PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN (2026)
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ONEIDA NATION
PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN
2026-2031
ADOPTED
[INSERT DATE]
EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT CONTACT
Kaylynn Biely
Emergency Management Director
2783 Freedom Road, Oneida, WI 54155
(920) 869-6650
kbiely@oneidanation.org
STEERING COMMITTEE
Name
Title
Brandon Noll
Brenda Mendolla-Buckley
Brian Smith
Carol Stiff
Chad Fuss
Debra Danforth
Debra Powless
Eric Boulanger
Eric McLester
Erik Cornelius
Isaiah Skenandore
James Petitjean
James Snitgen
Jason Doxtator
Jeanne Calhoun
Jennifer Berg
Jennifer Jordan
Jessalyn Harvath
Jessica Vandekamp
Jodi Tess
Joel Maxam
John Danforth
John Nicholas
Kanani Nunies
Kathleen King
Katsitsiyo Danforth
Kaylynn Biely
Lisa Duff
Lisa Rauschenbach
Lisa Summers
Mae Cornelius
Mari Kriescher
Mark Powless
Maureen Perkins
Melinda Danforth
Michele Roberto
Michelle Tipple
Paul Witek
Ralinda Ninham-Lamberies
Ronald Vanschydel
Sarah White
Scott Denny
Shane Hill
Shannon Stone
Sidney White
Stephanie Skenandore
Tanya Hill
Tina Jorgensen
Troy Parr
Victoria Flowers
GIS
AGM Executive Operations Casino Hotel
Oneida Retail Enterprise Fuel Specialist
Transportation Department
Assistant CFO Gaming
Comprehensive Health
Commerce Development Director
Police Chief
LEAF Division Director
Gaming
Risk Manager
Retail CEO
LEAF Environmental Quality Manager
DTS (Digital Technology Services)
Hotel Administrative Director
Family Services Director
Sanitarian Environmental
Gaming Senior Project Manager
Community Resource and Economic Support Director
Aging and Disability Services Program Manager
Assistant Chief of Police
Director Trust Enrollment
Manager - Utilities Waste Water
Tribal Historic Preservation Officer
Retail Assistant Manager
Security Department Director
Emergency Management Director
Gaming and Hotel, Executive Assistant to CEO
Housing Division Director
Government Administration Director
DPW Senior Operations Analyst
Behavioral Health Director
Services CEO
Environmental Compliance Specialist
Governmental Affairs Department Director
Oneida Gaming Shuttles
Community/Public Health Officer
Engineering Director
CFO
Assistant Manager Custodial
Purchasing Director
Housing Area Manager
Manager of Digital Security
DPW Division Director
Oneida Community Health Center
GIS
Zoning Administrator
Human Services Division Director
Community Development Area Manager
Environmental Compliance Coordinator
[INSERT ONEIDA RESOLUTION]
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
i
FEMA APPROVAL LETTER
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
ii
PLAN CONTENTS
FOREWORD
6
PLAN UPDATE SUMMARY
6
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
1-1
PURPOSE OF THE PLAN UPDATE
REGULATIONS
ASSURANCES
PLAN DEVELOPMENT TIMEFRAME
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN STEERING COMMITTEE
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
PARTICIPATION BY OVERLAPPING JURISDICTIONS
1-1
1-1
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-4
1-4
CHAPTER 2 - ONEIDA NATION BACKGROUND INFORMATION
2-1
HISTORICAL SUMMARY
DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
ENROLLMENT
HOUSING
LAND AREA AND USE
CRITICAL FACILITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURE
ONEIDA NATION CRITICAL FACILITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURE
2-1
2-3
2-3
2-5
2-7
2-7
2-9
CHAPTER 3 - RISK ASSESSMENT
3-1
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
HAZARD PRIORITIZATON
HISTORY OF HAZARD OCCURRENCES
DISASTER DECLARATION HISTORY
VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
HEALTHCARE AND PUBLIC HEALTH VULNERABILITY
ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL LOSSES
NATURAL HAZARD PROFILES
WINTER STORM
TORNADO/STRONG WIND
EXTREME COLD
FLOOD
EXCESSIVE HEAT
DENSE FOG
HAIL
DROUGHT
WILDLAND FIRE
HUMAN-CAUSED HAZARD PROFILES
CYBERSECURITY THREATS
PANDEMIC
ACTIVE THREAT
3-1
3-1
3-2
3-4
3-4
3-5
3-5
3-6
3-6
3-8
3-13
3-14
3-17
3-18
3-19
3-20
3-21
3-23
3-23
3-24
3-26
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
iii
CIVIL/SOCIAL UNREST AND TERRORISM
HAZARDOUS SPILLS
MANURE SPILLS
AIRPLANE CRASH
3-27
3-28
3-29
3-30
CHAPTER 4 - MITIGATION STRATEGY
4-1
PLAN GOALS
COMPLETED MITIGATION STRATEGIES
MITIGATION RESOURCES
OPTIONS FOR FUNDING MITIGATION
HAZARD MITIGATION STRATEGIES
STRATEGY PRIORITIZATION
4-1
4-1
4-2
4-2
4-3
4-3
CHAPTER 5 - PLAN ADOPTION, MAINTENANCE, AND COORDINATION
5-1
PLAN ADOPTION
PLAN MAINTENANCE
PLAN COORDINATION
5-1
5-1
5-2
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
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TABLES, FIGURES, AND MAPS
Table A: Mitigation Strategy Updates from Previous Plan ------------------------------------------------------------ vii
Table 1.1: Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan Steering Committee -------------------------------------------------------------- 1-3
Table 2.1: Land Use, 2024 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2-7
Table 2.2: Oneida Nation Communication Facilities/Infrastructure ------------------------------------------------------ 2-9
Table 2.3: Oneida Nation Food, Hydration, and Shelter Facilities/Infrastructure ----------------------------------- 2-9
Table 2.4: Oneida Nation Hazardous Materials Facilities/Infrastructure----------------------------------------------- 2-9
Table 2.5: Oneida Nation Health and Medical Facilities/Infrastructure------------------------------------------------- 2-9
Table 2.6: Oneida Nation Safety and Security Facilities/Infrastructure ---------------------------------------------- 2-10
Table 2.7: Oneida Nation Transportation Facilities/Infrastructure----------------------------------------------------- 2-11
Table 2.8: Oneida Nation Water Systems Facilities/Infrastructure---------------------------------------------------- 2-12
Table 3.1: Hazard Risk Rankings --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3-1
Table 3.2: Natural Hazard Occurrences Data, Oneida Nation 2000-2025 -------------------------------------------- 3-2
Table 3.3: Human-caused Hazard Occurrences Data, Oneida Nation 2010-2025 -------------------------------- 3-4
Table 4.1: All Hazards Mitigation Strategies ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-3
Table 4.2: Winter Storm Mitigation Strategies----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-6
Table 4.3: Tornado/Strong Wind Mitigation Strategies----------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-6
Table 4.4: Extreme Cold Mitigation Strategies ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-7
Table 4.5: Flood Mitigation Strategies --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-7
Table 4.6: Excessive Heat Mitigation Strategies ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-9
Table 4.7: Dense Fog Mitigation Strategies -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-9
Table 4.8: Hail Mitigation Strategies ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4-9
Table 4.9: Drought Mitigation Strategies ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-10
Table 4.10: Wildland Fire Mitigation Strategies ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-10
Table 4.11: Cybersecurity Threat Mitigation Strategies-------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-11
Table 4.12: Pandemic Mitigation Strategies ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-12
Table 4.13: Active Threat Mitigation Strategies------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-13
Table 4.14: Civil/Social Unrest and Terrorism Mitigation Strategies -------------------------------------------------- 4-14
Table 4.15: Hazardous Spill Mitigation Strategies -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-15
Table 4.16: Manure Spill Mitigation Strategies -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-16
Table 4.17: Airplane Crash Mitigation Strategies ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-16
Figure 2.1: Total Enrollment by Location, 2025 .................................................................................................. 2-4
Figure 2.2: Total Enrollment by Year, 1999-2025 .............................................................................................. 2-5
Figure 2.3: Oneida Nation Demographic Infographic, 2025 ............................................................................. 2-6
Figure 3.1: Tornado Magnitude Measurement, EF Scale ................................................................................. 3-9
Figure 3.2: Wisconsin Tornado Events, 1844-2024 ......................................................................................... 3-12
Map 2.1: Oneida Nation, Wisconsin ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2-13
Map 2.2: Critical Facilities ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2-14
Map 2.3: Power Substations and Backup Power ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2-15
Map 2.4: FCC Commercial Towers ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2-10
Map 2.5: Broadband Coverage Connection (Wireline) --------------------------------------------------------------------- 2-10
Map 2.6: Broadband Coverage Connection (Wireless) -------------------------------------------------------------------- 2-11
Map 3.1: 100-Year and 500-Year Floodplains -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3-32
Map 3.2: Critical Facilities Potentially in the Floodplains ------------------------------------------------------------------ 3-33
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
v
FOREWORD
The Oneida Nation strives to be a disaster resilient Tribal community by undertaking hazard
mitigation planning and activities to reduce the costs and minimize the impact of disasters on its
Tribal members and community.
Oneida Emergency Management is the lead department focusing on the needs of the Oneida Nation
and the Oneida community in preparation for, mitigation from, response to, and recovery from
emergencies or disaster that can affect the reservation. The Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation
Plan is an important component in the preparation and mitigation of disaster impacts. The original
Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan was developed to identify Oneida’s major hazards, assess the risk and
vulnerability of the Oneida Nation to those hazards, and recommend actions to reduce
vulnerabilities. In this five-year plan update, all sections of the plan were reviewed and revised, as
needed, and where applicable include updated data and demographics, risk assessments, mitigation
goals, strategies, and action items.
The Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan is organized following the planning requirements
found in 44 CFR Part 201.7 (Tribal Mitigation Plans).
Chapter 1 serves as an introduction to the Plan. It includes the purpose of the plan and identifies the
regulations and assurances. It documents the planning process used to develop the plan, including
how it was prepared, who was involved in the process, and how the public was involved.
Chapter 2 describes and details background information on the Oneida Nation, including a historical
summary, demographic information, land area and use, and critical facilities and infrastructure.
Chapter 3, the Risk Assessment, provides an identification of the type, location, and extent of
hazards that can impact the Oneida Nation, and an assessment of the Oneida Nation’s vulnerability
to each hazard. The hazards were revised in this plan update to include some additional humancaused hazards.
Chapter 4, the Mitigation Strategy, identifies the Oneida Nation’s prioritized strategy for reducing the
losses identified in the risk assessment. The chapter identifies the Oneida Nation’s mitigation goals
to guide the selection of activities to mitigate and reduce losses. These goals were reviewed and
revised in this plan update to account for additional human-caused hazards in the risk assessment.
This chapter also describes the Oneida Nation’s capabilities, resources, and available funding to
implement the identified mitigation strategies.
Chapter 5 describes the process for plan adoption and maintenance, and includes the method and
schedule for monitoring, evaluating, and updating the plan. This chapter also describes the
coordination efforts of the plan.
PLAN UPDATE SUMMARY
The Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan addresses natural and human-caused hazards. This
current update added some additional human-caused hazards that were not addressed in the
previous update, including pandemic, active threat, civil/social unrest and terrorism, and airplane
crash. Other updates include new information about hazards that impact the Oneida Nation as well
as internal changes to Tribal divisions and departments that address hazards or elements of
hazards. This plan also integrated data from the Public Health Emergency Plan (PHEP) (effective
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
6
September 3, 2025). Throughout the process of updating this plan, the foundation was laid to
develop a Threat and Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (THIRA) for Oneida Nation.
Additionally, efforts got underway with this plan to develop an Enhanced Pre-disaster Mitigation Plan
for Oneida Nation.
The following is a summary of the changes made to each chapter of the previous version of the
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan.
•
Chapter 1 - Introduction: Updated information on regulations, assurances, the plan development
timeframe, planning process participants, and public review information.
•
Chapter 2 - Oneida Nation Background Information: Updated demographic information regarding
enrollments and member households, land area and use data, and critical facilities and
infrastructure data.
•
Chapter 3 - Risk Assessment: Hazard occurrences were updated and hazard risk rankings were
reassessed by the Steering Committee based on previous hazard occurrences and consensus.
Disaster declaration information was updated. Critical facilities and infrastructure were
reevaluated and updated. All hazard profiles, occurrences, and probabilities were updated.
Hazard occurrences were updated to include all from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025.
Hazard probabilities were updated based on updated occurrences. Four human-caused hazards
– pandemic, active threat, civil/social unrest and terrorism, and airplane crash – were added to
the hazard profiles. The vulnerability assessment and calculations of potential losses were
updated. A section discussing vulnerabilities associated with health care and public health was
added, titled “Healthcare and Public Health Vulnerability.”
•
Chapter 4 - Mitigation Strategy: The plan goals were updated to reflect the addition of four new
human-caused hazards. The mitigation strategies were updated to account for completed
projects, updated timetables, new project additions, and some revisions. Table A (below) lists the
updates made to the identified mitigation strategies.
•
Chapter 5 - Plan Adoption, Maintenance, and Coordination: Updated the plan maintenance
process, the plan update schedule, and coordination information.
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
7
Table A: Mitigation Strategy Updates from Previous Plan
Hazard
Description of Update
!""#$%&%'()
Address stormwater management issues.
!""#$#%&'
Develop a standard for numbering building doors on occupied
!""#$#%&'
buildings.
Conduct risk assessment to complete a Continuity Plan.
!""#$#%&'
Community Communications Plan for information management. !""#$#%&'
Maintain a list of staging areas and dumpsters to address
waste after a disaster.
!""#$#%&'
Manage removal of ash trees that create hazardous situations. !""#$#%&'
!""#$#%&'
Acquire towers to improve range, add computer aided dispatch ()*&+,"-./%0-1!234#/,-5$*&"6*7%&,-- potential for StarLink integration.
"#+#$*7-585$,0-.%/-2%004*$#%&5'1
Establish procedures for dealing with the collection and
9%:,"-./%0-;%/&*"%-*&"-<$/%&+-=#&"'disposal of large volumes of after-storm solid waste debris.
9*",->?=-@/#0*/8-A,5@%&5#B7,-?*/$8'
Maintain a list of buildings to be used for reception centers.
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
8
Table A (cont’d): Mitigation Strategy Updates from Previous Plan
Hazard
Description of Update
322'4%5%#F/'67"$)8F9
Develop a community lifeline chart and risk assessment
resource list.
Evaluate tools and methods to improve interoperability
efficiency and effectiveness.
!"#$%&'()*+H-(.I&0&1+2(*ՁH&(
'#6"7+#*'(+)(&H21+8&'(*&6+9*:&6;(
*&62+$6&(45H&;(#$'(&H&*%&$:8(64#496<.
!"#$%&'()*+H(.=0#19#4&(:+HH9$5:#45+$(
4++16(#$'(H&4"+'6(4+(5H2*+0&(
5$4&*+2&*#751548(&))5:5&$:8(#$'(
&))&:450&$&66<.
+H$).#'()"#1
Utilize snow fences or "living snow fences" (row of trees or
other vegetation) to limit blowing and drifing of snow on critical >&H+0&';(?$&5'#('+&6$@4('+(4"56<
roadway segments.
!"#$%F"'%$F'()#"$*'+H$F
Ensure that there are emergency/safety plans for each
occupied facility.
Maintain a process to check for downed trees and other
necessary clean-up after a storm.
Need additional funding to manage downed and hazardous
trees.
A#'&(@B5%"@(2*5+*548<
A#'&(ICM(2*5H#*8(>&62+$6571&(C#*48<
N''545+$<
02""F
Develop a database of trained employees for Damage
Assessment.
Inventory floodfighting equipment and supplies (equipment,
sandbags, sandpits, pumps, etc.) and develop an inventory
database.
N''545+$<
!"#$%&'()*+H(.F$0&$4+*8()1++')5%"45$%(
&G952H&$4(#$'(692215&6(H&G952H&$4;(
6#$'7#%6;(6#$'2546;(29H26;(&4:<I.
Establish list of contractors for floodfighting supplies.
!"#$%&'()*+H(.=64#7156"(A?J6(O54"(1564(
+)(:+$4*#:4+*6()+*()1++')5%"45$%(692215&6<.
Provide community outreach about floodproofing techniques
for residents and businesses.
!"#$%&'()*+H(.C*+05'&(:+HH9$548(
+94*&#:"(#7+94()1++'2*++)5$%(4&:"$5G9&6(
69:"(#6(&1&0#45+$;(*&1+:#45+$;(7#**5&*(
:+$64*9:45+$;(#$'(O&4()1++'2*++)5$%()+*(
*&65'&$46(#$'(7965$&66&6<.
Ensure appropriate future land use decisions align with the
!"#$%&'()*+H(.N75'&(78(2*+2&*(1#$'(96&(
currently adopted version of the —
Land Use Policy Framework“ 2+15:8()*#H&O+*L(4"*+9%"(4"&(?$&5'#(
- as guided by the Oneida Nation Comprehensive Plan.
