2020 Tribal Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan

2020 Tribal Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan

Prepared for

The Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians

“Siletz Tribe”

Funded by

The Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians

Prepared by

Ian J. Keene

Tribal GIS Analyst and Planner, B.S., M.S., Ph.D. (IP)

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Cover photo:

Siletz Tribal Members ca. 1912

FEMAEach element within this planning document serve to guide through the MHMP

process as it follows FEMA guidelines. The sections in this plan are organized as

follows:

•

Element A: Planning Process

•

Element B: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

•

Element C: Mitigation Strategy

•

Element D: Plan Updates

•

Element E: Assurances and Plan Adoption

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2 of 224

Acknowledgements and Executive Summary

This mitigation plan was developed solely by the Confederated Tribes of the Siletz

Indians. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) provided no funding for

this document. State of Oregon employees from DOGAMI, State Hazard Mapping, and

Matt Williams, alongside FEMA Region X office provided technical support throughout

the process. Amanda Siok and others at FEMA were instrumental in initial planning

and formation of a Steering Committee and to instruct Tribal Employees in the planning

process. This valuable information helped the Tribe develop a plan that would meet

Federal mandates established by the Stafford Act.

Many people contributed to this plan and to the creation of the following document.

Many community and Tribal Employee hours were given to reach Tribal Membership

and gain an understanding of what the Tribal Communities needs were and are. The

following list is not meant to be entirely inclusive to the many people who helped with

this plan.

The final plan was created primarily by the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians

Planning department. The following people had an important role in creation of this

document:

Ian Keene- GIS Analyst/Research Planner – Ian Keene is the primary author and

project manager of this document. Ian Keene performed the research, data, and

document collection and review, map creation, field research, and compilation of the

information for this plan. He also served as the GIS Analyst/DOGAMI and FEMA Point

of Contact/Photographer/and Final Editor for the plan.

Michael Gallagher- Environmental Planner – Michael provided valuable property

information along with contributions to portions of the final document, particularly in

the editing and writing process with important Environmental perspectives on capacity

of the Tribal Planning process and departmental knowledge with NEPA and federal

environmental guidance.

Bonnie Peterson- as Assistant General Manager, Bonnie assembled the Steering

Committee, met initially with personnel to guide the process of the team working with

the FEMA personnel and process, attended meetings, appointed additional members,

and administered some of the Steering Committee meetings.

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 3 of 224

Pam Barlow-Lind- Tribal Planner- Pam leads the Planning Department, and provides

endless knowledge and editing expertise in documentation and historical and timely

processes for plan creation and is an endless source of inspiration. Pam helped guide

the authors and the planning process throughout.

Max Hoover- Public Works Supervisor- Max provided expertise on many historical

events, as well as being an active Steering Committee member. Max provided insight in

to past events and instrumental understanding of municipal systems and utilities that

are inherently important to the Tribe.

Eli Grove- Emergency Preparedness Coordinator- Eli provided hours of community

outreach and planning for natural hazards since his hiring in 2018. He was an active

member of the Steering Committee, headed the Emergency Planning Committee, and

contributed greatly to getting Tribal Membership input throughout the planning

process. Eli regularly presented findings to Tribal Council and Department Managers

through his ongoing training in Emergency Preparedness and Response work, and

outreach.

Cherity Bloom-Miller- As a Steering Committee member, Cherity participated in many

meetings providing knowledge of human health issues, public outreach, concerns

regarding families in the hazard areas, and a myriad of additional insights in to the

importance of a community being prepared.

RC Mock- As then Siletz Valley Fire Chief, RC provided emergency preparedness

expertise and first responder insight in to the many issues that surround being prepared

for fire.

April Middaugh- April provided continual administrative support to planning

processes and was an active Steering Committee member. April participated in FEMA

trainings and kept meeting minutes.

Glen Sakamura- IS Department- Glen provided many hours of effort of mitigation

planning for the Tribe. He provided great effort in order to train and implement

emergency protocols for various departments and Tribal personnel. Glen was an active

member of the Steering Committee and was part of the FEMA regional training process

and participated with Region X personnel at FEMA trainings. He provided the steering

committee with many details of the trainings he attended as well.

Brenda Bremner, General Manager – Brenda contributed in the guiding, administrative,

and final editing process.

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ELEMENT A: PLANNING

Overall Intent: A successful planning process involves bringing tribal members, such as

tribal leaders, tribal elders, and other partners together to discuss their knowledge, their

perception of risk, and how to meet their needs as part of the process. This inclusive

process works within the traditions, culture, and methods most suitable to a tribal

government, so that participants better understand the unique vulnerabilities to the

tribal planning area6 and can develop relevant mitigation actions.

FEMA recognizes that public participation may be different for each tribal government.

Leadership (including elders and cultural leaders), staffing, and in-house expertise in

the tribal government may fluctuate over time. The planning process description serves

as a permanent record that explains how decisions were reached. This planning process

description documents that the plan was developed with input from tribal members

and other partners. Leaders can rely on this documentation to continue to make

decisions in a pre-and post-disaster environment to decrease vulnerability to hazards.

Documentation of the current planning process is required for both new and updated

plans. - FEMA

Executive Summary:

The purpose of the Confederated Tribes of the Siletz Indians (CTSI) Multi-Hazard

Mitigation Plan (MHMP) is to guide current and future efforts to effectively and

efficiently mitigate natural hazards on all CTSI Reservation lands, in coordination with

other jurisdictions as appropriate, to mitigate and respond to natural hazards that are

generated off the reservation lands, and tribally owned fee lands, or that cross these

boundaries.

The Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians finds that natural hazards on the Tribal lands

have a direct, serious, and substantial effect on the political integrity, economic security,

health, and welfare of the Tribal lands, its members, and all persons present on Tribal

lands. Further, CTSI finds that those activities that potentially increase the frequency or

severity of damages from natural hazards, if left unaddressed, could cause such

damages. Accordingly, the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians Administration and

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 5 of 224

Tribal Council, Planning Department, Human Resources Department (HR), and Natural

Resources Department (NR) helped develop this update to the MHMP for the Siletz

Tribe.

The goals of the CTSI MHMP are to:

1.

Increase Tribal and community members’ knowledge of natural hazards;

2.

Reduce the threats to public health and safety posed by natural hazards;

3.

Reduce structural damages caused by natural hazards;

4.

Reduce the environmental impacts of natural hazards, mitigation actions, and

future development activities;

5.

Increase the effectiveness of mitigation actions; and

6.

Reduce the long term costs resulting from natural hazards and their mitigation.

The objectives of the MHMP are the following:

1.

Ensure that development occurs in such a way that the risk is minimized in areas

that are vulnerable to natural hazards;

2.

Protect or alter existing development in hazardous areas to make it less

susceptible to damage;

3.

Ensure that the solution chosen to protect existing development is the most cost-

effective available; protects or enhances cultural resources, natural resources, and

sensitive terrestrial, riparian, or coastal habitats; and is consistent with applicable land

use plans and regulations, codes, and in general, promotes an economically and

ecologically sound Tribe.

4.

Ensure that the benefits of maintaining existing facilities outweigh their costs; if

not, redesign facilities to make them less susceptible to damage or implement some

other type of solution at the site;

5.

Redesign existing projects and/or change maintenance practices to protect or

enhance riparian or coastal habitats;

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 6 of 224

6.

Manage floodplains, rivers, streams, and other water resources for multiple uses,

including flood and erosion hazard reduction, fish and wildlife habitat, finfish and

shellfish harvesting, open space, recreation, water supply, and cultural/traditional

practices;

7.

Improve coordination and consistency between CTSI and other jurisdictions, as

appropriate, in management activities for floodplain and coastal areas;

8.

Increase public awareness of natural hazards and improve appropriate

preparation for and response to such hazards; and

9.

Improve hazard warning and emergency response systems.

Tribal Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan

Table of Contents

1. Introduction and Executive Summary ...................................................................

Authority to Plan ....................................................................................................

Grant Eligibility ......................................................................................................

Adoption ..................................................................................................................

Assurances ...............................................................................................................

2. Organization of the Plan ........................................................................................

Planning Process ........................................................................................................

Plan Preparation .....................................................................................................

Plan Participation ...................................................................................................

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 7 of 224

MHMP Steering Committee ........................................................................................

Tribal Membership Participation ................................................................................

Tribal Council, Local and Regional Participation......................................................

Project Timeline ...........................................................................................................

Program Integration ..................................................................................................

3.Community Profile ......................................................................................................

Introduction to the Siletz Tribe ..................................................................................

Tribal History .........................................................................................................

Governance ...................................................................................................................

Geography .............................................................................................................

Geology ........................................................................................................................

Siletz River Gorge

Minerals and Soils .......................................................................................................

Rivers ............................................................................................................................

Tribal Lands and Property ........................................................................................

Historic Sites ...................................................................................................................

Climate .....................................................................................................................

Demographic .........................................................................................................

Economic ...............................................................................................................

Services and Special Districts .............................................................................

Buildings and Critical Facilities ..................................................................................

Buildings ............................................................................................................................

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Critical Facilities ................................................................................................................

Infrastructure ...........................................................................................................

Transportation ..................................................................................................................

Utilities ...............................................................................................................................

4. Risk Assessment and GIS and Hazard Mapping Data

...................................................................................

Risk Assessment........................................................................................................

Introduction ................................................................................................................

Hazards Profiled ..................................................................................................................

Cultural and Historic Sites ..................................................................................................

Tribal Critical Facilities, Exposure and Vulnerability .....................................................

Future Land Use ..................................................................................................................

Earthquake ..................................................................................................................

Definitions ............................................................................................................................

General Background ............................................................................................................

Tribal Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Natural Hazard Section

5.a Hazard Profile ......................................................................................................................

Vulnerability .......................................................................................................................

Flooding .....................................................................................................................

Definitions ..........................................................................................................................

General Background ..........................................................................................................

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Hazard Profile ....................................................................................................................

Vulnerability .......................................................................................................................

Landslide ...................................................................................................................

Definitions ..........................................................................................................................

General Background ..........................................................................................................

Hazard Profile ....................................................................................................................

Vulnerability .......................................................................................................................

Severe Weather .........................................................................................................

Definitions ..........................................................................................................................

General Background ..........................................................................................................

Hazard Profile ....................................................................................................................

Vulnerability .......................................................................................................................

Wildland Fire .............................................................................................................

Definitions ..........................................................................................................................

General Background ..........................................................................................................

Hazard Profile ....................................................................................................................

Vulnerability .......................................................................................................................

Mitigation Strategy .....................................................................................................

Goals and Objectives ...................................................................................................

Identification & Analysis of Tribal Mitigation Actions ..............................................

Review of Local/Regional Mitigation Actions .............................................................

5Implementation of Mitigation Actions ........................................................................

Prioritization ........................................................................................................................

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 10 of 224

Implementation ...................................................................................................................

Administration .....................................................................................................................

5.b

Prioritized Mitigation Actions .....................................................................................

Capability Assessment ..........................................................................................

Tribal Capabilities ...........................................................................................................

Federal/Regional Capabilities ..........................................................................................

Current and Potential Funding Sources ....................................................................

Current ...............................................................................................................................

Potential .............................................................................................................................

6. Plan Maintenance Process ..........................................................................................

Responsibility for Plan Maintenance ...........................................................................

Monitoring, Evaluating and Updating the Plan ..........................................................

Monitoring Progress of Mitigation Actions .................................................................

Incorporation into Existing Planning Mechanisms .................................................

Continued Public Involvement .....................................................................................

7. Repetitive Loss Strategy .............................................................................................

8. Citation/References (Omitted during Draft Process)

.....................................................................................................

1. Introduction

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The Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians Tribal Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan (MHMP)

has been prepared to guide current and future efforts to effectively and efficiently

mitigate natural hazards on the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians lands and

properties. The MHMP is for the Siletz Indian Reservation, trust and fee lands and other

areas of Tribal interest including, but not limited to, its 1855 Coast Reservation

Boundary, traditional hunting and fishing areas and all other ceded and non-ceded

lands since the inception of the Tribe.

Hazard mitigation is any sustained action taken to reduce or eliminate the long-term

risk to human life and property from hazards. Mitigation activities may be

implemented prior to, during, or after an incident. However, hazard mitigation is most

effective when based on an inclusive, comprehensive, long-term plan that is developed

before a disaster occurs. The mitigation planning process encourages coordination

among tribal authorities and other governmental agencies, tribal members, local

residents, businesses, academia, and non-profit groups and promotes their participation

in the plan development and implementation process. This broad-based approach

enables the development of mitigation actions that are supported by tribal members

and other stakeholders and that reflect the needs of the Tribal government as a whole.

This Tribal Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan establishes goals, lists objectives necessary to

achieve the goals, and identifies policies, tools, and actions that will help meet the

objectives. These short- and long-term actions will reduce the potential for losses to the

Tribe due to natural hazards. This plan is intended to help create a disaster-resistant

community by reducing the threat of natural hazards to life, property, emergency

response capacities and capabilities, economic stability, and infrastructure, while

encouraging the protection and restoration of natural and cultural resources.

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The natural hazards that have affected the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians in the

past and will affect the Tribe in the future include riverine flooding from the Siletz,

Yaquina, Salmon, and other Rivers and their tributaries on the Mid Oregon Coast,

earthquakes, and severe winter storms including high winds. Landslides and wildfires

are also potential hazards. Winter Storms are the most frequent hazard on the MidOregon Coast, and may include flooding, high winds, snow flurries, landslides due to

heavy rains, loss of infrastructure and roads due to landslides, and a myriad of effects

on the livelihoods of tribal membership through these deleterious effects.

The Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians Tribal Government published these following

Constitutional Objectives:

Upon restoration, the Siletz Indians established a membership and adopted the

Constitution of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians. The Constitution symbolizes

the incessant desire of the tribal government to alleviate past hardship endured by the

Siletz Indians, through spiritual, cultural, social, personal, and economic enhancement,

as indicated below:

1. Continue forever, with the help of God, our unique identity as Indians and as the

Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians of Oregon, and to protect that identity from forces

that threaten to diminish it;

2. Protect our inherent rights as Indians and as a sovereign Indian tribe;

3. Promote our cultural and religious beliefs and to pass them on in our own way to our

children, grandchildren and grandchildren’s children forever;

4. Help our members achieve their highest potentials in education, physical and mental

health and economic development;

5. Maintain good relationships with other Indian tribes, the United States, the State of

Oregon and local governments;

6. Support the Government of the United States and encourage our members to be loyal

citizens;

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 13 of 224

7. Acquire, develop and conserve resources to achieve economic and social selfsufficiency for our tribe;

8. Insure that our people shall live in peace and harmony among themselves and with

all other peoples

Goals & Objectives

The goals and objectives for the Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan for the Confederated

Tribes of Siletz Indians were identified in short above, and are elaborated upon below

in the form of a planning process and analysis. These goals and objectives were

developed to coordinate with the Tribe’s aforementioned Constitutional Objectives, as

well as coincide from direction of the Administration through the Mission Statement of

Administration which reads as follows:

Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians

It is the mission of the Administration Department to provide administrative support to

Tribal Programs and Tribal Government for efficient delivery of programs and services

to Tribal Membership and clients.

