Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation (2024)

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Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation

WETLANDS

PROGRAM PLAN

2024-2029

CTCR CBC Resolution 2024-756

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Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation

Wetland Program Plan 2024-2029

CONTENTS

page

Context

Goal Statement and Objectives

III

Overall Plan Timeframe

Planned Actions by Quarter Table

Core Elements Framework

Specific Actions to Advance Each Element

Schedule and Metrics for Each Action

VII

Relevant Partnerships

VIII

Funding Strategy

Works Cited

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Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation

Wetland Program Plan 2024-2029

I. CONTEXT

Twelve tribes compose the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation:

ščəlámxəx (deep water) or Chelan;

wal'wáma (Wallowa people) or Chief Joseph Band of Nez Perce;

sx̌yʔiɬp (sharp pointed trees) or Colville;

šnt̕iyátkəx (grass in the water) or Entiat;

snʕáyckst (speckled fish) or Lakes;

mətxu (blunt hills around a valley) or Methow;

škwáxčənəx (people living on the bank) or Moses-Columbia;

nspilm (prairie) or Nespelem;

uknaqin (seeing over the top) or Okanogan;

palúšpam (people from Palouse) or Palus;

sənpʕilx (grey mist as far as one can see) or San Poil,

and šnp̓əšqáw̓səx (people in between) or Wenatchi. (1)

Traditional territories of the twelve Tribes [Figure 1] extend through eastern Washington into

portions of British Columbia, Oregon, and Idaho covering approximately 39,000,000 acres. (2)

As described in the Colville Confederated Tribes

Comprehensive Plan 2020-2040: “As early

Americans made their way across the Rockies in

the mid-1850s, the population grew in Washington

and Oregon territories. The U.S. Government

began to create reservations, forcing Native

Peoples to cede vast portions of their aboriginal

territory. The reservations were intended to restrict

the Tribes’ traditional access to the land and

natural resources.” (3)

In April 1872, U.S. President Grant issued an

Figure 1 - Traditional Territories (2)

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Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation

Wetland Program Plan 2024-2029

executive order establishing the Colville Indian Reservation with associated rights and

protections, spanning over 2.8 million acres of land for the Methow, Okanogan, San Poil, Lakes,

Colville, Kalispell, Spokane, Coeur d’Alene, and others who were not part of any treaty.

However, in July of the same year, the boundaries of the Reservation were altered by another

executive order that removed the portion of land between the Okanogan River and the Cascade

Mountains (Methow Valley) and the portion between the Columbia and Pend Oreille River

(Columbia Valley) (3).

In 1873, President Grant set apart some of the Wallowa Valley for the Nez Perce tribe; yet, a

mistake in the executive order granted them the land already occupied by settlers – north of the

baseline instead of south. The settlers' investments were even assessed for buyout, but after two

years of bureaucratic deliberations, during which more settlers moved in, the Nez Perce were

forced out of the Wallowa Valley (4). In 1877, Chief Joseph and a band of Nez Perce people who

refused relocation to the Nez Perce Reservation were pursued by the U.S. Army for nearly 1,200

miles to the Bear Paw Mountains near the Canadian border (5). After the Bear Paw Battle, the

tribal members who were captured were sent to Fort Leavenworth in Kansas for one year, then

transported by railway to Baxter Springs and marched to Oklahoma, where they stayed for seven

years. They were then taken to Wallula, WA and later to Nespelem, WA (5).

Executive orders issued on two separate occasions in 1879 and 1880 set aside two tracts of

land between the Canadian border and the present-day city of Wenatchee, south of the Okanogan

River, for the Chief Moses bands, which included the Columbia, Chelan, Entiat, and Wenatchee

tribes (3). In 1883, the Moses-Columbia Reservation was reverted into public land, and in 1884,

Chief Moses agreed to move to the Colville Reservation (2). In 1885, Chief Moses invited Chief

Joseph to settle on the Colville Reservation, where he lived until his death in 1904 (3).

