant Funded ☐ Unbudgeted
☐ Other: Describe
5. Submission:
Authorized Sponsor:
Lisa Liggins, Secretary
Primary Requestor:
Additional Requestor:
(Name, Title/Entity)
Additional Requestor:
(Name, Title/Entity)
Submitted By:
BPIGMAN
Public Packet
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DRAFT
Oneida Business Committee
Regular Meeting
8:30 AM Wednesday, July 22, 2026
BC Conference Room, 2nd Floor, Norbert Hill Center
Minutes
REGULAR MEETING
Present: Chairman Tehassi Hill, Treasurer Lawrence Barton, Secretary Lisa Liggins, Council members:
Jonas Hill, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster;
Not Present: Councilmen Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson;
Arrived at: ;
Others present: Jo A. House, RaLinda Ninham-Lamberies, Mark W. Powless, Justin Nishimoto (via
Microsoft Teams1), Melinda J. Danforth (via Microsoft Teams), Kaylynn Biely (via Microsoft Teams),
Danelle Wilson (via Microsoft Teams), Sidney White (via Microsoft Teams), Kristine Hill (via Microsoft
Teams), Janice Decorah (via Microsoft Teams), Fawn Cottrell (via Microsoft Teams), Fawn Billie (via
Microsoft Teams), Kristal Hill (via Microsoft Teams), Ashley Blaker (via Microsoft Teams), Melissa
Alvarado (via Microsoft Teams), David P. Jordan (via Microsoft Teams), Rhiannon Metoxen (via Microsoft
Teams), Rae Skenandore (via Microsoft Teams), Mary Graves (via Microsoft Teams), Grace Elliott (via
Microsoft Teams), Clorissa Leeman (via Microsoft Teams), Loucinda Conway (via Microsoft Teams),
Carolyn Salutz (via Microsoft Teams), Crystal Holtz (via Microsoft Teams), Sarah Capelle (via Microsoft
Teams), Jason Doxtator (via Microsoft Teams), Patricia King (via Microsoft Teams), Brooke Doxtator (via
Microsoft Teams), Martin Prevost (via Microsoft Teams), Amber Vankirk (via Microsoft Teams), Crystal
Danforth (via Microsoft Teams), Valerie Webster (via Microsoft Teams), Debbie Melchert (via Microsoft
Teams), Michelle Danforth-Anderson (via Microsoft Teams), Katsitsiyo Danforth (via Microsoft Teams),
Tina Jorgenson (via Microsoft Teams), Eric Krawczyk (via Microsoft Teams), Eric McLester (via Microsoft
Teams), Dana McLester (via Microsoft Teams), Matthew Kuntsman (via Microsoft Teams), Brandon
Yellowbird-Stevens (via Microsoft Teams), Lori Hill (via Microsoft Teams), Mae Cornelius (via Microsoft
Teams), Michael Troge (via Microsoft Teams), Cheryl-Aliskwet J. Ellis (via Microsoft Teams), Cathy L.
Metoxen, Nancy Barton, Mark Powless, Nate Wisneski, Kyah Suttmen, Jamison Quin, Katsi Danforth,
Yvonne White, Eric Boulanger, Kelly Skenandore-Holtz, Kimberly Gould, Becky Skenandore, Shawn
Skenandore, Amy Hacker, Breanna Phillips, Cletus Ninham, Patty Harms, Rochel Smith, Nate Ness, Bob
Brown, Barb Truttmann, Kathy Danforth, Ann Marri john, Cynthia Soto, Stephanie Metoxen, Kathleen
Brunette, Eddy Horkman, Reece Cornelius, Cadence Melchert, Riley Aguirre Dennis Johnson, Al
Summers, Robert Ninham, Greg Matson, Tawny Danforth, Bridget John, Geraldine Danforth, Clyde
Skenandore Jr., Sherry Skenandore, Michelle Tippi, Clyde Skenandore, Debbie Danforth, Ashley Wright,
Dakota House, Paul Truttmann, Jamie Willis, Wenona Wolter, Joel Maxim, Brandon Vandehei, David
Danforth, Dennis Danforth, Janet Danforth, Jeanette Ninham, Helen Doxtator, Garth Webster, CJ
Danforth, Sofia Danforth, Angela Danforth, Mary Cornelissen, Curtis Danforth, Rodney Ehrhardt, Michael
Otradovec, Warren Stevens, Robert Smith, Mike Sampo, Nona Danforth, Renee Smith, Laura LaitinenWarren, Ralinda Ninham-Lamberies, Bonnie Pigman (via Microsoft Teams);
1 Microsoft Teams is software which provides a communication and collaboration platform for workplace chat, file
sharing, and video meetings.
Oneida Business Committee
Regular Meeting Minutes
Page 1 of 10
July 22, 2026
Public Packet
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DRAFT
I.
CALL TO ORDER
Meeting called to order by Chairman Tehassi Hill at 8:30 a.m.
For the record: Councilman Jonas Hill is on approved travel attending the Great Lakes Intertribal Food
Coalition in Bad River, WI. Councilman Jameson Wilson is on approved travel attending the Capitol
Hill Visits Prediction Markets in Washington, D.C.
II.
OPENING (00:00:06)
Opening provided by Councilman Kirby Metoxen.
Councilman Kirby Metoxen left at 8:53 a.m.
Councilman Kirby Metoxen returned at 8:58 a.m.
A.
Special recognition for years of service (00:00:41)
Sponsor: Laura Laitinen-Warren, CEO-Human Resources
Special recognition by CEO-Human Resource Director, Laura Laitinen-Warren of the following
individuals: (45) years of service - Kathleen V. Danforth; (40) years of service - Albert R King; (35)
years of service - Timothy A Huff, David W. Danforth Sr.; (30) years of service - Barbara J. Truttman,
Michael L. Otradovec, Jill E. Friberg, Jeanette Archiquette-Ninham, Allen S. Lucas, Paul T. Peltier,
Christian D. Jordan, Todd J. Mendolla; (25) years of service - Xai Yand, Michael J. Sampo, Robert J.
Brien, Magie D. Reed, Curtis E. Nell, Jill A. Vandermuse, Kimberly R. Gould, Joel J. Maxam, Kristen A.
John, Bruce W. Schmidt, Anthony P Kuchma, Patricia A. Harms, Richard N. Denn, Kathleen K.
Brunette.
III.
ADOPT THE AGENDA (00:28:48)
Motion by Lisa Liggins to adopt the agenda with one (1) addition, [undern the Executive Session, New
Business section, add item entitled Approve addendum # 1 - Common Interest and Joint Confidentiality
Agreement - file # 2026-0615], seconded by Lawrence Barton. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Marlon Skenandore, Jameson Wilson
IV.
OATH OF OFFICE
A.
Oneida Community Library Board-Bridget John (00:29:30)
Sponsor: Lisa Liggins, Secretary
Oath of office was administered by Secretary Lisa Liggins. Bridget John was present.
Oneida Business Committee
Regular Meeting Minutes
Page 2 of 10
July 22, 2026
Public Packet
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DRAFT
V.
MINUTES
A.
Approve the July 8, 2026, regular Business Committee meeting minutes (00:31:20)
Sponsor: Lisa Liggins, Secretary
Motion by Kirby Metoxen to approve the July 8, 2026, regular Business Committee meeting minutes,
seconded by Lisa Liggins. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
VI.
RESOLUTIONS
A.
Adopt resolution entitled Alliance for Tribal Clean Energy (ATCE) Indigenous
Power & Light Fund Grant Application (00:31:37)
Sponsor: Mark W. Powless, CEO-Nation Services
Motion by Jennifer Webster to adopt resolution # 07-22-26-A Alliance for Tribal Clean Energy (ATCE)
Indigenous Power & Light Fund Grant Application, seconded by Lisa Liggins. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
Motion by Lawrence Barton to direct the CEO-Nation Services work with Finance to identify the
ancillary financial commitment; to include clear sources and uses which would be helpful to clearly
identify the funding needed; and that the CEO-Nation Services report back to a Business Committee
work session or Business Committee meeting aside and apart of the grant, seconded by Jennifer
Webster. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
B.
Adopt resolution entitled Temporary Moratorium on Development, Construction,
and Operation of Data Centers (00:50:34)
Sponsor: Jonas Hill, Councilman
Motion by Jennifer Webster to adopt resolution # 07-22-26-B Temporary Moratorium on Development,
Construction, and Operation of Data Centers, seconded by Lisa Liggins. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
Motion by Lisa Liggins to direct the OBC Liaisons to forward resolution # 7-22-26-B to the Tribally
Chartered Entities, seconded by Jennifer Webster. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
Item VIII.A.1. was addressed next.
Oneida Business Committee
Regular Meeting Minutes
Page 3 of 10
July 22, 2026
Public Packet
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DRAFT
VII.
APPOINTMENTS
A.
Determine next steps regarding two (2) vacancies-Anna John Resident Centered
Care Community Board (02:31:37)
Sponsor: Lisa Liggins, Secretary
Motion by Lisa Liggins to accept the selected applicant; to appoint Patricia Moore to the Anna John
Resident Centered Care Community Board, with a term ending July 31, 2030; and to direct the
Secretary to repost the remaining vacancy, seconded by Jennifer Webster. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
B.
Determine next steps regarding one (1) vacancy-Oneida Public Safety and Security
Commission (02:32:41)
Sponsor: Lisa Liggins, Secretary
Motion by Lisa Liggins to accept the selected applicant; to appoint Beverly Anderson to the Oneida
Public Safety and Security Commission, with a term ending July 31, 2029, seconded by Lawrence
Barton. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
C.
Determine next steps regarding three (3) vacancies-Oneida Youth Leadership
Institute Board (02:33:14)
Sponsor: Lisa Liggins, Secretary
Motion by Lisa Liggins to accept to selected applicant; to appoint Brian Denny Jr. to the Oneida Youth
Leadership Institute Board, with a term ending June 30, 2026; and to request the Secretary to repost
the remaining vacancies in accordance with the charter, seconded by Jennifer Webster. Motion
carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
Item XIII.A.1. was addressed next.
VIII.
STANDING COMMITTEES
A.
LEGISLATIVE OPERATING COMMITTEE
1.
Accept the July 1, 2026, regular Legislative Operating Committee meeting
minutes (00:58:59)
Sponsor: Jameson Wilson, Councilman
Motion by Jennifer Webster to accept the July 1, 2026, regular Legislative Operating Committee
meeting minutes, seconded by Kirby Metoxen. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
Oneida Business Committee
Regular Meeting Minutes
Page 4 of 10
July 22, 2026
Public Packet
21 of 488
DRAFT
IX.
TRAVEL REPORTS
A.
Approve the travel report - Councilman Jameson Wilson - 2026 NCAI Mid-Year
Convention & Marketplace - Memphis, TN - June 13-18, 2026 (00:59:18)
Sponsor: Jameson Wilson, Councilman
Motion by Lawrence Barton to approve the travel report from Councilman Jameson Wilson for the 2026
NCAI Mid-Year Convention & Marketplace in Memphis, TN on June 13-18, 2026, seconded by Jennifer
Webster. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
Item XII.A.1. was addressed next.
X.
TRAVEL REQUESTS
A.
Approve the travel request - Treasurer Lawrence Barton - Native American Finance
Officers Association Annual 2026 Fall Conference - Santa Fe, NM - September 2123, 2026 (01:48:37)
Sponsor: Lawrence Barton, Treasurer
Motion by Lisa Liggins to approve the travel request for Treasurer Lawrence Barton to attend the
Native American Finance Officers Association Annual 2026 Fall Conference in Santa Fe, NM on
September 21-23, 2026, seconded by Jennifer Webster. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
B.
Approve the travel request - Councilwoman Jennifer Webster - 21st Annual
Government to Government Violence Against Women Tribal Consultation - Tulalip,
WA - September 8-12, 2026 (01:49:07)
Sponsor: Jennifer Webster, Councilwoman
Motion by Kirby Metoxen to approve the travel request for Councilwoman Jennifer Webster to attend
the 21st Annual Government to Government Violence Against Women Tribal Consultation in Tulalip,
WA on September 8-12, 2026, seconded by Lisa Liggins. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
C.
Enter the e-poll results into the record regarding the approved travel request Councilman Jonas Hill - Great Lakes Intertribal Food Coalition - Bad River, WI July 20-22, 2026 (01:51:08)
Sponsor: Lisa Liggins, Secretary
Motion by Jennifer Webster to enter the e-poll results into the record regarding the approved travel
request for Councilman Jonas Hill to attend the Great Lakes Intertribal Food Coalition in Bad River, WI
on July 20-22, 2026, seconded by Lisa Liggins. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
Oneida Business Committee
Regular Meeting Minutes
Page 5 of 10
July 22, 2026
Public Packet
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DRAFT
XI.
NEW BUSINESS
A.
Accept as information Councilman Jonas Hill's appointment as Tribal
Representative of the Council on Offender Re-entry (01:51:34)
Sponsor: Jonas Hill, Councilman
Motion by Jennifer Webster to accept as information Councilman Jonas Hill's appointment as Tribal
Representative of the Council on Offender Re-entry, seconded by Lisa Liggins. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
B.
Approve the Oneida Business Committee Special Projects Budget Expenditure of
Funds Standard Operating Procedure (01:51:54)
Sponsor: Jameson Wilson, Councilman
Motion by Lisa Liggins to approve the Oneida Business Committee Special Projects Budget
Expenditure of Funds Standard Operating Procedure, seconded by Jennifer Webster. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
C.
Approve the extension of the After Action Report Deadline per Chapter 302:
Emergency Management Law (01:56:38)
Sponsor: Kaylynn Biely, Emergency Management Director
Motion by Lisa Liggins to approve the extension of the After Action Report Deadline per Chapter 302:
Emergency Management Law, seconded by Jennifer Webster. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
D.
Approve three (3) actions regarding the Oneida Business Committee Political
Appointment Staff (01:57:00)
Sponsor: Tehassi Hill, Chairman
Motion by Lisa Liggins to approve the Oneida Business Committee Hiring, Negotiation and Termination
Standard Operating Procedure of Political Appointment Staff, to approve the Executive Support
Specialist Job description, and to approve the Legislative Support Specialist Job description, seconded
by Jennifer Webster. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Marlon Skenandore, Jameson Wilson
Oneida Business Committee
Regular Meeting Minutes
Page 6 of 10
July 22, 2026
Public Packet
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DRAFT
E.
Accept the Food Security Assessment report (02:01:48)
Sponsor: Mark W. Powless, CEO-Nation Services
Councilman Kirby Metoxen left at 10:51 a.m.
Councilman Kirby Metoxen returned at 10:52 a.m.
Motion by Lisa Liggins to accept the Food Security Assessment report, seconded by Kirby Metoxen.
Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
Item XIII. was addressed next.
XII.
REPORTS
A.
OPERATIONAL
1.
Accept the Big Bear Media FY-2026 3rd quarter report (00:59:54)
Sponsor: Mark W. Powless, CEO-Nation Services
Motion by Jennifer Webster to accept the Big Bear Media FY-2026 3rd quarter report, seconded by
Lisa Liggins. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
2.