Responsibilities:

The Administrative Manager oversees Accounting, Fringe Benefits, Information

Systems, Public Works Department, Property and Procurement, Facilities and Fleet, and

Administrative staff. Duties also include serving as plan administrator and trust officer

for the Tribe. The Tribal Government exists to protect its people, property, natural

environment, natural resources and economic vitality. The Tribe intends this while

upholding its sovereignty, identity, and self-governance. Identifying future projects and

programs for the Tribe that, upon implementation, would eliminate, reduce or

otherwise mitigate the vulnerability of the Tribe’s people, property, natural resources

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 14 of 224

and economic vitality which may result from impacts of future disasters is the Tribal

Governments duty wherever possible. Future economic planning and development to

include natural hazard risk assessment as a component of future economic planning

and development and helps to promote a disaster resilient community.

Grant Eligibility

Indian Tribal governments with an approved Tribal Mitigation Plan in accordance with

44 CFR 201.7 may apply for assistance from FEMA as a grantee. If the Indian Tribal

government coordinates with the State for review of their Tribal Mitigation Plan, then

the Indian Tribal government also has the option to apply as a sub-grantee through a

State or another tribe. A grantee is an entity such as a State, territory, or Indian Tribal

government to which a grant is awarded and that is accountable for the funds provided.

A sub-grantee is an entity, such as a community, local, or Indian Tribal government;

State-recognized tribe; or a private nonprofit organization to which a sub-grant is

awarded and that is accountable to the grantee for use of the funds provided.

If the Indian Tribal government is eligible as a grantee or sub-grantee because it has an

approved Tribal Mitigation Plan and has coordinated with the State for review, it can

decide which option it wants to take on a case-by-case basis with respect to each

Presidential Disaster Declaration, and for each grant program under a Declaration, but

not on a project-by-project basis within a grant program. For example, an Indian Tribal

government can participate as a sub-grantee for Public Assistance (PA), and also as a

grantee for the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) under the same Declaration.

However, the Indian Tribal government would not be able to request grantee status

under HMGP for one HMGP project, then request sub-grantee status for another

HMGP project under the same Declaration. - FEMA Tribal Multi-Hazard Mitigation

Planning Guidance

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 15 of 224

Under the Stafford Act and the National Flood Insurance Act, Indian Tribal

governments must have an approved, adopted Tribal Mitigation Plan to meet the

eligibility requirements types of assistance, which may differ depending on whether the

Indian Tribal government intends to apply as a grantee or sub-grantee, as outlined in

the following table.

Purpose

Mitigation Planning is the process used by tribal, state, and local government leaders to

understand risks from natural hazards and to develop long-term strategies to reduce

the impacts of future events on people, property, and the environment. The purpose of

this Tribal Mitigation Plan Review Guide (or Guide) is to help the Federal Emergency

Management Agency (FEMA) assess tribal governments’ mitigation plans in a fair and

consistent manner and to ensure that approved tribal mitigation plans meet the

requirements of the Stafford Act and Title 44 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR).1

Specifically, the Stafford Act requires states, tribes, territories, and local governments to

develop and adopt FEMA-approved hazard mitigation plans as a condition for

receiving certain types of non-emergency disaster assistance. (See Section 1.5, Eligibility

for FEMA Assistance).

Interpreting requirements for enhanced tribal mitigation plans. Enhanced tribal

mitigation plans document a sustained and proven commitment to hazard mitigation

and result in eligibility for increased funding under the Hazard Mitigation Grant

Program. The regulations in 44 CFR Section 201.3 allow for tribal governments to

pursue enhanced mitigation plan status by meeting the state requirements for enhanced

plans established in 44 CFR Section 201.5. The intent of this MHMP is for the

Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians to obtain FEMA funding for various mitigation

activities.

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 16 of 224

-FEMA

Small, impoverished communities are eligible for up to a 90 percent Federal cost share

for their mitigation planning and project sub-applications in accordance with the

Stafford Act. A small, impoverished community must:

Be a community of 3,000 (Siletz is currently shown at 1,278 (American Fact Finder data

2018) with 741 Tribal Members residing in Siletz and 1,242 residing in Lincoln County)

or fewer individuals identified by the State as a rural community that is not a remote

area within the corporate boundaries of a larger city

Be economically disadvantaged, with residents having an average per capita annual

income not exceeding 80 percent of the national per capita income, based on best

available data. For the most current information, go to the Bureau of Economic Analysis

website at https://www.bea.gov

Have a local unemployment rate that exceeds by 1 percentage point or more the most

recently reported, average yearly national unemployment rate. For the most current

information, go to the Bureau of Labor Statistics website at

https://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.us.htm

Meet other criteria required by the Applicant in which the community is located.

Native American Tribal governments meeting the definition of a small, impoverished

community that apply to FEMA directly as Applicants are eligible for a 90 percent

Federal cost share for their planning, project, and management costs subapplications,

which make up their overall PDM grant application. Applicants and subapplicants who

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 17 of 224

apply as an impoverished community must request the Federal cost share amount up to

90 percent in the Cost Share section of their planning, project, and management costs

subapplication(s). Applicants must certify small, impoverished community status and

provide documentation with the subapplication(s) to justify up to a 90 percent Federal

cost share. If documentation is not submitted with the subapplication, then FEMA will

provide no more than 75 percent Federal cost share of the total eligible costs. For insular

areas, including American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S.

Virgin Islands, FEMA automatically waives the non-Federal cost share when the nonFederal cost share for the entire grant is under $200,000. If the non-Federal cost share for

the entire grant is $200,000 or greater, FEMA may waive all or part of the cost share. If

FEMA does not waive the cost share, the insular area must pay the entire non-Federal

cost-share amount, not only the amount over $200,000. More detailed information is

provided in Part III, C, Cost Sharing, of the HMA Guidance, available on the FEMA

website at https://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/103279.

1. Introduction to Tribal Mitigation Planning

The Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians Tribal Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan (MHMP)

has been prepared to guide current and future efforts to effectively and efficiently

mitigate natural hazards on the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians lands and

properties. The MHMP is for the Siletz Indian Reservation, trust and fee lands and other

areas of Tribal interest including, but not limited to, it’s 1855 Coast Reservation

Boundary, traditional hunting and fishing areas, and all other ceded and non-ceded

lands since the inception of the Tribe.

Hazard mitigation is any sustained action taken to reduce or eliminate the long-term

risk to human life and property from hazards. Mitigation activities may be

implemented prior to, during, or after an incident. However, hazard mitigation is most

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 18 of 224

effective when based on an inclusive, comprehensive, long-term plan that is developed

before a disaster occurs.

The mitigation planning process encourages coordination among tribal authorities and

other governmental agencies, tribal members, local residents, businesses, academia, and

non-profit groups and promotes their participation in the plan development and

implementation process. This broad-based approach enables the development of

mitigation actions that are supported by tribal members and other stakeholders and

that reflect the needs of the Tribal government as a whole.

This Tribal Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan establishes goals, lists objectives necessary to

achieve the goals, and identifies policies, tools, and actions that will help meet the

objectives. These short- and long-term actions will reduce the potential for losses to the

Tribe due to natural hazards. This plan is intended to help create a disaster-resistant

community by reducing the threat of natural hazards to life, property, emergency

response capacities and capabilities, economic stability, and infrastructure, while

encouraging the protection and restoration of natural and cultural resources.

The natural hazards that have affected the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians in the

past and will affect the Tribe in the future include riverine flooding from the Siletz,

Yaquina, Salmon, and other Rivers and their tributaries on the Mid Oregon Coast,

earthquakes, and severe winter storms including high winds. Landslides and wildfires

are also potential hazards. Winter Storms are the most frequent hazard on the MidOregon Coast, and may include flooding, high winds, snow flurries, landslides due to

heavy rains, loss of infrastructure and roads due to landslides, and a myriad of effects

on the livelihoods of tribal membership through these deleterious effects.

The Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians Tribal Government published these following

Constitutional Objectives:

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 19 of 224

Upon restoration, the Siletz Indians established a membership and adopted the

Constitution of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians. The Constitution symbolizes

the incessant desire of the tribal government to alleviate past hardship endured by the

Siletz Indians, through spiritual, cultural, social, personal, and economic enhancement,

as indicated below:

1. Continue forever, with the help of God, our unique identity as Indians and as the

Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians of Oregon, and to protect that identity from forces

that threaten to diminish it;

2. Protect our inherent rights as Indians and as a sovereign Indian tribe;

3. Promote our cultural and religious beliefs and to pass them on in our own way to our

children, grandchildren and grandchildren’s children forever;

4. Help our members achieve their highest potentials in education, physical and mental

health and economic development;

5. Maintain good relationships with other Indian tribes, the United States, the State of

Oregon and local governments;

6. Support the Government of the United States and encourage our members to be loyal

citizens;

7. Acquire, develop and conserve resources to achieve economic and social selfsufficiency for our tribe;

8. Insure that our people shall live in peace and harmony among themselves and with

all other peoples

Goals & Objectives

The goals and objectives for the Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan for the Confederated

Tribes of Siletz Indians are identified below. These goals and objectives were developed

to coordinate with the Tribe’s aforementioned Constitutional Objectives, as well as

coincide from direction of the Administration through the Mission Statement which

reads as follows:

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 20 of 224

Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians

It is the mission of the Administration Department to provide administrative support to

Tribal Programs and Tribal Government for efficient delivery of programs and services

to Tribal Membership and clients.

Responsibilities:

The Administrative Manager oversees Accounting, Fringe Benefits, Information

Systems, Public Works Department, Property and Procurement, Facilities and Fleet, and

Administrative staff. Duties also include serving as plan administrator and trust officer

for the Tribe. The Tribal Government exists to protect its people, property, natural

environment, natural resources and economic vitality. The Tribe intends this while

upholding its sovereignty, identity, and self-governance. Identifying future projects and

programs for the Tribe that, upon implementation, would eliminate, reduce or

otherwise mitigate the vulnerability of the Tribe’s people, property, natural resources

and economic vitality which may result from impacts of future disasters is the Tribal

Governments duty wherever possible. Future economic planning and development to

include natural hazard risk assessment as a component of future economic planning

and development and helps to promote a disaster resilient community.

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 21 of 224

Adoption

The Confederated Tribes of Siletz Tribal Council previously formally adopted the

Confederated Tribes of Siletz Tribal Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan in 2009 as Resolution

2009- 357.

The Resolution adopting the current plan will be attached to said document and filed in

Tribal Council records and with Legal, Planning, and Central Administration

Departments respectively.

Assurances

The Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indian Tribe assures that it will continue to comply

with all applicable Federal statutes and regulations in effect with respect to the periods

for which it receives grant funding, in compliance with 44 CFR 13.11(c). The Tribe will

amend its plan whenever necessary to reflect changes in Tribal or Federal laws and

statutes as required in 44 CFR 13.11(d).

Organization of the Plan

The Confederated Tribes of Siletz Tribal MHMP is divided into eight sections plus

appendices:

• Section 1 is this introduction and Executive Summary;

• Section 2 describes how the Tribal MHMP was prepared including the planning

process and public involvement;

• Section 3 describes the land use, socioeconomic conditions, and physical

characteristics of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Tribe’s 1855 Reservation Boundary,

CTSI properties in Lincoln County and the surrounding area;

• Section 4 presents an assessment of hazard risks to Confederated Tribes of Siletz

Tribal Lands;

• Section 5 presents the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Tribe’s mitigation strategy;

• Section 6 describes the Tribal MHMP maintenance process;

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 22 of 224

• Section 7 describes the Tribe’s Repetitive Loss Plan (in development).

The references cited in this plan are footnoted and any additional references are listed in

Section 8.

Additional materials, such as Resolutions adopting the plan, meeting notes and survey

results are located in the Appendices.

2. Planning Process

This section will discuss the planning process used to develop the Confederated Tribes

of Siletz Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan.

The planning process is an extremely important aspect in the development of a hazard

mitigation plan. It is crucial for the success of the plan to have the public ask questions

and comment on the plan. Involving the public in the planning process is necessary and

it increases the public’s awareness of the hazards affecting the Confederated Tribes of

Siletz Tribal Members, buildings and properties, Tribal and Culturally significant areas,

and also informs them about the importance of natural hazard mitigation planning.

Having public involvement in the planning process also allows the plan to reflect the

public’s views and opinions. The Confederated Tribes of Siletz Tribe defines “public” as

its Tribal Membership, Tribal Government and employees. The majority of the

surrounding local communities such as Siletz, Newport, Depoe Bay, Lincoln city, and

Waldport are all a part of CTSI’s community, and vice versa. Lincoln County, and the

State of Oregon both also have hazard mitigation plans. Federal agencies, and relevant

non‐government organizations have adopted the both national, regional, and State of

Oregon mitigation plans. The Tribe maintains final authority on decision making

related to this Plan.

The following sections will detail who was responsible for developing and producing

the plan, and other associated activities such as coordinating the planning process; a

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 23 of 224

listing of participating departments and agencies; and a timeline of the plan

development process, dating back to 2004, the Siletz Tribe has had Multi-Hazard

Mitigation Plans approved by FEMA on a continual basis and ending with the adoption

of the Tribal MHMP by the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Tribal Council and Final

FEMA approval. This section will also discuss opportunities the Public was given to

comment and give suggestions on the Plan during development.

Plan Preparation

Plan preparation was led by the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Tribe’s Planning

Department and specifically, Ian Keene, GIS Analyst/Research Planner, Pam BarlowLind, Tribal Planner, General Manager Brenda Bremner and Central Administration,

and the Tribe’s Legal Department with assistance from both a Steering Committee

(CTSI Personnel and Local First Responders including Fire Chief RC Mock and

emergency personnel, and with FEMA experts from National, Regional, and State

offices with experience in developing tribal hazard mitigation plans. The Planning

Department led in the drafting of the Plan and worked with the Tribe in preparing the

different components and meeting FEMA requirements necessary for a successful and

approved Plan.

The Tribe decided to hire an emergency planning coordinator to assist with the

development of the Plan and to do public outreach for the last year in late 2018. The

Tribe selected a trainee in winter of 2018. Planning began in May of 2018 with an initial

completion date of October of 2018. This date was later moved up to October 2019 due

to outreach requirements and other necessary timelines to follow to allow for public

input and for research and planning time. Later this date was extended out to include

more a detailed building inventory and hazard assessment, as well as additional public

comment and to provide the emergency planning coordinator position to attend

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 24 of 224

training, conferences, and outreach events, both for the Tribal Administration, and for

Tribal outreach to members and the community.

Internally the Tribe put together a Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Steering Committee

(listed below). In addition the Steering Committee, the Tribe selected an Emergency

Planning Committee that met and communicated to discuss various components of the

Plan as well as gather data and planning documents and to review the Plan.

A first draft of the Plan was submitted by Ian Keene for review internally to the Tribal

Planner. A final draft was submitted to both the General Manager Brenda Bremner and

Tribal Council in October 2019.

The Steering Committee met throughout 2018-2019

A Final draft that included most current data on tribal buildings and inventory was

prepared and submitted to the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Multi-Hazard Steering

Committee by the Planning Department and GIS Analyst Ian Keene on October 11th,

2019.

The Plan was distributed internally within the Tribal government for comment with the

comment period ending December 1st 2019. The Steering Committee will meet on

November 5th 2019 to discuss comments and corrections to the draft plan.

The Committee will vote whether to recommend the Plan and chose to move forward

on submitting the Plan to FEMA for review. A public review period was provided

during October-November of 2019, and a 30 day comment period during November

was advertised in the newspaper. After the conclusion of the comment period, the Tribe

moved to have the Tribal Council formally adopt the Plan. Comments and corrections

will be sent to the Planning Department to prepare a final draft for FEMA and Public

review as well as Council adoption.