M#45+$(:+H2*&"&$650&(21#$<.
-.$/.'0"*
Inform the county highway departments and Wisconsin DOT of !"#$%&(2*5H#*8(>&62+$6571&(C#*48(4+(
areas lacking signage, damaged signs, or fading paint on
N*57#1(N*#$62+*4#45+$(C*+%*#H<
roads.
Provide information to area news media in order to broadcast
emergency information that addresses safety precautions,
including the need to avoid certain corridors or to slow down
while traveling during a fog event.
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
>&H+0&'(?CI;(#''&'(>NO=<
9
Table A (cont’d): Mitigation Strategy Updates from Previous Plan
Hazard
Description of Update
Hail
Maintain a process to check for downed trees and other
necessary clean-up after a storm.
Made DPW primary Responsible Party.
Drought
Develop a water maintenance or distribution plan.
Maintain burn ban communications.
Addition.
Removed, covered under Wildland Fire.
Wildland Fire
Removed LEAF as Resp. Party and added
Communications; Brown and Outagamie
counties. Changed from "Coordinate with
Continue to provide burn ban communications. Refer public to the Wisconsin Department of Natural
fire danger map as questions arise on burning restrictions.
Resources to disseminate information to
the public on preventing fires and
providing notification on burning
restrictions."
Cybersecurity
Maintain a plan to address cybersecurity threats.
Addition.
Maintain logging and tracking of all occurences segregated by
Addition.
internal and external threats.
Develop a schedule for auditing digital systems.
Addition.
Assess vehicle cyber threats.
Addition.
Hazardous Spill
Maintain staff capacity, certification, and training to address
issues and maintain awareness of next steps and partners.
Changed from "Maintain staff capacity,
certification, and training to address
issues."
Manure Spill
Maintain staff capacity, certification, and training to address
issues.
Removed, LEAF does not respond directly
to a spill. They are secondary to determine
water quality impacts after the fact.
Continue to respond to and manage spills coming through the
Addition.
notification system.
Continue water quality monitoring (including pre- and postmonitoring).
Addition.
Inventory all liquid manure storage facilities on Reservation
and upstream.
Addition.
Document the spill response collaboration that exists with
partners (incl. Brown and Outagamie counties and WDNR).
Addition.
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
10
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
Disasters are occurring more frequently over time, with the past decade witnessing the highest
number on record. These events have a considerable economic and operational impact on Tribal
governments, businesses, and individuals. In order to lessen vulnerabilities to hazards and reduce
the financial strain of recovery efforts, the Oneida Nation is focusing on minimizing disaster losses
through the implementation of mitigation projects and initiatives. Hazard mitigation involves proactive
measures aimed at eliminating or reducing long-term risks to human life and property from both
natural and human-made hazards.
PURPOSE OF THE PLAN UPDATE
The Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 was developed to update information on
the Oneida Nation’s potential for exposure to natural and human-caused hazards and to identify
mitigation strategies aimed at reducing the impact of hazards. The plan conforms to Federal
Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) requirements for hazards mitigation planning consistent
with the Code of Federal Regulations (44 CFR Part 201.7) and provides information on risk areas,
risk magnitude, and strategies to reduce hazard impacts. In this plan, the Oneida Nation addressed
issues related to the protection of lives and property from hazards, the protection of critical facilities,
and to reduce costs associated with disaster relief and rescue efforts. Completion and approval of
this plan maintains the Oneida Nation’s eligibility for certain FEMA assistance, such as Public
Assistance and Hazard Mitigation Assistance (HMA) grants. Tribal hazard mitigation plans are
approved for 5-year periods and must be updated to maintain grant eligibility. Furthermore, having a
hazard mitigation plan better prepares the Oneida Nation before a disaster, and positions them for a
quicker recovery after a disaster, because the hazards, capabilities, and mitigation actions are
documented and ready to be acted on.
REGULATIONS
Hazard mitigation planning is conducted in accordance with the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000
(DMA2K). DMA2K was signed into law in October 2000 to attempt to stem the losses from disasters,
reduce future public and private expenditures, and speed up response and recovery from disasters.
DMA2K encourages mitigation planning to address hazards proactively to avoid and reduce negative
impacts. DMA2K requires a Tribal nation to have an approved hazard mitigation plan in order to be
eligible to apply for grant funding through the federal hazard mitigation grants programs.
Section 322 of the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 requires the development and submittal for
approval of a Tribal hazard mitigation plan in order for a Tribe to be eligible for federal mitigation
funds and certain other disaster assistance.
This Plan meets the requirements for a Tribal Plan under 44 CFR Part 201.7. Meeting the planning
requirements of these regulations maintains the Oneida Nation’s eligibility for obtaining the
maximum federal disaster assistance available including the hazard mitigation grants available
through the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, also known as the
Stafford Act. The Stafford Act is a federal law that allows the president to provide financial and
logistical support to local, state, tribal, and territorial governments in response to a disaster or
emergency. The Stafford Act also allows the president to declare a national emergency or disaster,
and to determine how much federal assistance to provide.
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
1-1
On January 29, 2013, President Obama signed the Sandy Recovery Improvement Act of 2013,
which amended the Stafford Act. The 2013 Act included a provision to provide federally recognized
American Indian and Alaskan Tribal Governments the option to request a Presidential emergency or
major disaster declaration independent of a state. Tribal governments may still choose to seek
assistance under a state declaration request.
ASSURANCES
The Oneida Nation will comply with all applicable Federal statutes and regulations in effect with
respect to the periods in which it receives grant funding, including 2 CFR Parts 200 and 3002. The
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 will be amended according to the process
described in Chapter 5: Plan Adoption and Maintenance, whenever necessary, to reflect changes in
Tribal or Federal laws and statutes.
PLAN DEVELOPMENT TIMEFRAME
The Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 was developed over a 20-month time
period beginning in September 2024. Plan development concluded with the adoption of the plan by
the Oneida Nation Business Committee on _____________.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Oneida Emergency Management would like to acknowledge and thank the members of the Oneida
Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan Steering Committee for their commitment to the development of
the Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031. The process was a multi-department
effort with Oneida Emergency Management serving as the lead agency for the planning process and
Community Assistance Planning LLC providing facilitation and plan development assistance.
PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN STEERING COMMITTEE
The Oneida Nation established a Steering Committee to guide the development of the hazard
mitigation plan (Table 1.1). The Steering Committee, comprised of Oneida Nation department
representatives, provided valuable input to the plan throughout the planning process.
The Steering Committee held 11 meetings from November 2024 to May 2026 Additional plan review
occurred outside of these meetings via e-mail.
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
1-2
Table 1.1: Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan Steering Committee
Name
Title
Brandon Noll
Brenda Mendolla-Buckley
Brian Smith
Carol Stiff
Chad Fuss
Debra Danforth
Debra Powless
Eric Boulanger
Eric McLester
Erik Cornelius
Isaiah Skenandore
James Petitjean
James Snitgen
Jason Doxtator
Jeanne Calhoun
Jennifer Berg
Jennifer Jordan
Jessalyn Harvath
Jessica Vandekamp
Jodi Tess
Joel Maxam
John Danforth
John Nicholas
Kanani Nunies
Kathleen King
Katsitsiyo Danforth
Kaylynn Biely
Lisa Duff
Lisa Rauschenbach
Lisa Summers
Mae Cornelius
Mari Kriescher
Mark Powless
Maureen Perkins
Melinda Danforth
Michele Roberto
Michelle Tipple
Paul Witek
Ralinda Ninham-Lamberies
Ronald Vanschydel
Sarah White
Scott Denny
Shane Hill
Shannon Stone
Sidney White
Stephanie Skenandore
Tanya Hill
Tina Jorgensen
Troy Parr
Victoria Flowers
GIS
AGM Executive Operations Casino Hotel
Oneida Retail Enterprise Fuel Specialist
Transportation Department
Assistant CFO Gaming
Comprehensive Health
Commerce Development Director
Police Chief
LEAF Division Director
Gaming
Risk Manager
Retail CEO
LEAF Environmental Quality Manager
DTS (Digital Technology Services)
Hotel Administrative Director
Family Services Director
Sanitarian Environmental
Gaming Senior Project Manager
Community Resource and Economic Support Director
Aging and Disability Services Program Manager
Assistant Chief of Police
Director Trust Enrollment
Manager - Utilities Waste Water
Tribal Historic Preservation Officer
Retail Assistant Manager
Security Department Director
Emergency Management Director
Gaming and Hotel, Executive Assistant to CEO
Housing Division Director
Government Administration Director
DPW Senior Operations Analyst
Behavioral Health Director
Services CEO
Environmental Compliance Specialist
Governmental Affairs Department Director
Oneida Gaming Shuttles
Community/Public Health Officer
Engineering Director
CFO
Assistant Manager Custodial
Purchasing Director
Housing Area Manager
Manager of Digital Security
DPW Division Director
Oneida Community Health Center
GIS
Zoning Administrator
Human Services Division Director
Community Development Area Manager
Environmental Compliance Coordinator
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
1-3
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
The public, represented as the General Tribal Council (GTC), is the governing body of the Oneida
Nation and consists of all enrolled Oneida Tribal members who are 18 years of age or older who are
present at a duly called GTC meeting. The GTC meets twice a year and when the Oneida Business
Committee Chairperson calls a special GTC meeting, as needed or as requested, through a GTC
petition signed by at least 50 qualified GTC members. Since the adoption of the Oneida Constitution
in 1936, the GTC has delegated much of its authority to the Oneida Business Committee.
On June 30, 2026, the GTC was provided digital access via a QR code to review the draft of the
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031, which was also posted on the Oneida Nation
website.
PARTICIPATION BY OVERLAPPING JURISDICTIONS
A draft of the Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 was provided to Brown and
Outagamie counties for their review and comment.
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
1-4
CHAPTER 2 - ONEIDA NATION BACKGROUND INFORMATION
The Oneida Nation Reservation is located in northeast Wisconsin (Map 2.1), overlapping the
boundaries of eastern Outagamie County and western Brown County. The Oneida Nation has a land
area of 65,442 acres (Table 2.1).
The Town of Oneida in Outagamie County and the Village of Hobart in Brown County are entirely
within the federal boundaries of the Oneida Nation Reservation. Three other Brown County
communities lie partially within the boundaries of the Oneida Nation Reservation including the
Village of Ashwaubenon, the City of Green Bay, and a small corner of the Town of Pittsfield in Brown
County (Map 2.2).
The following provides information about Oneida’s history, demographics, land use, and critical
facilities.
HISTORICAL SUMMARY
In 1838, the Oneida Reservation was established by treaty with the United States. The Treaty
reserved to the Oneida Nation “a tract of land containing one hundred acres, for each individual, and
the lines of which shall be so run as to include all their settlements and improvements in the vicinity
of Green Bay.” The Treaty called for the United States to survey land for the reservation “as soon as
practicable.” After taking a census of the Oneida, a reservation of approximately 65,400 acres was
surveyed and established in compliance with the Treaty.
This Treaty was the culmination of almost two decades of relocation. The Oneida were members of
the Iroquois Federation, with their homeland in New York.1 Like so many other tribes during the
removal period (ca. 1828–1847), some of the Oneida were compelled—after years of encroachment,
erosion of their land base, and pressure from both federal and state governments—to move west.
This process resulted in the 1838 Treaty, in which the United States agreed to establish a
reservation for the Oneida in exchange for the Oneida ceding “all their title and interest” in other land
in Wisconsin that had previously been set apart for the Oneida and other New York tribes by earlier
treaties.
Toward the end of the nineteenth century, Congress began a nationwide policy of encouraging
individual ownership of Indian reservation land. For nearly fifty years, beginning with the General
Allotment Act of 1887 (also known as the Dawes Act), and ending with the Indian Reorganization Act
of 1934, Congress followed a policy of allotting to individual tribal members reservation lands that
had been held in common by the respective tribes. The objectives of allotment were simple and clear
cut: to eventually extinguish tribal sovereignty, erase reservation boundaries, and force the
assimilation of Indians into the society at large.
The Oneida Reservation in Wisconsin was allotted soon after passage of the Dawes Act in 1887.
President Benjamin Harrison approved the allotment of the Oneida Reservation, and an agent of the
Office of Indian Affairs was assigned in June 1889 to carry it out. The Reservation was split into
1,530 allotments for tribal members with 80 acres reserved for establishing schools and a small
1 The Oneida Nation is one of the five original nations of the Haudenosaunee (People of the Longhouse, a.k.a. Iroquois
Confederacy). These nations, the Mohawk, Oneida, Seneca, Cayuga, and Onondaga, were joined by the Tuscarora Tribe early in
the 1700s to form the Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee (Oneida Nation Brochure, Purple Book, 1991).
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amount of land set aside for future allotments. Trust patents were issued on June 13, 1892, with fee
patents set to issue to allottees twenty‐five years later, in 1917.
In 1906, Congress amended the Dawes Act to speed the allotment process. The Burke Act gave the
Secretary of the Interior the discretion to issue “a patent in fee simple,” free of all restrictions, to any
allottee “competent and capable of managing his or her affairs” before the expiration of the twenty‐
five‐year trust period. The Dawes Act, originally and as amended by the Burke Act, contained no
reference to reservation boundaries, to tribal interests in reservation land, or to any particular
reservation.
A month after passing the Burke Act, Congress specifically addressed the Oneida Reservation
allotments in an appropriations act for the Office of Indian Affairs. Among addressing other matters
relevant to Indian affairs and various Indian reservations, the provisions specific to the Oneida
authorized the Secretary of the Interior “in his discretion, to issue fee‐simple patents”, and reiterated
the authority of the Secretary to issue fee‐simple patents to Oneida allottees.
Over the next few decades, many of the Oneida Reservation allotments were fee‐patented. Most of
these parcels were eventually conveyed to non‐Indians by sale, foreclosure, or enforcement of tax
liens. By 1917, only 106 Oneida allotments remained in trust, and over 50,000 of the 65,000 acres of
reservation land were owned by non‐Indians. This pattern of land loss was not unusual. Allotment
“proved disastrous for the Indians.” By the late 1920s, the policy of allotment was recognized as a
failure. Still, the Oneida persisted.
In 1934, federal policy toward Indian lands turned 180 degrees. Congress passed the Indian
Reorganization Act of 1934, not only to stem the loss of Indian land holdings brought on by allotment
but also to give tribes the opportunity to re‐establish their governments and land holdings. “The
intent and purpose of the [Act] was ‘to rehabilitate the Indian’s economic life and to give him a
chance to develop the initiative destroyed by a century of oppression and paternalism.” The 1934
Act brought an end to allotment, indefinitely extending the trust period on all remaining trust patents.
The Act allowed tribes to organize and adopt constitutions with a congressional sanction of self‐
government. It also authorized the Secretary of the Interior to acquire lands to be placed into trust for
tribes.
The Oneida are proud and productive residents of the greater Green Bay region. They have
persisted through periods of both triumph and tragedy to contribute to the economic, cultural, and
spiritual well-being of the Fox River Valley. Beginning in the 1960s and continuing through the
1970s, more sources of funding became available for Indian tribes. The Oneida Nation took
advantage of as much of this federal funding as possible, securing several key grants, some of
which were specifically slated for the support of Indian reservations. From the 1970s and into the
1980s, the Oneida Nation continued developing economically to create a more secure future for their
tribal members, as well as exercising jurisdiction over their lands.
In 1988, Congress passed the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, a law which created a regulatory
framework for tribes seeking to build and operate casinos as a means of revenue. Through the
expansion of its tribal enterprises, the Nation has been able to re-acquire title to land within the
reservation and to offer a wide variety of services to its members and the community. Today, the
Oneida Nation’s economic enterprises are numerous and varied across industries, with gaming and
hospitality/recreational sector activities being the most widely recognized. Capital projects,
educational services, and the delivery of public, and human and health services to Oneida members,
while less visible to the public, are noteworthy pursuits that enhance the economic and social vitality
of the region. Combined, these Oneida economic activities generate significant output, income, and
employment impacts on the local community. The Nation's overall vision and seven generation focus
have been a key to ensuring the Nation’s vitality.
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Sources:
Oneida Nation v. Village of Hobart, 19-1981, United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit, July 30, 2020 (“The Oneida
Reservation defined by the 1838 Treaty remains intact, so the land within the boundaries of the Reservation is Indian country.”)
A History of Relations Between the Oneida Nation and The United States of America, 1776-1934, Frederick E. Hoxie, Ph.D., Nov.
15, 2017
The Oneida Indian Reservation in Wisconsin- Its Land, Its People, And Its Governance, 1838-1938, R. David Edmunds, Ph.D., Nov.