Accept the Comprehensive Health Division FY-2026 3rd quarter report
(01:00:19)
Sponsor: Mark W. Powless, CEO-Nation Services
Motion by Jennifer Webster to accept the Comprehensive Health Division FY-2026 3rd quarter report,
seconded by Kirby Metoxen. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
3.
Accept the Comprehensive Housing Division FY-2026 3rd quarter report
(01:13:33)
Sponsor: Mark W. Powless, CEO-Nation Services
Motion by Jennifer Webster to accept the Comprehensive Housing Division FY-2026 3rd quarter
report, seconded by Lisa Liggins. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
Motion by Jennifer Webster to extend the public comment period for Nancy Barton for an additional
two (2) minutes, seconded by Lisa Liggins. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
Oneida Business Committee
Regular Meeting Minutes
Page 7 of 10
July 22, 2026
Public Packet
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DRAFT
4.
Accept the Digital Technology Services FY-2026 3rd quarter report (01:34:24)
Sponsor: Mark W. Powless, CEO-Nation Services
Motion by Lisa Liggins to accept the Digital Technology Services FY-2026 3rd quarter report,
seconded by Jennifer Webster. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
5.
Accept the Division of Public Works FY-2026 3rd quarter report (01:37:27)
Sponsor: Mark W. Powless, CEO-Nation Services
Motion by Kirby Metoxen to accept the Division of Public Works FY-2026 3rd quarter report, seconded
by Lisa Liggins. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
6.
Accept the Education and Training FY-2026 3rd quarter report (01:38:01)
Sponsor: Mark W. Powless, CEO-Nation Services
Motion by Lisa Liggins to accept the Education and Training FY-2026 3rd quarter report, seconded by
Jennifer Webster. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
7.
Accept the Grants FY-2026 3rd quarter memorandum (01:38:20)
Sponsor: Mark W. Powless, CEO-Nation Services
Motion by Lisa Liggins to accept the Grants FY-2026 3rd quarter memorandum, seconded by Jennifer
Webster. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
8.
Accept the Human Services Division FY-2026 3rd quarter report (01:38:38)
Sponsor: Mark W. Powless, CEO-Nation Services
Motion by Jennifer Webster to accept the Human Services Division FY-2026 3rd quarter report,
seconded by Kirby Metoxen. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
9.
Accept the Land, Environmental, Agriculture and Food as Medicine Division FY2026 3rd quarter report (01:39:02)
Sponsor: Mark W. Powless, CEO-Nation Services
Motion by Lisa Liggins to accept the Land, Environmental, Agriculture and Food as Medicine Division
FY-2026 3rd quarter report, seconded by Jennifer Webster. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
Item X.A. was addressed next.
Oneida Business Committee
Regular Meeting Minutes
Page 8 of 10
July 22, 2026
Public Packet
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DRAFT
XIII.
EXECUTIVE SESSION (02:30:57)
Motion by Kirby Metoxen to go into executive session at 11:01 a.m., seconded by Lisa Liggins. Motion
carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
Motion by Lawrence Barton to come out of executive session at 12:23 p.m., seconded by Jennifer
Webster. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
Item VII.A. was addressed next.
A.
REPORTS
1.
Accept the Intergovernmental Affairs and Self-Governance July 2026 report
(02:34:03)
Sponsor: Melinda J. Danforth, Intergovernmental Affairs Director
Motion by Lisa Liggins to accept the Intergovernmental Affairs and Self-Governance July 2026 report
and to approve the Memorandum of Agreement with the City of Green Bay - JBS Redevelopment
Project – file # 2026-0655, seconded by Jennifer Webster. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
B.
NEW BUSINESS
1.
Review and determine next steps regarding the Oneida Tribal Law Consulting
proposal (02:34:50)
Sponsor: John Orie, Tribal Member
Motion by Lisa Liggins to accept the proposal as information only, seconded by Jennifer Webster.
Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
2.
Accept the July 1, 2026, BC Officer Session notes (02:35:08)
Sponsor: Lisa Summers, Government Administration Director
Motion by Jennifer Webster to accept the July 1, 2026, BC Officer Session notes, seconded by Kirby
Metoxen. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
Oneida Business Committee
Regular Meeting Minutes
Page 9 of 10
July 22, 2026
Public Packet
26 of 488
DRAFT
3.
Review application(s) for two (2) vacancies-Anna John Resident Centered Care
Community Board (02:35:23)
Sponsor: Lisa Liggins, Secretary
Motion by Jennifer Webster to accept the discussion regarding the application for Anna John Resident
Centered Care Community Board vacancies as information, seconded by Lisa Liggins. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, , Jameson Wilson
4.
Review application(s) for one (1) vacancy-Oneida Public Safety and Security
Commission (02:35:41)
Sponsor: Lisa Liggins, Secretary
Motion by Jennifer Webster to accept the discussion regarding the application for the Oneida Public
Safety and Security Commission vacancy as information, seconded by Lisa Liggins. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
5.
Review application(s) for three (3) vacancies-Oneida Youth Leadership Institute
Board (02:35:56)
Sponsor: Lisa Liggins, Secretary
Motion by Jennifer Webster to accept the discussion regarding the applications for the Oneida Youth
Leadership Institute Board vacancies as information, seconded by Lisa Liggins. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
6.
Approve addendum #1 - Common Interest and Joint Confidentiality Agreement
- file # 2026-0615 (02:36:12)
Sponsor:
Motion by Lisa Liggins to approve addendum #1 - Common Interest and Joint Confidentiality
Agreement - file # 2026-0615, seconded by Jennifer Webster. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
XIV.
ADJOURN (02:36:44)
Motion by Kirby Metoxen to adjourn at 12:29 p.m., seconded by Jennifer Webster. Motion carried:
Ayes:
Lawrence Barton, Lisa Liggins, Kirby Metoxen, Jennifer Webster
Not Present:
Jonas Hill, Jameson Wilson
Minutes prepared by Bonnie Pigman, Information Management Specialist.
Minutes approved as presented on
.
Lisa Liggins, Secretary
ONEIDA BUSINESS COMMITTEE
Oneida Business Committee
Regular Meeting Minutes
Page 10 of 10
July 22, 2026
Public Packet
27 of 488
Adopt resolution entitled Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
Business Committee Agenda Request
1. Meeting Date Requested:
8/12/26
2. Session:
■ Open
܆
܆Executive – must qualify under §107.4-1.
Justification: Choose or type justification
Requested Motion:
܆Accept as information; OR
Adopt the Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
$UHDVSRWHQWLDOO\LPSDFWHGRUDIIHFWHGE\WKLVUHTXHVW
܆Finance
܆Law Office
܆Gaming/Retail
܆Other: This plan pertains to the Nat
܆Programs/Services
܆DTS
܆Boards, Committees, or Commissions
5. Additional attendees needed for this request:
Enter (Name, Title/Entity) OR Choose from List
Enter (Name, Title/Entity) OR Choose from List
Enter (Name, Title/Entity) OR Choose from List
Enter (Name, Title/Entity) OR Choose from List
Revised: 01/07/2025
Page 1 of 2
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Supporting Documents:
܆Bylaws
܆Contract Document(s)
܆Correspondence
܆Draft GTC Notice
܆Draft GTC Packet
܆E-poll results/back-up
܆Other:
܆Fiscal Impact Statement
܆Law
܆Legal Review
܆Minutes
܆MOU/MOA
܆Petition
܆Presentation
܆Report
܆Resolution
܆Rule (adoption packet)
܆Statement of Effect
܆Travel Documents
Budget Information:
܆Budgeted – Tribal Contribution
܆Unbudgeted
܆Other: Describe
܆Budgeted – Grant Funded
܆Not Applicable
Submission:
Authorized Sponsor:
Kaylynn Biely, Emergency Management Director
Primary Requestor:
(Name, Title/Entity)
Revised: 01/07/2025
Page 2 of 2
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Oneida Nation
Office of Emergency Management
2783 Freedom Road, Oneida WI 54155
o-920-869-6650, c-920-366-0411
kbiely@oneindanation.org
TO:
Oneida Business Committee Officers
FM:
Emergency Management
REF:
Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan
Date:
August 4, 2026
The Steering Committee assembled for the update of the Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation
Plan (“Plan”) has completed their revisions and review of the Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster
Mitigation Plan for the 2026-2031 Plan. The Plan was sent to FEMA Region 5 for review and
has been approved pending formal adoption from the Oneida Business Committee.
FEMA Region 5 Mitigation found the update of the Plan meets all the requirements listed in 44
CFR 201.7, in reference to Tribal Mitigation Plans. Therefore, I am requesting that the Oneida
Business Committee approve the submitted plan and adopt the plan via Resolution as required
for the plan to become effective for the Oneida Nation.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Kaylynn Biely
Director Emergency Management Oneida Nation
Public Packet
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Oneida Nation
Post Office Box 365
Phone: (920)869-2214
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Oneida, WI 54155
BC Resolution # Leave this line blank
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
WHEREAS,
the Oneida Nation is a federally recognized Indian government and a treaty tribe
recognized by the laws of the United States of America; and
WHEREAS,
the Oneida General Tribal Council is the governing body of the Oneida Nation; and
WHEREAS,
the Oneida Business Committee has been delegated the authority of Article IV, Section 1,
of the Oneida Tribal Constitution by the Oneida General Tribal Council; and
WHEREAS,
the Oneida Nation strives to be a disaster resilient community by undertaking hazard
mitigation planning and activities in an effort to reduce the cost and minimize the impact
of disasters on its members and community; and
WHEREAS,
the Nation’s Emergency Management Department (“Department”) is the lead department
focusing on the needs of the Nation and the community in preparation for, mitigation
from, response to and recovery from emergencies or disasters that can affect the
Reservation; and
WHEREAS,
the Department conducts hazard mitigation planning according to the Federal Disaster
Mitigation Act of 2000 (“Act”), which attempts to stem the losses from disasters, reduce
future public/private expenditures, and speed up disaster response, as well as recovery;
and
WHEREAS,
per section 322 of the Act, tribes are required to have an approved hazard mitigation plan
that meets the requirements set by the Federal Emergency Management Agency
(“FEMA”) under federal regulation, 44 CFR 201.7, entitled, Tribal Mitigation Plans, to be
eligible to receive federal disaster assistance; and
WHEREAS,
the tribal hazard mitigation plan must be updated and re-approved by FEMA every five
(5) years to maintain eligibility for the maximum federal disaster assistance available; and
WHEREAS,
the Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan (“Plan”), originally approved in 2009 and
updated in 2014, focused primarily on the mitigation of natural hazards the 2020-2025
Plan added human caused hazards; and
WHEREAS,
the 2026-2031 updates to the Plan further address the Nation’s potential for exposure to
natural and human caused hazards and identifies mitigation strategies for reducing their
impact by expanding on human caused hazards, such as pandemic, active threat,
civil/social unrest and terrorism, and airplane crash, to the risk assessment: building upon
the Plan’s risk assessment and mitigation strategy sections: and incorporates new
information about hazards that impact the Nation, such as internal changes to divisions
and department that respond thereto; and
Public Packet
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BC Resolution # _______
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
Page 2 of 2
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WHEREAS,
the Department submitted the 2026-2031 Plan to FEMA for review and, on August 3,
2026, FEMA Region % Mitigation Director sent a letter in response confirming the plan
met the criteria under 44CFR 201.7 and stating that formal approval was contingent upon
the Plan’s adoption by the Nation; and
WHEREAS,
the Oneida Business Committee now has to adopt the Plan to complete the approval
process and maintain the Nation’s eligibility to receive federal disaster assistance the if
and when necessary; and
NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED, the Oneida Business Committee hereby adopts the Oneida
Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031.
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Oneida Nation
Oneida Business Committee
Legislative Operating Committee
PO Box 365 • Oneida, WI 54155-0365
Oneida-nsn.gov
Statement of Effect
Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
Summary
This resolution identifies the Nation is required to have an approved hazard mitigation plan
(“Plan”) that meets the requirements established by federal law and reviewed and approved by the
Federal Emergency Management Agency (“FEMA”). The Nation submitted a Plan to FEMA on
August 3, 2026, and that Plan was conditionally approved; formal approval now depends on the
adoption of the Plan by the Nation. This resolution adopts that Plan.
Submitted by: Carolyn A. Salutz, Staff Attorney, Legislative Reference Office
Date: August 6, 2026
Analysis by the Legislative Reference Office
The Oneida Business Committee (“OBC”) adopted the Emergency Management law to provide
for the development and execution of plans for the protection of residents, property, and the
environment in an emergency or disaster; provide for the direction of emergency management,
response, and recovery on the Reservation, as well as coordination with other agencies, victims,
businesses, and organizations; establish the use of the National Incident Management System; and
designate authority and responsibilities for public health preparedness. [3 O.C. 302.1-1].
The Emergency Management law requires the Director of the Emergency Management
Department develop and maintain an Emergency Response Plan (“Plan”). [3 O.C. 302.4-2(f)(1)].
Additionally, the Director is responsible for implementing the Plan approved by the Oneida
Business Committee. [3 O.C. 302.4-2(b)].
This resolution identifies that federal law requires the Nation to have an approved Plan pursuant
to the requirements it has established. [44 CFR 201.7]. The Nation’s Plan met those requirements
and was conditionally approved by FEMA; and now requires formal adoption by the OBC.
Additionally, pursuant to the Nation’s Emergency Management law, the Emergency Management
Department developed a Plan and is submitting that Plan to the OBC for approval.
Conclusion
Adoption of this resolution would not conflict with any of the Nation’s laws.
Page 1 of 1
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U.S. Department of Homeland Security
FEMA Region 5
536 S. Clark St. 6th Floor
Chicago, IL 60605
August 3, 2026
Chairman Tehassi Hill
Oneida Nation Business Committee
Oneida Nation
Norbert Hill Center
N7210 Seminary Road
Oneida, WI 54155
Dear Chairman Hill:
The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Region 5 office is pleased to inform you
that the 2026 Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan meets the Tribal Mitigation Plan
requirements under the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000.
To complete the approval process, your tribal council must formally adopt the plan. Please send
the adoption documentation to FEMA. Once received, FEMA will issue a letter confirming the
plan’s approval.
If you have any questions, please contact Meg Burrows at 202-769-6711 or
meghan.burrows@fema.dhs.gov.
Sincerely,
Digitally signed by
JULIA G MCCARTHY
Date: 2026.08.03
10:13:03 -05'00'
Julia McCarthy
Mitigation Division Director
Attachment: Tribal Plan Review Tool
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Tribal Mitigation Plan Review Tool ൢൠൡ൧
Appendix A: Tribal Mitigation Plan Review Tool
The Tribal Mitigation Plan Review Tool records how the tribal mitigation plan meets the
regulations in 44 CFR §§ 201.7 and 201.5 (if applicable) and offers FEMA plan reviewers an
opportunity to provide feedback to the tribal government.
•
Section 1: The Regulation Checklist documents FEMA’s evaluation of whether the plan
has addressed all requirements. If plan requirements are not met, FEMA uses each
Required Revisions section to indicate necessary changes.
•
Section 2: The Strengths and Opportunities for Improvement summary identifies plan’s
strengths as well as areas for improvement as part of the next plan update.
The FEMA mitigation planner must reference the Tribal Mitigation Plan Review Guide when
completing the Tribal Mitigation Plan Review Tool.