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 25 of 224

GIS and Hazard Mapping Data

The Tribe’s GIS Research Analyst and Planner, Ian Keene, alongside the Tribal Planner,

Pam Barlow-Lind, with effective direction from Tribal Council and the General

Manager, Brenda Bremner, gathered hazards data to better identify exposure and

vulnerability to tribal lands and structures. The data was analyzed for discussion and

maps were created for the Risk Assessment. Flood inundation data from the Tribe’s

administration and reservation areas in and around Siletz and FEMA Floodplain data

was provided by the Tribe. Other hazards data including Wildfire Risk, Past Wildfires,

and Locations of Past Landslides, were gathered online from the Oregon Geospatial

Enterprise Office and the Oregon Department of Forestry. Winter storm data, both

geospatial and tabular, were gathered from Oregon State University, the National

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and more. The Planning Department

updated GIS databases of tribal lands and properties, current to November 2019, and

tribal buildings and infrastructure, are also current to November 2019.

Plan Participation

The planning process was led by the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Tribal Multi-Hazard

Mitigation Planning Steering Committee, Planning Department, Emergency Planning

Committee, FEMA Representative Amanda Siok, and led in the formulation of goals

and objectives through conducting meetings with Tribal Membership and Tribal

Council; identification of hazards and past events; and the identification of Mitigation

Actions from the Tribe’s previous plans, with ultimate approval resting upon the

Confederated Tribes of Siletz Tribal Council and General Manager Brenda Bremner.

Efforts to include broad public participation included the development of community

surveys, formation of an external stakeholder outreach effort, site tours with tribal staff,

meetings with tribal, county and state officials, and informal discussions amongst tribal

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 26 of 224

staff and membership. Emergency Management Personnel and Planning Department

personnel attended Tribal Council Meetings, performed public outreach, and attended

conferences. Planning Department personnel attended the Oregon Tsunami annual

conference, Infrastructure and transportation conferences, and participated in FEMA

webinars and trainings. The Emergency Planning Coordinator sent out surveys through

the mail to the entirety of Tribal Membership to inform and ask for feedback on the

MHMP, as well as selecting critical assets for the Tribe. Tribal personnel attended

annual Tribal Enrollment meetings to inform Tribal Membership of the MHMP.

Geospatial and Environmental Planning

Future Land Use and Capacity Building

The Confederated Tribes of Siletz Tribe is committed to expanding its land holdings,

developing affordable housing that is consistent with goals of sustainability, and

government services for its Tribal members. The Siletz Tribe is always pursuing

developing its business enterprises, all done with a consideration of the impact natural

hazards will have on this continued development, and what role the Tribe has

environmentally, always pursuing sustainability, ecological, and social justice.

The Tribe is committed to developing outside of hazard areas. When not possible to

develop outside of hazard areas, the Tribe will implement mitigation measures, such as

building to or exceeding the highest building code standards, or reducing wildfire fuel

loads near structures that will minimize the vulnerability of that development. Where

possible and applicable, each hazard section will discuss future land use in relation to

that hazard. The Siletz Tribe adopted the 2012 International Building Codes and

support Codes for all construction on Sept. 16, 2011. The resolution including the

support codes is listed as Tribal Council Resolution 2011-302. That is a minimum code

requirement. In some cases the State of Oregon Residential Code and State of Oregon

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 27 of 224

Structural Code is more specific to higher structural standards then the International

Code. For instance when we have buildings designed, we have to comply with the

seismic zone D2 and wind load of 110 mph in Lincoln County, both are higher than the

valley ratings like Polk, Marion, Yamhill and Linn counties for example.

Environmental Planning

CTSI’s current Environmental Planning and Realty, Environmental Protection, Land

Use –Transportation-Engineering, Natural Resources, Housing, Cultural, and Legal

department specialists are holistically integrated in many practical ways to provide lifecycle support for Tribal actions involving a wide range of environmental concerns and

programs. The Tribe’s staff is well versed and skilled in the following topics, guidance,

and activities that are important to Emergency Preparedness:

•

Long-term to short-term/project specific planning for Tribal housing,

transportation, roads, natural and cultural resources preservation/protection, and

economic development.

•

Extensive public and agency engagement, often considering a wide range of

sensitive issues

•

Plan development and implementation

•

Indian Housing Plan

•

Siletz Tribal Transit Services

•

Siletz Tribe Comprehensive Plan/Planning

•

Several plans related to transportation services (such as the Siletz Tribal Transit

Services, Siletz Reservation Transportation Improvement Program, Indian Reservation

Road Transportation Program, etc.)

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 28 of 224

•

Forest Resource Management Plan

•

Construction and engineering project development, contracting and oversight

contract

•

Property (land, structures, infrastructure) acquisition and management

•

Environment Management

•

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

•

Extensive staff experience managing or disciplinary specialist/preparing

successful Categorical Exclusions, Environmental Assessments, Environmental Impact

Statements, and support documents involving, e.g. but not limited to:

•

Interagency coordination

•

U.S. Entities -Federal Highway Administration U.S. Department of

Transportation (Federal Highways Administration, Federal Transit Administration,

Federal Aviation Administration, Federal Rail Administration), U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers, U.S. Department of Agriculture (U.S. Forest Service, Natural Resources

Conservation Service, Rural Housing Service, Rural Utilities Service), U.S. Department

of Interior (Bureau of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Land Management, Bureau of

Reclamation; U.S. Department of Commerce (National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration); U.S. Department of Defense ( Air Force, Army .

•

Oregon Entities - Oregon Department of Transportation, Oregon State Historic

Preservation Office, Department of Land Conservation and Development, Military

Department, Department of State Lands, Department of Fish and Wildlife

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 29 of 224

•

Local jurisdictions: To some level with all jurisdictions within the Tribes

Ancestral Homelands, and extensively within its historic 1855 Siletz Coast Reservation

area.

•

Subject Features: Housing, transportation facilities (roads/bridges, railroads),

resource use/harvesting, manufacturing, clean up (small site to large Superfund areas),

power-generation, water reservoirs, stormwater facilities, wastewater treatment

facilities, mineral extraction, timber harvest, conservation areas, etc.

•

Environmental Protection Oversight Programs for Specific Topics (Participant

in):

•

Pacific Northwest Tribal Climate Change Network

•

Portland Harbor Superfund Site Cleanup Stakeholders

•

Upper Willamette River Conservation and Recovery Plan For Chinook Salmon

and Steelhead.

•

Key Permitting/Compliance Support particularly for projects in Oregon’s

designated Coastal Zone, e.g, (but not limited to):

•

Federal Coastal Zone Management Act

•

Oregon Land Use Planning Goals (not applicable if Federal (Indian) Trust Land),

especially Goals 1-Citizens Involvement, Goal 7- Areas Subject to Natural Hazards,

Goal 99 – Economic Development, Goal 10 – Housing, Goal 11 Public Facilities and

Services, Goal 12 Transportation, and coastal goals 16 – 19, Estuarine Resources, Coastal

Shorelands, Beaches and Dune, and Ocean Resources.

•

Contamination and Toxic Substances

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 30 of 224

•

Endangered Species Act

•

National Historic Preservation Act, Section 106

•

Floodplain Management, Executive Order 11988

•

Estuarine Areas Executive Order 11190

https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/11190.html

•

Wetlands – Oregon Removal-Fill Law (ORS 196.795-990); Federal Clean Water

Act Section 404 Permit

Property/Realty Acquisition and Management

Various Tribal departments and associated Tribal entities such as the Siletz Tribe’s

Chinook Winds Casino and Resort, Siletz Tribal Business Council seek property to meet

their land-based, economic and community goals.

Generally, the Tribe’s Environmental Planner (EP) is responsible for conducting the

basic footwork related to the Tribe’s property acquisition process. Nonetheless, the EP

coordinates extensively with other Tribal employees and consultants as needed when

considering the range of each property’s potential uses and the Tribal staff who would

be engaged in realizing those uses should the property be acquired. As the acquisition

study process advances, more close coordination between the Tribe’s Housing, Public

Works, Legal, financial/accounting, planning and administrative staff and Tribal

Council likely occurs.

The Environmental Planner typically leads the process of:

•

Monitoring property availability

•

Conducting suitability research and reporting

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 31 of 224

•

Initial property inspection to assess its opportunities and constraints

•

Documentary background research and initial field inspections for cultural

resources presence/absence and need for further research by federally and statequalified archaeologists and/or historic built-environment professionals

•

Developing and overseeing necessary cultural resource contracting; conducting

contract product sufficiency assessments

•

Initial online investigations regarding a wide range of environmental concerns

•

Seeking, securing, and either overseeing staff support and/or managing needed

contracts regarding, but not limited to:

•

Cultural resources

•

Land survey

•

Title search

•

Phase I Environmental Site Assessment

•

Natural resource surveys

•

Transportation planning support

Basic design schematics of potential uses

The Environmental Planner then Prepares a Property Evaluations to facilitate the

Tribal Council’s review and support their acquisition decisions.

•

Facilitating finance packaging as needed

•

Property Transfer recordation(s) with the County and if appropriate with the

BIA should the property be proposed for or in federal Trust status.

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 32 of 224

Steering Committee/Emergency Planning Committee

The Emergency Planning Committee was composed of representatives from the Legal

Department, Tribal Administration, the Health Clinic, Risk Management, GIS and tribal

membership. See Table 2-1 for a list of members on the Committee.

Table 2-1: Confederated Tribes of Siletz Tribal MHMP Steering Committee

*Name/Title/Department

Ian Keene

GIS Research Analyst and Planner

Planning Department

Pam Barlow-Lind

Tribal Planner

Planning Department

Art Fisher, J.D.

General Legal Counsel

Legal

Max Hoover

Public Works Department Supervisor

April Middaugh

Administrative Assistant

Administration

Eli Grove

Emergency Preparedness Coordinator Trainee

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 33 of 224

Administration

Bonnie Peterson

Assistant General Manager

Outside Agency

RC Mock

Past Siletz Valley Fire Chief

Outside Agency

Alison McGrath

Siletz Valley Fire

Emergency Planning Committee

Eli Grove

Max Hoover

Jenifier Leakes

Bonnie Petersen

April Middaugh

Ian Keene

Cherity Bloom-Miller

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 34 of 224

The Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians Tribal Council

Reggie Butler Sr.

Lillie Butler

Alfred “Bud” Lane III

Angela Ramirez

Loraine Butler

Delores Pigsley

Gloria Ingle

Robert Kentta

Tribal Membership Participation

A great effort was made to gain participation and input from the Confederated Tribes of

Siletz Tribal membership. Many tribal staff are also Tribal members, and many were

able to participate in either the Emergency Planning Committee, the Steering

Committee, or in meetings for enrollment, planning, and Tribal Council. Other efforts

include notification about the plan and other emergency preparedness efforts in the

CTSI tribal newsletter, as well as information, the draft plan, mail outs to Tribal

Membership, and the comment period at the Siletz Library, Administration Buildings,

and on the tribal website. http://www.ctsi.nsn.us/

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 35 of 224

Local and Regional Participation

The Tribe also invited local and regional partners to participate in the comment period

as well as Tribal Personnel participating in local and regional basecamp and mitigation

planning. This included tribal representatives from the Emergency Planning Committee

as well.

External Stakeholder Participants

Agency

Title

Name

Siletz Valley Fire District

Fire Chief

RC Mock

Region X FEMA Tribal Liason

Erin Ward

Region X FEMA Rep

Amanda Siok

Lincoln County Planning Department

Director

Onno Husing

Oregon Office of Emergency Management

GIS Program Coordinator

Daniel Stoelb

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 36 of 224

State of Oregon, DOGAMI

Althea Rizzo

Oregon Office of Emergency Management

GIS Manager

Matt Williams GIS and Remote Sensing Section Supervisor

Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries

Oregon Department of Forestry

Lincoln County Unit Forester

Lincoln County Sheriff’s Office

Emergency Manager

Virginia Demaris

City of Siletz

Mayor

Willy Worman

Newport Samaritan Hospital Personnel

Siletz Health Clinic Representative

Lincoln Co. Health Services

Administrator

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 37 of 224

2. Project Timeline

2000-2009: Confederated Tribes of Siletz Tribe finalized our last FEMA MHMP plan in

2009. The first MHMP plan was completed in 2004. The second was completed in 2009

by the Planning Department.

April 2018: Begin project to update previous Siletz Tribal MHMP. Steering Committee

members were appointed based upon experience, training, and education. Steering

Committee members come from varied backgrounds, and some of the members

participated in initial emergency trainings, initial site visits to some locales that had

previous mitigation work completed and/or will need mitigation planning to be

considered. Along with the Tribe’s Assisstant General Manager, Bonnie Peterson,

FEMA personnel and the Steering Committee held initial meetings discussing the

experience each person had with Natural Hazard Mitigation Planning and with FEMA,

and additional relevant information. The group gained insight and met to discuss the

Tribe’s Mitigation Goals, potential hazard areas, critical issues and work at selecting

critical facilities.

Mitigation Activities completed from 2009 Plan include updates to water conservation

planning documents, engaging in water and sewer system upgrades on Tribal

residential and commercial buildings to be up to a more strenuous level of hazard

resilience, land use planning and hazard planning, committing funds to promote hires

for emergency planning, outreach, Tribal Member outreach and education concerning

natural hazards, and much more. The Siletz Tribe continues to strive for planning

excellence and to excel and exceed expectations for hazard resilience and to promote a

safer environment, economy, and infrastructure for all Tribal Members and community

profiles within the communities that CTSI operates within. The Tribe will continue it’s

commitment to excellence in all areas of emergency planning and outreach.

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 38 of 224

March 22, 2018: Confederated Tribes of Siletz Administration and department

personnel meet and later form the Steering Committee and Emergency Planning

Committee meets to discuss comments and revisions to Plan.

April-August 2018: Initial data gathering, formation of planning committees,

development of survey, review of local and regional plans for integration and risk

assessment, identification of potential mitigation actions. Identification of critical assets

ongoing and decisions made on what stakeholders were chosen to be a part of the plan.

June/July/August 2018: Workgroup Meeting, discussion of hazard issues, critical

facilities, review and discussion of mitigation actions, mitigation training for multiple

staff members.

April 2018: Draft Plan made available to Public, including External Stakeholders, for

review and comment. Plan also submitted to FEMA for pre-review compliance.

May-November, 2018: Tribal staff engages in FEMA training sessions with Region X

personnel, and begins updating all GIS/geospatial/data related information for MHMP.

DOGAMI, FEMA, and CTSI personnel complete HAZUS analysis of CTSI structures

and properties.

July – August, 2018: Internal review and prioritization of Mitigation Goals, Objectives

and Actions. Selection of Critical Facilities. August 2018: Mitigation Goals, Objectives

and Actions adopted by Tribal Council.

August, 2018: Begin drafting of Plan document.

October, 2019: First draft submitted to Tribe for review. After review, it was determined

that a more detailed inventory (including geo-locations) of Tribal structures was needed

for the risk assessment to better identify and demonstrate vulnerability to hazards,

particularly flooding. Forwarded to Tribal Council for review and adoption.

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 39 of 224

October 2019: Insurance statement of values was given to Planning Department Staff

from Accounting, listing all Tribal structures and values according to insurance policies.