15, 2017
A History of The Oneida Reservation Boundaries, 1934-1984, Douglas M. Kiel, Ph.D., Dec. 15, 2017
The Economic Impact of The Oneida Nation, St. Norbert College- Center for Business & Economic Analysis, 2018
Land Is Life: How the Oneida Nation Is Reclaiming Its Land, And Its Identity, Frank Vaisvilas, Green Bay Press-Gazette, Aug. 24,
2020
DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
To plan for potential hazards, it is important to gain an understanding of the population and housing
characteristics for the Nation. The Enrollments Office of the Oneida Nation is responsible for keeping
Oneida enrollment information current and is the best source for demographic information related to
Oneida members both within and outside the Reservation boundaries. Other demographic sources,
such as U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey, provide data on the Reservation
population; however, the data is not specific to Oneida members and includes non-members
residing within the Tribal boundaries. The demographic information in this section of the plan was
developed by the Oneida Nation Self Governance Department with data from the Enrollments Office
and the Quality of Life Survey.
ENROLLMENT
As of December 18, 2025, there were 17,246 Oneida enrolled members. Of these enrolled
members, 4,592 (27%) live on the Oneida Reservation in Wisconsin, and 2,814 (16%) live in Brown
and Outagamie counties in Wisconsin but not within the Oneida Reservation boundaries. The rest of
Oneida enrolled members (46%) live elsewhere (Figure 2.1).
Of the Oneida members who live in Brown and Outagamie counties, 1,516 (20%) are under 18 years
old; 4,060 (53%) are aged 18-54; and 2,096 (27%) are 55 and older. Just over half of the Oneida
members who live in Brown and Outagamie counties (54%) are female. Figure 2.2 displays the
growth of Oneida membership in Brown and Outagamie Counties since 1999.
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Figure 2.1: Total Enrollment by Location, 2025
Source: Oneida Nation Self Governance Department, Enrollments Office, and the Quality of Life Survey, 12/18/2025.
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Figure 2.2: Total Enrollment by Year, 1999-2025
Source: Oneida Nation Self Governance Department, Enrollments Office, and the Quality of Life Survey, 2025.
HOUSING
According to Oneida Enrollment records from 2025, there were 4,506 enrolled Oneida households in
Brown and Outagamie counties.
Figure 2.3 details the demographics of Oneida members and their households (including both onreservation and off-reservation members in Brown and Outagamie counties).
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Figure 2.3: Oneida Nation Demographic Infographic, 2025
Source: Oneida Nation Self Governance Department, Enrollments Records, 2025; and 2024 Oneida Quality of Life Survey.
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LAND AREA AND USE
The Oneida Reservation has a land area of 65,442 acres (Table 2.1). The predominant land use
type is agriculture (57%), followed by residential (14%) and forestry (14%).
Of the total acres, almost 60% is in the Town of Oneida (Outagamie County); about 33% is in the
Village of Hobart (Brown County); 6% is in the City of Green Bay (Brown County); and <1% each in
the Village of Ashwaubenon (Brown County) and the Town of Pittsfield (Brown County).
Table 2.1: Land Use, 2024
Land Use Type
Acres
% of Total
Agricultural
37,366.34
57%
Residential
9,456.67
14%
Forestry
9,319.67
14%
Grassland
2,399.59
4%
Transportation/Communications/Utilities
1,481.00
2%
Wetlands
1,442.70
2%
Commercial
1,129.56
2%
Industrial
1,058.16
2%
Recreational Acres
744.01
1%
Hydrology
645.46
1%
Quarry & Gravel Pit
398.76
1%
65,441.92
100%
Total
Source: Oneida GIS Department, 2025.
CRITICAL FACILITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURE
Critical facilities and infrastructure are buildings, structures, or systems that are relied upon during a
hazard event, and if destroyed would present an immediate threat to life, public health, and/or safety.
The Oneida Nation determined the criticality of their facilities and infrastructure based on the relative
importance of its various assets for the delivery of vital services, the protection of special
populations, and other important functions.
The Oneida Nation’s critical facilities and infrastructure have been categorized to further define their
functions, risk, and vulnerability. The designations align with the FEMA Community Lifelines
categories, which includes the following plus a few tribal specific designations.
•
•
Safety and Security
Food, Hydration, Shelter
•
•
Hazardous Materials
Water Systems
•
•
Health and Medical
Energy
•
•
Tribal services facilities
Tribal housing sites
• Communications
• Tribal owned facilities
• Transportation
The critical facilities list is not exhaustive, and a facility will only appear under one category even
though some could be listed under more than one category. The definition of each FEMA
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category used to classify Oneida Nation’s critical facilities is defined as follows. (Note that these
categories are listed in alphabetical order, not in order of priority.)
•
Communications (Table 2.2): Facilities/infrastructure that are needed to maintain the
sharing of critical information before, during, and after a hazard event, including
Infrastructure, Responder Communications, Alerts Warnings and Messages, Finance, 911
and Dispatch.
•
Energy (A table is not included as only Oneida Nation’s Natural Gas Line is included under
this category.): Facilities/infrastructure that are needed to power the systems that support the
safety and welfare for the entire population, including power grid and fuel sources.
•
Food, Hydration, and Shelter (Table 2.3): Facilities that are critical to the health and
welfare of the entire population, including Food, Hydration, Shelter, and Agriculture.
•
Hazardous Materials (Table 2.4): Facilities that may present or intensify a threat if impacted
by hazards, including Facilities, HAZMAT, Pollutants, and Contaminants.
•
Health and Medical (Table 2.5): Facilities that are critical to care for the health of the entire
population including, Medical Care, Public Health, Patient Movement, Medical Supply Chain,
and Fatality Management.
•
Safety and Security (Table 2.6): Facilities that are critical to protect the entire population
from harm and are essential following hazard events, including Law Enforcement/Security,
Fire Service, Search and Rescue, Government Service, and Community Safety
•
Transportation (Table 2.7): Facilities/infrastructure that if compromised could impact
movement through the Reservation or evacuations, including Highway/Roadway/Motor
Vehicle, Mass Transit, Railway, and Aviation.
•
Water Systems (Table 2.8): Facilities/infrastructure that are needed to ensure the entire
population has clean water, including Potable Water Infrastructure, Wastewater Management
ONEIDA NATION CRITICAL FACILITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURE
The Oneida Nation and the Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan Steering Committee identified structures,
significant sites, and infrastructure owned by the Oneida Nation as critical. Because the Oneida
Nation provides most of its own services to the people of the Oneida Nation, it was determined that
all facilities and infrastructure are vital to that mission. Identified critical facilities and infrastructure for
the Oneida Nation includes:
•
Childcare services
facilities
•
Cultural heritage
sites/museums
•
Wastewater treatment
facilities
•
Schools
•
Police department
•
Food processing sites
•
Senior service facilities
•
Manufacturing facilities
•
Commercial sites
•
Food production sites
•
Health care centers
•
Dams
•
Banks
•
Community services
•
Water supply facilities
•
Warehouses
•
•
Shelters
•
Tribal service facilities
Religious service
facilities
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Table 2.2: Oneida Nation Communication Facilities/Infrastructure
Facility Name
Oneida Printing
Technology Infrastructure
Telecommunication Tower - NW Tower
Telecommunication Tower - Public Safety Tower
Telecommunication Tower - Skenandoah Tower
Building Number Secondary Category
00011
Hazardous Materials
n/a
FCC-1327467
FCC-1329621
FCC-1329450
Source: Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan Steering Committee; 2026.
Table 2.3: Oneida Nation Food, Hydration, and Shelter Facilities/Infrastructure
Facility Name
Apple Orchard - House/Office
Apple Orchard - Storage
Apple Orchard - Store
Civic Center (Assembly Area/Shelter)
Four Paths Tenant Building
Green Earth Library (Tornado Shelter)
Human Services (Assembly Area/Shelter) - Cottage #1
Human Services (Assembly Area/Shelter) - Cottage #2
Human Services (Assembly Area/Shelter) - Cottage #3
Human Services (Assembly Area/Shelter) - Cottage #4
Human Services (Assembly Area/Shelter) - Garage
Oneida Food Distribution/Oneida Pantry Building
Oneida Nation Elementary School (Assembly Area/Shelter)
Oneida Nation Farm - Barn
Oneida Nation Farm - Office & Shop
Oneida Nation Farm - Shed
Recreation Center - Cty H (Assembly Area/Shelter)
Safe Shelter
Tsyunhehkwa - Barn
Tsyunhehkwa - Greenhouse
Tsyunhehkwa - Office
Tsyunhehkwa - Processing Building
Building Number Secondary Category
00025
00026
Hazardous Materials
00024
00001
00161
00023
00056
00057
00058
00059
00060
00101
00084
00159
00186
00155
Hazardous Materials
00104
00096
00075
Hazardous Materials
00076
00074
00077
Hazardous Materials
Source: Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan Steering Committee; 2026.
Table 2.4: Oneida Nation Hazardous Materials Facilities/Infrastructure
Facility Name
Kahnekano!lú Cultural Center
Oneida Nation Museum (old) (scheduled for demo 2026)
Building Number Secondary Category
00166
00016
Source: Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan Steering Committee; 2026.
Table 2.5: Oneida Nation Health and Medical Facilities/Infrastructure
Facility Name
Employee Health Nursing
Lee Mclester Complex - Aging & Disability Services, and Elder Apartments
Lee Mclester Complex - Anna John Resident Centered Care Community
Oneida Community Health Center
Building Number Secondary Category
00080
00100
00149
00105
Hazardous Materials
Source: Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan Steering Committee; 2026.
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Table 2.6: Oneida Nation Safety and Security Facilities/Infrastructure
Facility Name
Airport Road Child Care Center
Aliskwet Court
Archiquette Building (incl. Library, Trust/Enrollments)
Barbershop on Packerland
Bay Bank - Mason St.
Bay Bank - Packerland Dr.
Bread Creek Village
Community Education Center
Comprehensive Housing Office
Comprehensive Housing Shop
Comprehensive Housing Warehouse
Conservation - Barn
Conservation - Field Office
Conservation - Garage
Conservation - Storage
Conservation - Storage
Cora House Housing
Cornelius Circle
Cultural Heritage (incl. in SSB Cottage and former Language House)
Daniel Court
DPW - Fernando Drive - Warehouse A
DPW - Fernando Drive - Warehouse B
DPW - Fernando Drive - Warehouse C
DPW - Groundskeeping - Garage (1237 Flightway)
DPW - Groundskeeping - Office (1239 Flightway)
DPW - Groundskeeping - Storage
DPW - Main - Administration
DPW - Main - Automotive
DPW - Main - Salt Shed #1
DPW - Main - Salt Shed #2
DPW - Main - Storage (blue)
DPW - Main - Storage (green)
DPW - Ranch Road - Storage
DPW - Ranch Road - Storage - Electrical
DPW - Ranch Road - Storage - Plumbing
Elder Village
Employee Services
Flying Leaf Subdivision (Site II)
Former ONE Building - Schneider-leased
Gaming - IMAC
Gaming - Parking Structure
Gaming - Warehouse (incl. gaming shuttle dept)
Green Earth
Green Valley
Hillside Housing
Joshua Heights
Land Management - Garage (blue)
Land Management - Garage (red)
Land Management - Maintenance
Land Management - Office
Law Enforcement Center
Legacy Lane
Little Bear Development Center
Log Homes 1-5
Building Number Secondary Category
00063
N-001
00006
00083
00152
00081
N-022
00005
00064
00184
Hazardous Materials
00065
Hazardous Materials
00146
Hazardous Materials
00126
00143
00144
Hazardous Materials
00145
Hazardous Materials
N-002
N-003
n/a
N-004
00128
00129
00130
00108
Hazardous Materials
00107
00109
Hazardous Materials
00004
00031
Transportation
00034
Hazardous Materials
00136
Hazardous Materials
00033
Hazardous Materials
00032
Hazardous Materials
00112
00017
00111
N-005
00154
N-006
n/a
00018
00091
00106
Hazardous Materials
N-007
N-008
N-009
N-010
00089
00088
00087
00086
00021
N-011
00038
00167 thru 00171
Source: Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan Steering Committee; 2026.
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Table 2.6 (continued): Oneida Nation Safety and Security Facilities/Infrastructure
Facility Name
Log Homes 6
Macco's Floor Covering Building (Larsen Road)
Manders Court
Mason Street Casino
Mason Street Mall (2655 W Mason)
Norbert Hill Center/High School/BC
Norbert Hill Garage
One Stop - EE new
One Stop - EE old
One Stop - Hwy 54
One Stop - Packerland
Oneida Car Wash
Oneida Casino - Hotel - Main
Oneida Casino - Hotel - Tower 1
Oneida Casino - Hotel - Tower 2
Oneida Casino (Data Center)
Oneida Judicial Center
Oneida Lake Beach House
Oneida Lake Campground Restroom
Oneida Mall
Oneida Police Department Evidence Storage
Oneida Transit Garage
Oneida Utilities Department - Office
Oneida Utilities Department - Storage
Parish Hall (aka Episcopal Parish Hall)
Post Office
Recreation Centers - Site II
Recreation Centers - Three Sisters
Ridgeland Housing
Ridgeview Plaza
Rolling Hills Housing
Sand Hill Circle Housing
SEOTS Community Center
Site I
Skenandoah Complex (Data Center)
Standing Stone
Tall Feather Way
Thornberry Creek at Oneida Golf Course (incl. clubhouse)
Three Sisters
Three Sisters Head Start
Turtle Where it Ends
Unnamed vacant building (431 Hillcrest)
Uskah Village
Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) Building
Veterans Services Building/Office
West Mason Business Center (2685 W Mason)
Wingate
Building Number Secondary Category
00192
n/a
N-012
00039
00028
00003
Communications
00030
Hazardous Materials
00049
Hazardous Materials
00187
Hazardous Materials
00148
Hazardous Materials
00097
Hazardous Materials
n/a
00176
00177
00178
00092
Communications
00008
00153
00180
00013
00131
00160
Hazardous Materials
00022
00118
00099
00103
00068
00069
N-013
00042
N-014
N-015
00151
N-016
00132
Communications
N-017
N-018
00134
N-019
00054
N-020
00043
N-021
00174
00007
00175
n/a
Source: Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan Steering Committee; 2026.
Table 2.7: Oneida Nation Transportation Facilities/Infrastructure
Facility Name
Four Paths Gas Station
One Stop - Larsen Rd
One Stop - Westwind
Oneida Transit Garage
Building Number Secondary Category
00051
Hazardous Materials
00124
Hazardous Materials
00120
Hazardous Materials
00185
Source: Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan Steering Committee; 2026.
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Table 2.8: Oneida Nation Water Systems Facilities/Infrastructure
Facility Name
Dam (Finger Lake/Osnukhsa)
DTS Radio Building - Water Tower
Lift Station #1
Pump House - Hillside
Pump House - Ridgeland
Pump House - Sandhill
Pump House - Site 1
Wastewater Treatment Facility - Clarifier
Wastewater Treatment Facility - Headworks
Wastewater Treatment Facility - Main
Water Tower - Hwy 54 Water Tower
Water Tower - Rolling Hills Water Tower
Building Number Secondary Category
n/a
00037
Communications
n/a
00189
00190
00191
00188
00123
Hazardous Materials
00122
Hazardous Materials
00121
Hazardous Materials
n/a
n/a
Source: Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan Steering Committee; 2026.
Oneida Nation critical facilities are displayed on Map 2.2. Additional critical facilities include power
substations and backup power (Map 2.3), FCC commercial towers (Map 2.4), broadband coverage
(wireline) (Map 2.5) and broadband coverage (wireless) (Map 2.6).
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Critical Facilities
Legend
Reservation Boundary
Roads
Streams
ANR Pipeline (Energy)
Technology Infrastructure
(Communications)
Lift Stations
FEMA Category (Primary)
Communications
Food, Hydration, Shelter
GIS
Critical Facilities_26-0430
Date: 05/12/2026
Health and Medical
Safety and Security
Transportation
Water Systems
Vantor
CHAPTER 3 - RISK ASSESSMENT
To provide a means of effectively evaluating potential hazard risk, a risk assessment has been
developed for the Oneida Nation. The risk assessment identifies the hazards that impact the Oneida
Nation, profiles the extent and severity of past hazard occurrences, and assesses the Oneida
Nation’s vulnerability to each hazard. The risk assessment provides useful information to help the
Nation develop strategies to mitigate their identified hazards.
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
Both natural and human-caused hazards have been identified to be addressed in this plan. The
hazards were selected based on past hazard occurrences, as well as hazards identified by the
Steering Committee as having the potential for future risks.
HAZARD PRIORITIZATON
Steering Committee consensus on the ranking of identified hazards by risk/threat was derived using
an online ranking tool. The Steering Committee decided on the ranking based on the number and
frequency of hazard occurrences, the number of recorded injuries and deaths, the estimated
reported damage costs, and the perceived impacts to the Oneida Nation based on the experiences
of the Steering Committee members. Table 3.1 shows the hazard risk assessment ranking for the
natural and human-caused hazards addressed in this plan. Hazard rankings are listed in order from
highest perceived risk (first listed) to lowest perceived risk (last listed). Human-caused hazards are
defined on page 3-3.
Although earthquakes were identified and addressed in the State of Wisconsin hazard mitigation
plan, they have a minimal likelihood of occurring within the Oneida Nation. Therefore, a full risk
assessment for earthquakes has not been included.