The northern half of the Colville Reservation, divided at approximately 48° 29’ N, was taken

by the US in an Act of Congress in 1892 (2). With the 1872 creation of the Colville Reservation

the sx̌yʔiɬp (Colville) territory was cut in half (2). When the north half was returned to public

domain in 1892 the sx̌yʔiɬp lost another quarter of their land, including Kettle Falls and the

snʕáyckst (Lakes) people were forced to relocate to the south or take allotments (2).

In spite of colonial efforts to dispossess people of the land, the people of the Confederated

Tribes of the Colville Reservation maintain spiritual, cultural, and management connections in

the Traditional Territories of the twelve constituent tribes. It is also crucial to honor the

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Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation

Wetland Program Plan 2024-2029

continuing relationship of the people within the ecology of place on the contemporary Colville

Reservation with a robust, holistic, and sovereign Natural Resources program. With lands

extending from the Columbia River to the east and south and the Okanogan River to the west, the

Reservation measures approximately 70 miles from east to west and 35 miles from north to

south. Encompassing 1.4 million acres with diverse ecosystems including areas in the Northern

Rockies and Columbia Plateau Ecoregions [Figure 2] the exterior boundary of the Colville

Reservation contains 20,441 acres of National Wetland Inventory mapped wetland ecosystem in

5,922 distinct wetlands.

Figure 2 - Map indicating location of the Colville Reservation and Ecoregions within the Reservation Boundary

The Northern Rockies Ecoregion is composed of high elevation mountain ranges with

interspersed valleys (6). There is relatively little developed land through this large ecoregion (7).

A portion of the Northern Rockies Ecoregion coincides with USDA Major Land Resource Area

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Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation

Wetland Program Plan 2024-2029

(MLRA) 43A – Northern Rocky Mountains, a subsection of Land Resource Region (LRR) E –

Rocky Mountain Range and Forest Region (8).

The physiography of the Northern Rockies Ecoregion consists of geologically diverse

mountain ranges comprised of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks (9). During the

Pleistocene period (1,800,000 to 11,400 years ago), the region was extensively glaciated. The

glaciers carved mountains and wide, U-shaped valleys with rivers and streams meandering

across these valley bottoms (10).

Precipitation in the Northern Rockies Ecoregion results primarily from orographic lifting of

air masses over the mountains, forcing moisture to precipitate. The amount of precipitation

varies widely across the Northern Rockies Ecoregion, with the western slopes receiving

considerably more precipitation than the eastern slopes (8).

Timber harvesting, wildfires, and insects are major drivers of disturbance in the Northern

Rockies Ecoregion. Timber harvesting has been a significant economic activity in the region for

over a century (6). Multiple ecological and anthropogenic factors control the magnitude of

disturbance resulting from timber harvest, including site conditions (slope, aspect, soil type, etc.),

harvest prescription, and harvest methodology. Insect-caused mortality, such as that caused by

the pine beetle epidemic, is another significant disturbance regime in forested areas of the region

(10). Wildfires play a critical role in maintaining the health of forest ecosystems, but have, in

many cases, become destructive. The history of fire suppression policies in the Northern Rockies

Ecoregion, aimed at protecting human settlements, infrastructure, and timber resources, has led

to the accumulation of excessive fuels; making forest stands more prone to larger, higherseverity fires (8). As the climate continues to warm, the incidence of mega fires is expected to

increase, threatening ecological integrity and human safety (10).

Water is a critical natural resource in the Northern Rockies Ecoregion, providing for cultural

uses, fish and wildlife habitat, drinking water and domestic human uses, and irrigation for

farming. Wetlands are also an essential component of the ecoregion, providing important

ecosystem functions such as water filtration and flood control (9). Logging in the region can

have significant impacts on wetlands by altering landscape hydrology and water quality (6).

Climate change is also expected to have significant impacts on the Northern Rockies

Ecoregion. Rising temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns are likely to alter the

distribution and abundance of plant and animal species and community structure, leading to

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Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation

Wetland Program Plan 2024-2029

changes in ecosystem function (6). These changes will have cascading effects on ecosystem

services, such as carbon storage and water filtration, and on human activities, such as recreation

and agriculture (9).