The planning department created a GIS database of structures with policy amounts and

through HAZUS for analysis and to be included in the risk assessment.

September/October 2019: Final draft submitted to Tribe for internal review and

comment. The Plan was distributed internally to members of the Emergency Planning

Committee and other Tribal staff for comment.

November 2019- Committee is satisfied with the ongoing Plan and agrees to move

forward on submitting the Plan for FEMA review as well as releasing it for public

comment. The committee will seek formal adoption of the Plan by the Tribal Council.

Comments were due December 1st 2019.

Emergency Preparedness Coordinator

Trainings Attended From 12/3/18-10/8/19

IS 100, IS 200, IS 700, IS 800

ICS 300

ICS 400

Oregon Prepared Emergency Conference

Tribal Emergency Managers Coalition

Disaster Behavioral Health

Lincoln County Wildfire

Exercise/Simulation

NW Tribal Public Health Emergency

Preparedness Training & Conference

Electricity & Wildfire Conference

Statewide Medical Countermeasures

Exercise

Crisis Communication for the Non-PIO

CTSI Community Clinic Annual TrainingWildfire preparedness, defensible space,

evacuations. Go bag training/education.

CTSI Summer Safety Kickoff-Fire

Upcoming

Tsunami Resiliency Work Group (3x)

Storm Ready Community Meeting-Siletz

Emergency Preparedness Team Meeting

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 40 of 224

Season/Regulated Use.

Statewide Fuel Planning Workshop.

Community Recovery Planning AWR-356

AWR-232 Mass Fatalities Planning &

Response for Rural Communities.

MGT 403 Access & Functional Needs

Preparedness Planning for Rural

Communities.

MGT-403 Access & Functional Needs

Preparedness Planning for Rural

Communities.

Siletz Community Meeting

Eugene Community Meeting.

Salem Community Meeting.

-Tracy Bailey and Ian Keene attended the Oregon Tsunami Conference

-Pam Barlow –Lind attended many regional Transportation and Infrastructure

conferences including the 2018 and 2019 ATNI conferences, National BIA and DOI

Conferences, and more

-Max Hoover and Eli Grove attended the Oregon Prepared Conference

-Cherity Bloom-Miller and Eli Grove attended the Oregon Prepared Conference

Program Integration

Every effort was made to integrate this planning process into other Tribal planning

processes. The Tribe has a planning portfolio that includes comprehensive planning,

transportation water, water planning, and housing plans. The Tribe will integrate this

plan into current and future planning efforts such as the yearly budgeting process and

in annual reviews by the Committees responsible for this plan. This plan will also be

incorporated into the Emergency Operations Plan as it is developed and updated.

During the planning process of previous multi-hazard mitigation plans, and in

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 41 of 224

conjunction with the Steering Committee, and through tribal departments, it was

agreed that current and future planning efforts will integrate the Tribal Natural Hazard

Mitigation Plan in to the plans that would simultaneously have an effect on one

another. Effort will be made so that this Plan will also be integrated into other FEMA

programs and initiatives that the Tribe is involved in, such as potential participation in

the National Flood Insurance Program or any other mitigation actions that the Tribe

would become a part of.

The plans and documents reviewed for integration include:

Tribal Comprehensive Plan

Emergency Operations Plan

Natural Resources Department Plans (Forestry, WWMP, et al.)

This Plan currently has:

No direct Emergency Action Plan for Residential Developments (Siletz, Lincoln City,

Salem, Eugene, Portland, et al.

• Emergency Response Plan for Tribal Health Clinic; Gwee Shut Rd.

• Evacuation Procedures for CTSI employees from all Administration Buildings; and

• Emergency Response Plan for Departments within the Chinook Winds Casino.

The Mitigation Plan will be incorporated into the Emergency Operations Plan as the

Mitigation component.

The tribal mitigation planning regulations are established in Title 44 Code of Federal

Regulations (CFR) §201.7 Tribal Mitigation Plans. In addition, Title 44 CFR §201.3(e)(3)

indicates that, “In order to be considered for the increased HMGP funding, the Tribal

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 42 of 224

Mitigation Plan must meet the Enhanced State Mitigation Plan criteria identified in

§201.5.” Those Enhanced State Regulations can be found in Title 44 CFR §201.5

Enhanced State Mitigation Plans.

Local

Lincoln County Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan, Revised 2017

https://www.co.lincoln.or.us/planning/page/natural-hazards-mitigation-plan

Lincoln County Community Wildfire Protection Plan, latest update, 2018

https://www.co.lincoln.or.us/planning/page/community-wildfire-protection-plan

State or Oregon Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan

https://www.oregon.gov/lcd/NH/Pages/Mitigation-Planning.aspx

https://oregonhazardmitigationplan.weebly.com/index.html

https://www.oregon.gov/oem/hazardsprep/Pages/Hazard-Mitigation.aspx

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 43 of 224

3. Community Profile

Introduction

History and Culture

The Confederated Tribes of Siletz is a federally recognized confederation of 27 bands,

originating from Northern California to Southern Washington. Termination was

imposed upon the Siletz by the United States government in 1955. In November of 1977,

we were the first tribe in the state of Oregon and second in the United States to be fully

restored to federal recognition. In 1992, our tribe achieved self-governance, which

allows us to compact directly with the US Government. This gives us control and

accountability over our tribal programs and funding. We occupy and manage a 3,666

acre reservation located in Lincoln County, Oregon. We manage several resources,

including water, timber and fish.

Artifacts and historical documents are stored and displayed at the Siletz Tribal

Community (Cultural) Center. Our Cultural Specialist is Robert Kentta and the rest of

the Siletz Tribe Culture Department also is housed in the Community Center.

The Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians is one of nine federally recognized Indian

Tribal Governments in the State of Oregon. The Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians,

located in western Oregon, has 5,468 members who are governed by an elected nine

member council known as the Tribal Council. The Confederated Tribes of Siletz have a

rich history in Western Oregon that reflects hard work, perseverance and the desire to

be self-reliant. The Tribal Council consists of nine members elected by the General

Council to terms of three years. The Tribal Council shall elect from its membership a

Tribal Chairman, Vice Chairman, Secretary and Treasurer. The Tribal Council is

empowered to exercise all legislative authority, except that vested in the General

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 44 of 224

Council, and executive authority of the government, including the right to delegate

authorities as it deem appropriate. Said authority shall include, but is not limited to the

power to employ legal counsel, the choice of counsel and fixing of fees to be subject to

the approval of the Secretary of the Interior; to prevent the sale, disposition, lease or

encumbrance of tribal lands, interests in land, or other tribal assets without the consent

of the tribe; and to negotiate with the Federal, State and local governments.

See Figure 3-1 for a map of the Tribe’s location.

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 45 of 224

Map drawing from BIA Superintendent Joel Palmer ca. 1854

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 46 of 224

This section will discuss the geographic and climatic setting of the Tribe’s homeland

and define and discuss its lands, properties, facilities and infrastructure. This section

will also discuss the Tribe’s history, demographics and economy. This background

information is vital to understanding the Tribe’s exposure to natural hazards and its

resiliency in mitigating, preparing, responding and recovering from disasters.

Geographic Areas of Interest Tribal Ordinance- Siletz Tribal Code § 7.2

From the Siletz Tribal Code General Purpose of Interest

Statement of Purpose: The Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians is a federally

recognized Indian Tribe (referred to as the "Siletz Tribe" for some purposes) which is

comprised of Indian tribes and bands and members of Indian tribes and bands who

were settled by the federal government on the "Siletz" or "Coast" Reservation

(hereinafter "Siletz Reservation"), from 1855 forward. Those tribes, bands, and persons

which were settled on the Siletz Reservation were and are possessed of legal and

customary rights of possession and use to those geographic areas in which they

historically resided and occupied, in addition to legal rights associated with such

tribes’, bands’ and persons’ settlement on the Siletz Reservation. These legal and

customary rights arise from many sources including, but not limited to, AngloAmerican legal principles. The Siletz Tribe is asserting and will assert these legal and

customary rights on behalf of the Tribe and tribal members.

(b) Standard of Interest. The Siletz Tribe has conducted an intensive investigation of the

historical and legal circumstances of the Tribe and of the tribes, bands, and persons who

make up the Siletz Tribe and its membership. The Siletz Tribe declares its interest in

those geographic areas where its investigation has shown a justifiable scientific and/or

legal connection to such areas.

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Definitions

(a) "Ancestral lands" shall mean the traditional historical area of occupation of an Indian

tribe or band, and shall include the terms "ancestral lands," "aboriginal area" or

"aboriginal territory," and "ancient tribal lands" or "ancient tribal boundaries."

(b) "Pre-treaty times" shall mean that period of time pre-dating the negotiation of

treaties by the federal government with tribes, bands, and other groups of Indians

which occupied the lands of western Oregon, northwest California and southwest

Washington. For purposes of this Ordinance, pre-treaty times shall be defined as any

period of time prior to 1851.

(c) "Occupied" or "occupation" shall mean those lands upon which an Indian tribe, band

or group resided upon or used on a permanent, seasonal, or periodic basis. Use of such

lands includes regular or sustained use for any societal purpose, including but not

limited to residence; hunting, fishing, gathering, or other resource utilization; travel or

passage; ecosystem protection or health; culture; religious; and political purposes. It

shall not be a negation of occupation of lands under this section if a geographic area

was used only on an episodic basis or was not used for years at a time. "Occupation"

need not have been exclusive to any specific tribe, band or group of Indians, but must

have been of substantial importance to such tribe, band or group.

Governance

Once the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Tribe regained Tribal sovereignty, the Tribe

established the Constitution of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Tribe and a structure of

ordinances, charters, and committees to guide their newly regained jurisdiction over

Tribal lands, businesses and community members. A nine member elected Tribal

Council (“Tribal Council” or “Council”) is the governing authority for the Tribe's

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legislative and executive functions. The Board-appointed Chief Judge of the Tribal

Court oversees the Tribe's judicial matters. The Staff Attorney oversees all other legal

matters for the Tribe. The Tribe also has outside legal counsel.

One of the primary responsibilities of the Tribal Council is to ensure that all of the

Tribe's governmental functions are in accordance with Tribal law. Elected by Tribal

members at least 18 years of age, Council members serve staggered three year terms.

Tribal officers include a Tribal Chairperson, a Vice-Chair, a Secretary and a Treasurer,

any of whom can act as a spokesperson for the Tribe and Council. The Tribal Council

has authority to establish directives, committees, and advisory appointments when

appropriate to conduct Tribal functions. The Tribe has a Council appointed Tribal

Administrator (General Manager Brenda Bremner) and appoints this position to run the

Tribe's daily affairs. The positions appointed by Council, however, remain under the

Council’s general authority.

Elected Officials and Special Districts

The Confederated Tribes of Siletz is generally served by local and county services for

schools, police, and fire protection and emergency services. The Tribe utilizes local

utility providers such as Central Oregon Coast PUD for electrical and some water, City

of Siletz for water and sewer services in the City of Siletz, and a myriad of other

providers for additional services.

Elected Representation outside of the Tribal Council and Administration:

State of Oregon Governor

The Honorable Kate Brown - Democrat

Congressional District 5,

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National:

Senior Senator

Ron Wyden

Democrat

Since Jan 1, 1996

Next Election in 2022

Junior Senator

Jeff Merkley

Democrat

Since Jan 6, 2009

Next Election in 2020

United States Representative in Congress, 5th District

Kurt Schrader - Democrat, Independent

Note these are the representatives for the Tribe’s lands within the Siletz, Newport, and

Lincoln County area. The Tribe’s Usual and Accustomed areas may be served by

additional districts and representatives.

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3. Geography

The Confederated Tribes of Siletz Tribe current Reservation is located in present day

Lincoln County, with current tribal lands centered along the main stem of the Siletz

River, with Administration Buildings and Tribal Government also located along the

Siletz River in the City of Siletz as well, and communities existing between Siletz,

Newport, Toledo, Lincoln City, and timberlands within Lincoln County to the north

down to Waldport and beyond in the south and up the Alsea River. Lincoln County is

located in Western Oregon and covers an area of 1,194 square miles. Principal

industries of the county are travel (primarily tourism), trade, health services and

construction. Paper manufacturing and fishing are still important although they

contribute proportionally less to the county's employment than they used to. Newport

is one of the two major fishing ports of Oregon that ranks in the top twenty nationally

of fishing ports by fish landed and processed. Newport has averaged 105 million

pounds (48,000 tons) of fish landed in recent years. Newport is home of Oregon State

University's Hatfield Marine Science Center, as well as the Oregon Coast Aquarium,

and their fleet of ocean-going vessels. It is the federal West Coast hub for NOAA, EPA,

and USFWS Pacific Fleet and marine studies. Of the many protected areas within

Lincoln County, some include Oregon Islands National Wildlife Refuge, Siletz Bay

National Wildlife Refuge, and part of the Siuslaw National Forest. Over 50% of the land

area in Lincoln County is owned by the federal government. The US Forest Service and

the Bureau of Land Management manage most of these lands, alongside the United

States Fish and Wildlife Service managing a significant amount of the Coastal wetland

and estuarine environments, including Siletz Bay.

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Fig. above Confederated Tribes of Siletz Land Ownership within 1855 Boundary

The Confederated Tribes of Siletz Tribal lands are generally defined as its 1855

Reservation Boundary, which includes part of the Tribe’s traditional pre-contact lands,

in addition to its Treaty Ceded lands (including Table Rock and southern Oregon Tribal

Areas at the mouth of the Illinois and Rogue Rivers, which were defined and ceded in

the 1850 era Treaties (including the 1851-1853 treaties, 1855 treaty, et al.) with the

United States, and its current Reservation and lands, which are Trust lands and other

properties, comprised of parcels mainly in Lincoln County.

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Geology

Lincoln County is comprised of five to six major geologic types according to OGDC and

DOGAMI geospatial data. Four of the geological types converge near some of the main

land holdings in and around Siletz, Newport, and the rest of the Reservation lands in

the immediate area. The County wide area shows a larger diversification of geological

and land form, parent material, and soil types. See Figures ________________

Parent material and Soil maps located on CTSI website and maps attached in

appendices. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) also provides the Web

Soil Survey (WSS), which was completed for this MHMP, and is also available through

the CTSI website, or at this locale https://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/

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Minerals and Soils

The soils present in Lincoln County are the acidic and leached products of weathering

in a moist temperate maritime climate under mixed species compositions and

coniferous forest cover. Sedimentary processes with tectonic events over epochs have

formed Siletzia, and other formations along the coastal areas in Lincoln County.

“Siletzia is the massive formation of early to middle Eocene epoch marine basalts and

interbedded sediments in the forearc of the Cascadia subduction zone; this forms the

basement rock under western Oregon and Washington and the southern tip of

Vancouver Island.[1] It is now fragmented into the Siletz and Crescent terranes. Siletzia

corresponds geographically to the Coast Range Volcanic Province (or Coast Range

basalts),but is distinguished from slightly younger basalts that erupted after Siletzia

accreted to the continent and they differ in chemical composition. The Siletzia basalts

are tholeiitic, a characteristic of mantle-derived magma erupted from a spreading ridge

between plates of oceanic crust. The younger basalts are alkalic or calc-alkaline,

characteristic of magmas derived from a subduction zone.This change of composition

reflects a change from marine to continental volcanism that becomes evident around 48

to 42 Ma (millions of years ago), and is attributed to the accretion of Siletzia against the

North American continent.