Table 3.1: Hazard Risk Rankings
Natural Hazards
Human-caused Hazards
Winter storm
Cybersecurity
Tornado/Strong wind
Pandemic
Extreme cold
Active Threat
Flood
Civil/Social Unrest or Terrorism
Excessive heat
Hazardous Spills
Dense fog
Manure Spills
Hail
Airplane Crash
Drought
Wildland fire
(Note: Hazards are defined in upcoming sections.)
Source: Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan Steering Committee, 2026.
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HISTORY OF HAZARD OCCURRENCES
Natural Hazards
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Centers for Environmental
Information (NCEI) maintains an online database of occurrences of past hazardous weather and the
resulting deaths, injuries, and damage associated with each of these events. Event occurrence data
can be queried for a local, county, or regional level, depending on the area covered by the hazard
event. Data gathering for the Oneida Nation involved a compilation of occurrences for Brown and
Outagamie counties, which required a manual removal of duplicate occurrences in cases where
single events impacted both counties. A query of historical natural hazard events from January 1,
2000 through December 31, 2025 resulted in 305 events (Table 3.2).
The data from the NCEI shows that of the 305 natural hazard events, the hazards occurring most
frequently within the Oneida Nation Reservation from 2000 to 2026 include winter storm (116
events) and tornado/strong wind (99 events).
Some of the recorded hazard events may not have been specific to the Oneida Nation, as they may
have been recorded for a larger regional area, or statewide. Additionally, some of the common
hazard events, such as dense fog or hail may only get reported to the NCEI if it was an extreme
event that caused injury, death, or significant property damage.
There have been 7 deaths and 18 injuries recorded in the last 25 years as a result of natural hazards
within the Oneida Nation Reservation. Five deaths resulted from extreme cold and two from winter
storm. 12 injuries occurred from winter storm, three from excessive heat, two from tornado/strong
wind, and one from extreme cold. The costliest hazards for the Oneida Nation in terms of reported
property damage since 2000 have been winter storms ($669,700), flooding ($557,000),
tornado/strong wind ($425,100), and extreme cold ($158,000).
Table 3.2: Natural Hazard Occurrences Data, Oneida Nation 2000-2025
Natural Hazard
(Listed in Ranked Order)
# of
1
Events
Probability
(Average
#/Year)
Deaths2
Injuries2
Reported
Property
Damage 3
Risk4/
Severity
Winter storm
116
5
2
12
$699,700
High
Tornado/Strong wind
99
4
0
2
$425,100
High
Extreme cold
24
1
5
1
$158,000
Moderate
Flood
26
1
0
0
$557,000
Moderate
Excessive heat
12
0.5
0
3
$0
Low
Dense fog
4
<1
0
0
$0
Low
Hail
17
1
0
0
$0
Low
Drought
7
<1
0
0
$0
Low
Wildland fire5
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Low
Total Events
305
7
18
$1,839,800
1. January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025 (25 years)
2. Includes direct and indirect deaths and injuries
3. Does not include crop damage or private losses as no data was available.
4. Risk based on occurrences: High = >3 events/yr; Moderate = 1-3 events/yr; Low = <1 event/yr.
5. No data available (ND) since the area has a low wildfire risk according to WDNR.
Source: NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, 2000-2026.
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Human-caused Hazards
The human-caused hazards that have been identified by the Steering Committee as those of
greatest concern for Oneida Nation include cybersecurity threats (both external and internal),
pandemics, active threats, civil/social unrest and terrorism, hazardous spills, manure spills, and
airplane crashes. These human-caused hazards were determined to have a significant impact on the
Oneida Nation, or the potential to have a significant impact if it were to occur. The event occurrence
information displayed in Table 3.3 was provided from local data sources. Cybersecurity information
was provided by Oneida Nation Digital Technology Services; pandemic information was provided by
Oneida Comprehensive Health Division with deaths provided by Oneida Enrollments; active threat,
airplane crash, and civil/social unrest and terrorism information was provided by the Oneida Police
Department, and information on spills, both hazardous and manure spills, was provided by the
Oneida Nation Land, Environmental, Agriculture, and Food as Medicine Division using data queried
from the Wisconsin DNR Bureau for Remediation and Redevelopment Tracking System (BRRTS)
online database.
A cybersecurity threat includes malicious attempts to damage or disrupt a computer network or
system including the attempt to access files and infiltrate or steal data.
A pandemic is an outbreak of a disease that spreads across multiple countries or continents,
affecting many people.
An active threat refers to a situation in which an individual or group is actively causing harm or
posing an immediate danger to people, property, or operations.
Civil and social unrest refers to large-scale public disturbances caused by dissatisfaction with
political, social, or economic conditions. Terrorism involves the use of violence, threats, or
intimidation to achieve political, religious, or ideological objectives.
Hazardous spills include the release of not only hazardous substances, but also non-hazardous
substances that in significant quantities may cause damage to land and water resources.
Manure spills occur when manure is released to the environment in a manner that exceeds the rate
of nutrient uptake by plants or applied in a manner that is not identified in a nutrient management
plan – an agricultural producer’s plan for using the manure produced by their animals.
An airplane crash occurs when an airplane strikes the ground, water, or another object during an
aviation incident. An airplane crash can lead to significant structural damage, along with deaths,
severe injuries, or the aircraft being declared a total loss.
Of the 418 events displayed in Table 3.3, the human-caused hazard occurring most frequently within
the Oneida Nation Reservation from 2010 to 2025 was by far hazardous spills (335 events).
However, this number reflects all spills in Outagamie and Brown counties, as the dataset does not
yet isolate those within Oneida Nation. During the same period, there were 71 manure spill events,
seven significant cybersecurity threats, three active threat events, one pandemic event, and one
airplane crash. There have been 56 deaths as a result of human-caused events during this period,
which was from the COVID-19 pandemic, as reported by Oneida Enrollments from 03/12/2020 to
05/11/2023 based on death certificates. There is no data on injuries or property damages associated
with these events.
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Table 3.3: Human-caused Hazard Occurrences Data, Oneida Nation 2010-2025
Events
Probability
(Average #/Year)
Deaths
Injuries
Risk2/
Severity
2025 Rank
Cybersecurity
7
<1
0
0
High
1
Pandemic
1
<1
56
Unknown
Medium
2
Active Threat
3
<1
3
0
Medium
3
Civil/Social Unrest or Terrorism
0
0
0
0
Low
4
Hazardous Spills3
770
48
0
0
Low
5
Manure Spills
71
4
0
0
Low
6
Airplane Crash
1
<1
0
0
Low
7
Total Events
853
59
0
Human-caused Hazards
(Listed in Ranked Order)
# of
1
1. January 1, 2010 to January 1, 2026 (16 years)
2. Risk to community as determined from the Steering Committee.
3. The total reflects all spills in Outagamie and Brown counties, as the dataset does not yet isolate those within Oneida Nation.
Note: Pandemic deaths are related to COVID-19 from 03/12/2020-05/11/2023 as reported by Enrollments for Oneida deaths on the
Reservation.
Source: Oneida Nation Digital Technology Services (for cybersecurity), Oneida Comprehensive Health Division (for Pandemic),
Oneida Police Department (for Active Threat, Civil/Social Unrest and Terrorism, and Airplane Crash), and WDNR BRRTS
database and Oneida Land, Environment, Agriculture & Food as Medicine Division (for spills); 2010-2026.
DISASTER DECLARATION HISTORY
There have been around 14 major disaster declarations issued for Wisconsin since 2010. The
Oneida Nation has been included in five declarations since 2013 when the Sandy Recovery
Improvement Act took effect allowing tribal nations to receive direct standalone federal declarations
rather than requesting a declaration through the state governor. The major disaster declarations that
included the Oneida Nation are as follows:
DR-4459-WI – Severe storms, tornadoes, straight-line winds, and flooding (August 2019).
DR-4477-WI – Severe winter storm and flooding (January 2020).
DR-4520-WI – COVID-19 pandemic. Oneida Nation and Wisconsin declaration (March 2020).
State Declaration only, no Federal designation – destructive straight-line winds and power loss (June
2022).
DR-4892-WI – Severe storms, straight-line winds, flooding, and mudslides (August 2025).
VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
The vulnerability assessment describes the frequency, severity, and probability of future occurrences
of hazards that could impact the planning area. The hazard profiles describe the characteristics of
each hazard and how it has affected the Oneida Nation, and the potential future risk to people and
property.
The Oneida Nation has experienced ongoing development; however, no notable changes have
occurred that impacted the jurisdiction’s vulnerability since the previous Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan.
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HEALTHCARE AND PUBLIC HEALTH VULNERABILITY
As part of a comprehensive vulnerability analysis, the Oneida Nation evaluates its healthcare
infrastructure and emergency preparedness through active participation in the Northeast Wisconsin
Healthcare Emergency Readiness Coalition (NEW HERC). This regional collaborative network
bridges the gap between healthcare facilities, emergency management, and public health agencies
to ensure a coordinated response to large-scale emergencies. As a sovereign entity, the Oneida
Nation maintains a dual-layered approach to this readiness by operating its own Emergency
Management Department while serving as a voting member of the NEW HERC board. Within this
framework, the Nation contributes tribal-specific data to the regional Hazard Vulnerability
Assessment (HVA), ensuring that the unique clinical and cultural needs of the community are
integrated into regional response plans for mass casualty incidents or catastrophic health events.
The current regional HVA findings identify high-priority threats including cyberattacks on healthcare
infrastructure, infectious disease outbreaks, and critical resource gaps such as natural gas
disruptions and supply chain failures. To address these vulnerabilities, the Oneida Nation utilizes this
Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan to coordinate local mitigation efforts, such as strengthening tribal
healthcare facilities and securing critical utility systems, with NEW HERC’s regional strategies for
patient surge management and cross-jurisdictional equipment sharing.
ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL LOSSES
The Oneida Nation’s assessment of potential losses is based on the value of the identified critical
facilities (i.e. its assets). An assessment of potential losses of assets is ideally calculated for each
hazard; however, only the flood hazard has a defined risk area, so it is the only hazard for which an
estimation of potential losses can be derived.
Value of Assets/Estimation of Potential Losses
The Oneida Nation has identified 151 critical facilities within the Reservation boundaries. The
Oneida Nation owns most of its critical facilities, with some being leased. According to Risk
Management, the total structural value of the critical facility assets is $469,670,810 (including
contents). Therefore, the potential dollar loss to assets for the Oneida Nation is nearly $469.7 million
in a “worst case scenario” of total damage of all buildings in the planning area.
An estimation of potential losses was derived specifically for flooding in the upcoming flood hazard
profile section since the hazard area can be defined as the 100-year floodplains and properties
within the hazard area can be identified. All other hazards can occur anywhere within the Oneida
Nation Reservation and have no defined hazard area in which to determine vulnerable properties.
Some hazards (such as winter storms and tornadoes) have the potential to impact the entire
planning area, and it can be assumed that all assets in the planning area are equally at risk.
Therefore, all identified critical facilities are potentially at risk from natural hazards within the Oneida
Nation Reservation.
All potential loss information was obtained from the Oneida Nation Risk Management department.
The parcel maps and the FEMA 100-year floodplains were merged using GIS to determine at-risk
structures in the planning area.
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NATURAL HAZARD PROFILES
Each natural hazard that has been identified as impacting the Oneida Nation has been profiled in
this section. The hazard profile describes the characteristics of past natural hazards, and their
impacts, frequency, and probability of future hazards that could impact the Oneida Nation.
Hazard risk probabilities are represented as high, moderate, and low. High risk probability hazards
are defined as hazards that occur an average of more than three times per year; moderate risk
probability hazards are those that occur an average of one to three times per year; and low risk
probability hazards occur less frequently than one time per year.
The natural hazards profiled in this section include Winter storm, Tornado/Strong wind, Extreme
cold, Excessive heat, Flood, Dense fog, Hail, Drought, and Wildland fire.
Note: Human-caused hazards will be assessed later in this plan, following the natural hazards.
Climate Change Impacts
The evaluation and assessment of natural hazards in this plan and the determination of the Oneida
Nation’s vulnerability to natural hazards is based on the occurrence of past natural hazards.
However, climate change may make past trends an unreliable resource for predicting future impacts,
frequency, and vulnerabilities. According to a climate change report by Wisconsin scientists
(Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts (WICCI), 20262), climate change has and will
continue to impact average annual temperatures causing increased frequency in heat waves;
increased frequency and intensity of extreme events; shorter, warmer winters with decreased lake
ice cover; increased drought frequency, and other impacts.
Based on the WICCI report, the Oneida Nation, along with most of Wisconsin, is likely to become
wetter with an increase in total precipitation and the number of intense rainfall events. Climate
change impacts vary by season, with winter experiencing the greatest warming and most likely
increase in precipitation.
Information about climate change impacts for each natural hazard has been included within the
applicable section based on calculated predictions from the WICCI report.
WINTER STORM
Winter storms can vary in size and strength, and can include heavy snowstorms, blizzards, freezing
rain, sleet, and ice storms. The aftermath of a winter storm can impact a community or region for
weeks, and even months.
Winter storms can occur as a single event or they can occur in combination, which can make an
event more severe. A variety of weather phenomena and conditions can occur during winter storms.
For purposes of classification, the following are National Weather Service descriptions of winter
storm elements:
2 Wisconsin’s Changing Climate: Envisioning a Climate-Resilient Future, 2026. Wisconsin Initiative on Climate
Change Impacts. Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and the Wisconsin
Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin. https://wicci.wisc.edu/
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Heavy Snowfall – the accumulation of six
or more inches of snow in a 12-hour
period, or eight or more inches in a 24hour period.
Winter Storm – the occurrence of heavy
snowfall accompanied by significant
blowing snow, low wind chills, sleet or
freezing rain.
Blizzard – the occurrence of sustained
wind speeds in excess of 35 miles per
hour accompanied by heavy snowfall or
large amounts of blowing or drifting snow.
Ice Storm – an occurrence where rain
falls from warmer upper layers of the
atmosphere to the colder ground, freezing
upon contact with the ground and exposed objects near the ground.
Freezing drizzle/freezing rain – the effect of drizzle or rain freezing upon impact on objects that have
a temperature of 32 degrees Fahrenheit or below.
Sleet – solid grains or pellets of ice formed by the freezing of raindrops or the refreezing of largely
melted snowflakes. This ice does not cling to surfaces.
Much of the snowfall in Wisconsin occurs in small amounts of between one and three inches per
occurrence. Heavy snowfalls (producing at least eight to ten inches of accumulation) happen on
average about five times per season. True blizzards are rare in Wisconsin but are more likely to
occur in northwestern Wisconsin. All of Wisconsin experiences blizzard-like conditions during heavy
snowstorms when gusty winds cause severe blowing and drifting snow.
Past Occurrences
According to the NCEI, the Oneida Nation has experienced 116 significant winter storm events in the
last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025 (including blizzards and heavy snow).
Many of these hazard events may not have been specific to the Oneida Nation and may have been
recorded for a larger regional area.
Based on previous hazard occurrences, as reported by the NCEI, the Oneida Nation experiences
approximately three significant winter storm events per year.
Climate Change Impacts
The combination of warmer temperatures and changing precipitation patterns suggests that we will
see a significant increase in the amount of winter precipitation falling as rain rather than snow and
that freezing rain is more likely to occur. Potential winter storm impacts from climate change include
an increase in winter precipitation events (from heavy rain or snow) resulting in an increase in
flooding, damage from ice breakup and jams on waterways, and transportation impacts from unsafe
travel conditions. Additionally, warmer winter low temperatures (especially at night) will enable overwintering of pests leading to crop yield loss, forestry impacts, wildlife impacts, and increased
remediation costs. Key trends include winters warming faster than other seasons, nighttime
temperatures rising more than daytime, decreasing Great Lakes ice cover during the winter, and
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declining hours below freezing (32 degrees Fahrenheit). The month of March has effectively shifted
from a winter month to a spring month.
Vulnerability
Based on the hazard frequency and the effects of climate change, the Oneida Nation is considered
to have a high probability of experiencing a winter storm event in any given year.
Winter storms tend to be a regional phenomenon in that they affect much of east central Wisconsin
on nearly all the occasions in which they affect the Oneida Nation.
Winter storms have no defined hazard area within the planning area. Past events have been
relatively uniform across the planning area or the larger regional area.
Impacts
Death and Injury
Two deaths and 12 injuries have been reported from significant winter storm events for the Oneida
Nation over the last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025 according to NCEI data.
Critical Facilities
Critical facilities are not greatly impacted by winter storms; however, personnel associated with the
critical facilities face greater workload burdens. Street and road crews have an increased burden of
snow removal (and salting in the case of ice storms) during and after winter storms. In some cases,
winter storms can be so severe that these crews must be called off the road for a period of time.
Hospitals and clinics may see increased patient loads for frostbite, pedestrian and vehicular accident
injuries, and heart conditions resulting from the shoveling of heavy snow during and following winter
storms. Sometimes, hospitals and clinics have difficulty getting their own staff to report to work
because of the storm, which increases the workload for present staff (double shifts, etc.).