The Columbia Plateau Ecoregion is associated with sagebrush steppe and grassland

ecosystems. A portion of the Columbia Plateau Ecoregion coincides with USDA Major Land

Resource Area (MLRA) 7 — Columbia Basin, a subsection of Land Resource Region (LRR) B

— Northwestern Wheat and Range Region (12). Three major language groups and twelve Tribal

tradition lineages are represented in the Colville Confederated Tribes, and many of the people

rely on the Columbia Plateau Region's natural resources for cultural foods and Columbia Plateau

plants such as balsamroot, yarrow, and bitterroot are used for medicinal purposes (13). The

region is also home to numerous species of wildlife including mule deer, bighorn sheep, and sage

grouse (14). Access to and protection of these resources is important both on the Reservation and

in Traditional Territories.

The physiography of the Columbia Plateau Ecoregion is characterized by rolling hills and flat

plains. This region was formed by a combination of Miocene basalt flows and erosion (15).

Glacial Lake Missoula, a prehistoric lake that formed during the last ice age, carved out the

region's coulees and canyons (16). These geological features have influenced the region's unique

landscape and ecological diversity.

Sagebrush steppe, a type of vegetation dominated by sagebrush, is a common plant

community found in the Columbia Plateau Ecoregion. This vegetation type is adapted to the

region's dry climate and low annual precipitation, which averages around 8-12 inches (17).

Water availability is a limiting factor for this ecosystem, and as such, wetlands are essential to

the region's hydrology. Wetlands in the Columbia Plateau Ecoregion provide important

ecological services such as water filtration, water retention, wildlife habitat, and flood control

(18). These wetlands have been greatly impacted by agricultural and livestock activities.

Irrigation has resulted in the loss of wetlands due to drainage and land conversion (19).

Livestock grazing can also lead to changes in the hydrology and nutrient cycling of wetland

ecosystems (20).

Due to notable climatic and landscape differences between the ecoregions of the Reservation,

USACE Wetland Delineation regional supplements for the Arid West Region as well as the

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Wetland Program Plan 2024-2029

Western Mountains, Valleys, and Coasts Region are applicable in different portions of the

Reservation.

II. GOAL STATEMENT AND OBJECTIVES

The CTCR Wetland Program Plan serves as a guiding document for a sustainable wetland

management program that actively involves the Tribal Membership and ensures continuity

beyond individual efforts. Such sustainability will be achieved with long-term strategies toward

wetland conservation informed by EPA’s Core Elements Framework. Emphasizing the

knowledge systems of CTCR Tribal Members and utilizing a science-based approach, regularly

assessing the state of wetland ecosystems on the Colville Reservation and in Traditional

Territories, practitioners will promote collaborative management and community engagement to

maintain and improve the ecological health of wetland ecosystems. This goal will be supported

by emphasizing objectives in ecological integrity, climate resilience, environmental justice, and

applicability.

HOLISTIC GOAL

The CTCR Comprehensive Plan 2020-2040 illuminates the challenges of resource

management in the face of colonial economic systems:

“Since the imposition of colonization, the challenges to Community-based Tribal

Economies to adjust to the political and cultural constructs of Privatization and

Capitalism of the Western Economy have continuously undermined Tribal efforts.

At the foundation of Western Economics is private ownership and the

landowner’s ability to capitalize on the resources available.” (3)

In place of individual private land ownership the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) holds a Trust

Responsibility obligated to land management in the interest of members of the Colville

Confederated Tribes through BIA Forestry and BIA Land Operations (Range). Following the

resources-as-capital ethos has played a pivotal role in shaping the landscape of BIA resource

management on the Colville Reservation, often to the detriment of holistic objectives and the

quality of life on the Reservation. As documented in the CTCR Hydrology Report (21) over the

last century forest harvest activities, including loss of large woody debris, loss of canopy cover

in riparian areas, and sedimentation of streams have impacted nearly 90% of aquatic resources

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Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation

Wetland Program Plan 2024-2029

and roads, feral horses, and livestock have impacted 75% of aquatic resources on the Reservation

(21).