Tribal Jurisdiction:
Oneida Nation
Tribal Point of Contact:
Kaylynn Biely
Title:
Director of Emergency Management
Agency:
Oneida Nation
Phone Number:
920-869-6650
Title of Plan:
Date of Plan:
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster
2026-2031
Mitigation Plan
Address:
PO Box 365
Oneida, WI 54155
Email:
kbiely@oneidanation.org
State Reviewer (if applicable):
NA
Title:
Date:
FEMA Reviewer:
Meg Burrows
Title:
Mitigation Community Planner
Date:
8/3/2026
Date Received in FEMA Region (insert #)
Plan Not Approved
Plan Approvable Pending Adoption
Plan Approved
8/3/2026
X
Page | 27
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Tribal Mitigation Plan Review Tool ൢൠൡ൧
Section 1: REGULATION CHECKLIST
1.
Standard Regulation Checklist
Location in Plan
(section and/or
page number)
Regulation (44 CFR § 201.7 Tribal Mitigation Plans)
Met
Not
Met
ELEMENT A. PLANNING PROCESS
A1. Does the plan document the planning process, including how it
was prepared and who was involved in the process? [44 CFR §
201.7(c)(1)]
A1.a- pg. 1-2, 1-4, 6
to 7,
A2. Does the plan document an opportunity for public comment
during the drafting stage and prior to plan approval, including a
description of how the tribal government defined “public”? [44 CFR §
201.7©(1)(i)]
A2.a, b, & c. – pg. 14, Appendix A
A3. Does the plan document, as appropriate, an opportunity for
neighboring communities, tribal and regional agencies involved in
hazard mitigation activities, agencies that have the authority to
regulate development as well as other interests to be involved in the
planning process? [44 CFR § 201.7©(1)(ii)]
A3.a- Steering
Committee
members
A3.b. pg. 1-4.
A4. Does the plan describe the review and incorporation of existing
plans, studies, and reports? [44 CFR § 201.7©(1)(iii)]
A4.a & b – pg. 5-2 to
5-3
A5. Does the plan include a discussion on how the planning process
was integrated to the extent possible with other ongoing tribal
planning efforts as well as other FEMA programs and initiatives? [44
CFR § 201.7©(1)(iv)]
A5.a, b- pg. 5-2
A6. Does the plan include a description of the method and schedule
for keeping the plan current (monitoring, evaluating and updating the
mitigation plan within the plan update cycle)? [44 CFR § 201.7©(4)(i)]
A6.a, b, c, & d- pg.
5-1
A7. Does the plan include a discussion of how the tribal government
will continue public participation in the plan maintenance process?
[44 CFR § 201.7©(4)(iv)]
A7.a – pg. 5-1
X
A1.b – pg. 1-2 to 1-4
X
X
X
X
X
X
ELEMENT A: REQUIRED REVISIONS
ELEMENT B. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ASSESSMENT
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1.
Standard Regulation Checklist
Regulation (44 CFR § 201.7 Tribal Mitigation Plans)
B1. Does the plan include a description of the type, location, and
extent of all natural hazards that can affect the tribal planning area?
[44 CFR § 201.7I(2)(i)]
Location in Plan
(section and/or
page number)
Met
Not
Met
B1.a- pg. 2-1,
Location Map,
B1.b- pg. 3-2, &
hazard profiles
X
B1.c- pg. 3-2
B1.d- Hazard
profiles
B2. Does the plan include information on previous occurrences of
hazard events and on the probability of future hazard events for the
tribal planning area? [44 CFR § 201.7I(2)(i)]
B2.a- pg. 3-4, hazard
profiles
B2.b- hazard profiles
X
B3. Does the plan include a description of each identified hazard’s
impact as well as an overall summary of the vulnerability of the tribal
planning area? [44 CFR § 201.7(c)(2)(ii)]
B3.a &b- pg. and
vulnerability/
impacts in each
hazard profile
X
ELEMENT B: REQUIRED REVISIONS
ELEMENT C. MITIGATION STRATEGY
C1. Does the plan include a discussion of the tribal government’s preand post-disaster hazard management policies, programs, and
capabilities to mitigate the hazards in the area, including an
evaluation of tribal laws and regulations related to hazard mitigation
as well as to development in hazard-prone areas? [44 CFR §§
201.7©(3) and 201.7©(3)(iv)]
C1.a- pg. 4-3 to 4-11
(Mitigation Strategy
Tables)
C2. Does the plan include a discussion of tribal funding sources for
hazard mitigation projects and identify current and potential sources
of Federal, tribal, or private funding to implement mitigation
activities? [44 CFR §§ 201.7(c)(3)(iv) and 201.7(c)(3)(v)]
C2.a. pg. 4-4 to 4-6
C3. Does the Mitigation Strategy include goals to reduce or avoid
long-term vulnerabilities to the identified hazards? [44 CFR §
201.7©(3)(i)]
C3.a & b- pg. 4-1
C4. Does the plan identify and analyze a comprehensive range of
specific mitigation actions and projects being considered to reduce
the effects of each hazard, with emphasis on new and existing
buildings and infrastructure? [44 CFR § 201.7©(3)(ii)]
C4.a & b- pg. 4-3 to
4-16 (Mitigation
action tables)
C5. Does the plan contain an action plan that describes how the
actions identified will be prioritized, implemented, and administered
by the tribal government? [44 CFR § 201.7©(3)(iii)]
C5.a- pg. 4-3
C5.b- pg. 4-3 to 4-16
(Mitigation action
tables)
C1.b. 4-2 to 4-3
C2.b- pg. 4-2
X
X
X
X
X
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1.
Standard Regulation Checklist
Regulation (44 CFR § 201.7 Tribal Mitigation Plans)
C6. Does the plan describe a process by which the tribal government
will incorporate the requirements of the mitigation plan into other
planning mechanisms, when appropriate? [44 CFR § 201.7(c)(4)(iii)]
C7. Does the plan describe a system for reviewing progress on
achieving goals as well as activities and projects identified in the
mitigation strategy, including monitoring implementation of
mitigation measures and project closeouts? [44 CFR §§ 201.7(c)(4)(ii)
and 201.7(c)(4)(v)]
Location in Plan
(section and/or
page number)
Met
Not
Met
C6.a- pg. 5-2
X
C7.a & b- p. 5-1
X
ELEMENT C: REQUIRED REVISIONS
ELEMENT D. PLAN UPDATES
D1. Was the plan revised to reflect changes in development? [44 CFR
§ 201.7(d)(3)]
D1.- pg. 7, 3-4
D2. Was the plan revised to reflect progress in tribal mitigation
efforts? [44 CFR §§ 201.7(d)(3) and 201.7©(4)(iii)]
D2.a- Table A, p. 7
to 10, 4-1
X
X
D2.b- pg. 5-2
D3. Was the plan revised to reflect changes in priorities? [44 CFR §
201.7(d)(3)]
D3.- pg. 6 to 7
X
ELEMENT D: REQUIRED REVISIONS
ELEMENT E. ASSURANCES AND PLAN ADOPTION
E1. Does the plan include assurances that the tribal government will
comply with all applicable Federal statutes and regulations in effect
with respect to the periods for which it receives grant funding,
including 2 CFR Parts 200 and 3002, and will amend its plan whenever
necessary to reflect changes in tribal or Federal laws and statutes?
[44 CFR § 201.7©(6)]
E1.- pg. 1-1 to 1-2
E2. Does the plan include documentation that it has been formally
adopted by the governing body of the tribal government requesting
approval? [44 CFR § 201.7(c)(5)]
Forthcoming
X
X
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1.
Standard Regulation Checklist
Regulation (44 CFR § 201.7 Tribal Mitigation Plans)
ELEMENT E: REQUIRED REVISIONS
Location in Plan
(section and/or
page number)
Met
Not
Met
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Section 2: STRENGTHS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPROVEMENT
INSTRUCTIONS: The purpose of the Strengths and Opportunities for Improvement section is
for FEMA to provide more comprehensive feedback on the tribal mitigation plan to help the
tribal government advance mitigation planning. The intended audience is the tribal staff
responsible for the mitigation plan update. FEMA will address the following topics:
1. Plan strengths, including specific sections in the plan that are above and beyond the
minimum requirements; and
2. Suggestions for future improvements.
FEMA will provide feedback and include examples of best practices, when possible, as part of
the Tribal Mitigation Plan Review Tool, or, if necessary, as a separate document. The tribal
mitigation plan elements are included below in italics for reference. FEMA is not required to
provide feedback for each element.
Required revisions from the Regulation Checklist are not documented in the Strengths and
Opportunities for Improvement section. Results from the Strengths and Opportunities for
Improvement section are not required for Plan Approval.
Describe the mitigation plan strengths areas for future improvements, including areas that
may exceed minimum requirements.
•
•
•
•
•
Planning process
The plan provides detail of how the document was prepared, who was
included in the process and the timeline of planning process.
The plan document outlines how the tribe defines public and provides
details on stakeholder coordination and community participation in the
plan development.
Hazard identification and risk assessment
o The plan provides thorough detail on the hazards that can impact the
reservation, how those hazards were prioritized, and applicable detail on how
those hazards pose risk to the tribal community
Mitigation strategy (including Mitigation Capabilities)
Plan updates
Adoption and assurances
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ONEIDA NATION
PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN
2026-2031
ADOPTED
[INSERT DATE]
EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT CONTACT
Kaylynn Biely
Emergency Management Director
2783 Freedom Road, Oneida, WI 54155
(920) 869-6650
kbiely@oneidanation.org
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STEERING COMMITTEE
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ONEIDA RESOLUTION
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
i
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FEMA APPROVAL LETTER
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
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PLAN CONTENTS
FOREWORD
VI
PLAN UPDATE SUMMARY
VI
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
1-1
PURPOSE OF THE PLAN UPDATE
REGULATIONS
ASSURANCES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
PLAN DEVELOPMENT TIMEFRAME
PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN STEERING COMMITTEE
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
PARTICIPATION BY OVERLAPPING JURISDICTIONS
1-1
1-1
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-4
1-4
CHAPTER 2 - ONEIDA NATION BACKGROUND INFORMATION
2-1
HISTORICAL SUMMARY
DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
ENROLLMENT
HOUSING
LAND AREA AND USE
CRITICAL FACILITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURE
ONEIDA NATION CRITICAL FACILITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURE
2-1
2-3
2-3
2-5
2-7
2-7
2-9
CHAPTER 3 - RISK ASSESSMENT
3-1
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
HAZARD PRIORITIZATON
HISTORY OF HAZARD OCCURRENCES
DISASTER DECLARATION HISTORY
VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
HEALTHCARE AND PUBLIC HEALTH VULNERABILITY
ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL LOSSES
NATURAL HAZARD PROFILES
WINTER STORM
TORNADO/STRONG WIND
EXTREME COLD
FLOOD
EXCESSIVE HEAT
DENSE FOG
HAIL
DROUGHT
WILDLAND FIRE
HUMAN-CAUSED HAZARD PROFILES
CYBERSECURITY THREATS
PANDEMIC
ACTIVE THREAT
3-1
3-1
3-2
3-4
3-4
3-5
3-5
3-6
3-6
3-9
3-13
3-14
3-17
3-19
3-20
3-21
3-23
3-25
3-25
3-26
3-28
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CIVIL/SOCIAL UNREST AND TERRORISM
HAZARDOUS SPILLS
MANURE SPILLS
AIRPLANE CRASH
3-29
3-30
3-31
3-32
CHAPTER 4 - MITIGATION STRATEGY
4-1
PLAN GOALS
COMPLETED MITIGATION STRATEGIES
TRIBAL CAPABILITIES ASSESSMENT
FUNDING SOURCES FOR HAZARD MITIGATION
EXISTING FUNDING SOURCES AND MITIGATION ACTIVITIES
POTENTIAL FUNDING SOURCES
HAZARD MITIGATION STRATEGIES
STRATEGY PRIORITIZATION
4-1
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-6
4-7
4-7
CHAPTER 5 - PLAN ADOPTION, MAINTENANCE, AND COORDINATION
5-1
PLAN ADOPTION
PLAN MAINTENANCE
PLAN COORDINATION
5-1
5-1
5-2
APPENDIX A- STEERING COMMITTEE MEETING NOTES
A-1
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TABLES, FIGURES, AND MAPS
Table A: Mitigation Strategy Updates from Previous Plan ------------------------------------------------------------ vii
Table 1.1: Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan Steering Committee --------------------------------------------------------------1-3
Table 2.1: Land Use, 2024 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2-7
Table 2.2: Oneida Nation Communication Facilities/Infrastructure ------------------------------------------------------2-9
Table 2.3: Oneida Nation Food, Hydration, and Shelter Facilities/Infrastructure -----------------------------------2-9
Table 2.4: Oneida Nation Hazardous Materials Facilities/Infrastructure -----------------------------------------------2-9
Table 2.5: Oneida Nation Health and Medical Facilities/Infrastructure -------------------------------------------------2-9
Table 2.6: Oneida Nation Safety and Security Facilities/Infrastructure ----------------------------------------------- 2-10
Table 2.7: Oneida Nation Transportation Facilities/Infrastructure ----------------------------------------------------- 2-11
Table 2.8: Oneida Nation Water Systems Facilities/Infrastructure ---------------------------------------------------- 2-12
Table 3.1: Hazard Risk Rankings ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3-1
Table 3.2: Natural Hazard Occurrences Data, Oneida Nation 2000-2025 --------------------------------------------3-2
Table 3.3: Human-caused Hazard Occurrences Data, Oneida Nation 2010-2025 --------------------------------3-4
Table 4.1: All Hazards Mitigation Strategies -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4-7
Table 4.2: Winter Storm Mitigation Strategies --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-10
Table 4.3: Tornado/Strong Wind Mitigation Strategies --------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-10
Table 4.4: Extreme Cold Mitigation Strategies -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-11
Table 4.5: Flood Mitigation Strategies -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-11
Table 4.6: Excessive Heat Mitigation Strategies------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4-13
Table 4.7: Dense Fog Mitigation Strategies ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4-13
Table 4.8: Hail Mitigation Strategies ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-13
Table 4.9: Drought Mitigation Strategies ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-14
Table 4.10: Wildland Fire Mitigation Strategies ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-14
Table 4.11: Cybersecurity Threat Mitigation Strategies -------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-15
Table 4.12: Pandemic Mitigation Strategies ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4-16
Table 4.13: Active Threat Mitigation Strategies ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-17
Table 4.14: Civil/Social Unrest and Terrorism Mitigation Strategies -------------------------------------------------- 4-18
Table 4.15: Hazardous Spill Mitigation Strategies -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-19
Table 4.16: Manure Spill Mitigation Strategies -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-20
Table 4.17: Airplane Crash Mitigation Strategies ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-20
Figure 2.1: Total Enrollment by Location, 2025.................................................................................................. 2-4
Figure 2.2: Total Enrollment by Year, 1999-2025 .............................................................................................. 2-5
Figure 2.3: Oneida Nation Demographic Infographic, 2025 ............................................................................. 2-6
Figure 3.1: Tornado Magnitude Measurement, EF Scale ............................................................................... 3-10
Figure 3.2: Wisconsin Tornado Events, 1844-2024......................................................................................... 3-12
Map 2.1: Oneida Nation, Wisconsin ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2-13
Map 2.2: Critical Facilities ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2-14
Map 2.3: Power Substations and Backup Power ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2-15
Map 2.4: FCC Commercial Towers ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2-10
Map 2.5: Broadband Coverage Connection (Wireline) --------------------------------------------------------------------- 2-10
Map 2.6: Broadband Coverage Connection (Wireless) -------------------------------------------------------------------- 2-11
Map 3.1: 100-Year and 500-Year Floodplains --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3-34
Map 3.2: Critical Facilities Potentially in the Floodplains ------------------------------------------------------------------ 3-35
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FOREWORD
The Oneida Nation strives to be a disaster resilient Tribal community by undertaking hazard
mitigation planning and activities to reduce the costs and minimize the impact of disasters on its
Tribal members and community.