Police personnel respond to more accidents during winter storms. Utility and telephone companies
respond to downed electrical and telephone lines, especially in the case of ice storms. Rescue
services can receive more calls because of accidents or health related circumstances. Schools may
need to have early dismissal or cancel classes altogether. Shelters may take in additional people
during winter storms. Airports face flight delays or cancellations.
Economic Impacts
Loss of power during or after winter storms often force businesses and manufacturing facilities to
close down until power is restored. Loss of access due to snow- or ice-covered roads can have a
similar effect, especially when trucks cannot travel on major thoroughfares to make “just in time”
deliveries to business and industry in the planning area. The effects are particularly difficult when the
storm is widespread.
Based on previous damages reported by the NCEI, there has been $669,700 in property damages
from winter storms over the past 25 years.
TORNADO/STRONG WIND
Tornadoes are violently rotating columns of air that extend from a thunderstorm to the ground. They
look like funnels and can occur any time, bring intense wind, and can happen anywhere. Most
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tornadoes have wind speeds less than 110 miles per hour, are about 250 feet across, and travel a
few miles before dissipating. Tornadoes can destroy buildings, flip cars, and create deadly flying
debris. Figure 3.1 shows the Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF Scale), which is recognized as the
acceptable tornado magnitude measurement rating.
The United States is divided geographically into four zones for the occurrence and strength of
extreme wind. Wisconsin lies along the northern edge of Zone IV, the nation’s maximum frequency
zone for tornadoes (commonly known as “tornado alley”), which extends northeastward from
Oklahoma into Iowa and then across to Michigan and Ohio. Zone IV includes most of the southern
two-thirds of Wisconsin and has experienced the strongest tornado activity that has affected the
entire U.S., with wind speeds of up to 250 miles per hour being recorded. This zone includes the
Oneida Nation Reservation.
Wisconsin’s tornado season runs from the beginning of April through September, but tornadoes
have occurred in Wisconsin in every month except February. The most severe tornadoes statewide
typically occur during the months of April, May, and June.
Strong winds, including downburst winds, strong/high winds, and thunderstorms can often be just as
damaging as a tornado. Downburst winds are strong, concentrated, straight-line winds created by
falling rain and sinking air that can reach speeds of 125 miles per hour. Strong or high winds are
high speed winds that can be as damaging as a tornado but remain nearly straight line and are not
the rotating column of air that is characteristic of a tornado. A severe thunderstorm has winds that
exceed 58 miles per hour, produces a tornado, or drops surface hail at least 0.75 inch in diameter.
Figure 3.1: Tornado Magnitude Measurement, EF Scale
Source: U.S. Air Force graphic/Senior Airman Thomas Trower.
Past Occurrences
According to the NCEI, the Oneida Nation has experienced 99 significant tornado/strong wind events
(including thunderstorm wind, high wind, and strong wind) in the last 25 years from January 1, 2000
to December 31, 2025. Just two of the 99 events was classified as a tornado, with the remaining
being strong wind events.
Based on previous hazard occurrences, as reported by the NCEI, the Oneida Nation experiences
approximately three significant tornado and strong wind events per year.
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Climate Change Impacts
A predicted increase in the frequency and intensity of storms increases the risk for deaths, injuries,
and property damage from tornado and strong wind events.
Vulnerability
Based on the hazard frequency and the effects of climate change, the Oneida Nation is considered
to have a high probability of experiencing a tornado or strong wind event in any given year.
Tornadoes have no specific defined hazard area within the Oneida Nation Reservation. Past events
have been relatively uniform across the planning area; however, manufactured home residents are
often most vulnerable to death, injury, and property damage from tornadoes as these homes often
lack foundations, tie-downs, and/or basements. Therefore, for the Oneida Nation, the Green Earth
manufactured housing community off Highway H is at greatest risk from this hazard.
Impacts
Death and Injury
No deaths, but two injuries have been reported from tornado/strong wind events for the Oneida
Nation over the last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025, according to NCEI data.
Critical Facilities
Hospitals can see increases in patient load following tornadoes. Schools can sustain damage, and if
they do not sustain damage, they often function as temporary shelters in the aftermath of tornadoes.
Police and fire departments often see an increased workload during and after tornadoes. Power
lines and communication towers are at risk of being blown down.
Any critical facility in the planning area may be impacted by a tornado; however, schools and
manufactured home communities are of particular concern during tornadoes. Schools are a primary
concern during tornadoes for three reasons: (1) they have large numbers of people present, either
during school or as a storm shelter; (2) they have large span areas, such as gyms and theaters; and
(3) they house a vulnerable population during the daytime for most of the year.
The National Weather Service has found that unanchored manufactured homes start to fail due to
wind speed and wind stress at lower wind gusts/wind speeds than permanent homes. Therefore,
manufactured home communities are a primary concern during tornadoes. The use of anchoring
systems and foundations can help reduce damage to manufactured homes caused by tornadoes
and strong winds.
Economic Impacts
A tornado can have a significant economic impact on a local economy due to irrecoverable
businesses and infrastructure damage. A heavily damaged business often never reopens after the
event.
Infrastructure damage is usually limited to above ground utilities, such as power lines. Damage to
utility lines can usually be repaired or replaced relatively quickly. Damage to roads and to railroads is
also localized; if these facilities cannot be repaired promptly, alternate transportation routes must be
established.
Public expenditures include search and rescue, shelters, and emergency protection measures. The
greatest public expenditures for a community result from repairs to public facilities, and cleanup and
disposal of debris. Cleanup and disposal can be an issue, especially if there is limited landfill
capacity near the damage site.
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Since manufactured homes are especially vulnerable to tornadoes, a “worst case scenario” for this
hazard would involve the total destruction of the manufactured homes within the Oneida Nation
Reservation.
Reported property damage from significant tornadoes and strong wind events for the Oneida Nation
has totaled $425,100 over the last 25 years, according to NCEI.
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Figure 3.2: Wisconsin Tornado Events, 1844-2024
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EXTREME COLD
Exposure to extreme cold can cause frostbite or hypothermia and become life threatening. What
constitutes extreme cold varies in different parts of the country. In Wisconsin, extreme cold means
temperatures well below zero with wind chill. Wind chill is the term used to describe the rate of heat
loss from the human body resulting from the combined effect of low temperature and wind. As winds
increase, heat is carried away from the body at a faster rate, driving down both the skin temperature
and eventually the internal body temperature.
Extreme cold is a dangerous situation that can cause health emergencies for susceptible people,
such as children, the elderly, those without shelter, those who are stranded outdoors or in a disabled
car, or those who live in a home that is poorly insulated or without heat.
Past Occurrences
According to the NCEI, the Oneida Nation has experienced 24 significant extreme cold events in the
last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025.
Based on previous hazard occurrences, as reported by the NCEI, the Oneida Nation experiences
approximately one significant extreme cold event every year.
Climate Change Impacts
Wisconsin climatologists predict that winters are rapidly warming and will continue to shift toward
fewer extreme cold periods (below 0 degrees Fahrenheit). Cold periods have been getting less
common, and this trend is predicted to continue.
Vulnerability
Based on the hazard frequency and the effects of climate change, the Oneida Nation is considered
to have a moderate probability of experiencing an extreme cold event in any given year.
Extreme cold events have no defined hazard area within the planning area. Past events have been
relatively uniform across the planning area.
Impacts from Hazard
Death and Injury
Five deaths and one injury were reported from a significant extreme cold event for the Oneida Nation
over the last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025 according to NCEI data.
Critical Facilities
All heated facilities have greater heating expenses during an extreme cold event, and increased
demand will affect electric and natural gas utilities. There is also increased stress on infrastructure
during extreme cold events and water line breaks often occur. Hospitals and clinics may experience
an increase in patients exposed to extreme cold conditions. Emergency shelters may take in
additional individuals during the extreme cold event. Schools may cancel classes or call for early
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dismissal in extreme cold events. Local fire departments and rescue services may also deal with
direct or indirect consequences of the extreme cold event.
Economic Impacts
Municipalities and water utilities may need to repair damaged water mains caused by the extreme
cold. If area school districts need to call off school early on extremely cold days, there may be
expenses involved with early busing and with paying staff for a full day while only having the benefit
of a partial day of instruction.
Historic property damage reported in the NOAA NCEI storms database for flooding within the
Oneida Nation Reservation has totaled $158,000 over the last 25 years.
FLOOD
A flood is a rising and overflowing of a body of water especially onto normally dry land. FEMA
defines a flood as a general and temporary condition of partial or complete inundation of two or more
acres of normally dry land area or of two or more properties from overflow of inland or tidal waters,
unusual and rapid accumulation or runoff of surface waters from any source, or mudflow.
The type of flooding that can impact the Oneida Nation includes riverine, stormwater, and dam
failure flooding. An additional flooding concern for Oneida Nation is the threat of overflow of liquid
manure in holding pits and lagoons from large-scale farms.
Riverine Flood
Riverine flooding occurs when water
draining from a watershed, whether from
rainfall or melting snow, exceeds the
capacity of the river or stream channel to
hold it. Water overflows onto the nearby
low-lying lands (floodplains). In hilly and
mountainous areas flooding is likely to be
rapid, deep, and dangerous. In relatively
flat floodplains, land may stay covered
with shallow, slow moving water for days
or even weeks.
Stormwater Flood
Flooding often occurs in urban areas due to stormwater management issues. Stormwater drainage
systems have been designed to manage most storms. However, larger storms that occur in a short
period are of such intensity that the drains cannot handle all the stormwater and flooding results.
Localized stormwater flooding can also occur if storm drains in the area are blocked. It is important
to keep the drainage system clear of litter and debris.
Newly built property developments incorporate stormwater management measures, such as
stormwater detention and retention basins, that provide greater flood protection. Detention basins
slow the flow of stormwater being carried in the drainage system by storing it for a time, while
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retention basins (i.e. ponds) hold water during most of the year. Detention basins often double as
parks and playing fields.
Dam Failure Flood
Flooding can result from dam failure. A dam is an artificial barrier, together with its appurtenant
works, constructed in or across a waterway for the primary purpose of impounding or diverting water.
Dam failure can occur for a number of reasons, including overtopping caused by floods that exceed
the capacity of the dam, deliberate acts of sabotage, structural failure of materials used in dam
construction, movement and/or failure of the foundation supporting the dam, settlement and cracking
of concrete or embankment dams, piping and internal erosion of soil in embankment dams, or
inadequate maintenance and upkeep.
According to the Land, Environmental, Agriculture, and Food as Medicine Division, there is one dam
remaining within the Oneida Nation Reservation, which has been modified to become a very low
threat dam.
Past Occurrences
According to the NCEI, the Oneida Nation has experienced 26 significant flooding events (including
flood, flash flood, heavy rain, and stormwater flooding) in the last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to
December 31, 2025. Some of these reported occurrences may not have been specific to the Oneida
Nation and may have been recorded for a larger regional area.
Based on previous hazard occurrences, as reported by the NCEI, the Oneida Nation experiences
approximately one significant flooding event every year.
Climate Change Impacts
An increase in total precipitation and in the number of intense rainfall events – as predicted by
Wisconsin climatologists, will result in an increased risk of flooding. With more intense and frequent
flooding events comes greater risks to public safety, property damage, rising threats to drinking and
wastewater systems, more stress on the durability of roads and buildings, an increase in shoreline
flooding and erosion, overwhelmed stormwater management infrastructure, dam failures, and crop
losses.
Vulnerability
FEMA uses the “base” flood as the basis for its regulatory requirements and flood insurance ratings.
The hazards mitigation plan also uses the base flood for planning purposes. The base flood is the
one percent chance flood, or the flood that has a one percent (one out of 100) chance of occurring in
any given year. The one percent chance flood is commonly referred to as the 100-year flood. A 500year floodplain is the land area expected to be inundated by a flood event that has a 0.2% chance of
occurring or being exceeded in any given year. Officially called the 0.2% annual chance floodplain, it
represents a moderate-to-low risk zone that lies outside the higher-risk 100-year floodplain.
Based on the hazard frequency and the effects of climate change, the Oneida Nation is considered
to have a moderate probability of sustaining a 100-year flood in any given year.
The areas at greatest risk from flooding include the 100-year floodplain areas of the Oneida Nation
Reservation. FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Maps also call this the Special Flood Hazard Area, or “A
Zone.” The 100-year and 500-year floodplains for the planning area are shown on Map 3.1. Critical
facilities that potentially lie within the floodplain and would be affected by a 100-year flood are shown
on Map 3.2.
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Repetitive Loss Properties
Repetitive loss structure is a term that is usually associated with the National Flood Insurance
Program (NFIP) to describe a structure, covered by a contract of flood insurance under the NFIP,
that has suffered flood damage on two or more occasions over a 10-year period ending on the date
when a second claim is made, in which the cost to repair the flood damage, on average, equals or
exceeds 25 percent of the market-value of the structure at the time of each flood loss event. For the
Community Rating System (CRS) of the NFIP, a repetitive loss property is any property, which the
NFIP has paid two or more flood claims of $1,000 or more in any given 10-year period since 1978. A
repetitive loss structure is important to the NFIP, since structures that flood frequently put a strain on
the flood insurance fund. It should also be important to a community because residents’ lives are
disrupted and may be threatened by the continual flooding.
According to FEMA records, there are no repetitive loss properties within the Oneida Nation
Reservation.
Impacts
Death and Injury
No deaths or injuries from flooding have been reported for the Oneida Nation over the last 25 years
from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025, according to the NCEI.
Critical Facilities
Some critical facilities located in or near
floodplains could be impacted during
flooding, making the facility inaccessible,
or the services unavailable. Vulnerable
populations could require relocation
during flooding events.
Economic Impacts
Flooding can have significant economic
impact on a local economy from resulting
damage to businesses and infrastructure.
During floods, property and belongings
may be destroyed and people may
become homeless. Public expenditures
will include police, fire, and emergency
management personnel and shelters, and
may also include search and rescue. Great public expenditures result from repairs to public facilities
and cleanup. It often takes years for affected communities and businesses to rebuild and return to
normalcy.
Loss of road access is a major flood impact that affects all residents and businesses, not just those
who own property in the floodplain. Sometimes, the loss is temporary, such as during a flood.
However, on some occasions, the loss of transportation lasts well after the disaster. When a flood
washes out roads, bridges, or railroads, it can be weeks or months before they are repaired and
reusable. A key evacuation and safety concern arises when flood water rises above roads and
bridges. Generally, the larger the road, the less likely it is to flood, but this is not always the case.
Vulnerable structures are structures located in the 100-year flood hazard area identified in Map 3.2.
Since there is no building height data for buildings in these flood hazard areas, a “worst case
scenario” of total structural damage for buildings in all the flood zones of the planning area was
assumed in estimating potential dollar losses to vulnerable structures.
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According to Oneida Risk Management, it is estimated that $18,823,780 in losses would occur with a
flood resulting in a “worst case scenario” of total structural damage for all buildings within flood
zones within the Oneida Nation Reservation.
Property value information was obtained from the Oneida Nation Risk Management department.
Since there is no reliable building height data for Oneida Nation buildings within flood hazard areas,
a “worst case scenario” of total structural damage for buildings in all the flood zones of the planning
area was assumed in estimating potential dollar losses to vulnerable structures. In addition, there
may be areas outside the 100-year flood zones that will flood during an event of that magnitude (or
even of lesser magnitude).
Through zoning, development in floodplains and shoreland areas is kept to a minimum. The Oneida
Nation has shoreland and floodplain zoning. These ordinances are a useful tool in keeping
inappropriate development out of flood hazard zones within the Oneida Nation Reservation.
Historic property damage reported in the NOAA NCEI storms database for flooding within the
Oneida Nation Reservation has totaled $557,000 over the last 25 years.
EXCESSIVE HEAT
A combination of high heat and humidity can lead to heat-related illness, including heat cramps, heat
exhaustion, and heat stroke. Heat-related illness can occur when the ability of the body to cool itself
is challenged, or when there are insufficient levels of fluid or salt in the body due to sweating or
dehydration. Heat-related illnesses increase as the combination of temperature and relative humidity
increase, but there are other factors involved as well. The elderly, disabled, and other vulnerable
populations are especially susceptible to excessive heat. A heat wave occurs during a period of
abnormally and uncomfortably hot and unusually humid weather. Typically, a heat wave lasts two or
more days.
Past Occurrences
According to the NCEI, the Oneida Nation has experienced 12 significant excessive heat events in
the last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025.
Based on previous hazard occurrences, as reported by the NCEI, the Oneida Nation experiences
approximately one significant excessive heat event every two years.
Climate Change Impacts
Wisconsin climatologists predict that by 2050, the frequency of very hot days will likely nearly triple in
the north half of the state, which translates to about two more weeks each year with daily high
temperatures topping 90° F. Increasing frequency of excessive heat events or heat waves
(prolonged periods of stagnant air with temperatures over 90° F) will have direct impacts on human
health. A substantial number of deaths and illnesses can occur, especially among the youngest and
oldest in the population, when excessive heat conditions continue for several consecutive days with
little to no relief. Additionally, excessive heat can negatively impact agriculture from heat stress on
livestock and crops. Parks that provide recreational water facilities are likely to experience increased
usage during times of excessive heat as well.