In 1996, the Colville Business Council,

the governing body of the Confederated

Tribes of the Colville Reservation, adopted

by Tribal Resolution, a Holistic Goal

[Figure 3] to guide CTCR and BIA natural

resource managers in Integrated Resource

Management. The CTCR Wetlands

Program Plan will hold wetland

conservation in the context of these holistic

goals, respecting Indigenous values,

acknowledging the impact of colonial

legacies, and striving to create a sustainable

future. Holistic Goal objectives of the

CTCR Wetland Program Plan include:



Figure 3 - Holistic Goals, Colville Business Council Resolution 1996 (21)

Quality of Life: Integrate wetland management into broader community goals to enhance

overall quality of life informed by cultural wellness, sovereignty, economic vitality, and

traditions



Future Resource Base: Ensure wetlands remain a sustainable place for gathering and

ceremony for future generations by providing wetland protection technical support to

Tribal enterprises



Integrated Resource Management: By actively participating in Integrated Resource

Management dialogue as outlined in the CTCR Integrated Resource Management Plan

(21) and Project Proposal Process (“3P”) the Wetlands Specialist will serve to preserve

wetland ecosystems while collaborating in innovative economic solutions.

ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY

Ecological integrity objectives support a sustainable CTCR Wetlands Program by protecting

the environmental, cultural, and economic interests of the Tribes. Preserving wetland ecosystems

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Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation

Wetland Program Plan 2024-2029

upholds cultural values by maintaining habitats integral to traditional practices and connections.

At the same time wetlands provide resources in support of local livelihoods. Ecological integrity

objectives of the CTCR Wetland Program Plan include:



Hydrological Connectivity: Ensure wetland systems maintain natural hydrological

connectivity and flow patterns to support their ecological health and water quality



Habitat Preservation: Preserve and restore wetland habitats to protect culturally

significant species and biodiversity



Water Quality and Quantity: Monitor and improve water quality and quantity within

wetland ecosystems to ensure clean and reliable water sources to support sustained

wetland hydrology as well as domestic, agricultural, and drinking water uses



Functions and Values: Conserve and enhance wetland functions and values, including

flood attenuation and nutrient cycling



No Net Loss: Maintain a “no net loss” policy to prevent wetland degradation or loss

CLIMATE RESILIENCE

Developing a Wetlands Program Plan through a climate resiliency lens is essential for

preserving both environmental and human well-being. Wetlands act as natural buffers against the

impacts of climate change by absorbing excess rainfall to recharge groundwater systems and

reducing risks associated with extreme weather events like flooding. Undisturbed wetlands also

contribute to carbon, methane and SO4 sequestration. Climate resiliency objectives of the CTCR

Wetland Program Plan include:



Retaining Water Resources: Promote strategies to retain water resources on the

landscape, contributing to both climate resilience and water availability



Greenhouse Gas Sequestration: Preserve wetlands’ potential to capture and mitigate Co2,

methane , and sulfate emissions



Adaptation Strategies: Preserving wetlands and springs as uniquely adaptable and

sustainable ecosystems in the face of climate change

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Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation

Wetland Program Plan 2024-2029

ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE

The CTCR Wetlands Program Plan strives to ensure equitable access for program engagement

and benefit, leading to more effective and community-centered solutions for wetland

conservation. Incorporating Environmental Justice objectives toward a sustainable Wetlands

Program goal will encourage a wider range of expertise and perspectives as well as active

participation and personal investment in wetland preservation. Environmental justice objectives

of the CTCR Wetland Program Plan include:



Community Engagement: Continue to integrate cultural and traditional connections to

wetlands in decision-making and management. When colonial management processes are

illuminated, actively work to dissolve disempowering structures and prioritize the

leadership of Tribal Members



Wetland Gathering Sites: Prioritize the preservation, protection, and enhancement, of

wetland gathering sites and culturally significant areas on the Colville Reservation and in

the Traditional Territories of the twelve constituent Tribes, ensuring access to food, fiber,

medicines, and ceremony



U.S. Federal Justice40 Initiative Alignment: Align the program with Justice40 Initiative