Various theories have been proposed to account for the volume and diversity of

Siletzian magmatism, as well as the approximately 75° of rotation, but the evidence is

insufficient to determine Siletzia's origin; the question remains open. The accretion of

Siletzia against the North American continent approximately 50 million years ago

(contemporaneous with the initiation of the bend in the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount

chain) was a major tectonic event associated with a reorganization of the earth's tectonic

plates.[8] This is believed to have a caused a shift in the subduction zone, termination of

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the Laramide orogeny that was uplifting the Rocky Mountains, and major changes in

tectonic and volcanic activity across much of western North America. (Wells)

Much of the montaine soil in Lincoln County is characterized by variable thickness of

parent material, moderate to rapid runoff, and moderate to extreme erosion hazard in

some locales. Siletz Volcanics and Tyee soil formation along terraces above the riparian

zone soils have some area of high to moderate runoff and slight to high erosion

potential depending on the steepness of slope and vegetative characteristics. Lowland

soils in the Siletz Valley are the products of ongoing accretion and depositional events,

adfluvial depositional events, and oceanic deposition events on high wind high water

winter storm events. The deep alluvial soils are rich in minerals and Siletz volcanics

from from 50 mya provide some consistency to soil formation and loss along the

riverscape. (NRCS) The soils that are closer to the coastline have hazard qualities that

are far different than inland soils, due to the erosional properties of sand and the

physical characteristics of the parent material (e.g. tensile strength, porosity of coastal

parent material, liquefaction, weathering, etc.)

Potential soil related hazards include; landslides, shallow soils to water table, shallow

soils subject to deterioration and when they are inundated, towards mass erosion and

liquefaction, an earthquake related hazard where sandy silt soils turn from a solid state

to a liquid state as a result of stress and pressure.

Extraction based industrial forest management has created some additional landslide

and liquefaction areas wherein tree plantations have removed parent material

composition that allows for higher sheer and sheet stresses at shallower root

development locations. SLIDO data from the State of Oregon maps are shown in

exhibits ______

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Rivers

Within the boundary of Lincoln County lies the majority of the Siletz River drainage

basin. The basin covers an area of approximately 373 square miles. This is unique for a

county boundary to entirely encompass a major river watershed. See Figure 3-3.

The Siletz Basin has a myriad of minor and major streams. The Siletz River, which

meanders westward and joins the Pacific Ocean near (south of) Lincoln City, Oregon.

The Siletz River flows roughly 67 miles from the headwaters at and above Valsetz . The

River drains an area of approximately 373 square miles. There are many major streams,

and some of the major tributaries include Eagle Creek, Buck Creek, Cedar Creek, Elk

Creek, Sunshine Creek, Palmer Creek, Baker Creek, Mill Creek, Euchre Creek, Big Rock

and Little Rock Creeks, Reed Creek, and many other smaller order streams. Stream size,

depths, discharge, and gradients in the basin vary greatly.

The Siletz River broken down in to sections for gradient, discharge, and classes:

Section: Moonshine Park to Sam Creek Bridge

Class: I II

Station #:14305500

USGS ID #:14305500

NWS ID: SILO3

Latitude: 44.71511720 Longitude:-123.88733480

Length : 7 miles

Gradient: 12 feet/mile

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Elevation Lost: 84feet

Low Flow: 300 CFS

High Flow: 4000 CFS

Section: Elk Creek to Buck Creek

Class: III IV

Length: 4.5 miles

Gradient: 20 feet/mile

Elevation Lost: 100feet

Low Flow: 750 CFS

High Flow: 5000 CFS

Section: Buck Creek to Moonshine Park

Class: III IV V

Length: 6.5 miles

Gradient: 40 feet/mile

Elevation Lost: 260feet

Low Flow: 1000 CFS

High Flow: 6000 CFS

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Section: Sam Creek

Class: I

Length: 10 miles

Gradient: 10 feet/mile

Elevation Lost: 100feet

Low Flow: 400 CFS

High Flow: 2000 CFS

On the Siletz, there is a gentle average gradient from Hee Hee Illahee at Siletz, to the

confluence of the Siletz River and Millport Slough, Drift Creek, and Schooner Creek at

Siletz Bay.

Tribal Lands and Property

The Tribe’s historical, culturally significant, and aboriginal Lands span all of Western

Oregon, parts of Northern California, and beyond. The original Coast Reservation is an

area approximately 1.1 million acres in size, spanning from Cape Lookout in the North

due east to the 8th Township line, and south to the mouth of the Siltcoos River. The

Tribe’s treaty ceded land is generally defined as the 1855 Coast Reservation (or the

Confederated Tribes of Siletz original Reservation, Coast Reservation, et al.) The Siletz

River basin between Siletz and the Salmon and Yaquina Watersheds is about 942 miles

in size (as estimated using georeferenced ESRI data and simple measuring of the

watersheds by CTSI GIS Staff).

Current Tribal Lands & Reservation

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As of 2018-, Confederated Tribes of Siletz Tribal lands total about 15,800 acres

comprising 313 parcels. Properties are located in the towns and unincorporated areas

between Siletz, Lincoln City, Newport, Toledo, rural Lincoln County, Salem, Portland,

Eugene, and Douglas County. Most properties and development are located in the

Lincoln County area. Tribal housing developments are located in Siletz and Lincoln

City. Currently the Tribe has 15,147 acres of forest lands, and an additional 86 acres of

vacant/undeveloped land.

Trust Status

Historic Sites

The Confederated Tribes of Siletz Tribe’s aboriginal areas span all of Western Oregon to

Northern California. The lands have been inhabited since time immemorial, and until

the last several hundred years, the Tribes and Bands were interconnected by a vast and

established system of social and ecological balances with other tribes and trade and

potlatch society was regular with a network of routes joining the Pacific Northwest’s

Indigenous Peoples. For this plan, particular historical cultural locations are not

specifically identified for hazard analysis, although some of them lay within the

boundaries of the 1855 reservation, and also fall in to known critical analysis areas. The

Siletz Tribe and the many bands that makeup the Tribe have been here since time

immemorial, and the waters and land that make up Western Oregon area all sacred to

the Tribe.

Climate

In the Siletz Valley, the maritime influence from the Pacific Ocean creates the localized

climate for seasonal temperatures and rainfall. The precipitation and weather events

blow over the Coast Range, through the inland valleys, and up to the Cascade

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Mountains. The maritime climate provides ample precipitation over the wet season, and

has high variability when considering the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and

Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The coastal areas have the most moderate fluctuality

in between seasons, while the inland areas in Lincoln County have higher temperatures

in summer, and much lower, and often freezing and snowy winters in to the Coast

Range. The inland valleys experience the hottest summer sun, while the Cascades to the

East witness the most extreme winter temperatures and storms.

The ocean winds lose some of their velocity, and much of their moisture as they climb

the Coast Range and enter the inland valleys. Coastal Lincoln County receives the most

rainfall, reporting 100+/- inches per year at Cascade Head Scenic Research Area, and

over 100 inches per year in many locales within the Coast Range. Newport receives on

average 67 +/- inches of rain, and Siletz (as recorded) is near 70 inches per annum.

In summer, the average countywide temperature ranges between 52 and 70 degrees

Fahrenheit. In winter, the average temperature does not drop to far below 40 degrees

Fahrenheit very often, although some winter storms typically bring several inches of

snow every year. This temperature climate is due, in part, to the oceanic and maritime

climate brought by winds from the Eastern Pacific Ocean oscillations including the

(PDO). The protected coastal valleys are home to Elk, Deer, Black Bear, Cougar, Pine

Marten, and many other species. Dominant tree cover type remains Sitka Spruce,

Western Hemlock, Red Alder, Coastal Douglas Fir (including industrial tree plantation),

Western Red Cedar, and Big Leaf Maple. Here rainfall averages 67+ inches annually.

There is a steep gradient of rainfall differences from north to south in Lincoln County,

ranging from 100+ inches at Cascade Head Scenic Research Area in the North, to the

low 60’s south of Newport. This gradient is caused by topography and localized

oscillations off the Pacific Ocean. This maritime rainforest climate is marked with

comfortable winters with regular winter storms and winds reaching 100 mph, followed

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by mild and wet Spring, and temperatures rarely reaching 100 in the Summer. Days

without frost generally occur between April and October. The first hard frost usually

does not arrive until December.

3. Tribal History

Today's members of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Tribe are descendants of a people

who for thousands of years lived in the watersheds of the entirety of the Oregon Coast,

and areas far north and south of the Siletz River. Siletz Tribal ancestors signed a

number of treaties between 1851 & 1855 with the United States Government. The

earliest of these treaties to become ratified was the Rogue River Treaty of September 10,

1853. Nine days after this Rogue River Treaty was signed, a treaty was concluded with

our ancestors living in the Cow Creek drainage. The two treaties went side by side

through the complete process of being ratified by the U.S. Senate and being proclaimed

law by the President. They were both ratified on April 12, 1854 and proclaimed on the

5th of February 1855.The ancestral territory included more than 1,100,000 acres, which,

as part of their Treaty with the United States, was ratified on November 9 th, 1855.

Finally, all of the correspondence and comments on BIA Superintendent Joel Palmer's

original request fell into place, and the Coast Reservation was established by an

Executive Order signed by President Franklin Pierce. This Treaty left the Tribe with the

entirety of the lands that span from Cape Lookout in the North, to the 8 th Township line,

and south, to the mouth of the Siltcoos River. Shortly after signing the treaties, the

Confederated Tribes of Siletz people were forced onto already established reservation

lands; the Siletz Indian Reservation and the Grande Ronde Indian Reservation, north of

the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Tribe's traditional territory.

In 1954, the federal government terminated the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Tribe

before it gained official recognition and without prior notice to the Tribe. The

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Confederated Tribes of Siletz Tribe, however, was recognized by the United States for

purposes of involuntary termination by the government. This resulted in the

Confederated Tribes of Siletz Tribe being restored in November 1977 by public law 95195. The Confederated Tribes of Siletz Tribe has subsequently made several land

purchases, and today the Tribe owns 15,780 acres of land in Oregon.

The Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians offers many programs and services to eligible

tribal members. These services include housing, education, health, social and

employment services. Some programs and services have an income and/or residency

requirement to access. Others are provided, regardless of income or residency. Some of

the most common programs are listed in the tabs below. The Confederated Tribes of

Siletz has numerous services to offer our tribal members.

From Confederated Tribes of Siletz Written History: (Robert Kentta) It is difficult to say

who the earliest European was to spot our coastline from the deck of his sailing ship.

Whoever that first European was, it is possible that there had already been significant

changes our people had undergone, because of hemisphere-wide epidemics resulting

from Columbus' contact with native people on the east coast in 1492. Many foreign

governments competed for several centuries to explore & map the surface of the earth,

building vast empires by claiming "discovery rights" to all lands & resources they

encountered which didn't already have a strong, recognized European presence.

There is currently a debate going on about whether Sir Francis Drake's vessels made it

this far north in 1579. There is some pretty compelling evidence (Elizabethan coins

found in this area, etc.) and there are also lots of firsthand accounts & "pioneer folk

tales" of fifteenth century English swords and other paraphernalia being found here

locally. Whatever the earliest provable direct contact with our people was, it is clear that

if the people weren't already impacted by the influences (diseases) that contact on the

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East Coast had transmitted, our ancestors were very soon to experience the ravages of

catastrophic deadly pandemics.

In an epidemic, there is a significant number of the population affected. In a pandemic,

all or nearly all of the population is affected. Beginning by at least the 1770's there were

a good number of direct contacts made between our people on the coast and the trade &

exploration ships. Smallpox was one of several diseases transmitted during these visits.

Our people had no resistance to these diseases, we have all heard this, but I don't know

if any of us can really understand the physical, social, cultural & political devastation

that was the effect. It is estimated that during each of the major pandemic episodes,

from 75% to 90% of the population was killed. In some localized areas, whole large

villages disappeared.

Although most of the trading contacts were in themselves peaceful, the Europeans, did

not consider the fact that they were in a foreign land and subject to local laws and

customs. Being very ethnocentric in their dealings with our people, and communicating

entirely through signs and gestures, misunderstandings quickly arose and the result

was sometimes bloodshed. The often rude manners of the visitors coupled with the fact

that it probably did not take our ancestors long to recognize the source of the

pandemics, probably quickly developed into a building and intense resentment among

many of our people. There are also signs of many of our ancestors being fairly forgiving

and endlessly friendly to the visitors, soon to be invaders. Trade along the coast

continued and intensified at intervals.

The first overland journey into our country was the Lewis & Clark Expedition in 1805.

They made many notes on the locations of major villages along the lower Columbia

River, their populations and other information. They noted that there were villages that

had been totally de-populated by disease. The houses were left standing, with the

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people's bodies scattered about. No one was even left to bury the dead. It is hard to

relate to a disease carrying people off that quickly, but a tribal ancestor Hoxie Simmons

made comments that were recorded that told the story. He said that the people would

begin to feel ill, and would go into the sweathouse to try to break the fever. Then, as

was the custom, they would go jump in the river to cool off. The disease moved so

quickly, that he said many did not even make it back from the river.

The Fur Trade Era is often described as a friendly period of "free trade." That may have

been true in some cases, especially in the earliest phases. But, as soon the trappers got to

know the lay of the land & how to get from one place to another, they began engaging

us in economic warfare by running their own trap lines in our country, instead of

depending upon our people selling them furs. These were some of the early signs of

things to expect of the foreigners - taking without permission or apology.

In the early trade on the coast, the Spanish & Russians (as well as the British, Americans

& others) had been involved to some degree, but by the mid 1820's, the only two

remaining fur trade competitors were the Hudson Bay Co (British) and the Pacific Fur

Co. (USA). Fort Astoria (P.F. Co.) & Fort Vancouver (H.B. Co.) had been built as signs of

the political posturing that was the reality of the day. There were also many smaller

outposts & trap lines that were manned by employees of the fur companies.

While the US Constitution recognized our native people's right to our homelands

(Aboriginal Title), the United States also participated in constitutionally contradictory

political practices & subscribed to the same European concepts that permitted

colonization of foreign lands & peoples and empire building by European nations.

In 1832 there was an attack ordered on the Yaquinas by John McLaughlin, Chief Factor

at the Hudson Bay Co. post at Ft. Vancouver. This attack was brought on because two

HBC trappers were running a trap line in the Yaquina/Alsea territory without

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permission of our local people. The trappers paid for their disrespect with their lives.

When news of their deaths reached Ft. Vancouver, John McLaughlin ordered some HBC

employees to teach the natives of the north central coast a lesson. He wasn't sure who

was even responsible, but thought that a reprisal anywhere in the neighborhood, issued

with sufficient force, would deliver the desired message.

This attack on a village at Yaquina Bay in 1832 (well documented in both HBC records

and our tribal oral histories) was brutal enough that it (combined with the epidemics)

was given as a reason that so few Yaquina people survived into the reservation period.

Some of the fur trappers & traders took Indian wives, such as Jean Baptiste Garnier on

the Umpqua River, and many of the fur company employees who stayed on in the

Willamette Valley. This eased some of the relationships in local areas, but strangers

stomping through our lands with little respect or humility were not welcomed.

As the fur trade era faded, many of the trappers turned farmer, & by the late 1830's

there were various missionary settlements revolving around the main Methodist

Mission at what is now Willamette University (Salem). A mission school for our

children of the valley was one of the first non-Indian structures in that part of the

valley. The relationships between our tribal people & the settlers changed slightly or

radically depending on the rate of population influx, and the main activity of the new

population, as the focus switched in different areas from fur trade to permanent

settlement activities.