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Vulnerability
Based on the hazard frequency and the effects of climate change, the Oneida Nation is considered
to have a low probability of experiencing an excessive heat event in any given year.
Excessive heat events have no defined hazard area within the planning area. Past events have been
relatively uniform across the planning area.
Impacts from Hazard
Death and Injury
No deaths, but three injuries have been reported from significant excessive heat events for the
Oneida Nation over the last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025, according to
NCEI data.
Critical Facilities
Utilities may see peak demand for electricity during excessive heat events. Hospitals and clinics will
likely experience an increased demand due to heat-related illnesses during excessive heat. In some
cases, rescue services will experience an increased demand due to heat related illnesses. If school
is in session during the excessive heat event, area school districts may dismiss classes early in the
day, at least in older schools without air conditioning. Emergency shelters will experience higher
demand during the excessive heat, with some emergency shelters being set up specifically in
response.
Economic Impacts
Economic impacts of excessive heat may include higher electrical consumption and increased
demands for medical treatment. Local governments may need to incur expenses when repairing
streets and highways in the planning area that have been damaged due to buckling. Excessive heat
can also negatively impact agriculture in the surrounding area when combined with drought.
DENSE FOG
Fog is a collection of liquid water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air at or near the ground.
Fog can be considered a type of low-lying cloud, usually resembling stratus, and is heavily
influenced by nearby bodies of water, topography, and wind conditions. Dense fog creates a
hazardous situation mainly because of reduced visibility. To alert travelers to potentially dangerous
conditions, the National Weather Service forecasts fog and issues dense fog advisories when
visibility is decreased to less than one quarter of a mile.
Past Occurrences
According to the NCEI, the Oneida Nation has experienced four significant dense fog events in the
last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025.
Based on previous hazard occurrences as reported by the NCEI, the Oneida Nation experiences
approximately one significant dense fog event few years.
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Climate Change Impacts
A predicted increase in wet weather events will likely increase the occurrence of fog events and the
resulting potential for traffic related deaths, injuries, and property damage.
Vulnerability
Based on the hazard frequency and the effects of climate change, the Oneida Nation is considered
to have a low probability of experiencing a significant dense fog event in any given year.
Low lying areas along waterways and wetlands are at greatest risk for developing dense fog under
certain meteorological conditions. However, no portion of the planning area is free of the possibility
of experiencing fog events.
Impacts from Hazard
Death and Injury
No deaths or injuries have been reported from significant fog events for the Oneida Nation over the
last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025, according to NCEI data.
Critical Facilities
Law enforcement and rescue services may need to respond to an increased number of accidents
during dense fog events. Airports can experience flight delays and cancellations during certain fog
events.
Economic Impacts
Vehicular accidents from dense fog can result in property damage. Airline delays due to fog have
economic impacts for travelers and airlines.
HAIL
Hail is a form of precipitation that occurs when updrafts in thunderstorms carry raindrops upward into
extremely cold areas of the atmosphere where they freeze into balls of ice. Hailstone size is a direct
function of the severity and size of the storm. Hail can be deadly to livestock and people, and can
damage homes, cars, and aircraft.
Past Occurrences
According to the NCEI, the Oneida Nation has experienced 17 significant hail events in the last 25
years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025.
Based on previous hazard occurrences, the Oneida Nation experiences approximately one
significant hail each year.
Climate Change Impacts
A predicted increase in stronger and more frequent storms than in the past increases the risk from
hail events including deaths, injuries, property damage, crop damage, increased runoff, and
significant soil erosion.
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Vulnerability
Based on the hazard frequency and the effects of
climate change, the Oneida Nation is considered to
have a low probability of experiencing a significant hail
event in any given year.
Hailstorms have no defined hazard area within the
planning area. Past events have been relatively uniform
across the planning area or the larger regional area.
Impacts from Hazard
Death and Injury
No death or injuries have been reported from hail
events within the Oneida Nation Reservation over the
last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31,
2025, according to NCEI data.
Critical Facilities
Hail can inflict severe damage to roofs, windows, and
siding of critical facilities, depending on hailstone size and winds.
Economic Impacts
Hail can damage or destroy crops, and cause costly damage to roofs, windows, siding, trees, and
vehicles.
DROUGHT
A drought is an extended period of below-average precipitation in a given region resulting in
prolonged shortages in the water supply (including surface or groundwater). A drought can last for
months or years.
Droughts in Wisconsin often have the greatest impact on agriculture by reducing crop growth and
yields. More substantial drought occurrences can devastate crops resulting in total loss. Droughts
can also cause dry conditions, increasing the risk of wildland fires.
Past Occurrences
According to the NCEI, the Oneida Nation has experienced seven significant droughts events in the
last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025.
Based on previous hazard occurrences as reported by the NCEI, the Oneida Nation experiences
approximately one significant drought every few years.
Climate Change Impacts
With Wisconsin climatologists predicting more dry days, coupled with higher summer temperatures
and increased evapotranspiration, an increase in drought events is likely. Increased droughts could
result in further water level declines in lakes and wetlands, wildlife habitat impacts, urban tree and
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forest stress, agricultural crop losses, increased irrigation demands at times during the growing
season, aquifer stress, and a greater likelihood for wildland fire.
Vulnerability
The future incidence of drought is highly unpredictable, as its occurrence is based on weather
patterns, making it difficult to determine probability with any accuracy. Based on the hazard
frequency and the effects of climate change, the Oneida Nation is considered to have a low
probability of experiencing a drought event in any given year.
Droughts have no defined hazard area within the planning area. Past events have been relatively
uniform across the planning area, as they tend to be a regional phenomenon. However, agricultural
croplands are most vulnerable to losses from drought events. According to land use data (Map 2.2),
the Oneida Nation Reservation contains 37,366 acres of agricultural land.
Impacts from Hazard
Death and Injury
No deaths or injuries have been reported from significant drought events for the Oneida Nation over
the last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025, according to NCEI data.
Critical Facilities
In extreme, prolonged drought conditions, water shortages may occur and affect the amount of water
available for human consumption, and hospitals could see an increase in individuals suffering from
dehydration.
Economic Impacts
Drought can significantly reduce crop growth and yields, which adversely affects farm income.
Substantial drought events can lead to complete crop loss. Livestock may also be adversely affected
by droughts.
As agricultural croplands are most vulnerable to losses from drought events, a “worst case scenario”
would involve the total destruction of all 37,366 acres of agricultural lands within the Oneida Nation
Reservation resulting in a loss of over $318.8 million. This calculation is based on data from a 2024
agricultural land values analysis conducted by the Farm Management Division of the University of
Wisconsin Extension Service, which calculated the average value of agricultural land in East Central
Wisconsin, which includes Oneida Nation, at $8,532 per acre (Nantel, 2020;
https://farms.extension.wisc.edu/articles/wisconsin-agricultural-land-prices/).
WILDLAND FIRE
A wildland fire is an unintentional burning in forests, brush, grasslands, or open lands, typically
caused by lightning, human carelessness, or arson. According to the current land use on the Oneida
Nation Reservation (Table 2.1), 14 percent of the Oneida Nation Reservation is forest and 4 percent
is grasslands, which are potentially susceptible to wildland fires. Generally, fires are more likely
when vegetation is dry.
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Past Occurrences
There have been no significant wildland fires on record for the Oneida Nation, so the hazard
frequency cannot be determined.
Climate Change Impacts
With Wisconsin climatologists predicting more dry days, coupled with higher summer temperatures,
an increase in wildland fire events is likely.
Vulnerability
According to the U.S. Forest Service Wildland Fire Assessment System, the Oneida Nation
Reservation regularly falls within a low to moderate fire danger class. A low rating indicates that fuels
do not ignite readily from small firebrands, while a moderate rating means that fires will likely start
from most accidental causes.
The Oneida Nation Reservation contains approximately 9,320 acres of forestry lands and 2,400
acres of grasslands (based on current land use data). Of these, few contain timbers that are very
susceptible to significant burning.
As the Oneida Nation Reservation is not contiguously forested and does not contain the hazards and
risks necessary to warrant intensive or extensive fire protection, the Wisconsin DNR designates
Brown and Outagamie counties, which encompass the Oneida Nation Reservation, a “Cooperative
Fire Protection Area.” Therefore, no DNR ranger stations or suppression resources are located
within the Oneida Nation Reservation or the surrounding areas of Brown and Outagamie counties.
The likelihood that any wildland fire within the Oneida Nation Reservation would be catastrophic is
low risk, as most susceptible areas lack enough acreage to allow for continuous burning.
Impacts from Hazard
Death and Injury
No data on deaths or injuries is available for significant wildland fire events for the Oneida Nation.
Critical Facilities
All critical facilities located in the path of a wildland fire can be affected structurally and functionally if
evacuation is deemed necessary. Fire, emergency response, and police personnel are most affected
by wildland fires due to the dangers of helping to save people and extinguish fires, and the increased
workloads during and after occurrences. Hospitals can see increases in patient load resulting from
burn-related injuries and individuals suffering from the effects of smoke inhalation.
Economic Impacts
Fires can have an impact on the economy of an affected area by causing property damage. Major
direct costs associated with wildland fires are incurred to extinguish the fire, to salvage and remove
damaged debris, restore the burned area, and reconstruction. Wildland fires can also have a
significant impact on local agriculture.
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HUMAN-CAUSED HAZARD PROFILES
Each human-caused hazard that has been identified as a significant impact to the Oneida Nation
has been profiled in this section. The hazard profile describes the characteristics of past humancaused hazards, and their impacts, frequency, and probability of future hazards that could impact the
Oneida Nation.
Hazard risk probabilities are represented as high, moderate, and
low. High risk probability hazards are defined as hazards that occur
an average of more than three times per year; moderate risk
probability hazards are those that occur an average of one to three
times per year; and low risk probability hazards occur less
frequently than one time per year.
The human-caused hazards profiled in this section include
Cybersecurity Threats, Pandemic, Active Threat, Civil/Social
Unrest and Terrorism, Hazardous Spills, Manure Spills, and
Airplane Crash.
CYBERSECURITY THREATS
Cybersecurity threats are those that present a risk to digital
systems, networks, and programs from external and internal
attacks. These threats are usually aimed at accessing, changing,
or destroying sensitive information; extorting money from users; or
interrupting normal business processes.
Implementing effective cybersecurity measures is challenging as
there are more devices than people, and attackers continue to
develop new tactics.
TYPES OF
CYBERSECRUITY
THREATS
ADVANCED PERSISTENT
THREATS
PHISHING
TROJANS
BOTNETS
RANSOMWARE
DISTRIBUTED DENIAL OF
SERVICE (DDOS)
WIPER ATTACKS
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
THEFT
THEFT OF MONEY
DATA MANIPULATION
DATA DESTRUCTION
SPYWARE/MALWARE
MAN IN THE MIDDLE (MITM)
ADVANCED PERSISTENT
THREATS
DRIVE-BY DOWNLOADS
MALVERTISING
ROGUE SOFTWARE
Past Occurrences
UNPATCHED SOFTWARE
Detailed information on cybersecurity threat occurrences is only
shared with the Oneida Nation’s insurance carrier. The Oneida
Nation Digital Technology Services (DTS) recalls seven
cybersecurity threat incidents since 2017; however, this information
is not based on any system security information. Fortunately, the seven incidents were minor and
had very little impact on the Oneida Nation.
Based on DTS recollections of previous hazard occurrences, the Oneida Nation experiences one
external cybersecurity threat per year.
Vulnerability
As with all organizations, cybersecurity threats are a constant reality for the Oneida Nation. These
threats are difficult to plan for, as they can occur in a variety of ways and from numerous sources
such as cybercriminals, malicious software, nation-state actors, employee mistakes, mishandling of
sensitive information, weak password practices, or unauthorized access to systems and data. The
type of incidents we hear about most often involve the exposure of personal identifying information
or personal health information, which can have serious consequences for affected individuals and
the organization.
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Other significant external cybersecurity threats include ransomware attacks where systems are shut
down by hackers demanding payment, or diversion of electronic funds through fraudulent means.
These examples are not an all-inclusive list, but they illustrate the types of cyber threats faced daily.
The best defense for the Oneida Nation against these threats lies in the vigilance and expertise of
the DTS staff. DTS oversees systems designed to detect and stop such threats. The DTS team
works to reduce these risks through monitoring, safeguards, and ongoing training.
The risk/severity of a cybersecurity threat to the Oneida Nation is high and continued commitment
and attentiveness from Information Security is imperative.
Impacts from Hazard
Death and Injury
No incidents of death or injuries have been reported for cybersecurity threats for the Oneida Nation,
nor is such an impact anticipated from this hazard.
Critical Facilities
All critical facilities that rely on digital data or information systems are at risk from cybersecurity
threats. Cybersecurity threats combined with an on-going natural hazard event could have a
significant impact on critical facilities and the people that rely on them.
Economic Impacts
The economic impact of cybersecurity threats may include internal and external resources to stop
the attack, correct the vulnerability, notify affected individuals, and offer identification or other
protection. Additional costs may include interruption of business and loss of revenue for uninsured
costs. There can also be the unmeasurable cost of losing the trust of the public, employees, or
stakeholders – and the costs in efforts to regain trust.
PANDEMIC
A pandemic is an outbreak of a disease that spreads across multiple countries or continents,
affecting many people. It typically involves a new infectious agent to which most of the population
has little or no immunity, leading to widespread transmission. Pandemics differ from epidemics,
which are more localized outbreaks. Examples include the COVID-19 pandemic, the 1918 influenza
pandemic, and the HIV/AIDS pandemic.
Past Occurrences
According to the Oneida Nation Community/Public Health Officer, the Oneida Nation has
experienced one pandemic, the COVID-19 pandemic, in the last 16 years from 2010 to 2026.
The COVID-19 pandemic was a global health crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, first identified
in Wuhan, China, in late 2019. It rapidly spread worldwide, leading the World Health Organization
(WHO) to declare a pandemic on March 11, 2020. The Oneida Nation issued a Declaration of
Emergency for COVID-19 on March 12, 2020. Governments worldwide implemented lockdowns,
travel restrictions, and public health measures to slow the spread. The pandemic caused millions of
deaths, overwhelmed healthcare systems, and led to economic and social disruptions. Vaccines
were developed at unprecedented speed, helping to curb severe illness and death. While the virus
continues to circulate, widespread vaccination and treatments have helped many nations transition
to a more manageable phase of living with COVID-19.
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Based on previous occurrences, the Oneida Nation experiences approximately one pandemic event
every 10 years.
Vulnerability
The Oneida Nation, like many Indigenous communities, faces unique vulnerabilities to pandemics,
including COVID-19. Several factors contribute to this heightened risk:
1. Health Disparities – Indigenous populations, including the Oneida Nation, experience higher
rates of chronic conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, and respiratory issues. These
conditions increase the severity of infectious diseases like COVID-19.
2. Limited Healthcare Access – While the Oneida Nation has healthcare services, Indigenous
communities often have fewer medical facilities, limited specialized care, and underfunded
health programs, making it harder to respond effectively to a pandemic.
3. Multigenerational Households – Many Oneida families live in multigenerational homes, which
can facilitate virus spread and increase the risk of severe outcomes for elders, who hold
important cultural and historical knowledge.
4. Economic Challenges – Economic disparities, including higher poverty rates and job
insecurity, can make it more difficult for individuals to take protective measures, such as
staying home from work or accessing medical care.
5. Cultural and Community Practices – The Oneida Nation, like many Indigenous groups,
places strong emphasis on community gatherings, ceremonies, and traditions. These events
are vital for cultural preservation but can also increase the risk of disease transmission
during a pandemic.
Based on the perceived risk to the community as determined by the Steering Committee, the Oneida
Nation has a medium risk/severity from pandemics.
Impacts from Hazard
Death and Injury
56 deaths resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic were recorded for the Oneida Nation by
Enrollments from 03/12/2020 to 05/11/2023 based on death certificates. No data on injuries was
collected or reported.
Critical Facilities
No critical facilities are particularly vulnerable to pandemics. However, additional response will likely
be required from a number of the Oneida Nation services during an outbreak, including health
department, emergency services, behavioral health services, emergency management, tribal
government and leadership, elder services, family and youth services, food distribution and
assistance programs, schools, housing, public works, tribal employment and workforce, and
business and economic development.
Economic Impacts
The COVID-19 pandemic had significant economic impacts on the Oneida Nation. As a sovereign
nation with businesses, government services, and a workforce dependent on both tribal and external
economies, the pandemic disrupted multiple sectors and caused loss of revenue from Tribal
enterprises, job losses and economic hardship, increased demand for social services, disruptions to
government funding and programs, and long-term economic recovery challenges.
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To address these challenges, the Oneida Nation leveraged federal relief funds, adapted business
strategies, and prioritized community support programs to stabilize and rebuild the economy postpandemic.