Oneida Emergency Management is the lead department focusing on the needs of the Oneida Nation
and the Oneida community in preparation for, mitigation from, response to, and recovery from
emergencies or disaster that can affect the reservation. The Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation
Plan 2026-2031 is an important component in the preparation and mitigation of disaster impacts.
The original Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan was developed to identify Oneida’s major hazards, assess
the risk and vulnerability of the Oneida Nation to those hazards, and recommend actions to reduce
vulnerabilities. In this five-year plan update, all sections of the plan were reviewed and revised, as
needed, and where applicable include updated data and demographics, risk assessments, mitigation
goals, strategies, and action items.
The Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 is organized following the planning
requirements found in 44 CFR Part 201.7 (Tribal Mitigation Plans).
Chapter 1 serves as an introduction to the Plan. It includes the purpose of the plan and identifies the
regulations and assurances. It documents the planning process used to develop the plan, including
how it was prepared, who was involved in the process, and how the public was involved.
Chapter 2 describes and details background information on the Oneida Nation, including a historical
summary, demographic information, land area and use, and critical facilities and infrastructure.
Chapter 3, the Risk Assessment, provides an identification of the type, location, and extent of
hazards that can impact the Oneida Nation, and an assessment of the Oneida Nation’s vulnerability
to each hazard. The hazards were revised in this plan update to include some additional humancaused hazards.
Chapter 4, the Mitigation Strategy, identifies the Oneida Nation’s prioritized strategy for reducing the
losses identified in the risk assessment. The chapter identifies the Oneida Nation’s mitigation goals
to guide the selection of activities to mitigate and reduce losses. These goals were reviewed and
revised in this plan update to account for additional human-caused hazards in the risk assessment.
This chapter also describes the Oneida Nation’s capabilities, resources, and available funding to
implement the identified mitigation strategies.
Chapter 5 describes the process for plan adoption and maintenance, and includes the method and
schedule for monitoring, evaluating, and updating the plan. This chapter also describes the
coordination efforts of the plan.
PLAN UPDATE SUMMARY
The Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 addresses natural and human-caused
hazards. This current update added some additional human-caused hazards that were not
addressed in the previous update, including pandemic, active threat, civil/social unrest and terrorism,
and airplane crash. Other updates include new information about hazards that impact the Oneida
Nation as well as internal changes to Tribal divisions and departments that address hazards or
elements of hazards. This plan also integrated data from the Public Health Emergency Plan (PHEP)
(effective September 3, 2025). Throughout the process of updating this plan, the foundation was laid
to develop a Threat and Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (THIRA) for Oneida Nation.
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Additionally, efforts got underway with this plan to develop an Enhanced Pre-disaster Mitigation Plan
for Oneida Nation.
The following is a summary of the changes made to each chapter of the previous version of the
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan.
x
Chapter 1 - Introduction: Updated information on regulations, assurances, the plan development
timeframe, planning process participants, and public review information.
x
Chapter 2 - Oneida Nation Background Information: Updated demographic information regarding
enrollments and member households, land area and use data, and critical facilities and
infrastructure data.
x
Chapter 3 - Risk Assessment: Hazard occurrences were updated and hazard risk rankings were
reassessed by the Steering Committee based on previous hazard occurrences and consensus.
Disaster declaration information was updated. Critical facilities and infrastructure were
reevaluated and updated. All hazard profiles, occurrences, and probabilities were updated.
Hazard occurrences were updated to include all from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025.
Hazard probabilities were updated based on updated occurrences. Four human-caused hazards
– pandemic, active threat, civil/social unrest and terrorism, and airplane crash – were added to
the hazard profiles. The vulnerability assessment and calculations of potential losses were
updated. A section discussing vulnerabilities associated with health care and public health was
added, titled “Healthcare and Public Health Vulnerability.”
x
Chapter 4 - Mitigation Strategy: The plan goals were updated to reflect the addition of four new
human-caused hazards. The mitigation strategies were updated to account for completed
projects, updated timetables, new project additions, and some revisions. Table A (below) lists the
updates made to the identified mitigation strategies.
x
Chapter 5 - Plan Adoption, Maintenance, and Coordination: Updated the plan maintenance
process, the plan update schedule, and coordination information.
Table A: Mitigation Strategy Updates from Previous Plan
Hazard
Description of Update
All Hazards
Address stormwater management issues.
Addition.
Develop a standard for numbering building doors on occupied
Addition.
buildings.
Conduct risk assessment to complete a Continuity Plan.
Addition.
Community Communications Plan for information management. Addition.
Maintain a list of staging areas and dumpsters to address
waste after a disaster.
Addition.
Manage removal of ash trees that create hazardous situations. Addition.
Maintain a list of buildings to be used for reception centers.
Addition.
Acquire towers to improve range, add computer aided dispatch Changed from "Acquire stand-alone
-- potential for StarLink integration.
digital system for communications."
Moved from Tornado and Strong Wind.
Establish procedures for dealing with the collection and
disposal of large volumes of after-storm solid waste debris.
Made DPW primary Responsible Party.
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Table A (cont’d): Mitigation Strategy Updates from Previous Plan
Hazard
Description of Update
All Hazards (cont'd)
Develop a community lifeline chart and risk assessment
resource list.
Evaluate tools and methods to improve interoperability
efficiency and effectiveness.
Changed from: "Develop real-time
dashboard of employed resources,
response time, and emergency status."
Changed from "Evaluate communication
tools and methods to improve
interoperability efficiency and
effectiveness."
Winter Storm
Utilize snow fences or "living snow fences" (row of trees or
other vegetation) to limit blowing and drifing of snow on critical Removed, Oneida doesn't do this.
roadway segments.
Tornado and Strong Wind
Ensure that there are emergency/safety plans for each
occupied facility.
Maintain a process to check for downed trees and other
necessary clean-up after a storm.
Need additional funding to manage downed and hazardous
trees.
Made 'High' priority.
Made DPW primary Responsible Party.
Addition.
Flood
Develop a database of trained employees for Damage
Assessment.
Inventory floodfighting equipment and supplies (equipment,
sandbags, sandpits, pumps, etc.) and develop an inventory
database.
Addition.
Changed from "Inventory floodfighting
equipment and supplies (equipment,
sandbags, sandpits, pumps, etc.)"
Establish list of contractors for floodfighting supplies.
Changed from "Establish MOUs with list
of contractors for floodfighting supplies."
Provide community outreach about floodproofing techniques
for residents and businesses.
Changed from "Provide community
outreach about floodproofing techniques
such as elevation, relocation, barrier
construction, and wet floodproofing for
residents and businesses."
Changed from "Abide by proper land use
Ensure appropriate future land use decisions align with the
currently adopted version of the “Land Use Policy Framework” policy framework through the Oneida
- as guided by the Oneida Nation Comprehensive Plan.
Nation comprehensive plan."
Dense Fog
Inform the county highway departments and Wisconsin DOT of Change primary Responsible Party to
areas lacking signage, damaged signs, or fading paint on
Tribal Transportation Program.
roads.
Provide information to area news media in order to broadcast
emergency information that addresses safety precautions,
including the need to avoid certain corridors or to slow down
while traveling during a fog event.
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
Removed OPD, added RAVE.
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Table A (cont’d): Mitigation Strategy Updates from Previous Plan
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
Disasters are occurring more frequently over time, with the past decade witnessing the highest
number on record. These events have a considerable economic and operational impact on Tribal
governments, businesses, and individuals. In order to lessen vulnerabilities to hazards and reduce
the financial strain of recovery efforts, the Oneida Nation is focusing on minimizing disaster losses
through the implementation of mitigation projects and initiatives. Hazard mitigation involves proactive
measures aimed at eliminating or reducing long-term risks to human life and property from both
natural and human-made hazards.
PURPOSE OF THE PLAN UPDATE
The Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 was developed to update information on
the Oneida Nation’s potential for exposure to natural and human-caused hazards and to identify
mitigation strategies aimed at reducing the impact of hazards. The plan conforms to Federal
Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) requirements for hazards mitigation planning consistent
with the Code of Federal Regulations (44 CFR Part 201.7) and provides information on risk areas,
risk magnitude, and strategies to reduce hazard impacts. In this plan, the Oneida Nation addressed
issues related to the protection of lives and property from hazards, the protection of critical facilities,
and to reduce costs associated with disaster relief and rescue efforts. Completion and approval of
this plan maintains the Oneida Nation’s eligibility for certain FEMA assistance, such as Public
Assistance and Hazard Mitigation Assistance (HMA) grants. Tribal hazard mitigation plans are
approved for 5-year periods and must be updated to maintain grant eligibility. Furthermore, having a
hazard mitigation plan better prepares the Oneida Nation before a disaster, and positions them for a
quicker recovery after a disaster, because the hazards, capabilities, and mitigation actions are
documented and ready to be acted on.
REGULATIONS
Hazard mitigation planning is conducted in accordance with the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000
(DMA2K). DMA2K was signed into law in October 2000 to attempt to stem the losses from disasters,
reduce future public and private expenditures, and speed up response and recovery from disasters.
DMA2K encourages mitigation planning to address hazards proactively to avoid and reduce negative
impacts. DMA2K requires a Tribal nation to have an approved hazard mitigation plan in order to be
eligible to apply for grant funding through the federal hazard mitigation grants programs.
Section 322 of the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 requires the development and submittal for
approval of a Tribal hazard mitigation plan in order for a Tribe to be eligible for federal mitigation
funds and certain other disaster assistance.
This plan meets the requirements for a Tribal Plan under 44 CFR Part 201.7. Meeting the planning
requirements of these regulations maintains the Oneida Nation’s eligibility for obtaining the
maximum federal disaster assistance available including the hazard mitigation grants available
through the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, also known as the
Stafford Act. The Stafford Act is a federal law that allows the president to provide financial and
logistical support to local, state, tribal, and territorial governments in response to a disaster or
emergency. The Stafford Act also allows the president to declare a national emergency or disaster,
and to determine how much federal assistance to provide.
On January 29, 2013, President Obama signed the Sandy Recovery Improvement Act of 2013,
which amended the Stafford Act. The 2013 Act included a provision to provide federally recognized
American Indian and Alaskan Tribal Governments the option to request a Presidential emergency or
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major disaster declaration independent of a state. Tribal governments may still choose to seek
assistance under a state declaration request.
ASSURANCES
The Oneida Nation will comply with all applicable Federal statutes and regulations in effect with
respect to the periods in which it receives grant funding, including 2 CFR Parts 200 and 3002. The
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 will be amended according to the process
described in Chapter 5: Plan Adoption and Maintenance, whenever necessary, to reflect changes in
Tribal or Federal laws and statutes.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Oneida Emergency Management would like to acknowledge and thank the members of the Oneida
Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan Steering Committee for their commitment to the development of
the Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031. The process was a multi-department
effort with Oneida Emergency Management serving as the lead agency for the planning process and
Community Assistance Planning LLC providing facilitation and plan development assistance.
PLAN DEVELOPMENT TIMEFRAME
The Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 was developed over a 20-month time
period beginning in September 2024. The Steering Committee met over winter 2025 to review plan
sections and develop mitigation strategies. In spring 2026, the draft plan was shared with the
General Tribal Council and with overlapping jurisdictions. Plan development concluded with the
adoption of the plan by the Oneida Nation Business Committee on _____________.
PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN STEERING COMMITTEE
The Oneida Nation established a Steering Committee to guide the development of the hazard
mitigation plan (Table 1.1). The Steering Committee, comprised of Oneida Nation department
representatives, provided valuable input to the plan throughout the planning process.
The Steering Committee held 16 meetings from November 2024 to May 2026. The meeting dates
were as follows: December 12, 2024; January 17, 2025; February 11, 2025; March 21, 2025; April
21, 2025; May 19, 2025; July 11, 2025; August 19, 2025; September 30, 2025; November 10, 2025;
December 19, 2025; February 10, 2026; March 27, 2026; April 14, 2026; May 4, 2026; and May 12,
2026. Copies of meeting notes can be found in Appendix A. Additional plan review occurred outside
of these meetings via e-mail.
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Table 1.1: Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan Steering Committee
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PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
The General Tribal Council (GTC) is the governing body of the Oneida Nation and consists of all
enrolled Oneida Tribal members who are 18 years of age or older and present at a duly called GTC
meeting. The GTC meets twice annually and may convene special meetings as needed. Since
adoption of the Oneida Constitution in 1936, the GTC has delegated many governmental
responsibilities to the Oneida Business Committee while retaining its role as the governing body of
the Nation.
The Oneida Nation provided an opportunity for public review and input on the draft Oneida Nation
Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026–2031. On June 30, 2026, the draft plan was made available to the
General Tribal Council through digital access provided by QR code and was posted on the Oneida
Nation website. No public comments were received during the review period.
PARTICIPATION BY OVERLAPPING JURISDICTIONS
A draft of the Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026–2031 was provided to overlapping
jurisdictions, including Brown and Outagamie counties, for review and comment.
Outagamie County confirmed receipt of the draft plan and did not provide additional comments.
Brown County reviewed the draft plan and provided positive feedback, noting that the plan was well
done. No revisions to the plan were requested by either county.
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CHAPTER 2 - ONEIDA NATION BACKGROUND INFORMATION
The Oneida Nation Reservation is located in northeast Wisconsin (Map 2.1), overlapping the
boundaries of eastern Outagamie County and western Brown County. The Oneida Nation has a land
area of 65,442 acres (Table 2.1).
The Town of Oneida in Outagamie County and the Village of Hobart in Brown County are entirely
within the federal boundaries of the Oneida Nation Reservation. Three other Brown County
communities lie partially within the boundaries of the Oneida Nation Reservation including the
Village of Ashwaubenon, the City of Green Bay, and a small corner of the Town of Pittsfield in Brown
County (Map 2.2).
The following provides information about Oneida’s history, demographics, land use, and critical
facilities.
HISTORICAL SUMMARY
In 1838, the Oneida Reservation was established by treaty with the United States. The Treaty
reserved to the Oneida Nation “a tract of land containing one hundred acres, for each individual, and
the lines of which shall be so run as to include all their settlements and improvements in the vicinity
of Green Bay.” The Treaty called for the United States to survey land for the reservation “as soon as
practicable.” After taking a census of the Oneida, a reservation of approximately 65,400 acres was
surveyed and established in compliance with the Treaty.