Categories and report back to U.S. Federal connections on effective or deficient Justice40

strategies to ensure environmental benefits to Tribal Members

APPLICABILITY

The success of wetland conservation goes beyond technical expertise and regulation. To

narrow the divide between knowledge and action in conservation, applicability objectives

emphasize the importance of addressing human factors. This involves promoting shifts in

attitudes toward ecologically responsible behavior, implementing educational programs, and

creating opportunities for policy advocacy among Tribal Members. This approach requires a

commitment to applicability by emphasizing communication and relationship-based approaches

at every level. By prioritizing the knowledge of place, ecology, and traditions as well as

aspirations of CTCR Tribal Members the CTCR Wetlands Program will continue to benefit from

deeper understanding and collaboration. Applicability objectives of the CTCR Wetland Program

Plan include:

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Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation



Wetland Program Plan 2024-2029

Address the Knowledge to Action Gap: Bridge the gap between technical knowledge and

practical application



Capacity Building: Develop and support training and workforce development initiatives

related to wetland management, restoration, and field science

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III. OVERALL PLAN TIMEFRAME

The CTCR Wetlands Program Plan for 2024-2029 outlines a six-year strategy aimed at

wetland program development to effectively manage and preserve wetlands. Employing a

structured methodology that relies on the strengths and aspirations of the Colville Confederated

Tribes Members’ wetland relationships and best available science will provide for long-term

wetlands conservation practice. The plan will continue to create a solid foundation for

sustainable management of wetland ecosystems through 2029 and beyond.

2024 Q1

 Outreach, Education, and Engagement: Partnership and Relationship Building

 Technical support for wetlands comments on permits and natural resources project

proposals

 Range Unit Review for 2024-2028 grazing cycle

 Participation in community initiated education and outreach events

 CTCR Wetland Monitoring and Assessment 2023 Year-End Reporting

2024 Q2

 Outreach, Education, and Engagement: Partnership and Relationship Building

 Technical support for wetlands comments on permits and natural resources project

proposals

 CTCR Wetland Monitoring and Assessment (GIS Analysis)

 Range Unit Review for 2024-2028 grazing cycle

 Review Wetlands WQ physical data and available literature

2024 Q3

 Outreach, Education, and Engagement: Partnership and Relationship Building

 Technical support for wetlands comments on permits and natural resources project

proposals

 CTCR Wetland Monitoring and Assessment (Field)

 SYEP (Summer Youth Employment Program) mentorship

 Participation in community initiated education and outreach events

2024 Q4

 Outreach, Education, and Engagement: Partnership and Relationship Building

 Technical support for wetlands comments on permits and natural resources project

proposals

 CTCR Wetland Monitoring and Assessment (Field)

 Year-end reporting to support watershed analysis, community presentation, and serve as

a component of CTCR Monitoring and Assessment 2023-2028 End Reporting

 Wetland Program and Funding Strategy Assessment

CTCR CBC Resolution 2024-756

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Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation

Wetland Program Plan 2024-2029

2025 Q1

 Outreach, Education, and Engagement: Partnership and Relationship Building

 Technical support for wetlands comments on permits and natural resources project

proposals

 Participation in community initiated education and outreach events

 CTCR Wetland Monitoring and Assessment 2024 Year-End Reporting

2025 Q2

 Outreach, Education, and Engagement: Partnership and Relationship Building

 Technical support for wetlands comments on permits and natural resources project

proposals

 CTCR Wetland Monitoring and Assessment (GIS Analysis)

 Review Wetlands WQ physical data and available literature

 Develop CTCR Wetlands Outreach and Education Plan

2025 Q3

 Outreach, Education, and Engagement: Partnership and Relationship Building

 Technical support for wetlands comments on permits and natural resources project

proposals

 CTCR Wetland Monitoring and Assessment (Field)

 SYEP (Summer Youth Employment Program) mentorship

 Participation in community initiated education and outreach events

 Literature review & field testing for potential wetland nutrient & bacteria monitoring

protocols

2025 Q4

 Outreach, Education, and Engagement: Partnership and Relationship Building

 Technical support for wetlands comments on permits and natural resources project

proposals

 CTCR Wetland Monitoring and Assessment (Field)