ACTIVE THREAT
An active threat refers to a situation in which an individual or group is actively causing harm or
posing an immediate danger to people, property, or operations. This can include incidents such as
an active threat, armed intruder, violent attack, or any other scenario where there is an ongoing and
immediate risk of harm.
Past Occurrences
The Oneida Nation Police Department recalls three active threat incidents over the past decade.
One incident in 2021 at the Oneida Casino Hotel resulted in three deaths – two employees and the
threat. The other two incidents were minor and had little impact.
Based on Police Department recollections of previous hazard occurrences, the Oneida Nation
experiences less than one active threat per year.
Vulnerability
Oneida Nation has vulnerabilities to an active threat as it operates various public buildings, such as
tribal offices, schools, healthcare facilities, and casinos. Additionally, there are vulnerabilities at
community gatherings.
Based on the perceived risk to the community as determined by the Steering Committee, the Oneida
Nation has a medium risk/severity from active threats.
Impacts from Hazard
Death and Injury
Three deaths have been reported for active threats for the Oneida Nation over the past decade. All
three deaths were a result of one incident in 2021 at the Oneida Casino Hotel.
Critical Facilities
There is no significant risk to critical facilities from an active threat.
Economic Impacts
The economic impact of active threats may include costs associated with mobilizing internal and
external resources to stop the attack, correct vulnerabilities, notify affected individuals, and provide
identity protection or other support. Additional expenses may arise from business interruptions and
revenue losses, especially for costs not covered by insurance. There may also be intangible losses,
such as damage to the trust of the public, employees, or stakeholders—and the substantial efforts
and resources required to rebuild that trust.
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CIVIL/SOCIAL UNREST AND TERRORISM
Civil and social unrest refers to large-scale public disturbances caused by dissatisfaction with
political, social, or economic conditions. This can include protests, demonstrations, strikes, riots, or
violent clashes between groups. Unrest often arises in response to government policies, social
injustices, economic hardships, or other grievances. While some protests remain peaceful, unrest
can escalate into looting, vandalism, or violent confrontations with law enforcement or opposing
groups.
Terrorism involves the use of violence, threats, or intimidation to achieve political, religious, or
ideological objectives. It can be carried out by individuals, groups, or state-sponsored actors.
Terrorist acts often target civilians, government institutions, or symbolic locations to instill fear, gain
attention, or pressure governments into action.
Both civil/social unrest and terrorism pose risks to public safety and infrastructure, but they differ in
motivation and execution—unrest stems from public discontent, whereas terrorism is typically
premeditated and ideologically driven. However, Oneida Nation will address the vulnerabilities and
identify mitigation strategies the same for both hazards.
Past Occurrences
According to the Oneida Nation Police Department, there have been no reported incidents of
civil/social unrest or terrorism within the past decade.
Vulnerability
Civil/social unrest and terrorism expose vulnerabilities in both physical and digital infrastructure,
public safety, and social cohesion. These threats can disrupt essential services, damage property,
and create widespread fear, especially where there are existing divisions or distrust in authorities.
Economic stability may also be at risk, as businesses, transportation, and tourism are often directly
affected. The spread of misinformation, cyberattacks, and inadequate emergency responses can
further escalate the situation, while weakened legal and political systems may struggle to contain or
address the violence. In such environments, public health systems can become overwhelmed, and
communities may face long-lasting psychological and economic impacts.
Based on the perceived risk to the community as determined by the Steering Committee, the Oneida
Nation has a low risk/severity from civil/social unrest or terrorism.
Impacts from Hazard
Death and Injury
No incidents of death or injuries have been reported for civil/social unrest or terrorism for the Oneida
Nation.
Critical Facilities
There is no significant risk to critical facilities from civil/social unrest or terrorism.
Economic Impacts
Civil or social unrest and terrorism can lead to significant economic impacts, including property
damage, emergency response costs, and business disruptions that result in lost revenue and higher
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insurance premiums. Longer-term effects may include reduced investment, declining property
values, job losses, and increased security expenses.
HAZARDOUS SPILLS
A spill is a discharge (i.e. spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, dumping, etc., to
land, air, or water) that is typically a one-time event or occurrence, and usually inadvertent. A
hazardous spill is a discharge of a substance that can cause harm to human health and safety, or
the environment, because of where it is spilled, the amount spilled, its toxicity, or its concentration.
Even common products such as milk, butter, corn, etc., may be considered a hazardous substance if
discharged to a sensitive area.
Wis. Stat. 292.11(2) and Wis. Admin. NR 706.05 require individuals and entities that possess or
control a hazardous substance, or that cause the discharge of a hazardous substance to the
environment, to notify the Wisconsin DNR immediately about the discharge. Wis. Stat. 292.99
authorizes penalties up to $5,000 for each violation of the notification requirement.
Past Occurrences
According to the Wisconsin DNR’s online Bureau for Remediation and Redevelopment Tracking
System (BRRTS) database, the Oneida Nation has potentially experienced up to 770 hazardous spill
events in the last 16 years from 2000 to 2026. The total reflects all spills in Outagamie and Brown
counties, as the dataset does not yet isolate those within Oneida Nation. The total also does not
include manure spills as they are addressed as a separate human-caused hazard.
Most spills were the result of vehicle accidents and were immediately cleaned up. There were also a
few that were the result of accidents involving non-PCB transformers being hit. Hazardous spills
include all substance spills as well as reported spills of a negligible quantity or those having minimal
impact.
Based on previous hazard occurrences as reported in BRRTS, the Oneida Nation potentially
experiences up to about 48 hazardous spill events per year.
Vulnerability
The Oneida Nation is vulnerable to hazardous spills via transportation corridors, particularly
highways that traverse the area, and the significant amount of agricultural activity (57% of the land
use) within the Oneida Nation Reservation. Risks are present from spills of agricultural products
including fertilizers, pesticides and anhydrous ammonia; and any number of other hazardous
substances being transported through the Oneida Nation Reservation via highways. Additionally, a
review of BRRTS shows that there are incidents in neighboring areas involving large dairy farms
and/or other food processing facilities that have the potential to cause damage to Oneida Nation
resources. Sanamax, a rendering plant just outside the northeast corner of the Oneida Reservation,
frequently reports road spillages from vehicles transporting into and out of the facility.
Based on the perceived risk to the community as determined by the Steering Committee, the Oneida
Nation has a low risk/severity from hazardous spills.
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Impacts from Hazard
Death and Injury
No incidents of death or injuries have been reported for hazardous spills for the Oneida Nation.
Critical Facilities
No critical facilities are particularly vulnerable to hazardous spills. However, additional response will
likely be required from a number of the Oneida Nation services during an event, including Land,
Environmental, Agriculture, and Food as Medicine Division; Emergency Management; Risk
Management; Division of Public Works; and the Communications Dept.; as well as Wisconsin DNR
and EPA. Depending on the severity of the spill, hospitals and fire departments could be impacted
from response and care of victims.
Economic Impacts
The cost of response and cleanup of a hazardous spill depends heavily on what product is spilled
and where it occurs. For example, a few gallons of paint spilled on a flat parking lot would require
minimal effort and cost to cleanup, while the cost of cleaning up a tractor trailer that spilled hundreds
of gallons of ethylene glycol into a waterway could easily reach over $100,000. Costs will be incurred
for the staff resources for various departments and agencies that need to respond to, document, and
report the incident. There will also be costs incurred for staff time, supplies, and equipment needed
to protect human health and the environment, and to clean up the substance as efficiently and
effectively as possible.
MANURE SPILLS
A manure spill is a subset of a hazardous spill; however, due to the significant impact and frequency
of occurrence within the Oneida Nation, it has been added as a separate human-caused hazard.
A manure spill is a discharge of animal waste into the environment in a manner that exceeds the rate
of nutrient uptake by plants, or it has been applied in a manner that has not been identified in the
“Nutrient Management Plan.” Manure spills may occur during manure storage, transportation, and
land application.
Past Occurrences
According to the Wisconsin DNR’s online Bureau for Remediation and Redevelopment Tracking
System (BRRTS) database, the Oneida Nation has experienced 71 manure spill events in the last 16
years from 2010 to 2026.
Most were the result of vehicle accidents and were immediately cleaned up. Two events, the
Meadowview Dairy spill and the Robertson spill were significant. The Meadowview dairy spill sent
approximately three million gallons of liquid manure into Coyote Run in 2014. The Robertson spill
sent 300,000 gallons of liquid manure into Silver Creek in 2018.
Based on previous hazard occurrences as reported in BRRTS, the Oneida Nation experiences
approximately four manure spills per year.
Vulnerability
With 37,366 acres of the Oneida Nation Reservation in agriculture (57% of the land use), there is a
significant vulnerability to the threat of manure spills during storage, transportation, and land
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
3-29
application. Additionally, there are large dairy farms on neighboring lands that present additional risk
for manure spills during transportation through the Oneida Nation.
Based on the perceived risk to the community as determined by the Steering Committee, the Oneida
Nation has a low risk/severity from manure spills.
Impacts from Hazard
Death and Injury
No incidents of death or injuries have been reported for manure spills for the Oneida Nation.
Critical Facilities
No critical facilities are particularly vulnerable to manure spills. However, additional response will
likely be required from a number of Oneida Nation services during an event, including Land,
Environmental, Agriculture, and Food as Medicine Division; Emergency Management; Risk
Management; Division of Public Works; and the Communications Department; as well as Wisconsin
DNR and EPA.
Economic Impacts
The cost of response and cleanup of a manure spill depends heavily on the quantity that is spilled
and where it occurs. Costs will be incurred for the staff resources for various departments and
agencies that need to respond to, document, and report the incident. There will also be costs
incurred for staff time, supplies, and equipment needed to protect the environment, and to clean up
the substance as efficiently and effectively as possible.
AIRPLANE CRASH
An airplane crash refers to an event in which an aircraft fails to operate properly and results in a
sudden, often catastrophic, impact with the ground, water, or other objects. This can occur due to a
variety of factors, including mechanical failure, human error, adverse weather conditions, or external
causes, such as a collision. Airplane crashes typically lead to significant damage to the aircraft, and
in many cases, loss of life or serious injury to passengers and crew. The severity of the crash can
vary from minor incidents to major disasters, depending on the circumstances and the nature of the
failure.
Although the Green Bay Austin Straubel International Airport is not owned or managed by the
Oneida Nation, it is located within the Reservation boundaries.
Past Occurrences
According to the Oneida Police Department, the Oneida Nation has experienced one airplane crash
in the last 16 years from 2010 to 2026. The incident did not result in any deaths or injuries as the
aircraft was able to land safely in a field near the airport.
Vulnerability
The Oneida Nation, with an airport located within its boundaries, faces the vulnerability of an
airplane crash occurring. While the airport is owned by Brown County, any crash could pose
significant risks to the surrounding community, including property damage, loss of life, and
environmental hazards such as fuel spills or fires. The proximity of the airport means that the
Nation’s residents and infrastructure could be directly impacted by such an event, requiring swift
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
3-30
emergency response and recovery efforts. Additionally, the psychological and economic toll of a
crash could affect the local population, even if the Oneida Nation is not directly responsible for the
airport’s operations.
Based on the perceived risk to the community as determined by the Steering Committee, the Oneida
Nation has a low risk/severity from airplane crashes.
Impacts from Hazard
Death and Injury
No incidents of death or injuries have been reported for airplane crashes for the Oneida Nation.
Critical Facilities
No Oneida Nation owned critical facilities are directly threatened by an airplane crash.
Economic Impacts
Though the airport is not operated by the Oneida Nation, an airplane crash on reservation land could
cause economic costs including emergency response, environmental cleanup, damage to
infrastructure, and disruption to local businesses. Indirect effects may include reduced tourism, lower
property values, and impacts on economic development.
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
3-31
100 & 500 Year Floodplains
Legend
100 Year Floodplain
GIS
Critical Facilities_26-0430
Date: 05/12/2026
500 Year Floodplain
Reservation Boundary
Roads
Streams
Vantor
Critical Facilities Within
Floodplain
Legend
100 Year Floodplain
Critical Facilities
Roads
GIS
Critical Facilities_26-0430
Date: 05/12/2026
Streams
ANR Pipeline (Energy)
Technology Infrastructure
(Communications)
Earthstar Geographics
Reservation Boundary
CHAPTER 4 - MITIGATION STRATEGY
The mitigation strategy outlines the activities that the Oneida Nation would like to implement in order
to reduce their risk from hazards. The mitigation strategy is made up of the mitigation goals,
mitigation actions, and a strategy for implementation. These components provide a framework to
identify, prioritize, and implement actions to reduce risk to people and property from hazards.
This chapter also identifies the mitigation strategies that have been completed for the Oneida Nation
and resources available for mitigation.
PLAN GOALS
The following mitigation goals have been developed for the Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation
Plan. They offer overarching guidance aimed at mitigating hazards within the Oneida Nation
Reservation.
Goal 1. Minimize human, economic, and environmental disruption from hazards.
Goal 2. Implement policies and programs designed to reduce or eliminate the impacts of hazards on
people and property.
Goal 3. Enhance public education, training, and outreach about disaster resiliency and expand public
awareness of hazards and their impact.
Goal 4. Enhance intergovernmental cooperation with surrounding counties and communities in
hazard mitigation efforts and response to hazards and disasters.
Goal 5. Promote and enhance the use of natural resource protection measures as a means to
reduce the impacts of hazards on people and property.
COMPLETED MITIGATION STRATEGIES
Eight mitigation strategies have been completed since adoption of the 2020-2025 Oneida Nation
Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan. The completed mitigation strategies included the following:
•
Acquired GIS datasets including power substations and areas served, broadband
transmitters, and cell towers.
•
Completed stormwater improvement project on Finger Lake Dam.
•
Assessed capability to provide food during sheltering.
•
Developed pandemic/infectious disease plan.
•
Provided GIS data access and sharing to Emergency Management.
•
Improved access to shelter in Green Earth mobile home park (increased size and provided
more reliable access).
•
Developed a plan to address cybersecurity threats.
•
Regarding pandemics, SOPs were developed to enable employees to work from home when
close contact becomes risky. Also, discussions were completed to evaluate the need for
safety glass at retail locations to protect employees from exposure.
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
4-1
MITIGATION RESOURCES
The Oneida Nation has a number of divisions and departments that enforce policies, execute
programs, and provide resources that support the mitigation strategy for reducing potential losses
identified in the risk assessment. These authorities have been identified under the ‘Responsible
Parties’ in the mitigation strategy tables.
OPTIONS FOR FUNDING MITIGATION
Hazard mitigation programs and projects can be funded in a variety of ways with funding from Tribal,
public, and private programs, including local budgets, grants, or loans. The following is a list of
potential funding programs that may be available to fund mitigation strategies identified in this plan.
Federal Funding Programs:
•
EDA Public Works and Development Facilities (https://www.eda.gov/programs/edaprograms/)
•
FEMA Assistance to Firefighters Grant
(https://www.fema.gov/grants/preparedness/firefighters)
•
FEMA Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC)
(https://www.fema.gov/grants/mitigation/building-resilient-infrastructure-communities)
•
FEMA Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (https://www.fema.gov/grants/mitigation/floods)
•
FEMA Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP)
(https://www.fema.gov/grants/mitigation/hazard-mitigation)
•
U.S. DOT Hazardous Materials Emergency Preparedness
(https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/grants/hazmat/hazardous-materials-emergency-preparednesshmep-grant)
•
U.S. Department of Education Readiness and Emergency Management for Schools
(https://www2.ed.gov/programs/dvpemergencyresponse/index.html)
State Funding Programs:
•
Wisconsin Department of Administration Emergency Solutions Grant, Housing Assistance
Program (https://doa.wi.gov/Pages/LocalGovtsGrants/Emergency-Solutions-GrantTransitional-Housing-Program-Homelessness-Prevention-Program-ETH.aspx)
•
Wisconsin DNR Forest Fire Protection (FFP) Grant Program
(https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/aid/ForestFireProtection.html)
•
Wisconsin DNR Municipal Flood Control Grant Program
(https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/aid/MunFloodControl.html)
•
Wisconsin DNR Surface Water Grant Program
(https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/aid/SurfaceWater.html)
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
4-2
HAZARD MITIGATION STRATEGIES
Tables 4.1-4.17 list the mitigation strategies that Oneida Nation has identified to reduce the impact of
natural and human-caused hazards. Each table lists mitigation strategies for a specific hazard, the
project prioritization, the estimated project timeline, and responsible parties.
The Oneida Nation Emergency Management will monitor the implementation of mitigation actions.
Completed or revised projects will be documented in future five-year updates of the Oneida Nation
Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan.
A cost-benefit analysis was not prepared for any identified mitigation strategy but will be undertaken
as needed when the project is pursued.
STRATEGY PRIORITIZATION
As part of the mitigation strategy, each project was prioritized by the Steering Committee. By
consensus, the Steering Committee assigning a prioritization rank of “high,” “medium” or “low” to
each strategy based on need, potential funding, and anticipated support for the project. The
following tables include the identified mitigation strategies for both natural and human-caused
hazards for each hazard type.