This Treaty was the culmination of almost two decades of relocation. The Oneida were members of
the Iroquois Federation, with their homeland in New York.1 Like so many other tribes during the
removal period (ca. 1828–1847), some of the Oneida were compelled—after years of encroachment,
erosion of their land base, and pressure from both federal and state governments—to move west.
This process resulted in the 1838 Treaty, in which the United States agreed to establish a
reservation for the Oneida in exchange for the Oneida ceding “all their title and interest” in other land
in Wisconsin that had previously been set apart for the Oneida and other New York tribes by earlier
treaties.
Toward the end of the nineteenth century, Congress began a nationwide policy of encouraging
individual ownership of Indian reservation land. For nearly fifty years, beginning with the General
Allotment Act of 1887 (also known as the Dawes Act), and ending with the Indian Reorganization Act
of 1934, Congress followed a policy of allotting to individual tribal members reservation lands that
had been held in common by the respective tribes. The objectives of allotment were simple and clear
cut: to eventually extinguish tribal sovereignty, erase reservation boundaries, and force the
assimilation of Indians into the society at large.
The Oneida Reservation in Wisconsin was allotted soon after passage of the Dawes Act in 1887.
President Benjamin Harrison approved the allotment of the Oneida Reservation, and an agent of the
Office of Indian Affairs was assigned in June 1889 to carry it out. The Reservation was split into
1,530 allotments for tribal members with 80 acres reserved for establishing schools and a small
1
The Oneida Nation is one of the five original nations of the Haudenosaunee (People of the Longhouse, a.k.a. Iroquois
Confederacy). These nations, the Mohawk, Oneida, Seneca, Cayuga, and Onondaga, were joined by the Tuscarora Tribe early in
the 1700s to form the Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee (Oneida Nation Brochure, Purple Book, 1991).
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amount of land set aside for future allotments. Trust patents were issued on June 13, 1892, with fee
patents set to issue to allottees twenty-five years later, in 1917.
In 1906, Congress amended the Dawes Act to speed the allotment process. The Burke Act gave the
Secretary of the Interior the discretion to issue “a patent in fee simple,” free of all restrictions, to any
allottee “competent and capable of managing his or her affairs” before the expiration of the twentyfive-year trust period. The Dawes Act, originally and as amended by the Burke Act, contained no
reference to reservation boundaries, to tribal interests in reservation land, or to any particular
reservation.
A month after passing the Burke Act, Congress specifically addressed the Oneida Reservation
allotments in an appropriations act for the Office of Indian Affairs. Among addressing other matters
relevant to Indian affairs and various Indian reservations, the provisions specific to the Oneida
authorized the Secretary of the Interior “in his discretion, to issue fee-simple patents”, and reiterated
the authority of the Secretary to issue fee-simple patents to Oneida allottees.
Over the next few decades, many of the Oneida Reservation allotments were fee-patented. Most of
these parcels were eventually conveyed to non-Indians by sale, foreclosure, or enforcement of tax
liens. By 1917, only 106 Oneida allotments remained in trust, and over 50,000 of the 65,000 acres of
reservation land were owned by non-Indians. This pattern of land loss was not unusual. Allotment
“proved disastrous for the Indians.” By the late 1920s, the policy of allotment was recognized as a
failure. Still, the Oneida persisted.
In 1934, federal policy toward Indian lands turned 180 degrees. Congress passed the Indian
Reorganization Act of 1934, not only to stem the loss of Indian land holdings brought on by allotment
but also to give tribes the opportunity to re-establish their governments and land holdings. “The
intent and purpose of the [Act] was ‘to rehabilitate the Indian’s economic life and to give him a
chance to develop the initiative destroyed by a century of oppression and paternalism.” The 1934
Act brought an end to allotment, indefinitely extending the trust period on all remaining trust patents.
The Act allowed tribes to organize and adopt constitutions with a congressional sanction of selfgovernment. It also authorized the Secretary of the Interior to acquire lands to be placed into trust for
tribes.
The Oneida are proud and productive residents of the greater Green Bay region. They have
persisted through periods of both triumph and tragedy to contribute to the economic, cultural, and
spiritual well-being of the Fox River Valley. Beginning in the 1960s and continuing through the
1970s, more sources of funding became available for Indian tribes. The Oneida Nation took
advantage of as much of this federal funding as possible, securing several key grants, some of
which were specifically slated for the support of Indian reservations. From the 1970s and into the
1980s, the Oneida Nation continued developing economically to create a more secure future for their
tribal members, as well as exercising jurisdiction over their lands.
In 1988, Congress passed the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, a law which created a regulatory
framework for tribes seeking to build and operate casinos as a means of revenue. Through the
expansion of its tribal enterprises, the Nation has been able to re-acquire title to land within the
reservation and to offer a wide variety of services to its members and the community. Today, the
Oneida Nation’s economic enterprises are numerous and varied across industries, with gaming and
hospitality/recreational sector activities being the most widely recognized. Capital projects,
educational services, and the delivery of public, and human and health services to Oneida members,
while less visible to the public, are noteworthy pursuits that enhance the economic and social vitality
of the region. Combined, these Oneida economic activities generate significant output, income, and
employment impacts on the local community. The Nation's overall vision and seven generation focus
have been a key to ensuring the Nation’s vitality.
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Sources:
Oneida Nation v. Village of Hobart, 19-1981, United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit, July 30, 2020 (“The Oneida
Reservation defined by the 1838 Treaty remains intact, so the land within the boundaries of the Reservation is Indian country.”)
A History of Relations Between the Oneida Nation and The United States of America, 1776-1934, Frederick E. Hoxie, Ph.D., Nov.
15, 2017
The Oneida Indian Reservation in Wisconsin- Its Land, Its People, And Its Governance, 1838-1938, R. David Edmunds, Ph.D., Nov.
15, 2017
A History of The Oneida Reservation Boundaries, 1934-1984, Douglas M. Kiel, Ph.D., Dec. 15, 2017
The Economic Impact of The Oneida Nation, St. Norbert College- Center for Business & Economic Analysis, 2018
Land Is Life: How the Oneida Nation Is Reclaiming Its Land, And Its Identity, Frank Vaisvilas, Green Bay Press-Gazette, Aug. 24,
2020
DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
To plan for potential hazards, it is important to gain an understanding of the population and housing
characteristics for the Nation. The Enrollments Office of the Oneida Nation is responsible for keeping
Oneida enrollment information current and is the best source for demographic information related to
Oneida members both within and outside the Reservation boundaries. Other demographic sources,
such as U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey, provide data on the Reservation
population; however, the data is not specific to Oneida members and includes non-members
residing within the Tribal boundaries. The demographic information in this section of the plan was
developed by the Oneida Nation Self Governance Department with data from the Enrollments Office
and the Quality of Life Survey.
ENROLLMENT
As of December 18, 2025, there were 17,246 Oneida enrolled members. Of these enrolled
members, 4,592 (27%) live on the Oneida Reservation in Wisconsin, and 2,814 (16%) live in Brown
and Outagamie counties in Wisconsin but not within the Oneida Reservation boundaries. The rest of
Oneida enrolled members (46%) live elsewhere (Figure 2.1).
Of the Oneida members who live in Brown and Outagamie counties, 1,516 (20%) are under 18 years
old; 4,060 (53%) are aged 18-54; and 2,096 (27%) are 55 and older. Just over half of the Oneida
members who live in Brown and Outagamie counties (54%) are female. Figure 2.2 displays the
growth of Oneida membership in Brown and Outagamie Counties since 1999.
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Figure 2.1: Total Enrollment by Location, 2025
Source: Oneida Nation Self Governance Department, Enrollments Office, and the Quality of Life Survey, 12/18/2025.
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Figure 2.2: Total Enrollment by Year, 1999-2025
Source: Oneida Nation Self Governance Department, Enrollments Office, and the Quality of Life Survey, 2025.
HOUSING
According to Oneida Enrollment records from 2025, there were 4,506 enrolled Oneida households in
Brown and Outagamie counties.
Figure 2.3 details the demographics of Oneida members and their households (including both onreservation and off-reservation members in Brown and Outagamie counties).
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Figure 2.3: Oneida Nation Demographic Infographic, 2025
Source: Oneida Nation Self Governance Department, Enrollments Records, 2025; and 2024 Oneida Quality of Life Survey.
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LAND AREA AND USE
The Oneida Reservation has a land area of 65,442 acres (Table 2.1). The predominant land use
type is agriculture (57%), followed by residential (14%) and forestry (14%).
Of the total acres, almost 60% is in the Town of Oneida (Outagamie County); about 33% is in the
Village of Hobart (Brown County); 6% is in the City of Green Bay (Brown County); and <1% each in
the Village of Ashwaubenon (Brown County) and the Town of Pittsfield (Brown County).
Land Use Type
Table 2.1: Land Use, 2024
Acres
% of Total
Agricultural
37,366.34
57%
Residential
9,456.67
14%
Forestry
9,319.67
14%
Grassland
2,399.59
4%
Transportation/Communications/Utilities
1,481.00
2%
Wetlands
1,442.70
2%
Commercial
1,129.56
2%
Industrial
1,058.16
2%
Recreational Acres
744.01
1%
Hydrology
645.46
1%
Quarry & Gravel Pit
398.76
1%
65,441.92
100%
Total
Source: Oneida GIS Department, 2025.
CRITICAL FACILITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURE
Critical facilities and infrastructure are buildings, structures, or systems that are relied upon during a
hazard event, and if destroyed would present an immediate threat to life, public health, and/or safety.
The Oneida Nation determined the criticality of their facilities and infrastructure based on the relative
importance of its various assets for the delivery of vital services, the protection of special
populations, and other important functions.
The Oneida Nation’s critical facilities and infrastructure have been categorized to further define their
functions, risk, and vulnerability. The designations align with the FEMA Community Lifelines
categories, which includes the following plus a few tribal specific designations.
x
Safety and Security
x
Hazardous Materials
x
Food, Hydration, Shelter
x
Water Systems
x
Health and Medical
x
Tribal services facilities
x
Energy
x
Tribal housing sites
x
Communications
x
Tribal owned facilities
x Transportation
The critical facilities list is not exhaustive, and a facility will only appear under one category even
though some could be listed under more than one category. The definition of each FEMA
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category used to classify Oneida Nation’s critical facilities is defined as follows. (Note that these
categories are listed in alphabetical order, not in order of priority.)
x
Communications (Table 2.2): Facilities/infrastructure that are needed to maintain the
sharing of critical information before, during, and after a hazard event, including
Infrastructure, Responder Communications, Alerts Warnings and Messages, Finance, 911
and Dispatch.
x
Energy (A table is not included as only Oneida Nation’s Natural Gas Line is included under
this category.): Facilities/infrastructure that are needed to power the systems that support the
safety and welfare for the entire population, including power grid and fuel sources.
x
Food, Hydration, and Shelter (Table 2.3): Facilities that are critical to the health and
welfare of the entire population, including Food, Hydration, Shelter, and Agriculture.
x
Hazardous Materials (Table 2.4): Facilities that may present or intensify a threat if impacted
by hazards, including Facilities, HAZMAT, Pollutants, and Contaminants.
x
Health and Medical (Table 2.5): Facilities that are critical to care for the health of the entire
population including, Medical Care, Public Health, Patient Movement, Medical Supply Chain,
and Fatality Management.
x
Safety and Security (Table 2.6): Facilities that are critical to protect the entire population
from harm and are essential following hazard events, including Law Enforcement/Security,
Fire Service, Search and Rescue, Government Service, and Community Safety
x
Transportation (Table 2.7): Facilities/infrastructure that if compromised could impact
movement through the Reservation or evacuations, including Highway/Roadway/Motor
Vehicle, Mass Transit, Railway, and Aviation.
x
Water Systems (Table 2.8): Facilities/infrastructure that are needed to ensure the entire
population has clean water, including Potable Water Infrastructure, Wastewater Management
ONEIDA NATION CRITICAL FACILITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURE
The Oneida Nation and the Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan Steering Committee identified structures,
significant sites, and infrastructure owned by the Oneida Nation as critical. Because the Oneida
Nation provides most of its own services to the people of the Oneida Nation, it was determined that
all facilities and infrastructure are vital to that mission. Identified critical facilities and infrastructure for
the Oneida Nation includes:
x
Childcare services
facilities
x
Cultural heritage
sites/museums
x
Wastewater treatment
facilities
x
Schools
x
Police department
x
Food processing sites
x
Senior service facilities
x
Manufacturing facilities
x
Commercial sites
x
Food production sites
x
Health care centers
x
Dams
x
Banks
x
Community services
x
Water supply facilities
x
Warehouses
x
x
Shelters
x
Tribal service facilities
Religious service
facilities
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Table 2.2: Oneida Nation Communication Facilities/Infrastructure
Facility Name
Oneida Printing
Technology Infrastructure
Telecommunication Tower - NW Tower
Telecommunication Tower - Public Safety Tower
Telecommunication Tower - Skenandoah Tower
Building Number Secondary Category
00011
Hazardous Materials
n/a
FCC-1327467
FCC-1329621
FCC-1329450
Source: Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan Steering Committee; 2026.
Table 2.3: Oneida Nation Food, Hydration, and Shelter Facilities/Infrastructure
Facility Name
Apple Orchard - House/Office
Apple Orchard - Storage
Apple Orchard - Store
Civic Center (Assembly Area/Shelter)
Four Paths Tenant Building
Green Earth Library (Tornado Shelter)
Human Services (Assembly Area/Shelter) - Cottage #1
Human Services (Assembly Area/Shelter) - Cottage #2
Human Services (Assembly Area/Shelter) - Cottage #3
Human Services (Assembly Area/Shelter) - Cottage #4
Human Services (Assembly Area/Shelter) - Garage
Oneida Food Distribution/Oneida Pantry Building
Oneida Nation Elementary School (Assembly Area/Shelter)
Oneida Nation Farm - Barn
Oneida Nation Farm - Office & Shop
Oneida Nation Farm - Shed
Recreation Center - Cty H (Assembly Area/Shelter)
Safe Shelter
Tsyunhehkwa - Barn
Tsyunhehkwa - Greenhouse
Tsyunhehkwa - Office
Tsyunhehkwa - Processing Building
Building Number Secondary Category
00025
00026
Hazardous Materials
00024
00001
00161
00023
00056
00057
00058
00059
00060
00101
00084
00159
00186
00155
Hazardous Materials
00104
00096
00075
Hazardous Materials
00076
00074
00077
Hazardous Materials
Source: Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan Steering Committee; 2026.
Table 2.4: Oneida Nation Hazardous Materials Facilities/Infrastructure
Facility Name
Kahnekano·lú Cultural Center
Oneida Nation Museum (old) (scheduled for demo 2026)
Building Number Secondary Category
00166
00016
Source: Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan Steering Committee; 2026.
Table 2.5: Oneida Nation Health and Medical Facilities/Infrastructure
Facility Name
Employee Health Nursing
Lee Mclester Complex - Aging & Disability Services, and Elder Apartments
Lee Mclester Complex - Anna John Resident Centered Care Community
Oneida Community Health Center
Building Number Secondary Category
00080
00100
00149
00105
Hazardous Materials
Source: Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan Steering Committee; 2026.