It doesn't appear that our ancestors resisted settlement to the point that they thought

that all foreigners needed to be kept out, but instead tried to accommodate settlers who

were respectful. However, each year our people grew weaker in number as the

strangers grew stronger in number and presence. The signing of a treaty between Great

Britain and the United States in 1846, and the subsequent establishment Oregon

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Territory, & a provisional government as a part of the United States would change the

form and direction that all future encroachment on our homelands would take.

– CTSI Historical Text

Tribal Member Population and Area Numbers

There are not accurate historical population counts available for many bands in the

early recorded history of the Tribe, it is however known those interactions with fur

trappers and traders and other Europeans in the 1700 and early 1800’s decimated entire

villages by introducing various diseases. According to a study of the Tribe’s population,

as of 2019, the Tribe included 5,468 members.

Of the 5,468 Tribal Members, the median age was 30. Of the 5,468 Tribal Members,

many resided in Lincoln County, 23% or 1,242 of the total population. A total of 3,187

Tribal Members live within the eleven county service area (Map of 11 county in

appendices) and more Tribal Members live in several other Oregon Counties (which

together with Lincoln County comprise the Tribe’s Service Area include all of Oregon)

as follows:

Clackamas County (188 members)

Multnomah County (299 members)

Washington County (121 members)

Marion County (654 members)

Polk County (74 members)

Yamhill County (61 members)

Benton County (76 members)

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Lane (322 members)

Linn (135 members)

Tillamook (15 members)

Economic

In May of 1995, the Tribe completed the building of Chinook Winds Casino and Resort.

After intense planning and three years of negotiation at the local, state and federal level,

the Siletz Tribe opened a 10,000 square foot temporary facility known affectionately as

“The Tent.” With only 250 slots, 12 card tables and a small deli, “the tent” opened under

the name “Chinook Winds Gaming Center.” Meanwhile, just north of the temporary

facility, construction began on Chinook Winds’ current home. Just over one year later,

the grand opening of Chinook Winds Casino Resort’s permanent facility took place on

June 28, 1996. Later, STGC and STBC were established and created to take the lead in

making the Tribe economically self-sufficient. Working closely with the Tribal Council,

STBC manages and administers the Tribe's business ventures. And CWCR and STGC

are the most financially productive venue and single entity the Tribe owns.

The Confederated Tribes of Siletz Tribe is the largest employer in Lincoln County,

employing over 1,000 people. As of October 2019, about 73% of the Tribe's employees

work at Chinook Winds Casino and Resort (including the Golf Club and CWCR Hotel).

Tribal businesses account for one in every 20 jobs in Lincoln County, according to

census numbers of total jobs within Lincoln County.

Tribal Holdings, Facilities, and Administration Breakdown

Chinook Winds Casino and Resort

Tribal Administration (Buildings I and II in Siletz)

Area Office Buildings (Salem Area, Eugene Area, Portland Area)

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Confederated Tribes of Siletz Health Clinic

Tenas Illahee Child Care Center

Siletz Tribal HeadstartChinook Winds Casino Resort

Chinook Winds Hotel

Chinook Winds Golf Resort

CTSI

Lincoln Shores Office Building

Salem Commercial Building (Harbor Freight Bldg)

The following are owned and/or operated by STBC:

Hee Hee Illahee RV Park

Logan Road RV Park

Toledo Mill Property

Depoe Bay Building

Salem Flex Office Building

Eugene Office Building

Gift shop in Lincoln City

Employees by Tribal Agency

CWCR/Golf Club/Hotel- 769

CTSI – 255 (Which includes temps, IAD, and non-employee Tribal Council members)

TICC - 17

STBC - 4

STGC – 11

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 68 of 224

A brief on Tribal Oral History and sharing on Hazards in the Tribe’s Aboriginal

Lands

There are lots of stories on natural disasters/phenomena handed down through the

generations of Siletz Tribal Members.

Landslides: Apparently even more recently in history than the devastating Ozette

landslide that suddenly covered and killed part of the Ozette Village in NW

Washington, there is at least one similar incident that covered/killed an entire village at

Whales Head on the SW Oregon Coast. An old woman was the first one up in the

village to the South one morning, and noticed there wasn’t any smoke visible, as should

have/always had been coming from that next village up the coast. She rousted others

and pointed that out. All the men went in canoes up the coast, and found that a

landslide had come down and covered/smooshed out into the creek-bed the entire

village - apparently during the night, as people were asleep - and so suddenly, that

nobody escaped. It was a place avoided afterwards. It was so shocking to the people

who found it - because they did not see an immediate cause - it just happened. The

story teller who passed this down in the 1940’s said: those people thought “perhaps the

Illahee shake, but they did not know it” (maybe there was an earthquake that they

didn’t feel) - in trying to justify the loss of a whole village that way..... when it was not

an overly rainy period, etc. The people in the village to the south became known as

Nalh-Tene-Tun-ne (movement+trail+place+people (of)).... the trail that used to go from

that village to Whales Head Village was discontinued....and the new trail skirted

around that place, avoiding the whole area, instead going to the next village north.

There is another location up the Rogue where an apparently much older village site

deposit is eroding out from under a thick layer of “clay bank” - another apparent

devastating, village-killing landslide episode.

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Floods/Tsunamis- Of course the Siletz People have flood stories - some so bizarrely

epic, that they may refer back to witnessing the Missoula Floods (a series of extreme

Flood events that inundated the Willamette Valley, over a thousand years or so - when

gigantic ice dams broke in what is now Montana, sending millions of acre-feet of water

rushing down the Columbia. Those floods, created the broad, flat, Willamette Valley

floor, dropping an unimaginable combined sediment load - accumulating in-totals of

hundreds of feet in some places. Ice-Age megafauna remains (Mammoth, etc.) are

frequently found deep in these sediments, sometimes appearing to have been deposited

there as dis-articulated (ripped apart) megafauna, who were caught in the flood and

killed, their corpses being shredded by the violence, and body parts washing up, or

sinking to the bottom when waters stilled..... and being trapped in the new sediments and hence good preservation - yet of not-complete individual animals.

Stories like “The Inland Whale” - also may harken to extreme flood events.

Many of what are told as “Flood” stories may also be Tsunami remembrances - because

that is how they are usually experienced - as a (seemingly) never-ending incoming

tide.... some Tribal origin stories lay down the foundation of creation - the time of

people being created, and then at some (Later) time period, an epic flood or tide comes

and floods nearly the entire known “world” mountaintops and canoes are the refuge of

a few individuals who come together after this event and form the foundations of all

future generations for those people.

South Wind Woman: Out most violent winds are generally associated with weather

events/storm systems coming out of the South. Tillamook people oral traditions call this

“South Wind Woman” in stories. A character who wreaks havoc.

Wildfires: many wildfires are recorded in our oral histories. Extreme 1846-48 Wildfires

in the Siuslaw/Alsea district, and some of our Alsea people being trapped on the coast CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 70 of 224

nearly roasted alive on the bare rocks at mouth of Cape Creek near (now) Heceta

Lighthouse..... (Lhtowaisk - “the protected place”) are recorded in an (eye witness) oral

history collected at Siletz in the early 1900’s and published in Alsea Texts by Leo J.

Frachtenburg.

Our old people of early settlement period knew wild-fires. Much more of the country

had been maintained with “prescribed burns” used to keep berry picking places

cleaned up and in peak production, hunting areas/forage good, traditional food patches

such a Camas, Tarweed Seed, Acorns (and many others) in peak production. The

epidemics reduced populations so drastically that much of the country was suddenly

not Maintained - became quickly brushy - full of accumulating ladder fuels - that had

been frequently handled with low intensity burns at appropriate seasons before.

Early settlers in the inland valleys caused many of the devastating fires that came in this

period - clearing land, clearing land - was their cause. They set fires at inappropriate

times to create new/better forage for livestock, clear brush and timber for homes and

farms, didn’t care what havoc or loss of life it meant for Tribal peoples in the Coast

Range, or Cascades.

Our people burned for many reasons, at different and appropriate seasons, often setting

low, crawling/scorching fires that were set so frequently (most years annually) and as

the people were leaving mountain berry picking grounds for the year in the Fall (for

instance) - that there were low fuel loads, and wet weather and eventually snow

controlled and put out these fires over the Fall/Winter, even if they crawled into denser

fuels before going out.

Today’s conifer forest oriented - tree farming practices have thrown this whole region

into an unsafe condition. Meadows are non-existent or not maintained as fuel breaks,

mountain ridge berry grounds are not maintained as open fuel breaks, headlands on the

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 71 of 224

coast want to have million dollar homes with multi-million dollar views, rather than

leave those as open (maintained by fire) coastal hillside prairies....

Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians Asset Inventory

ASSET INVENTORY

Developing an asset inventory is the first step of a vulnerability analysis. CTSI assets

that may be affected by hazard events include population, residential and

nonresidential buildings, critical facilities, and infrastructure. Only specific facilities

need insurance due to CTSI's limited infrastructure and widely dispersed locations;

these facilities were identified within each hazard's profile.

The asset inventory delineates the Tribe’s existing building and infrastructure assets

and insured values and are identified in detail. Asset Inventory listed below portrays

the population and residential and non-residential structures numbers and values, and

their potential vulnerability by hazard type (where available).

3. Buildings and Critical Facilities

Buildings

Using the Tribe’s Insurance Statement of Values for 2019, an analysis of tribal buildings

and facilities was conducted by GIS Analyst Ian Keene and DOGAMI/FEMA personnel.

In total, it was determined that the Tribe had 234 buildings valued at approximately $

72,987,378. These 234 buildings, including Chinook Winds Casino and Resort, Toledo

Mill Site, Administration Buildings in Lincoln City and Siletz, HUD-built homes for

tribal members, and other residences and Tribal Buildings are all located in Lincoln

County, and do not include the Siletz Tribe’s Portland, Salem, and Eugene real estate

holdings. Other structures include the Tribal Administration & Health Clinic buildings

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 72 of 224

in Siletz, USDA and Fleet Vehicle, Public Works Shops and Buildings, and the Fish

Hatchery Buildings and infrastructure.

The remaining structures are used for tribal businesses, investments and facilities.

These buildings include office buildings in Lincoln City and Depoe Bay, residential

tracts in Siletz, barns and other farm related structures on several properties towards

Logsden, storage facilities at the Dundas Property on Logsden Road, other homes with

garages and sheds, back-up generators and other miscellaneous structures. The most

valuable structure is the $44,990,000 Chinook Winds Casino and Resort, with the

remaining structures worth about $28,600,000 (according to HAZUS analysis of value,

Insurance Values are considerably higher)a.

The Fish Hatchery and associated Timber Lands in Lincoln County were not a part of

the Critical Facilities list, nor are the Timberlands associated with economic losses

within the HAZUS software platform and subsequent analysis performed for

consideration while pursuing FEMA funding for hazard mitigation planning.

Planning and Technical Meetings

The Steering Committee along with FEMA personnel held technical review meetings in

May, June, July, August, September, and October of 2018

As an example of what was reviewed during these workshops below is from July

meeting

From July 17, 2018

FEMA Technical Assistance Workshop #2

Technical Assistance Workshop #1 recap:



Described the hazard mitigation planning process and FEMA requirements

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 73 of 224



Defined mitigation



Began to identify critical facilities, essential infrastructure, and locations of

cultural value



Distributed the Capability Assessment Worksheet to be completed by members

of the planning team

Standalone Plan:



It was agreed upon by the planning team and tribal council that the tribe will

update its own, standalone Tribal Hazard Mitigation Plan



It was agreed upon that tribal lands and properties in the Portland, Salem, and

Eugene areas are adequately covered by existing hazard mitigation plans for

those areas and will not be a part of the planning area for this plan

Risk Assessment:



Ian Keene passed out demographic data, a report by CTSI Planning, and an

Oregon State University report on climate change impacts describing potential

hazards to water resources



Ian displayed GIS-based hazard information with the planning team to identify

areas at risk to various hazards. He provided additional materials (maps, data,

reports, etc.) to the planning team via e-mail at the end of the workshop

Analysis for next steps:



The planning team needs to complete the hazard inventory and risk assessment

work:

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 74 of 224

o See the Risk Assessment notes taken by Amanda Siok (FEMA, Mitigation

Planner), to support the plan’s update to the risk assessment



Homework:

o Complete and compile the capability assessment discussed during

workshop 1

o Develop “Problem Statements” in advance.

o

Determine how/when the public will be engaged in the planning process

(required for FEMA hazard mitigation plan approval). The group

discussed potential public input opportunities as:



Ask the public (via booth at existing event) what hazard/disaster

the tribe should be more resilient to



Ask the public for suggestions on how to reduce the risk to ____

Hazards (planning team chooses 1-3 hazards for public input).

(Bullet 1 and 2 could be combined for one outreach activity)



Ask the public to vote on the top 5-10 mitigation strategies

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 75 of 224

Critical Facilities

"Critical facilities" are defined as those structures from which essential services and

functions for victim survival, continuation of public safety actions, and disaster

recovery are performed or provided. Shelters, emergency operation centers, public

health, public drinking water, sewer and wastewater facilities are examples of critical

facilities. Though not explicitly included in the definition, supporting life-line

infrastructure essential to the mission of critical facilities must also be included in the

inventory when appropriate. Some essential economic-generating facilities may also be

considered.

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 76 of 224

For this inventory, the Tribe’s critical facilities are shown in the Table below

Critical Assets List for Tribal Council Meeting (5/17/19)

In the table below is a comprehensive list of critical assets that the Multi Hazard

Mitigation Plans’ Steering Committee compiled. These assets were compiled by tribal

member survey responses, steering committee survey responses and previous listed

assets on our previous MHMP.

*Note - Future plan updates can list additional assets if CTSI administration, Tribal

Council, and/or Tribal Staff consider that a critical asset has either been omitted, built,

and/or added to the Tribal list of assets

ASSETS

Chinook Winds Hotel

Casino

Lincoln Shores (STBC/STGC)

Administration Bldg. 1

Administration Bldg. 2

USDA Bldg.

Gas Station

Community Center

SR 229

Siletz Community Health Clinic

Tribal Housing Units

Water Distribution System

Cultural Repository

Public Works Bldg.

Siletz Charter School & Head Start

Child Care Center

Siletz Valley Fire Department

Number of Committee Votes

7

6

5

8

5

5

6

6

6

12

6

9

6

7

9

5

7

*Please note that these facilities may include multiple structures.

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 77 of 224

4. Risk Assessment

Introduction

This chapter will identify the potential natural hazards that could affect the

Confederated Tribes of Siletz Tribal Members and Administration Area within the

Coastal Counties, namely and mainly Lincoln County, but not to be limited to Coos,

Tillamook, Linn, Benton, Lane, Marion, Polk, and more. The plan is to assess the

vulnerabilities of its people, property and natural environment, simultaneously for

CTSI, Siletz Tribal Business Corporation (STBC), and the Siletz Tribal Gaming

Commission (STGC).