Table 4.1: All Hazards Mitigation Strategies
Mitigation Measures
Develop a standard for
numbering builidng doors on
occupied buildings.
Conduct risk assessment to
complete a Continuity Plan.
Add a permanent siren near
Oneida Lake area for campers.
Priority
All Hazards
Responsible Dept/Entities
Timeline
(Bold text indicates Lead
Entity, others are supporting)
Comments
Division of Public Works
High
2026
High
2026
High
2026-2028
Develop Continuity Plan.
High
2026-2029
Aquire towers to improve range,
add computer aided dispatch -potential for StarLink integration.
High
2026-2031
Police; Digital Technology
Services
2026-2031
Will need to define how
notifications work
internally and externally.
Communications Department
Will need to include a
and all Nation Departments
process for people to
check into reception
centers.
Community Communications
Plan for information
management.
High
Risk Management; EM; DTS;
Finance
Division of Public Works; and Currently using a portable
siren.
Emergency Management
Oneida Comprehensive
Health Division (OCHD)
has hired a consultant to
Emergency Management
assist in development of
division specific
Continuity Plan Workshop
in May 2025.
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
Currently relying on
Brown County's digital
system.
4-3
Table 4.1 (cont’d): All Hazards Mitigation Strategies
Mitigation Measures
Priority
All Hazards (cont'd)
Responsible Dept/Entities
Timeline
(Bold text indicates Lead
Entity, others are supporting)
Comments
Establish procedures for
dealing with the collection and
disposal of large volumes of
after-storm solid waste debris.
High
2026-2031
Division of Public Works;
Police Department; Land,
Develop Debris
Environmental, Agriculture and Management and
Food as Medicine DivisionRemoval Plan.
Conservation Department
Develop a community lifeline
chart and risk assessment
resource list.
High
2027-2028
Working on getting
Communications Department;
community lifeline poster
Community Development Area
developed.
2028-2030
Brown and Outagamie
Counties; Community
To be developed after the
Development Area; Emergency Continuity Plan.
Management; Public Health
Develop a mass evacuation
plan.
Maintain public shelter
designation in order to provide
centers with proper shelter
amenities and transportation
availability.
High
High
Emergency Management;
American Red Cross;
Review Annually
Community Development
Area
Shelters are listed in
Emergency Response
Plan. American Red
Cross is a partner with
Oneida Nation on this
effort.
Promote the use of weather
radios in all schools and in all
homes, and provide education
on use.
High
Ongoing
Emergency Management;
Brown and Outagamie counties
Emergency Management; local
TV stations
Evaluate tools and methods to
improve interoperability
efficiency and effectiveness.
High
Ongoing
Police Department
Ongoing
Land, Environmental,
Funding for
Agriculture and Food as
implementation will be a
Medicine Division, Division of
challenge.
Public Works, Housing
Address stormwater
management issues.
Maintain a list of staging areas
and dumpsters to address
waste after a disaster.
Coordinate with support
agencies through the
implementation of the Oneida
Nation Emergency Response
Plan.
Medium High
Medium
Medium
Review Annually Division of Public Works
Ongoing
Emergency Management; all
departments; American Red
Cross
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
Emergency Response
Plan updated 2025.
Updated annually. Dept
Emergency Action Plans
are being updated.
4-4
Table 4.1 (cont’d): All Hazards Mitigation Strategies
Mitigation Measures
Priority
All Hazards (cont'd)
Timeline
Responsible Dept/Entities
Continue public education and
outreach regarding emergency
preparedness.
Medium
Ongoing
Manage removal of ash trees
that create hazardous
situations.
Medium
Ongoing
Maintain a list of buildings to be
used for reception centers.
Low
2026-2031
Ensure registration and provide
updates under the Brown and
Outagamie counties 211
Information System.
Review and update the Oneida
Emergency Response Plan.
Maintain power lines through
proper maintenance and
efficient response to fallen
power lines.
Continue coordinating with
Amateur Radio Emergency
Services (ARES)/Radio
Amateur Civil Emergency
Service (RACES).
Develop a calendar of
upcoming outreach activities.
Comments
Community Health
Services is currently
collaborating with Cultural
Heritage to develop a
Emergency Management;
culturally appropriate
American Red Cross; Police
community preparedness
Department; Community Health
inititive - translating some
Services; Land, Environment,
of the organized
Agriculture and Food as
preparedness slogans
Medicine Division; Division of
into the Oneida
Public Works; Employee Health
Language. Additionally,
Nursing
collaboration with Elder
Services to talk about
preparendess activitites
at their events.
Env. Restorations Project
Manager will work with
Conservation and outside
Land, Environmental,
contractors to
Agriculture and Food as
remove/plant trees.
Medicine Division; Grounds
Yearly contract exists to
work with a contractor to
Keeping; Housing
prioritize tree removal.
Priority will vary based on
location and impacts.
Oneida owned buildings
where people can check
Human Services & Public
in during disasters to
Health
confirm/document that
they are safe.
Low
Review Annually Emergency Management
Low
Review Annually Emergency Management
Low
Low
Low
Ongoing
Ongoing
Ongoing
WEC Energy Group; ATC
Oneida Nation is a
partner with 211.
Completed annually as a
deliverable of the EMPG.
Utilities has a program to
maintain powerlines
based on utility-defined
needs/priorities.
Emergency Management;
ARES/RACES
Effective process in place
using area radio and
television stations. EM
coordinates with
ARES/RACES and is
invited to their monthly
meetings.
Emergency Management
EM holds events annually
along with the FEMA
preparedness calendar
for monthly topics.
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
4-5
Table 4.2: Winter Storm Mitigation Strategies
Mitigation Measures
Priority
Present a parking ordinance to
the LOC to not allow parking on
Nation's roads during snow
emergencies.
Ensure plowing and salting
equipment is operational and
available to handle potential
emergencies.
Maintain tree trimming program.
Winter Storm
Responsible Dept/Entities
Timeline
(Bold text indicates Lead
Entity, others are supporting)
Low
2026
DPW
Low
Ongoing
Division of Public Works;
Aging and Disability Services
Low
Ongoing
WEC
Comments
Legislation may take time
to develop.
On tribal roads only and
Tribal owned properties.
Table 4.3: Tornado/Strong Wind Mitigation Strategies
Mitigation Measures
Priority
Tornado/Strong Wind
Responsible Dept/Entities
Timeline
(Bold text indicates Lead
Entity, others are supporting)
Ensure that there are
emergency/safety plans for
each occupied facility.
High
Ongoing
Address hazard trees (such as
those impacted by EAB).
High
Ongoing
Need additional funding to
manage downed and
hazardous trees.
Inventory Oneida-owned homes
that do not have basements.
Maintain a process to check for
downed trees and other
necessary clean-up after a
storm.
Comments
EAPs are reviewed and
updated annually. All
Management from each
facilities are being
occupied Oneida faclity
reviewed to ensure they
have KNOX boxes.
An Env. Restorations
Project Manager has
been hired and he is
working on biding out a
Land, Environmental,
Forest Inventory and
Agriculture and Food as
when complete will
Medicine Division, Division of
contract to have a
Public Works, Housing
Forestry Management
Plan developed. Estimate
two year for completion of
plan.
Medium
2026-2028
Comprehensive Housing
Division; Division of Public
Works; Land, Environmental,
Agriculture and Food as
Medicine Division-Conservation;
Intergovenmental Affairs
Low
2026-2031
Housing; Community
Development Area
Storm shelters are
intergrated into new
developments.
Ongoing
Division of Public Works;
Land, Environmental,
Agriculture and Food as
Medicine Division; Police
Department; Neighboring Fire
Depts
Have cooperative
agreements with most
surrounding
municipalities.
Low
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
4-6
Table 4.4: Extreme Cold Mitigation Strategies
Mitigation Measures
Maintain programs to check on
the elders and functional needs
residents during extreme cold
events.
Maintain a list of elders,
homebound, and functional
needs residences and other
populations vulnerable to
extreme cold.
Priority
Medium
Low
Extreme Cold
Responsible Dept/Entities
Timeline
(Bold text indicates Lead
Entity, others are supporting)
Aging and Disability
Services; Community Health
Ongoing
Services; local hospital
programs
Ongoing
Aging and Disability
Services; Community Health
Services
Comments
Aging and Disability will
check in by calling those
on the list.
Table 4.5: Flood Mitigation Strategies
Mitigation Measures
Develop a database of trained
employees for Damage
Assessment.
Evaluate stormwater detension
facilities for repairs/upgrades.
Priority
High
High
Flood
Responsible Dept/Entities
Timeline
(Bold text indicates Lead
Entity, others are supporting)
2026-2027
Division of Public Works;
Transit
2026-2031
Division of Public Works;
Land, Environmental,
Agriculture and Food as
Medicine Division
Comments
Land, Environmental,
Agriculture and Food as
Medicine Division and
Emergency Management
are in the process of
securing a grant from
WEM to address flood
mapping.
Utilize floodplain mapping to
update existing flood maps and
data sources to better determine Medium
areas and facilities susceptible to
recurring flooding.
2026-2031
Community Development
Area; GIS
Maintain a stormwater
management plan that includes
such remediation techniques as
surface detention basins, instreet detention units, and rain
gardens.
Ongoing
Division of Public Works; Land,
Environmental, Agriculture and
Food as Medicine Division
Medium
Ongoing
Land, Environmental,
Agriculture and Food as
Land, Environmental,
Medicine Division
Agriculture and Food as
coordinates with WDNR.
Medicine Division; Wisconsin Currently discussing a
potential MOU with DNR
DNR
for waste facilities
coordination.
Low
2026-2031
Division of Public Works
Continue reviewing physical
engineering inspection and
verification of Fort Howard
Sludge Facility impoundment.
Develop a storm drain
maintenance program.
Medium
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
In development
4-7
Table 4.5 (cont’d): Flood Mitigation Strategies
Mitigation Measures
Priority
Flood (cont'd)
Responsible Dept/Entities
Timeline
(Bold text indicates Lead
Entity, others are supporting)
Inventory floodfighting equipment
and supplies (equipment,
sandbags, sandpits, pumps,
etc.) and develop an inventory
database.
Low
2026-2031
Division of Public Works;
Comprehensive Housing
Division; Land Management;
Utilities
Establish list of contractors for
floodfighting supplies.
Low
2026-2031
Division of Public Work Groundskeeping
Ongoing
Communications; Division of
Public Works; Emergency
Management, Comprehensive
Housing
Provide community outreach
about floodproofing techniques
for residents and businesses.
Ensure appropriate future land
use decisions align with the
currently adopted version of the
—
Land Use Policy Framework“ as guided by the Oneida Nation
Comprehensive Plan.
Implement rural drainage
improvements and maintenance
for ditches, bridges, and culverts.
Maintain a process to check for
downed trees and other
necessary clean-up after a
storm.
Low
Low
Low
Low
Ongoing
All departments
Ongoing
Community Development
Area; Land, Environmental,
Agriculture and Food as
Medicine Division
Ongoing
Grounds Keeping; Police
Department; Division of Public
Works; Land, Environment,
Agriculture and Food as
Medicine Division; Community
Development; Comprehensive
Housing Division
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
Comments
Sand pits are available at
Oneida Lake to fill bags.
Groundskeeping will
inventory flood response
equipment and supplies.
Vendor license could be
exempted by Purchasing
to expedite response.
The Oneida Nation
Comprehensive Plan is
currently in the process of
being updated. Any
modifications to the —
Land
Use Policy Framework“
as a result of the
Comprehensive Plan
update (if any) would be
minor.
A flooding study was
developed for upper
Oneida Creek with ACOE
to assist with future
planning.
OPD takes calls about
locations and informs
Conservation who
decides priority for trees.
4-8
Table 4.6: Excessive Heat Mitigation Strategies
Mitigation Measures
Priority
Maintain programs to check on
the elders and functional needs
Medium
residents during excessive heat
events.
Maintain a list of elders,
homebound, and functional
needs residences and other
Low
populations vulnerable to
extreme cold.
Excessive Heat
Responsible Dept/Entities
Timeline
(Bold text indicates Lead
Entity, others are supporting)
Ongoing
Aging and Disability
Services; Community Health
Services
Ongoing
Aging and Disability
Services; Community Health
Services
Comments
Aging and Disability will
check in by calling those
on the list.
Table 4.7: Dense Fog Mitigation Strategies
Mitigation Measures
Priority
Dense Fog
Responsible Dept/Entities
Timeline
(Bold text indicates Lead
Entity, others are supporting)
Comments
Inform the county highway
departments and Wisconsin
DOT of areas lacking signage,
damaged signs, or fading paint
on roads.
Low
Ongoing
Annual roadway checks
by camera are conducted
Tribal Transportation;
on physical condition of
Community Development Area roads including
determining signage and
road paint condition.
Provide information to area
news media in order to
broadcast emergency
information that addresses
safety precautions, including the
need to avoid certain corridors
or to slow down while traveling
during a fog event.
Low
Ongoing
NWS; media; RAVE
Table 4.8: Hail Mitigation Strategies
Mitigation Measures
Maintain a process to check for
downed trees and other
necessary clean-up after a
storm.
Priority
Low
Hail
Responsible Dept/Entities
Timeline
(Bold text indicates Lead
Entity, others are supporting)
Ongoing
Division of Public Works;
Police Department;
Conservation Department
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
Comments
DPW only manages trees
on the Nation's roads and
DPW properties.
Housing covers their area
and Conservation takes
care of trees in wooded
areas (ongoing
discussion).
4-9
Table 4.9: Drought Mitigation Strategies
Mitigation Measures
Priority
Drought
Responsible Dept/Entities
Timeline
(Bold text indicates Lead
Entity, others are supporting)
Comments
Develop a water maintenance
or distribution plan.
Low
2025-2030
Utilities
Review water sample results in
private wells and recommend
filtration, as needed
Low
Ongoing
Division of Public Works
(community wells and septic
program)
Conducted on wells on a
3-year rotation.
Utilities
Oneida Nation is covered
by four water districts:
Oneida Nation, Village of
Hobart Water Utility;
Ashwaubenon Water and
Sewer, and Green Bay
Water.
Enact water restrictions and
monitor water quality, when
needed.
Low
Ongoing
Table 4.10: Wildland Fire Mitigation Strategies
Mitigation Measures
Priority
Wildland Fire
Responsible Dept/Entities
Timeline
(Bold text indicates Lead
Entity, others are supporting)
Ensure mutual aid fire
protection agreements are in
place and they include
provisions for wildfires.
Medium
Ongoing
Maintain and upgrade roads to
allow for adequate access by
emergency vehicles and fire
equipment.
Low
Ongoing
Comments
MABAS agreement is
reviewed annually and
Intergovenmental Affairs;
Service Agreements with
Village of Hobart Fire; Town of
Brown and Outagamie
Oneida Fire; Tri-County Fire;
Counties are on Oneida
Ashwaubenon Fire; Green Bay
Nation website. Env.
Fire; Emergency Management;
Restorations Project
Land, Environmental,
Manager working on
Agriculture and Food as
Forest Management
Medicine Division
Plan(2 year completion
planned).
Oneida Nation maintains
a fire management plan.
Oneida Nation roads are
maintained by Oneida
Division of Public Works,
Division of Public Works;
Groundskeeping
Department.
Brown and Outagamie
Transportation Program
counties; municipalities
develops safety plans for
roads and works with WI
DOT. Driveway costs are
the responsibility of the
property owner.
Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031
4-10
Table 4.10 (cont’d): Wildland Fire Mitigation Strategies
Mitigation Measures
Priority
Wildland Fire (cont'd)
Responsible Dept/Entities
Timeline
(Bold text indicates Lead
Entity, others are supporting)
Continue outreach efforts
regarding open burning and
fireworks laws.
Low
Ongoing
Government Administration
(Communications); Village of
Hobart Fire; Town of Oneida
Fire; Green Bay Fire;
Ashwaubenon Fire; Tri-County
Fire, Land, Environmental,
Agriculture and Food as
Medicine Division; Emergency
Management
Continue to provide burn ban
communications. Refer public
to fire danger map as questions
arise on burning restrictions.
Low
Ongoing
Wisconsin DNR;
Communications; Brown and
Outagamie counties
Comments
Oneida Nation maintains
a fire management plan.
Table 4.11: Cybersecurity Threat Mitigation Strategies
Mitigation Measures
Conduct periodic tests of
system security by third-party
specialist contractor to address
vulnerabilities and take steps to
mitigate risk.
Priority
High
Cybersecurity Threats
Responsible Dept/Entities
Timeline
(Bold text indicates Lead
Entity, others are supporting)
Ongoing
Maintain a plan to address
cybersecurity threats.
High
Ongoing
Maintain logging and tracking of
all occurences segregated by
internal and external threats.
High
Ongoing
Develop a schedule for auditing
Medium
digital systems.
2025-2026
Assess vehicle cyber threats.
2025-2026
Low
Inte
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