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Table 2.6: Oneida Nation Safety and Security Facilities/Infrastructure
Facility Name
Airport Road Child Care Center
Aliskwet Court
Archiquette Building (incl. Library, Trust/Enrollments)
Barbershop on Packerland
Bay Bank - Mason St.
Bay Bank - Packerland Dr.
Bread Creek Village
Community Education Center
Comprehensive Housing Office
Comprehensive Housing Shop
Comprehensive Housing Warehouse
Conservation - Barn
Conservation - Field Office
Conservation - Garage
Conservation - Storage
Conservation - Storage
Cora House Housing
Cornelius Circle
Cultural Heritage (incl. in SSB Cottage and former Language House)
Daniel Court
DPW - Fernando Drive - Warehouse A
DPW - Fernando Drive - Warehouse B
DPW - Fernando Drive - Warehouse C
DPW - Groundskeeping - Garage (1237 Flightway)
DPW - Groundskeeping - Office (1239 Flightway)
DPW - Groundskeeping - Storage
DPW - Main - Administration
DPW - Main - Automotive
DPW - Main - Salt Shed #1
DPW - Main - Salt Shed #2
DPW - Main - Storage (blue)
DPW - Main - Storage (green)
DPW - Ranch Road - Storage
DPW - Ranch Road - Storage - Electrical
DPW - Ranch Road - Storage - Plumbing
Elder Village
Employee Services
Flying Leaf Subdivision (Site II)
Former ONE Building - Schneider-leased
Gaming - IMAC
Gaming - Parking Structure
Gaming - Warehouse (incl. gaming shuttle dept)
Green Earth
Green Valley
Hillside Housing
Joshua Heights
Land Management - Garage (blue)
Land Management - Garage (red)
Land Management - Maintenance
Land Management - Office
Law Enforcement Center
Legacy Lane
Little Bear Development Center
Log Homes 1-5
Building Number Secondary Category
00063
N-001
00006
00083
00152
00081
N-022
00005
00064
00184
Hazardous Materials
00065
Hazardous Materials
00146
Hazardous Materials
00126
00143
00144
Hazardous Materials
00145
Hazardous Materials
N-002
N-003
n/a
N-004
00128
00129
00130
00108
Hazardous Materials
00107
00109
Hazardous Materials
00004
00031
Transportation
00034
Hazardous Materials
00136
Hazardous Materials
00033
Hazardous Materials
00032
Hazardous Materials
00112
00017
00111
N-005
00154
N-006
n/a
00018
00091
00106
Hazardous Materials
N-007
N-008
N-009
N-010
00089
00088
00087
00086
00021
N-011
00038
00167 thru 00171
Source: Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan Steering Committee; 2026.
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Table 2.6 (continued): Oneida Nation Safety and Security Facilities/Infrastructure
Facility Name
Log Homes 6
Macco's Floor Covering Building (Larsen Road)
Manders Court
Mason Street Casino
Mason Street Mall (2655 W Mason)
Norbert Hill Center/High School/BC
Norbert Hill Garage
One Stop - EE new
One Stop - EE old
One Stop - Hwy 54
One Stop - Packerland
Oneida Car Wash
Oneida Casino - Hotel - Main
Oneida Casino - Hotel - Tower 1
Oneida Casino - Hotel - Tower 2
Oneida Casino (Data Center)
Oneida Judicial Center
Oneida Lake Beach House
Oneida Lake Campground Restroom
Oneida Mall
Oneida Police Department Evidence Storage
Oneida Transit Garage
Oneida Utilities Department - Office
Oneida Utilities Department - Storage
Parish Hall (aka Episcopal Parish Hall)
Post Office
Recreation Centers - Site II
Recreation Centers - Three Sisters
Ridgeland Housing
Ridgeview Plaza
Rolling Hills Housing
Sand Hill Circle Housing
SEOTS Community Center
Site I
Skenandoah Complex (Data Center)
Standing Stone
Tall Feather Way
Thornberry Creek at Oneida Golf Course (incl. clubhouse)
Three Sisters
Three Sisters Head Start
Turtle Where it Ends
Unnamed vacant building (431 Hillcrest)
Uskah Village
Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) Building
Veterans Services Building/Office
West Mason Business Center (2685 W Mason)
Wingate
Building Number Secondary Category
00192
n/a
N-012
00039
00028
00003
Communications
00030
Hazardous Materials
00049
Hazardous Materials
00187
Hazardous Materials
00148
Hazardous Materials
00097
Hazardous Materials
n/a
00176
00177
00178
00092
Communications
00008
00153
00180
00013
00131
00160
Hazardous Materials
00022
00118
00099
00103
00068
00069
N-013
00042
N-014
N-015
00151
N-016
00132
Communications
N-017
N-018
00134
N-019
00054
N-020
00043
N-021
00174
00007
00175
n/a
Source: Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan Steering Committee; 2026.
Table 2.7: Oneida Nation Transportation Facilities/Infrastructure
Facility Name
Four Paths Gas Station
One Stop - Larsen Rd
One Stop - Westwind
Oneida Transit Garage
Building Number Secondary Category
00051
Hazardous Materials
00124
Hazardous Materials
00120
Hazardous Materials
00185
Source: Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan Steering Committee; 2026.
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Table 2.8: Oneida Nation Water Systems Facilities/Infrastructure
Facility Name
Dam (Finger Lake/Osnukhsa)
DTS Radio Building - Water Tower
Lift Station #1
Pump House - Hillside
Pump House - Ridgeland
Pump House - Sandhill
Pump House - Site 1
Wastewater Treatment Facility - Clarifier
Wastewater Treatment Facility - Headworks
Wastewater Treatment Facility - Main
Water Tower - Hwy 54 Water Tower
Water Tower - Rolling Hills Water Tower
Building Number Secondary Category
n/a
00037
Communications
n/a
00189
00190
00191
00188
00123
Hazardous Materials
00122
Hazardous Materials
00121
Hazardous Materials
n/a
n/a
Source: Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan Steering Committee; 2026.
Oneida Nation critical facilities are displayed on Map 2.2. Additional critical facilities include power
substations and backup power (Map 2.3), FCC commercial towers (Map 2.4), broadband coverage
(wireline) (Map 2.5) and broadband coverage (wireless) (Map 2.6).
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Critical Facilities
Legend
Reservation Boundary
Roads
Streams
ANR Pipeline (Energy)
Technology Infrastructure
(Communications)
Lift Stations
FEMA Category (Primary)
Communications
Food, Hydration, Shelter
GIS
Critical Facilities_26-0430
Date: 05/12/2026
Health and Medical
Safety and Security
Transportation
Water Systems
Vantor
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CHAPTER 3 - RISK ASSESSMENT
To provide a means of effectively evaluating potential hazard risk, a risk assessment has been
developed for the Oneida Nation. The risk assessment identifies the hazards that impact the Oneida
Nation, profiles the extent and severity of past hazard occurrences, and assesses the Oneida
Nation’s vulnerability to each hazard. The risk assessment provides useful information to help the
Nation develop strategies to mitigate their identified hazards.
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
Both natural and human-caused hazards have been identified to be addressed in this plan. The
hazards were selected based on past hazard occurrences, as well as hazards identified by the
Steering Committee as having the potential for future risks.
HAZARD PRIORITIZATON
Steering Committee consensus on the ranking of identified hazards by risk/threat was derived using
an online ranking tool. The Steering Committee decided on the ranking based on the number and
frequency of hazard occurrences, the number of recorded injuries and deaths, the estimated
reported damage costs, and the perceived impacts to the Oneida Nation based on the experiences
of the Steering Committee members. Table 3.1 shows the hazard risk assessment ranking for the
natural and human-caused hazards addressed in this plan. Hazard rankings are listed in order from
highest perceived risk (first listed) to lowest perceived risk (last listed). Human-caused hazards are
defined on page 3-3.
Although earthquakes were identified and addressed in the State of Wisconsin hazard mitigation
plan, they have a minimal likelihood of occurring within the Oneida Nation. Therefore, a full risk
assessment for earthquakes has not been included.
Table 3.1: Hazard Risk Rankings
Natural Hazards
Human-caused Hazards
Winter storm
Cybersecurity
Tornado/Strong wind
Pandemic
Extreme cold
Active Threat
Flood
Civil/Social Unrest or Terrorism
Excessive heat
Hazardous Spills
Dense fog
Manure Spills
Hail
Airplane Crash
Drought
Wildland fire
(Note: Hazards are defined in upcoming sections.)
Source: Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan Steering Committee, 2026.
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HISTORY OF HAZARD OCCURRENCES
Natural Hazards
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Centers for Environmental
Information (NCEI) maintains an online database of occurrences of past hazardous weather and the
resulting deaths, injuries, and damage associated with each of these events. Event occurrence data
can be queried for a local, county, or regional level, depending on the area covered by the hazard
event. Data gathering for the Oneida Nation involved a compilation of occurrences for Brown and
Outagamie counties, which required a manual removal of duplicate occurrences in cases where
single events impacted both counties. A query of historical natural hazard events from January 1,
2000 through December 31, 2025 resulted in 305 events (Table 3.2).
The data from the NCEI shows that of the 305 natural hazard events, the hazards occurring most
frequently within the Oneida Nation Reservation from 2000 to 2026 include winter storm (116
events) and tornado/strong wind (99 events).
Some of the recorded hazard events may not have been specific to the Oneida Nation, as they may
have been recorded for a larger regional area, or statewide. Additionally, some of the common
hazard events, such as dense fog or hail may only get reported to the NCEI if it was an extreme
event that caused injury, death, or significant property damage.
There have been 7 deaths and 18 injuries recorded in the last 25 years as a result of natural hazards
within the Oneida Nation Reservation. Five deaths resulted from extreme cold and two from winter
storm. 12 injuries occurred from winter storm, three from excessive heat, two from tornado/strong
wind, and one from extreme cold. The costliest hazards for the Oneida Nation in terms of reported
property damage since 2000 have been winter storms ($669,700), flooding ($557,000),
tornado/strong wind ($425,100), and extreme cold ($158,000).
Table 3.2: Natural Hazard Occurrences Data, Oneida Nation 2000-2025
Natural Hazard
(Listed in Ranked Order)
# of
1
Events
Probability
(Average
#/Year)
Deaths
2
2
Injuries
Reported
Property
Damage
3
4
Risk /
Severity
Winter storm
116
5
2
12
$699,700
High
Tornado/Strong wind
99
4
0
2
$425,100
High
Extreme cold
24
1
5
1
$158,000
Moderate
Flood
26
1
0
0
$557,000
Moderate
Excessive heat
12
0.5
0
3
$0
Low
Dense fog
4
<1
0
0
$0
Low
Hail
17
1
0
0
$0
Low
Drought
7
<1
0
0
$0
Low
5
Wildland fire
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Low
Total Events
305
7
18
$1,839,800
1. January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025 (25 years)
2. Includes direct and indirect deaths and injuries
3. Does not include crop damage or private losses as no data was available.
4. Risk based on occurrences: High = >3 events/yr; Moderate = 1-3 events/yr; Low = <1 event/yr.
5. No data available (ND) since the area has a low wildfire risk according to WDNR.
Source: NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, 2000-2026.
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Human-caused Hazards
The human-caused hazards that have been identified by the Steering Committee as those of
greatest concern for Oneida Nation include cybersecurity threats (both external and internal),
pandemics, active threats, civil/social unrest and terrorism, hazardous spills, manure spills, and
airplane crashes. These human-caused hazards were determined to have a significant impact on the
Oneida Nation, or the potential to have a significant impact if it were to occur. The event occurrence
information displayed in Table 3.3 was provided from local data sources. Cybersecurity information
was provided by Oneida Nation Digital Technology Services; pandemic information was provided by
Oneida Comprehensive Health Division with deaths provided by Oneida Enrollments; active threat,
airplane crash, and civil/social unrest and terrorism information was provided by the Oneida Police
Department, and information on spills, both hazardous and manure spills, was provided by the
Oneida Nation Land, Environmental, Agriculture, and Food as Medicine Division using data queried
from the Wisconsin DNR Bureau for Remediation and Redevelopment Tracking System (BRRTS)
online database.
A cybersecurity threat includes malicious attempts to damage or disrupt a computer network or
system including the attempt to access files and infiltrate or steal data.
A pandemic is an outbreak of a disease that spreads across multiple countries or continents,
affecting many people.
An active threat refers to a situation in which an individual or group is actively causing harm or
posing an immediate danger to people, property, or operations.
Civil and social unrest refers to large-scale public disturbances caused by dissatisfaction with
political, social, or economic conditions. Terrorism involves the use of violence, threats, or
intimidation to achieve political, religious, or ideological objectives.
Hazardous spills include the release of not only hazardous substances, but also non-hazardous
substances that in significant quantities may cause damage to land and water resources.
Manure spills occur when manure is released to the environment in a manner that exceeds the rate
of nutrient uptake by plants or applied in a manner that is not identified in a nutrient management
plan – an agricultural producer’s plan for using the manure produced by their animals.
An airplane crash occurs when an airplane strikes the ground, water, or another object during an
aviation incident. An airplane crash can lead to significant structural damage, along with deaths,
severe injuries, or the aircraft being declared a total loss.
Of the 418 events displayed in Table 3.3, the human-caused hazard occurring most frequently within
the Oneida Nation Reservation from 2010 to 2025 was by far hazardous spills (335 events).
However, this number reflects all spills in Outagamie and Brown counties, as the dataset does not
yet isolate those within Oneida Nation. During the same period, there were 71 manure spill events,
seven significant cybersecurity threats, three active threat events, one pandemic event, and one
airplane crash. There have been 56 deaths as a result of human-caused events during this period,
which was from the COVID-19 pandemic, as reported by Oneida Enrollments from 03/12/2020 to
05/11/2023 based on death certificates. There is no data on injuries or property damages associated
with these events.
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Table 3.3: Human-caused Hazard Occurrences Data, Oneida Nation 2010-2025
2
# of
1
Events
Probability
(Average #/Year)
Deaths
Injuries
Risk /
Severity
2025 Rank
Cybersecurity
7
<1
0
0
High
1
Pandemic
1
<1
56
Unknown
Medium
2
Active Threat
3
<1
3
0
Medium
3
0
0
0
0
Low
4
Hazardous Spills
770
48
0
0
Low
5
Manure Spills
71
4
0
0
Low
6
Airplane Crash
1
<1
0
0
Low
7
Total Events
853
59
0
Human-caused Hazards
(Listed in Ranked Order)
Civil/Social Unrest or Terrorism
3
1. January 1, 2010 to January 1, 2026 (16 years)
2. Risk to community as determined from the Steering Committee.
3. The total reflects all spills in Outagamie and Brown counties, as the dataset does not yet isolate those within Oneida Nation.
Note: Pandemic deaths are related to COVID-19 from 03/12/2020-05/11/2023 as reported by Enrollments for Oneida deaths on the
Reservation.
Source: Oneida Nation Digital Technology Services (for cybersecurity), Oneida Comprehensive Health Division (for Pandemic),
Oneida Police Department (for Active Threat, Civil/Social Unrest and Terrorism, and Airplane Crash), and WDNR BRRTS
database and Oneida Land, Environment, Agriculture & Food as Medicine Division (for spills); 2010-2026.