The geographic focus of the Risk Assessment was the Tribe’s Lincoln County holdings,

but also including in this plan is analysis that included areas within the Tribe’s 1855

Coast Reservation boundary. The HAZUS and data analysis is also namely Lincoln

County area land holdings. The Siletz River watershed and the remainder of

watersheds in Lincoln County with attention and analysis focused on the Siletz,

Newport, Toledo, and Lincoln City areas along the Highway 101 corridor, and in the

Township of Siletz, where the majority of Tribe’s facilities and properties are located.

Hazards Profiled

Risk assessments that provide the factual basis for activities proposed in the strategy

portion of the mitigation plan. Statewide risk assessments must characterize and

analyze natural hazards and risks to provide a statewide overview. This overview will

allow the Tribe to compare potential losses throughout the Tribe’s known area, and to

determine our priorities for implementing mitigation measures under the strategy, and

to prioritize jurisdictions for receiving technical and financial support in developing

more detailed local risk and vulnerability assessments. The risk assessment shall

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 78 of 224

include the following (Per FEMA CFR [67 FR 8848, Feb. 26, 2002, as amended at 67 FR

61515, Oct. 1, 2002; 69 FR 55096, Sept. 13, 2004; 72 FR 61565, 61738, Oct. 31, 2007; 79 FR

22883, Apr. 25, 2014; 79 FR 76085, Dec. 19, 2014; 80 FR 59551, Oct. 2, 2015]

(i)

An overview of the type and location of all natural hazards that can affect the

Tribe, including information on previous occurrences of hazard events, as

well as the probability of future hazard events, using maps where

appropriate;

(ii)

An overview and analysis of the State's vulnerability to the hazards described

in this paragraph (c)(2), based on estimates provided in local risk assessments

as well as the Lincoln County risk assessment performed by Matt Williams

and DOGAMI and Oregon State risk assessment. The State shall describe

vulnerability in terms of the jurisdictions most threatened by the identified

hazards, and most vulnerable to damage and loss associated with hazard

events. State owned or operated critical facilities located in the identified

hazard areas shall also be addressed;

(iii)

An overview and analysis of potential losses to the identified vulnerable

structures, based on estimates provided in local risk assessments as well as

the State risk assessment (HAZUS performed by CTSI and State employees).

The State shall estimate the potential dollar losses to State owned or operated

buildings, infrastructure, and critical facilities located in the identified hazard

areas.

ASSET INVENTORY

Developing an asset inventory is the first step of a vulnerability analysis. CTSI assets

that may be affected by hazard events include population, residential and

nonresidential buildings, critical facilities, and infrastructure. Only specific facilities

need insurance due to CTSI's limited infrastructure and widely dispersed locations;

these facilities were identified within each hazard's profile.

The asset inventory delineates the Tribe’s existing building and infrastructure assets

and insured values and are identified in detail in Tables ________ portray the

population and residential and non-residential structures numbers and values, and

their potential vulnerability by hazard type (where available).

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 79 of 224

Siletz Tribal Business Cooperation (STBC)

Buildings and Critical Facilities

Buildings

Using the Tribe’s Insurance Statement of Values for 2019, an analysis of tribal buildings

and facilities was conducted by GIS Analyst Ian Keene and DOGAMI/FEMA personnel.

In total, it was determined that the Tribe had 234 buildings valued at approximately

$72,987,378. These 234 buildings, including Chinook Winds Casino and Resort, Toledo

Mill Site, Administration Buildings in Lincoln City and Siletz, HUD-built homes for

tribal members, and other residences and Tribal Buildings are all located in Lincoln

County, and do not include the Siletz Tribe’s Portland, Salem, and Eugene real estate

holdings. Other structures include the Tribal Administration & Health Clinic buildings

in Siletz, USDA and Fleet Vehicle, Public Works Shops and Buildings, and the Fish

Hatchery Buildings and infrastructure.

The remaining structures are used for tribal businesses, investments and facilities.

These buildings include office buildings in Lincoln City and Depoe Bay, residential

tracts in Siletz, barns and other farm related structures on several properties towards

Logsden, storage facilities at the Dundas Property on Logsden Road, other homes with

garages and sheds, back-up generators and other miscellaneous structures. The most

valuable structure are the $44,990,000 Chinook Winds Casino and Resort, with the

remaining structures worth about $28,600,000 (according to HAZUS analysis of value,

Insurance Values are considerably higher). The total values listed for the HAZUS data

analysis were mentioned above, and do not reflect the values listed with CTSI insurance

policies, and are not considered to be a valuation of CTSI holdings.

The Fish Hatchery and associated Timber Lands in Lincoln County were not a part of

the Critical Facilities list, nor are the Timberlands associated with economic losses

within the HAZUS software platform and subsequent analysis performed for

consideration while pursuing FEMA funding for hazard mitigation planning.

Below is a list of Property names owned by CTSI: (for further information on individual

properties relating to Mitigation Planning contact the CTSI Planning Department)

Siletz Area

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 80 of 224

Aldridge

Bagley

Bishop (part of "BBS")

Briley (part of "BBS"

Burnham

Burnham 2

Collson

Crawford (Buford)

Dickenson (Oak Flats)

Oak Flats Development

Dundas

Eight-Plex

Faulkner

Faulkner House

Gomes

Government Hill

Grimstad

Grooms

Hueth

Hursh

Jebert

Judd

Silatchee Development

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 81 of 224

Chetco Playground

Cell Tower

Judd Siding Replacement

Judd Home Wat. Meters Replmnt.

STHD 17 Units

Judd Sidewalks

Silatchee Park & Tootootney Improvements

Mitchell

Metcalf

Miller

Muschamp

Nashif

Paul Washington Cemetery

Seitz (part of "BBS")

Sexton

Trask (Meat Lockers)

Vearl Ray

Wood (Mini Mart)

Lincoln City Area

Chinook Winds Resort

Hemstreet Parking Lots

Lakeside Golf Course

Lakeside Village

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 82 of 224

Lincoln Shores (Casino)

Lincoln Shores Offices

Logan Road

Lot 57

Mast

Morris Cemetery (Lincoln City Cemetery)

Otis Cemetery

Teeny

Toledo Area

Toledo Mill

Depoe Bay Area

Neptune's Reserve

Seal Rock Area

Lyford

Portland

Portland Area Office

Salem

Chemawa

Robertson

Wyant

Wyant 2

Eugene

Eugene Area Office

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 83 of 224

Timberlands

229 West (Fisher)

Arnold Creek

Arnold II

Camp 12 (Cutsforth)

Coop (Bulls Bag)

Hatchery I & II

Lower 5 Mile

Reed Creek

Tahkenitch A

Tahkenitch B

Tahkenitch C

Tahkenitch D

Tahkenitch E

Timberlands

South Diamond

North Diamond

Blue Jay, Gunn Creek, Lower Gorge, Red Ant

North Fork Falls

South fork,

Sugas Hill

Burbank Creek

Mill Creek

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Cerine Creek

Headwaters

Dry Creek

Brush Creek

Little Rock Creek

Bryant Creek

Sam Creek

Twin Bridges

Section Eight

Northon Hill #1 & #2

Long Sam

Long Prairie #` & #2

Thayer Creek

Thornton Creek

Bale Creek

Yaquina

Long Tom

Twenty Three Creek

Pioneer Mountain

Ollala

Cook Creek

Truman - Calhoun

Other Areas

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 85 of 224

Harney/Evans Cemetery

Medicine Rock

Collamer 1/2 Interest

Bishop

Gas Station

The first step in preparing a risk assessment for the Confederated Tribes of Siletz is to

identify which natural hazards affect the Tribe. Numerous documents, including the

Lincoln County Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan, The Fire Planning documents from

Lincoln county and Oregon Department of Forestry, the State of Oregon Natural

Hazard Planning documents, and more were reviewed. The County encompasses most

of the Salmon, Siletz, and Yaquina Rivers and watersheds and thus the County Plan

analyzes Tribal areas within the scope of this plan as well. The jurisdiction of the Siletz

Tribe is not limited to the scope of this mitigation planning document, nor is this

mitigation planning document limiting the area in which the Tribe will choose to

operate in the future. Instead, like all planning documents, this mitigation plan update

is designed to offer a planning framework in which to operate from in the coming few

years.

Natural Hazard Risk Assessment

Fundamental to effective hazard mitigation is general and specific information related

to the nature, distribution, probabilities of occurrence, frequency, and severity of

historic hazard events. When linked to demographic, economic, infrastructure,

structural, and other societal data, risk evaluations and vulnerability assessments can be

performed. The amount, availability, and quality of information about different

hazards vary widely. Limited information for some hazards results in greater

uncertainty in the risk assessment for those hazards. This Multi-Hazard Mitigation

Plan is focused on natural hazard mitigation, and a separate effort to develop spill

prevention and response plan to address human-caused hazards on tribal property is

also needed.

The following assessment of natural hazard risks describes the nature and location of

past and potential natural hazard events, assesses the vulnerability of properties to each

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 86 of 224

hazard, estimates the value of structures and/or property in areas that are vulnerable to

hazards, and provides an analysis of the risk to life, property, economic activity, and the

environment that may result from natural hazard events on Tribal property. In the first

subsection, the natural hazards on Tribal property are identified. Each hazard is then

defined; past hazard events are described; the vulnerability of structures and facilities is

assessed; and the potential losses to these structures are estimated. In the final

subsection, the relative vulnerability of tribal property is summarized.

The Pre Disaster Mitigation program rules require tribes that are submitting a plan to

assess hazard risks by jurisdiction. Since the Siletz Tribe only has jurisdiction over land

held in trust by the US Government for the Tribe, this MHMP defines properties that

are currently owned by the Tribe including Reservation and non-reservation lands and

assesses and compares the relative hazard risks with each property. Furthermore, the

lack of other local jurisdictions including Lincoln County, City of Siletz, Lincoln City to

produce a hazard mitigation plan has prompted the Siletz Tribe to include tribally

owned lands under the jurisdiction of local governments in the hazard assessment.

Background information regarding risks to specific natural hazards was obtained from

the Oregon Emergency Management and Local Emergency management officials. These

documents were used to help determine the Tribe’s risk to each hazard.

After a brief description of the methods used to identify hazards in each assessment

area and the methods used to conduct a vulnerability assessment for each hazard, the

remainder of this section addresses each of the natural hazards of concern on all Tribal

properties. Profiles of past events, an assessment of vulnerability, and potential losses

are presented for each of the natural hazards.

Hazard Identification and Vulnerability Assessment Methodologies and Analysis

The Planning Department took the following steps to identify hazards that have

affected the CTSI Properties in the past and/or can be expected to affect CTSI properties

in the future:

Review of past state and federal disaster designations;

Review of regional hazard information and analyses prepared by state, federal,

and reports prepared by university researchers at multiple Universities in the Pacific

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 87 of 224

Northwest; including the use of HAZUS and FEMA software coninciding with

DOGAMI/USGS/NOAA/OSU/USFWS/BLM/USFS/et al. Geospatial databases

Review of Internet web sites containing regional hazard information;

Review of the Oregon State Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan 2015, the FEMA

Region X analysis documents and interactive webmaps, and the Lincoln County

Vulnerability Analysis (DOGAMI 2019) and many regional planning documents (as

aforementioned wildfire plans from ODF and Lincoln County Fire, et al.)

Review of the Revised Preliminary 1990 Flood Insurance Rate Maps and Digital

Q3 Data (FEMA 1990); Siletz River Flood History (State of Oregon 2017); Siletz Bay

Conservation Plan 2013, et al.

Information acquired from the materials listed above was also used to estimate the

vulnerability of CTSI properties to each hazard. This information included the

probability of occurrence of hazard events, the types of damage associated with a

hazard, and the relative vulnerability of each property. After compiling this hazard

information, areas vulnerable to the hazards were identified. The estimated relative

levels of vulnerability for each hazard assessment area were based on the following

factors:

•

Probability of damage resulting from a large hazard event;

•

Types of damage associated with the hazard;

•

Historic and/or potential severity of damage;

•

Potential damage relative to other hazards; and

•

Vulnerability of each property.

The relative probability of hazard occurrence (between hazards) is not reflected in the

vulnerability assessments. For example, although the floodplain assessment area was

rated as having a high vulnerability to both floods and earthquake, it is much more

likely to be affected by floods. The ratings for each hazard therefore reflect the

estimated vulnerability if a large hazard event occurs. In addition, the amount of

development in each assessment area was not factored into the estimated vulnerability

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 88 of 224

for an area. Different levels of development are reflected in the estimated potential

losses for each area, highly developed areas have greater potential losses.

The Lincoln County MHMP analyzed hazards to see if they affected the county region.

The Tribe chose to analyze much of the same hazards, as they coincide territorially and

contiguously. CTSI hazards chosen were as follows:

• Flood

• Severe Winter Storms

• Earthquake

• Tsunami

• Windstorm

• Wildfire

• Landslide

• Coastal Erosion (where applicable, and not a full HAZUS analysis was conducted for

this hazard)

State of Oregon NHMP:

https://www.oregon.gov/lcd/nh/pages/mitigationplanning.aspx?utm_source=LCD&utm_medium=egov_redirect&utm_campaign=https%

3A%2F%2Foregon.gov%2Flcd%2Fhaz%2Fpages%2Fnhmp.aspx

Further analysis was conducted to identify which of these hazards specifically affect the

Confederated Tribes of Siletz Tribe. The study was conducted by analyzing data and

maps from a wide range of sources, including State of Oregon GIS hazard data layers

and FEMA floodplain maps, and by interviewing Tribal, county, and local officials.

The Tribe’s main Administration buildings and Tribal residential areas are located in a

river valley, with some part of the buildings located in the 500 year floodplain. The

administration sits 4 miles inland from the coast and, at Siletz, the majority of the

township is at or above 100 feet elevation above sea level. Severe Winter Weather and

Windstorms, Wildfire, Tsunami, Landslide/Liquefaction, and Flooding all with having

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some sort of potential overlap in both data manipulation depending on the model, and

or in the essence of a winter storm, usually flooding, landslide, and other hazards may

be compounding factors.

Each hazard profile is broken down into the following sections:

Definitions: a primer of some of the key terms used in the study of the hazard, as listed

and analyzed by CTSI, or other federal agencies and defining bodies.

General Background: a general overview of the causes and effects of the hazard,

focusing on the geological and climatological conditions needed to create the hazard.

Hazard Profile: A detailed profile of the hazard as it affects the Tribe. It is broken down

into the following headings:

Location: Where in the study area the hazard could impact people, property and the

natural environment;

Extent: How severe or destructive the event could be to CTSI properties and or

infrastructure, buildings, or other critical facilities to Tribal Members and the

surrounding area.

Past Events: A review of past hazard events in the study area; and

Probability: How often a severe event can occur and the likelihood it will occur in the

future.

Vulnerability Assessment: This section will describe the Tribe’s vulnerability to each

hazard, including its impact on the Tribe’s infrastructure, buildings, houses and critical

facilities. The amount, type and values of structures will be discussed if information is

available. Land use, current and future, within the hazard area will also be discussed.

Cultural and Historic Sites

For MHMP planning, both this Plan and CTSI’s previous plans, specific cultural and

historic sites are not identified specifically or analyzed for hazard exposure and

vulnerability. This is both for reasons of keeping classified and confidential sites still

classified, and also to protect those sites from intrusion. Certain locations, such as

Medicine Rock, cultural fishing sites that are published, family burial grounds and

other known areas, were mentioned by some survey respondents in listing as critical

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 90 of 224

assets, during Steering Committee meetings and in additional surveys as areas of

concern or areas that some members would like listed. Those cultural sites and areas of

concern are regardless, held by the Tribe and members to be critical as assets even when

not listed explicitly.