 Literature review & field testing for potential wetland nutrient & bacteria monitoring

protocols

 Year-end reporting to support watershed analysis, community presentation, and serve as

a component of CTCR Monitoring and Assessment 2023-2028 End Reporting

 Wetland Program and Funding Strategy Assessment

2026 Q1

 Outreach, Education, and Engagement: Partnership and Relationship Building

 Technical support for wetlands comments on permits and natural resources project

proposals

 Participation in community initiated education and outreach events

 Contribute wetland science, restoration, and protection materials, programming, and

event participation for Former Hinman Ranch environmental education planning and

activities

 CTCR Wetland Monitoring and Assessment 2025 Year-End Reporting

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Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation

Wetland Program Plan 2024-2029

2026 Q2

 Outreach, Education, and Engagement: Partnership and Relationship Building

 Technical support for wetlands comments on permits and natural resources project

proposals

 CTCR Wetland Monitoring and Assessment (GIS Analysis)

 Wetland WQ monitoring (physical parameters + nutrient and bacteria) QAPP

2026 Q3

 Outreach, Education, and Engagement: Partnership and Relationship Building

 technical support for wetlands comments on permits and natural resources project

proposals

 CTCR Wetland Monitoring and Assessment (Field)

 SYEP (Summer Youth Employment Program) mentorship

 Participation in community initiated education and outreach events

 Contribute wetland science, restoration, and protection materials, programming, and

event participation for Former Hinman Ranch environmental education planning and

activities

2026 Q4

 Outreach, Education, and Engagement: Partnership and Relationship Building

 Technical support for wetlands comments on permits and natural resources project

proposals

 CTCR Wetland Monitoring and Assessment (Field)

 Contribute wetland science, restoration, and protection materials, programming, and

event participation for Former Hinman Ranch environmental education planning and

activities

 Begin Rangeland Spring Development Assessment field testing, QAPP, and strategy

 Year-end reporting to support watershed analysis, community presentation, and serve as

a component of CTCR Monitoring and Assessment 2023-2028 End Reporting

 Wetland Program and Funding Strategy Assessment

2027 Q1

 Outreach, Education, and Engagement: Partnership and Relationship Building

 Technical support for wetlands comments on permits and natural resources project

proposals

 Participation in community initiated education and outreach events

 Contribute wetland science, restoration, and protection materials, programming, and

event participation for Former Hinman Ranch environmental education planning and

activities

 Enhance education modules: soils, vegetation, hydrology, and wetland land use history

curriculum

 CTCR Wetland Monitoring and Assessment 2026 Year-End Reporting

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Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation

Wetland Program Plan 2024-2029

2027 Q2

 Outreach, Education, and Engagement: Partnership and Relationship Building

 Technical support for wetlands comments on permits and natural resources project

proposals

 CTCR Wetland Monitoring and Assessment (GIS Analysis)

 Incorporate WQ monitoring into CTCR Wetland Monitoring and Assessment

 Enhance education modules: soils, vegetation, hydrology, and wetland land use history

curriculum

 Mapping, landscape level GIS analysis, and enhanced geodatabase for wetlands in

Traditional Territories

2027 Q3

 Outreach, Education, and Engagement: Partnership and Relationship Building

 Technical support for wetlands comments on permits and natural resources project

proposals

 CTCR Wetland Monitoring and Assessment (Field)

 SYEP (Summer Youth Employment Program) mentorship

 Participation in community initiated education and outreach events

 Contribute wetland science, restoration, and protection materials, programming, and

event participation for Former Hinman Ranch environmental education planning and

activities

 Incorporate WQ monitoring into CTCR Wetland Monitoring and Assessment

2027 Q4

 Outreach, Education, and Engagement: Partnership and Relationship Building

 Technical support for wetlands comments on permits and natural resources project

proposals

 CTCR Wetland Monitoring and Assessment (Field)

 Contribute wetland science, restoration, and protection materials, programming, and

event participation for Former Hinman Ranch environmental education planning and

activities

 Incorporate WQ monitoring into CTCR Wetland Monitoring and Assessment

 Finalize Rangeland Spring Development Assessment field testing, QAPP & strategy

 Year-end reporting to support watershed analysis, community presentation, and serve as

a component of CTCR Monitoring and Assessment 2023-2028 End Reporting

 Wetland Program and Funding Strategy Assessment

2028 Q1

 Outreach, Education, and Engagement: Partnership and Relationship Building

 Technical support for wetlands comments on permits and natural resources project

proposals

 Participation in community initiated education and outreach events

 Contribute wetland science, restoration, and protection materials, programming, and

event participation for Former Hinman Ranch environmental education planning and

activities

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Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation



Wetland Program Plan 2024-2029

Workforce Development Wetland Restoration Project feasibility inquiry

Relationship building with tribes, agencies, and NGOs working in wetland projects in

Traditional Territories

CTCR Monitoring and Assessment Year-End Reporting

Review WPP 2024-2029, develop WPP for 2030-2035

2028 Q2

 Outreach, Education, and Engagement: Partnership and Relationship Building

 Technical support for wetlands comments on permits and natural resources project

proposals

 CTCR Wetland Monitoring and Assessment (GIS Analysis)

 Incorporate WQ monitoring into CTCR Wetland Monitoring and Assessment

 Workforce Development Wetland Restoration project feasibility inquiry

 Relationship building with tribes, agencies, and NGOs working in wetland projects in

Traditional Territories

 Initiate Wetland Monitoring and Assessment QAPP/Monitoring Strategy 2029-2034

 Review WPP 2024-2029, develop WPP for 2030-2035

2028 Q3

 Outreach, Education, and Engagement: Partnership and Relationship Building

 Technical support for wetlands comments on permits and natural resources project

proposals

 CTCR Wetland Monitoring and Assessment (Field)

 SYEP (Summer Youth Employment Program) mentorship

 Participation in community initiated education and outreach events

 Contribute wetland science, restoration, and protection materials, programming, and

event participation for Former Hinman Ranch environmental education planning and

activities

 Incorporate WQ monitoring into CTCR Wetland Monitoring and Assessment

2028 Q4

 Outreach, Education, and Engagement: Partnership and Relationship Building

 Technical support for wetlands comments on permits and natural resources project

proposals

 CTCR Wetland Monitoring and Assessment (Field)

 Contribute wetland science, restoration, and protection materials, programming, and

event participation for Former Hinman Ranch environmental education planning and

activities

 Incorporate WQ monitoring into CTCR Wetland Monitoring and Assessment

 Initiate Rangeland Spring Development Assessment

 Relationship building with tribes, agencies, and NGOs working in wetland projects in

Traditional Territories

 Year-end reporting to support watershed analysis, community presentation, and serve as

a component of CTCR Monitoring and Assessment 2023-2028 End Reporting

 Wetland Program and Funding Strategy Assessment

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Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation

Wetland Program Plan 2024-2029

2029 Q1

 Outreach, Education, and Engagement: Partnership and Relationship Building

 Technical support for wetlands comments on permits and natural resources project

proposals

 Range Unit Review for 2029-2033 grazing cycle

 Participation in community initiated education and outreach events

 Contribute wetland science, restoration, and protection materials, programming, and

event participation for Former Hinman Ranch environmental education planning and

activities

 Relationship building with tribes, agencies, and NGOs working in wetland projects in

Traditional Territories

 CTCR Wetland Monitoring and Assessment 2023-2028 End Reporting

 Begin Wetland Monitoring and Assessment QAPP/Monitoring Strategy 2029-2034

2029 Q2

 Outreach, Education, and Engagement: Partnership and Relationship Building

 Technical support for wetlands comments on permits and natural resources project

proposals

 CTCR Wetland Monitoring and Assessment (GIS Analysis)

 Range Unit Review for 2029-2033 grazing cycle

 Relationship building with tribes, agencies, and NGOs working in wetland projects in

Traditional Territories

 CTCR Wetland Monitoring and Assessment 2023-2028 End Reporting

 Finalize Wetland Monitoring and Assessment QAPP/Monitoring Strategy 2029-2034

2029 Q3

 Outreach, Education, and Engagement: Partnership and Relationship Building

 Technical support for wetlands comments on permits and natural resources project

proposals

 CTCR Wetland Monitoring and Assessment (Field)