DISASTER DECLARATION HISTORY
There have been around 14 major disaster declarations issued for Wisconsin since 2010. The
Oneida Nation has been included in five declarations since 2013 when the Sandy Recovery
Improvement Act took effect allowing tribal nations to receive direct standalone federal declarations
rather than requesting a declaration through the state governor. The major disaster declarations that
included the Oneida Nation are as follows:
DR-4459-WI – Severe storms, tornadoes, straight-line winds, and flooding (August 2019).
DR-4477-WI – Severe winter storm and flooding (January 2020).
DR-4520-WI – COVID-19 pandemic. Oneida Nation and Wisconsin declaration (March 2020).
State Declaration only, no Federal designation – destructive straight-line winds and power loss (June
2022).
DR-4892-WI – Severe storms, straight-line winds, flooding, and mudslides (August 2025).
VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
The vulnerability assessment describes the frequency, severity, and probability of future occurrences
of hazards that could impact the planning area. The hazard profiles describe the characteristics of
each hazard and how it has affected the Oneida Nation, and the potential future risk to people and
property.
The Oneida Nation has experienced ongoing development; however, no notable changes have
occurred that impacted the jurisdiction’s vulnerability since the previous Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan.
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HEALTHCARE AND PUBLIC HEALTH VULNERABILITY
As part of a comprehensive vulnerability analysis, the Oneida Nation evaluates its healthcare
infrastructure and emergency preparedness through active participation in the Northeast Wisconsin
Healthcare Emergency Readiness Coalition (NEW HERC). This regional collaborative network
bridges the gap between healthcare facilities, emergency management, and public health agencies
to ensure a coordinated response to large-scale emergencies. As a sovereign entity, the Oneida
Nation maintains a dual-layered approach to this readiness by operating its own Emergency
Management Department while serving as a voting member of the NEW HERC board. Within this
framework, the Nation contributes tribal-specific data to the regional Hazard Vulnerability
Assessment (HVA), ensuring that the unique clinical and cultural needs of the community are
integrated into regional response plans for mass casualty incidents or catastrophic health events.
The current regional HVA findings identify high-priority threats including cyberattacks on healthcare
infrastructure, infectious disease outbreaks, and critical resource gaps such as natural gas
disruptions and supply chain failures. To address these vulnerabilities, the Oneida Nation utilizes this
Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan to coordinate local mitigation efforts, such as strengthening tribal
healthcare facilities and securing critical utility systems, with NEW HERC’s regional strategies for
patient surge management and cross-jurisdictional equipment sharing.
ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL LOSSES
The Oneida Nation’s assessment of potential losses is based on the value of the identified critical
facilities (i.e. its assets). An assessment of potential losses of assets is ideally calculated for each
hazard; however, only the flood hazard has a defined risk area, so it is the only hazard for which an
estimation of potential losses can be derived.
Value of Assets/Estimation of Potential Losses
The Oneida Nation has identified 151 critical facilities within the Reservation boundaries. The
Oneida Nation owns most of its critical facilities, with some being leased. According to Risk
Management, the total structural value of the critical facility assets is $469,670,810 (including
contents). Therefore, the potential dollar loss to assets for the Oneida Nation is nearly $469.7 million
in a “worst case scenario” of total damage of all buildings in the planning area.
An estimation of potential losses was derived specifically for flooding in the upcoming flood hazard
profile section since the hazard area can be defined as the 100-year floodplains and properties
within the hazard area can be identified. All other hazards can occur anywhere within the Oneida
Nation Reservation and have no defined hazard area in which to determine vulnerable properties.
Some hazards (such as winter storms and tornadoes) have the potential to impact the entire
planning area, and it can be assumed that all assets in the planning area are equally at risk.
Therefore, all identified critical facilities are potentially at risk from natural hazards within the Oneida
Nation Reservation.
All potential loss information was obtained from the Oneida Nation Risk Management department.
The parcel maps and the FEMA 100-year floodplains were merged using GIS to determine at-risk
structures in the planning area.
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NATURAL HAZARD PROFILES
Each natural hazard that has been identified as impacting the Oneida Nation has been profiled in
this section. The hazard profile describes the characteristics of past natural hazards, and their
impacts, frequency, and probability of future hazards that could impact the Oneida Nation.
Hazard risk probabilities are represented as high, moderate, and low. High risk probability hazards
are defined as hazards that occur an average of more than three times per year; moderate risk
probability hazards are those that occur an average of one to three times per year; and low risk
probability hazards occur less frequently than one time per year.
The natural hazards profiled in this section include Winter storm, Tornado/Strong wind, Extreme
cold, Excessive heat, Flood, Dense fog, Hail, Drought, and Wildland fire.
Note: Human-caused hazards will be assessed later in this plan, following the natural hazards.
Climate Change Impacts
The evaluation and assessment of natural hazards in this plan and the determination of the Oneida
Nation’s vulnerability to natural hazards is based on the occurrence of past natural hazards.
However, climate change may make past trends an unreliable resource for predicting future impacts,
frequency, and vulnerabilities. According to a climate change report by Wisconsin scientists
(Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts (WICCI), 20262), climate change has and will
continue to impact average annual temperatures causing increased frequency in heat waves;
increased frequency and intensity of extreme events; shorter, warmer winters with decreased lake
ice cover; increased drought frequency, and other impacts.
Based on the WICCI report, the Oneida Nation, along with most of Wisconsin, is likely to become
wetter with an increase in total precipitation and the number of intense rainfall events. Climate
change impacts vary by season, with winter experiencing the greatest warming and most likely
increase in precipitation.
Information about climate change impacts for each natural hazard has been included within the
applicable section based on calculated predictions from the WICCI report.
WINTER STORM
Winter storms can vary in size and strength, and can include heavy snowstorms, blizzards, freezing
rain, sleet, and ice storms. The aftermath of a winter storm can impact a community or region for
weeks, and even months.
Winter storms can occur as a single event or they can occur in combination, which can make an
event more severe. A variety of weather phenomena and conditions can occur during winter storms.
For purposes of classification, the following are National Weather Service descriptions of winter
storm elements:
2 Wisconsin’s Changing Climate: Envisioning a Climate-Resilient Future, 2026. Wisconsin Initiative on Climate
Change Impacts. Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and the Wisconsin
Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin. https://wicci.wisc.edu/
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Heavy Snowfall – the accumulation of six or
more inches of snow in a 12-hour period, or
eight or more inches in a 24-hour period.
Winter Storm – the occurrence of heavy
snowfall accompanied by significant blowing
snow, low wind chills, sleet or freezing rain.
Blizzard – the occurrence of sustained wind
speeds in excess of 35 miles per hour
accompanied by heavy snowfall or large
amounts of blowing or drifting snow.
Ice Storm – an occurrence where rain falls
from warmer upper layers of the
atmosphere to the colder ground, freezing
upon contact with the ground and exposed
objects near the ground.
Freezing drizzle/freezing rain – the effect of drizzle or rain freezing upon impact on objects that have
a temperature of 32 degrees Fahrenheit or below.
Sleet – solid grains or pellets of ice formed by the freezing of raindrops or the refreezing of largely
melted snowflakes. This ice does not cling to surfaces.
Much of the snowfall in Wisconsin occurs in small amounts of between one and three inches per
occurrence. Heavy snowfalls (producing at least eight to ten inches of accumulation) happen on
average about five times per season. True blizzards are rare in Wisconsin but are more likely to
occur in northwestern Wisconsin. All of Wisconsin experiences blizzard-like conditions during heavy
snowstorms when gusty winds cause severe blowing and drifting snow.
The National Weather Service (NWS) uses the Winter Storm Severity Index (WSSI) as a decision
support tool to assess the expected impacts of winter storms. Expected winter storms are given an
‘impact ranking’ in 6 categories, ranging from ‘No Impacts’ to ‘Extreme Impacts’. Rather than
focusing solely on snowfall amounts, the WSSI evaluates multiple winter weather hazards, including
heavy snow, blowing snow, ice accumulation, flash freeze conditions, snow loading, and ground
blizzard conditions, to
assign impact categories
ranging from Minor to
Extreme. The index
provides a
comprehensive measure
of winter storm severity
and extent by estimating
the potential for
disruptions to
transportation, utilities,
infrastructure, commerce,
and daily activities. The
WSSI can assist
emergency managers and
the public in
understanding the
potential severity of an approaching winter storm and preparing for its expected impacts. (National
Weather Service Weather Prediction Center, 2025).
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Past Occurrences
According to the NCEI, the Oneida Nation has experienced 116 significant winter storm events in the
last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025 (including blizzards and heavy snow).
Many of these hazard events may not have been specific to the Oneida Nation and may have been
recorded for a larger regional area.
Based on previous hazard occurrences, as reported by the NCEI, the Oneida Nation experiences
approximately three significant winter storm events per year.
Climate Change Impacts
The combination of warmer temperatures and changing precipitation patterns suggests that we will
see a significant increase in the amount of winter precipitation falling as rain rather than snow and
that freezing rain is more likely to occur. Potential winter storm impacts from climate change include
an increase in winter precipitation events (from heavy rain or snow) resulting in an increase in
flooding, damage from ice breakup and jams on waterways, and transportation impacts from unsafe
travel conditions. Additionally, warmer winter low temperatures (especially at night) will enable overwintering of pests leading to crop yield loss, forestry impacts, wildlife impacts, and increased
remediation costs. Key trends include winters warming faster than other seasons, nighttime
temperatures rising more than daytime, decreasing Great Lakes ice cover during the winter, and
declining hours below freezing (32 degrees Fahrenheit). The month of March has effectively shifted
from a winter month to a spring month.
Vulnerability
Based on the hazard frequency and the effects of climate change, the Oneida Nation is considered
to have a high probability of experiencing a winter storm event in any given year.
Winter storms tend to be a regional phenomenon in that they affect much of east central Wisconsin
on nearly all the occasions in which they affect the Oneida Nation.
Winter storms have no defined hazard area within the planning area. Past events have been
relatively uniform across the planning area or the larger regional area.
Impacts
Death and Injury
Two deaths and 12 injuries have been reported from significant winter storm events for the Oneida
Nation over the last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025 according to NCEI data.
Critical Facilities
Critical facilities are not greatly impacted by winter storms; however, personnel associated with the
critical facilities face greater workload burdens. Street and road crews have an increased burden of
snow removal (and salting in the case of ice storms) during and after winter storms. In some cases,
winter storms can be so severe that these crews must be called off the road for a period of time.
Hospitals and clinics may see increased patient loads for frostbite, pedestrian and vehicular accident
injuries, and heart conditions resulting from the shoveling of heavy snow during and following winter
storms. Sometimes, hospitals and clinics have difficulty getting their own staff to report to work
because of the storm, which increases the workload for present staff (double shifts, etc.).
Police personnel respond to more accidents during winter storms. Utility and telephone companies
respond to downed electrical and telephone lines, especially in the case of ice storms. Rescue
services can receive more calls because of accidents or health related circumstances. Schools may
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need to have early dismissal or cancel classes altogether. Shelters may take in additional people
during winter storms. Airports face flight delays or cancellations.
Economic Impacts
Loss of power during or after winter storms often force businesses and manufacturing facilities to
close down until power is restored. Loss of access due to snow- or ice-covered roads can have a
similar effect, especially when trucks cannot travel on major thoroughfares to make “just in time”
deliveries to business and industry in the planning area. The effects are particularly difficult when the
storm is widespread.
Based on previous damages reported by the NCEI, there has been $669,700 in property damages
from winter storms over the past 25 years.
TORNADO/STRONG WIND
Tornadoes are violently rotating columns of air that extend from a thunderstorm to the ground. They
look like funnels and can occur any time, bring intense wind, and can happen anywhere. Most
tornadoes have wind speeds less than 110 miles per hour, are about 250 feet across, and travel a
few miles before dissipating. Tornadoes can destroy buildings, flip cars, and create deadly flying
debris. Figure 3.1 shows the Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF Scale), which is recognized as the
acceptable tornado magnitude measurement rating.
The United States is divided geographically into four zones for the occurrence and strength of
extreme wind. Wisconsin lies along the northern edge of Zone IV, the nation’s maximum frequency
zone for tornadoes (commonly known as “tornado alley”), which extends northeastward from
Oklahoma into Iowa and then across to Michigan and Ohio. Zone IV includes most of the southern
two-thirds of Wisconsin and has experienced the strongest tornado activity that has affected the
entire U.S., with wind speeds of up to 250 miles per hour being recorded. This zone includes the
Oneida Nation Reservation.
Wisconsin’s tornado season runs from the beginning of April through September, but tornadoes
have occurred in Wisconsin in every month except February. The most severe tornadoes statewide
typically occur during the months of April, May, and June.
Strong winds, including downburst winds, strong/high winds, and thunderstorms can often be just as
damaging as a tornado. Downburst winds are strong, concentrated, straight-line winds created by
falling rain and sinking air that can reach speeds of 125 miles per hour. Strong or high winds are
high speed winds that can be as damaging as a tornado but remain nearly straight line and are not
the rotating column of air that is characteristic of a tornado. A severe thunderstorm has winds that
exceed 58 miles per hour, produces a tornado, or drops surface hail at least 0.75 inch in diameter.
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Figure 3.1: Tornado Magnitude Measurement, EF Scale
Source: U.S. Air Force graphic/Senior Airman Thomas Trower.
Past Occurrences
According to the NCEI, the Oneida Nation has experienced 99 significant tornado/strong wind events
(including thunderstorm wind, high wind, and strong wind) in the last 25 years from January 1, 2000
to December 31, 2025. Just two of the 99 events was classified as a tornado, with the remaining
being strong wind events.
Based on previous hazard occurrences, as reported by the NCEI, the Oneida Nation experiences
approximately three significant tornado and strong wind events per year.
Climate Change Impacts
A predicted increase in the frequency and intensity of storms increases the risk for deaths, injuries,
and property damage from tornado and strong wind events.
Vulnerability
Based on the hazard frequency and the effects of climate change, the Oneida Nation is considered
to have a high probability of experiencing a tornado or strong wind event in any given year.
Tornadoes have no specific defined hazard area within the Oneida Nation Reservation. Past events
have been relatively uniform across the planning area; however, manufactured home residents are
often most vulnerable to death, injury, and property damage from tornadoes as these homes often
lack foundations, tie-downs, and/or basements. Therefore, for the Oneida Nation, the Green Earth
manufactured housing community off Highway H is at greatest risk from this hazard.
Impacts
Death and Injury
No deaths, but two injuries have been reported from tornado/strong wind events for the Oneida
Nation over the last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025, according to NCEI data.
Critical Facilities
Hospitals can see increases in patient load following tornadoes. Schools can sustain damage, and if
they do not sustain damage, they often function as temporary shelters in the aftermath of tornadoes.
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Police and fire departments often see an increased workload during and after tornadoes. Power
lines and communication towers are at risk of being blown down.
Any critical facility in the planning area may be impacted by a tornado; however, schools and
manufactured home communities are of particular concern during tornadoes. Schools are a primary
concern during tornadoes for three reasons: (1) they have large numbers of people present, either
during school or as a storm shelter; (2) they have large span areas, such as gyms and theaters; and
(3) they house a vulnerable population during the daytime for most of the year.