The tribe’s Natural Resource and Culture Department will continue to identify areas

and locations of Tribal cultural and historic value and will identify, internally, any

potential hazards exposure and vulnerability. In general, all historic and cultural sites

are considered exposed and vulnerable to all of the hazards discussed in this Risk

Assessment.

Tribal Critical Facilities, Exposure and Vulnerability

Table ________ discusses the exposure and vulnerability of tribal structures to natural

hazards. Vulnerability was ranked by

High: high probability, high risk to damages from natural events

Moderate: has some risk from natural events, either located in hazard area or has

structural issues

Low: infrequent risk, newer structures and/or located outside of zones

Comments about vulnerability for each structure (if applicable) are also shown in the

Table.

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 91 of 224

Tribal Facilities Exposure & Vulnerability Assessment

*The following tabular format will show properties listed under the Tribes

HAZUS and Geospatial analysis conducted by CTSI GIS Anaylst Ian Keene and

DOGAMI Personnel at the State of Oregon *Data analyzed using HAZUS

Earthquake

Earthquake Damage from CSZ M9.0

Number of

Total Number of

Total Estimated

Sum of

Buildings

Building Value

Economic Loss

Loss Ratio

Community

Percent of

Total

Displaced

Displaced

Population

Population

Population

Depoe Bay

1

193,440

52,352

27%

0

0

0%

Lincoln City

25

44,990,275

8,432,106

19%

60

9

15%

Siletz

167

21,450,304

5,631,692

26%

432

177

41%

Timberlands

3

22,669

2,548

11%

0

0

0%

Toledo

17

868,404

527,822

61%

0

0

0%

Regional Offices

5

5,462,286

N/A

N/A

0

0

0%

Total

218

72,987,378

14,646,520

22%

492

186

38%

Definitions

Cascadia Subduction Zone from USGS

Two Contrasting Models of Lithospheric Structure

The subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate beneath North America changes markedly

along the length of the subduction zone, notably in the angle of subduction, distribution

of earthquakes, volcanism, geologic and seismic structure of the upper plate, and

regional horizontal stress. To investigate these characteristics, we conducted detailed

density modeling experiments of the crust and mantle along two transects across the

Cascadia subduction zone. One crosses Vancouver Island and the Canadian margin,

and the other crosses the margin of central Oregon. Both density models were

constructed independently to a depth of approximately 50 km. We gathered all possible

geologic, geophysical, and borehole data to constrain the density calculations. The final

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densities for the Oregon and Vancouver lithosphere models were obtained from gravity

inversions.

Our results confirm that the downgoing slab of the Cascadia subduction zone dips

significantly steeper beneath Oregon than beneath Vancouver Island, lending support

to the idea that the Juan de Fuca plate is segmented from north to south. In addition,

our gravity models indicate that the mantle wedge beneath western Oregon (i.e., below

the western Cascades) is lighter than the mantle beneath the Canadian continental crust.

This low density agrees with the low mantle velocities observed in the mantle and the

present day extensional regime of the Pacific Northwest.

A gravity low at the deformation front of the Oregon margin, absent along the

Vancouver margin, can be explained by the different bathymetry of the two regions and

by the depth to the top of the subducting Juan de Fuca plate. If the accretionary prisms

along these profiles were modeled with equal densities, a density inhomogeneity in the

lower part of the models would be necessary. Thus that the density of the accretionary

prism for the Vancouver profile must be approximately 0.1-0.2 g/cm3 greater than that

for Oregon. A density difference within the accretionary prisms also agrees with other

data. We note that the volume of accreted sediments is approximately twice as large

along the Vancouver profile than along the Oregon profile, and the prism reaches a

greater depth (approximately 20 km as compared with 12 km for the Oregon profile).

This implies that the sediments within the accretionary prism at Vancouver Island are at

a higher metamorphic grade, and therefore have higher densities.

We find that a substantial part of the coastal gravity maxima for both lines is caused by

increasing density with depth in the subducting plate. In the proposed model, the

maximum possible density of the slab was used to satisfy constraints for the average

density of the near coastal crust for both profiles. If a density increase with depth is not

introduced into the model, very high densities would be required for the near surface

coastal and continental crustal blocks.

Benioff Zone Earthquake: Sometimes called “deep quakes,” or Intraplate, these occur in

the Pacific Northwest when the Juan de Fuca plate breaks up underneath the

continental plate, approximately 30 miles beneath the earth’s surface.

Crustal Earthquake: Crustal quakes occur at a depth of 5 to 10 miles beneath the earth’s

surface and are associated with fault movement within a surface plate.

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Earthquake: An earthquake is the shaking of the ground caused by an abrupt shift of

rock along a fracture in the earth such as a fault or a contact zone between tectonic

plates. Earthquakes are measured in both magnitude and intensity.

Intensity: Intensity is a measure of the effects of an earthquake. It is measured by the

Modified Mercalli scale and is expressed in Roman numerals.

Liquefaction: Liquefaction is the complete failure of soils, occurring when soils lose

shear strength and flow horizontally. It is most likely to occur in fine grain sands and

silts, which behave like viscous fluids when liquefaction occurs. This situation is

extremely hazardous to development on the soils that liquefy, and generally results in

extreme property damage and threats to life and safety.

Magnitude: Magnitude (M) is the measure of the strength of an earthquake, and is

typically measured by the Richter scale. As an estimate of energy, each whole number

step in the magnitude scale corresponds to the release of about 31 times more energy

than the amount associated with the preceding whole number value.

Peak Ground Acceleration: Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) is a measure of the highest

amplitude of ground shaking that accompanies an earthquake, based on a percentage of

the force of gravity.

Subduction Zone Earthquake:

This type of quake, also called Interplate, occurs along two converging plates, attached

to one another along their interface. When the interfaces between these two plates slips,

a sudden, dramatic release of energy results, propagated along the entire fault line.

General Background

An earthquake is a sudden movement of the Earth, caused by the abrupt release of

strain that has accumulated over a long time. Sometimes the movement is gradual. At

other times, the plates are locked together, unable to release the accumulating energy.

When the accumulated energy grows strong enough, the plates break free. If the

earthquake occurs near populated areas, it may cause many deaths and injuries, and

extensive property damage.

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Location

Oregon is affected by the Cascadia Subduction Zone where the Juan de Fuca plate slides

underneath the North American plate. While earthquakes along this zone occur

infrequently, plate movement can produce major earthquakes. In addition, Western

Oregon is underlain by a large and complex system of faults that can produce

damaging earthquakes; these smaller faults produce lower magnitude events, but their

ground shaking can be strong and damage can be great to structures nearby. Taken

from USGS/Dogami/OSU

@ Old River Road marking the Landslide that occurred after flooding in 2012 Siletz, OR

Imagery captured by CTSI Planning Department August 2019

The erosion of bluffs is dependent on multiple factors including: ocean wave impact,

variations in ground water levels, vegetation cover, bluff slope and bluff material

CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 95 of 224

properties. When coupled with the varied geologic composition of the Oregon coastline,

this wide range of eroding mechanisms makes the task of estimating how fast the bluffs

are eroding very complicated with large amount of uncertainty. Thus, there is no "onesize-fits-all" approach that can be applied coast wide and assessments are typically

made on a case by case basis.

Catastrophic Hazards

Catastrophic hazards are associated with earthquakes and related tsunamis. The

eastward-moving Juan de Fuca tectonic plate dives under the westward-moving North

American plate just off the Oregon coast at the Cascadia Subduction Zone. Powerful

earthquakes up to magnitude 7 can take place in either the North American or the Juan

de Fuca plates. The Cascadia Subduction Zone, however, is capable of generating even

larger earthquakes — up to magnitude 9.

From State of Oregon Hazard Publication on Cascadia

The Cascadia Subduction Zone is a 600-mile fault that runs from northern California up

to British Columbia and is about 70-100 miles off the Pacific coast shoreline. There have

been 41 earthquakes in the last 10,000 years within this fault that have occurred as few

as 190 years or as much as 1200 years apart. The last earthquake that occurred in this

fault was on January 26, 1700, with an estimated 9.0 magnitude. This earthquake caused

the coastline to drop several feet and a tsunami to form and crash into the land. What is

most surprising is that evidence for this great earthquake also came from Japan.

Japanese historic records indicate that a destructive distantly-produced tsunami struck

their coast on January 26, 1700. By studying the geological records and the flow of the

Pacific Ocean, scientists have been able to link the tsunami in Japan with the great

earthquake from the Pacific Northwest. Native American legends also support to the

timing of this last event.

Oregon has the potential for a 9.0+ magnitude earthquake caused by the Cascadia

Subduction Zone and a resulting tsunami of up to 100 feet in height that will impact the

coastal area. There is an estimated 2-4 minutes of shaking or rolling that will be felt

along the coast line with the strength and intensity decreasing the further inland you

are.

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The Cascadia Subduction Zone has not produced an earthquake since 1700 and is

building up pressure where the Juan de Fuca Plate is subsiding underneath the North

American plate. Currently, scientists are predicting that there is about a 37 percent

chance that a megathrust earthquake of 7.1+ magnitude in this fault zone will occur in

the next 50 years. This event will be felt throughout the Pacific Northwest.

With the current preparedness levels of Oregon, we can anticipate being without

services and assistance for at least 2 weeks, if not longer, when the Cascadia Subduction

Zone earthquake occurs. While this will be difficult to overcome, our citizens,

businesses, schools, government, and communities as a whole can take steps to get

prepared. Take action now by actively planning and preparing yourself and your

community to be ready for two weeks for disasters. In the event of a Cascadia

Subduction Zone earthquake and tsunami, coastal populations will become isolated

into “islands” due to landslides, liquefaction, and damaged infrastructure like bridges.

The Office of Emergency Management’s “Island Mapping Pilot Project” mapped coastal

populations in relation to likely infrastructure damage after an earthquake and tsunami.

These maps show where transportation infrastructure will be damaged (bridge failure,

landslide, liquefaction) causing populations to be isolated into “islands”. Workshops

were held in coastal communities during the summer of 2016. Our audience for these

workshops were city/county officials, public works, and others able to advise on road

damage and who lives/works/plays in the “islands”. The results of this project are

available for download and through RAPTOR.

For general inquiries about the project, contact Althea Rizzo at althea.rizzo@state.or.us.

For the GIS data, contact Daniel Stoelb at daniel.stoelb@state.or.us.

https://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/

https://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/hazmaps/

Tsunamis

A tsunami is a series of ocean waves most often generated by disturbances of the sea

floor during shallow, undersea earthquakes. Less commonly, landslides and volcanic

eruptions can also trigger these wave events. Although infrequent in occurrence,

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tsunamis are the most dangerous natural hazard affecting the Oregon Coast. In the

deep water of the open ocean, tsunami waves can travel at speeds up to 800 km (500

miles) per hour and are imperceptible to ships because the wave height is typically less

than a few feet.

However, as a tsunami approaches the coast it slows dramatically and its height may

multiply by a factor of 10 or more, having catastrophic consequences to people living at

the coast. As a result, people on the beach, in low-lying areas of the coast, and near

estuary mouths or tidal flats face the greatest danger from tsunamis.

Earthquakes can trigger other geologic and soils failures that contribute to damage.

While surface fault rupture can produce damage to facilities and infrastructure astride

the fault, losses from this are minor compared to those resulting from strong ground

shaking and associated ground failures. These include landslides and slope failures,

lateral spreading and slumping, and liquefaction.

Probability

Although the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Tribe has not had a recorded earthquake

within its traditional lands, it is 100% likely that the Tribe will feel the effects of an

earthquake from regional sources in the future. Evidence shows that Magnitude 9.0

Cascadia Subduction Zone quakes have occurred on average once every 350+/- years

(with major events every 500 to 600 years, with some gaps between events as little as

200 years and as large as 1,000 years Goldfinger OSU)

Vulnerability

Although the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Tribe’s people, property and facilities are

exposed to earthquakes, the vulnerability is low to moderate. The tribe has a limited

amount of facilities and many were built after Seismic Building Codes for Oregon were

strengthened in 1993. The Confederated Tribes of Siletz Tribe’s area is encompassed in

Seismic Zone 3 of the State Building Code map.

The Tribe’s newer structures, such as the Health Clinic Building, are built to highest

seismic standards and would experience minimal structural damage (estimated through

HAZUS). The Tribe’s utility systems that depend upon other outside agencies are not so

unsusceptible. The water and wastewater systems in Siletz are far out of date for

upgrades and are not built to the highest standards and have redundancies for a worstCONFEDERATED TRIBES OF SILETZ INDIANS MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 98 of 224

case scenario. After a significant event, all Tribal facilities and infrastructure will be

inspected for damage.

Structures most vulnerable would be its older commercial facilities in Siletz, Newport,

and Lincoln County.

The Tribe’s biggest concern will be the lack of access along the state highways 229, 20,

34, and connecting to either Highway 101 or to the I5 corridor. Many publications

provide that Siletz and many coastal areas will effectively become “island”

communities due to being cut off from damage to local, county and state infrastructure,

such as bridges, roads, etc. due to the earthquake or secondary hazards such as

landslides.

Known models show that regular disruption of critical services will also be an issue for

tribal operations, especially in the immediate aftermath of an Cascadia event and/or

following tsunami/earthquake.

Flooding

Floods

In general, three types of flooding occur in this region: (1) riverine, (2) ocean flooding

from high tides and wind-driven waves, and (3) flooding associated with a tsunami

event. Flooding in riverine systems is a natural occurrence that results when runoff

from rain or snowmelt exceeds the carrying capacity of river channels, ditches, drains,

reservoirs, and other water bodies. There are two distinct periods of riverine flooding in

this region, winter and early spring. The most serious flooding occurs during

November, December, January, and February. The situation is especially severe when

riverine flooding, caused by prolonged rain and melting snow, coincides with high

tides and coastal storm surges. In short, the rivers back up and flood the lowlands.

There are other circumstances, as well. Several coastal rivers carry heavy silt loads that

originated in areas burned during the “Tillamook Burn” fires (1933 to 1951).

Consequently, some rivers may actually be elevated above local floodplains, which

increases flood hazards. The costs and long-term benefits of dredging these rivers have

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not been determined. In this section, past riverine and coastal flood events, flood

vulnerability, and potential flood losses to CTSI properties are described.

Potential Flood Event Areas

Flood events on tribal lands can be divided into 3 broad categories: flooding of the

Siletz River, flooding of the Toledo Mill property along the Yaquina River, and coastal

flooding of the properties on the coast line and near Devils Lake in Lincoln City. The

majority of the damage witnessed in past flood events were primarily along the Siletz

River.

Lincoln County has experienced ten major floods since 1964. Four of these resulted in

presidential declarations. Past flooding occurred on the Alsea, Siletz, Yaquina rivers

between November and March. Flooding also occurs in low-lying areas along the ocean

and Devils Lake during high tides and heavy rain. The county estimates that 10 percent

of the population and 10 percent of the property would be affected by such a flood

event.

Effects of Recent Floods

Siletz River Floods

In February 1996, December 1998, and November 1999 Lincoln County experienced

damaging flood events. The 1996 flood event affected communities throughout western

Oregon, with floodwater exceeding the “100-year” level in a number of locations. In

Lincoln County, however, the 1996 event was of a lower magnitude, with floodwater

reaching a level of 24.5 feet on the Sil

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