The National Weather Service has found that unanchored manufactured homes start to fail due to
wind speed and wind stress at lower wind gusts/wind speeds than permanent homes. Therefore,
manufactured home communities are a primary concern during tornadoes. The use of anchoring
systems and foundations can help reduce damage to manufactured homes caused by tornadoes
and strong winds.
Economic Impacts
A tornado can have a significant economic impact on a local economy due to irrecoverable
businesses and infrastructure damage. A heavily damaged business often never reopens after the
event.
Infrastructure damage is usually limited to above ground utilities, such as power lines. Damage to
utility lines can usually be repaired or replaced relatively quickly. Damage to roads and to railroads is
also localized; if these facilities cannot be repaired promptly, alternate transportation routes must be
established.
Public expenditures include search and rescue, shelters, and emergency protection measures. The
greatest public expenditures for a community result from repairs to public facilities, and cleanup and
disposal of debris. Cleanup and disposal can be an issue, especially if there is limited landfill
capacity near the damage site.
Since manufactured homes are especially vulnerable to tornadoes, a “worst case scenario” for this
hazard would involve the total destruction of the manufactured homes within the Oneida Nation
Reservation.
Reported property damage from significant tornadoes and strong wind events for the Oneida Nation
has totaled $425,100 over the last 25 years, according to NCEI.
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Figure 3.2: Wisconsin Tornado Events, 1844-2024
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EXTREME COLD
Exposure to extreme cold can cause frostbite or hypothermia and become life threatening. What
constitutes extreme cold varies in different parts of the country. In Wisconsin, extreme cold means
temperatures well below zero with wind chill. Wind chill is the term used to describe the rate of heat
loss from the human body resulting from the combined effect of low temperature and wind. As winds
increase, heat is carried away from the body at a faster rate, driving down both the skin temperature
and eventually the internal body temperature.
Extreme cold is a dangerous
situation that can cause health
emergencies for susceptible
people, such as children, the
elderly, those without shelter,
those who are stranded
outdoors or in a disabled car,
or those who live in a home
that is poorly insulated or
without heat.
The extent of an extreme cold
event is measured by
minimum air temperature and
wind chill. In northeast
Wisconsin, temperatures
below 0°F are common during
winter, while temperatures
below -20°F and wind chills
below -35°F represent severe
cold capable of causing
frostbite within minutes and
posing life-threatening
conditions.
Past Occurrences
According to the NCEI, the Oneida Nation has experienced 24 significant extreme cold events in the
last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025.
Based on previous hazard occurrences, as reported by the NCEI, the Oneida Nation experiences
approximately one significant extreme cold event every year.
Climate Change Impacts
Wisconsin climatologists predict that winters are rapidly warming and will continue to shift toward
fewer extreme cold periods (below 0 degrees Fahrenheit). Cold periods have been getting less
common, and this trend is predicted to continue.
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Vulnerability
Based on the hazard frequency and the effects of climate change, the Oneida Nation is considered
to have a moderate probability of experiencing an extreme cold event in any given year.
Extreme cold events have no defined hazard area within the planning area. Past events have been
relatively uniform across the planning area.
Impacts from Hazard
Death and Injury
Five deaths and one injury were reported from a significant extreme cold event for the Oneida Nation
over the last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025 according to NCEI data.
Critical Facilities
All heated facilities have greater heating expenses during an extreme cold event, and increased
demand will affect electric and natural gas utilities. There is also increased stress on infrastructure
during extreme cold events and water line breaks often occur. Hospitals and clinics may experience
an increase in patients exposed to extreme cold conditions. Emergency shelters may take in
additional individuals during the extreme cold event. Schools may cancel classes or call for early
dismissal in extreme cold events. Local fire departments and rescue services may also deal with
direct or indirect consequences of the extreme cold event.
Economic Impacts
Municipalities and water utilities may need to repair damaged water mains caused by the extreme
cold. If area school districts need to call off school early on extremely cold days, there may be
expenses involved with early busing and with paying staff for a full day while only having the benefit
of a partial day of instruction.
Historic property damage reported in the NOAA NCEI storms database for flooding within the
Oneida Nation Reservation has totaled $158,000 over the last 25 years.
FLOOD
A flood is a rising and overflowing of a body of water especially onto normally dry land. FEMA
defines a flood as a general and temporary condition of partial or complete inundation of two or more
acres of normally dry land area or of two or more properties from overflow of inland or tidal waters,
unusual and rapid accumulation or runoff of surface waters from any source, or mudflow.
The type of flooding that can impact the Oneida Nation includes riverine, stormwater, and dam
failure flooding. An additional flooding concern for Oneida Nation is the threat of overflow of liquid
manure in holding pits and lagoons from large-scale farms.
Flood severity varies depending on rainfall intensity, snowmelt, flood depth, flow velocity, duration,
and recurrence interval. Flood extent within the Oneida Nation is represented by the FEMA 100-year
and 500-year floodplain maps (Map 3.1). Larger recurrence interval floods generally result in greater
inundation, road closures, and damage to infrastructure.
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Riverine Flood
Riverine flooding occurs when water
draining from a watershed, whether
from rainfall or melting snow, exceeds
the capacity of the river or stream
channel to hold it. Water overflows onto
the nearby low-lying lands (floodplains).
In hilly and mountainous areas flooding
is likely to be rapid, deep, and
dangerous. In relatively flat floodplains,
land may stay covered with shallow,
slow moving water for days or even
weeks.
Stormwater Flood
Flooding often occurs in urban areas
due to stormwater management issues.
Stormwater drainage systems have been designed to manage most storms. However, larger storms
that occur in a short period are of such intensity that the drains cannot handle all the stormwater and
flooding results. Localized stormwater flooding can also occur if storm drains in the area are blocked.
It is important to keep the drainage system clear of litter and debris.
Newly built property developments incorporate stormwater management measures, such as
stormwater detention and retention basins, that provide greater flood protection. Detention basins
slow the flow of stormwater being carried in the drainage system by storing it for a time, while
retention basins (i.e. ponds) hold water during most of the year. Detention basins often double as
parks and playing fields.
Dam Failure Flood
Flooding can result from dam failure. A dam is an artificial barrier, together with its appurtenant
works, constructed in or across a waterway for the primary purpose of impounding or diverting water.
Dam failure can occur for a number of reasons, including overtopping caused by floods that exceed
the capacity of the dam, deliberate acts of sabotage, structural failure of materials used in dam
construction, movement and/or failure of the foundation supporting the dam, settlement and cracking
of concrete or embankment dams, piping and internal erosion of soil in embankment dams, or
inadequate maintenance and upkeep.
According to the Land, Environmental, Agriculture, and Food as Medicine Division, there is one dam
remaining within the Oneida Nation Reservation, which has been modified to become a very low
threat dam.
Past Occurrences
According to the NCEI, the Oneida Nation has experienced 26 significant flooding events (including
flood, flash flood, heavy rain, and stormwater flooding) in the last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to
December 31, 2025. Some of these reported occurrences may not have been specific to the Oneida
Nation and may have been recorded for a larger regional area.
Based on previous hazard occurrences, as reported by the NCEI, the Oneida Nation experiences
approximately one significant flooding event every year.
Climate Change Impacts
An increase in total precipitation and in the number of intense rainfall events – as predicted by
Wisconsin climatologists, will result in an increased risk of flooding. With more intense and frequent
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flooding events comes greater risks to public safety, property damage, rising threats to drinking and
wastewater systems, more stress on the durability of roads and buildings, an increase in shoreline
flooding and erosion, overwhelmed stormwater management infrastructure, dam failures, and crop
losses.
Vulnerability
FEMA uses the “base” flood as the basis for its regulatory requirements and flood insurance ratings.
The hazards mitigation plan also uses the base flood for planning purposes. The base flood is the
one percent chance flood, or the flood that has a one percent (one out of 100) chance of occurring in
any given year. The one percent chance flood is commonly referred to as the 100-year flood. A 500year floodplain is the land area expected to be inundated by a flood event that has a 0.2% chance of
occurring or being exceeded in any given year. Officially called the 0.2% annual chance floodplain, it
represents a moderate-to-low risk zone that lies outside the higher-risk 100-year floodplain.
Based on the hazard frequency and the effects of climate change, the Oneida Nation is considered
to have a moderate probability of sustaining a 100-year flood in any given year.
The areas at greatest risk from flooding include the 100-year floodplain areas of the Oneida Nation
Reservation. FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Maps also call this the Special Flood Hazard Area, or “A
Zone.” The 100-year and 500-year floodplains for the planning area are shown on Map 3.1. Critical
facilities that potentially lie within the floodplain and would be affected by a 100-year flood are shown
on Map 3.2.
Repetitive Loss Properties
Repetitive loss structure is a term that is usually associated with the National Flood Insurance
Program (NFIP) to describe a structure, covered by a contract of flood insurance under the NFIP,
that has suffered flood damage on two or more occasions over a 10-year period ending on the date
when a second claim is made, in which the cost to repair the flood damage, on average, equals or
exceeds 25 percent of the market-value of the structure at the time of each flood loss event. For the
Community Rating System (CRS) of the NFIP, a repetitive loss property is any property, which the
NFIP has paid two or more flood claims of $1,000 or more in any given 10-year period since 1978. A
repetitive loss structure is important to the NFIP, since structures that flood frequently put a strain on
the flood insurance fund. It should also be important to a community because residents’ lives are
disrupted and may be threatened by the continual flooding.
According to FEMA records, there are no repetitive loss properties within the Oneida Nation
Reservation.
Impacts
Death and Injury
No deaths or injuries from flooding have been reported for the Oneida Nation over the last 25 years
from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025, according to the NCEI.
Critical Facilities
Some critical facilities located in or near floodplains could be impacted during flooding, making the
facility inaccessible, or the services unavailable. Vulnerable populations could require relocation
during flooding events.
Economic Impacts
Flooding can have significant economic impact on a local economy from resulting damage to
businesses and infrastructure. During floods, property and belongings may be destroyed and people
may become homeless. Public expenditures will include police, fire, and emergency management
personnel and shelters, and may also include search and rescue. Great public expenditures result
from repairs to public facilities and cleanup. It often takes years for affected communities and
businesses to rebuild and return to normalcy.
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Loss of road access is a major flood
impact that affects all residents and
businesses, not just those who own
property in the floodplain. Sometimes, the
loss is temporary, such as during a flood.
However, on some occasions, the loss of
transportation lasts well after the disaster.
When a flood washes out roads, bridges,
or railroads, it can be weeks or months
before they are repaired and reusable. A
key evacuation and safety concern arises
when flood water rises above roads and
bridges. Generally, the larger the road,
the less likely it is to flood, but this is not
always the case.
Vulnerable structures are structures
located in the 100-year flood hazard area
identified in Map 3.2. Since there is no building height data for buildings in these flood hazard areas,
a “worst case scenario” of total structural damage for buildings in all the flood zones of the planning
area was assumed in estimating potential dollar losses to vulnerable structures.
According to Oneida Risk Management, it is estimated that $18,823,780 in losses would occur with a
flood resulting in a “worst case scenario” of total structural damage for all buildings within flood
zones within the Oneida Nation Reservation.
Property value information was obtained from the Oneida Nation Risk Management department.
Since there is no reliable building height data for Oneida Nation buildings within flood hazard areas,
a “worst case scenario” of total structural damage for buildings in all the flood zones of the planning
area was assumed in estimating potential dollar losses to vulnerable structures. In addition, there
may be areas outside the 100-year flood zones that will flood during an event of that magnitude (or
even of lesser magnitude).
Through zoning, development in floodplains and shoreland areas is kept to a minimum. The Oneida
Nation has shoreland and floodplain zoning. These ordinances are a useful tool in keeping
inappropriate development out of flood hazard zones within the Oneida Nation Reservation.
Historic property damage reported in the NOAA NCEI storms database for flooding within the
Oneida Nation Reservation has totaled $557,000 over the last 25 years.
EXCESSIVE HEAT
A combination of high heat and humidity can lead to heat-related illness, including heat cramps, heat
exhaustion, and heat stroke. Heat-related illness can occur when the ability of the body to cool itself
is challenged, or when there are insufficient levels of fluid or salt in the body due to sweating or
dehydration. Heat-related illnesses increase as the combination of temperature and relative humidity
increase, but there are other factors involved as well. The elderly, disabled, and other vulnerable
populations are especially susceptible to excessive heat. A heat wave occurs during a period of
abnormally and uncomfortably hot and unusually humid weather. Typically, a heat wave lasts two or
more days.
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The severity of an extreme
heat event is measured by
maximum air temperature,
heat index, duration of
consecutive hot days, and
overnight temperatures. Heat
indices exceeding 100°F
create dangerous conditions,
particularly for vulnerable
populations.
Past Occurrences
According to the NCEI, the
Oneida Nation has
experienced 12 significant
excessive heat events in the
last 25 years from January 1,
2000 to December 31, 2025.
Based on previous hazard
occurrences, as reported by
the NCEI, the Oneida Nation
experiences approximately
one significant excessive
heat event every two years.
Climate Change Impacts
Wisconsin climatologists predict that by 2050, the frequency of very hot days will likely nearly triple in
the north half of the state, which translates to about two more weeks each year with daily high
temperatures topping 90° F. Increasing frequency of excessive heat events or heat waves
(prolonged periods of stagnant air with temperatures over 90° F) will have direct impacts on human
health. A substantial number of deaths and illnesses can occur, especially among the youngest and
oldest in the population, when excessive heat conditions continue for several consecutive days with
little to no relief. Additionally, excessive heat can negatively impact agriculture from heat stress on
livestock and crops. Parks that provide recreational water facilities are likely to experience increased
usage during times of excessive heat as well.
Vulnerability
Based on the hazard frequency and the effects of climate change, the Oneida Nation is considered
to have a low probability of experiencing an excessive heat event in any given year.
Excessive heat events have no defined hazard area within the planning area. Past events have been
relatively uniform across the planning area.
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Impacts from Hazard
Death and Injury
No deaths, but three injuries have been reported from significant excessive heat events for the
Oneida Nation over the last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025, according to
NCEI data.
Critical Facilities
Utilities may see peak demand for electricity during excessive heat events. Hospitals and clinics will
likely experience an increased demand due to heat-related illnesses during excessive heat. In some
cases, rescue services will experience an increased demand due to heat related illnesses. If school
is in session during the excessive heat event, area school districts may dismiss classes early in the
day, at least in older schools without air conditioning. Emergency shelters will experience higher
demand during the excessive heat, with some emergency shelters being set up specifically in
response.
Economic Impacts
Economic impacts of excessive heat may include higher electrical consumption and increased
demands for medical treatment. Local governments may need to incur expenses when repairing
streets and highways in the planning area that have been damaged due to buckling. Excessive heat
can also negatively impact agriculture in the surrounding area when combined with drought.
DENSE FOG
Fog is a collection of liquid water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air at or near the ground.
Fog can be considered a type of low-lying cloud, usually resembling stratus, and is heavily
influenced by nearby bodies of water, topography, and wind conditions. Dense fog creates a
hazardous situation mainly because of reduce
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