 SYEP (Summer Youth Employment Program) mentorship

 Participation in community initiated education and outreach events

 Contribute wetland science, restoration, and protection materials, programming, and

event participation for Former Hinman Ranch environmental education planning and

activities

 Initiate Workforce Development Wetland Restoration Project

 Review WPP 2024-2029, develop WPP for 2030-2035

2029 Q4

 Outreach, Education, and Engagement: Partnership and Relationship Building

 Technical support for wetlands comments on permits and natural resources project

proposals

 CTCR Wetland Monitoring and Assessment (Field)

Page 18 of 31

Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation



Wetland Program Plan 2024-2029

Contribute wetland science, restoration, and protection materials, programming, and

event participation for Former Hinman Ranch environmental education planning and

activities

Rangeland Spring Development Assessment

Workforce Development Wetland Restoration Project

Relationship building with tribes, agencies, and NGOs working in wetland projects in

Traditional Territories

Finalize WPP for 2030-2035

Page 19 of 31

Table 1. Timeline: Planned Actions by Quarter

Outreach, Education, and Engagement: Partnership and Relationship Building

technical support for wetlands comments on permits and natural resources project proposals

CTCR Wetland Monitoring and Assessment

Range Unit Review

SYEP (Summer Youth Employment Program) mentorship

Participation in community initiated education and outreach events

Review Wetlands WQ data plus wetland WQ lit review toward establishing thresholds

Develop CTCR Wetlands Outreach and Education Plan

Lit review & field testing for potential wetland nutrient & bacteria monitoring protocols

Hinman Environmental Education Site working group

Wetland WQ monitoring (physical parameters + nutrient and bacteria) QAPP

Incorporate WQ monitoring into CTCR Wetland Monitoring and Assessment

Wetland Program and Funding Strategy Assessment

Rangeland Spring Development Assessment

Enhance modules: soils, vegetation, hydrology, and wetland land use history curriculum

Mapping, landscape level GIS analysis, and enhanced geodatabase for wetlands in Traditional Territories

Workforce Development Wetland Restoration Project

Relationship building with tribes, agencies, and NGOs working in wetland projects in Traditional Territories

CTCR Monitoring and Assessment 2023-2028 End Reporting

Wetland Monitoring and Assessment QAPP/Monitoring Strategy 2029-2034

Review WPP 2024-2029, develop WPP for 2030-2035

Monitoring and Assessment

CTCR CBC Resolution 2024-756

Regulatory Activities

Voluntary Restoration and Protection

Water Quality Standards Future Program Development

Page 20 of 31

IV. CORE ELEMENTS FRAMEWORK

MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT

Monitoring and assessment activities will follow established protocols: USACE Wetland

Determination protocol for the appropriate region (Arid West or Western Mountains, Valleys,

and Coast) and Washington State Department of Ecology Wetland Rating System for Eastern

Washington. Over six field seasons, in years 2023 through 2028, the CTCR Wetlands Program

will collect and evaluate data from 120 randomly selected and 24 targeted wetland sites to

establish baseline extent and condition information for wetlands across the Reservation to be

used in watershed analysis and resource management. Annual review of wetlands monitoring

data will provide preliminary results in the identification of water quality patterns and thresholds

for water quality parameters in CTCR surface water wetlands, and aid in the identification of

potential reference sites for future wetland specific water quality standards establishment. Clear

assessment of monitoring data will reinforce recognition of land use factors that impact wetland

function and support regulatory updates and compliance monitoring for wetland protection under

CCT Law & Order Codes, National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), the Clean Water Act

(CWA), and other state and federal regulations.

REGULATORY ACTIVITIES

Multiple programs within CTCR and Bureau of Indian Affairs manage resources or activities

involving valuable wetland ecosystems: the Environmental Trust Department manages

reservation aquatic resources, Fish and Wildlife (F&W) manages terrestrial and aquatic habitat,

and History and Archeology (H&A) is specifically concerned with cultural resources, including

cultural plants and Traditional Cultural Properties (TPCs), many of which occur in and around

wetlands. BIA Forestry (Forestry) manages all Tribal Trust forestlands, BIA Land Operations

(Range) is responsible for range management (i.e. grazing permitting and soil and water resource

use) on all Tribal Trust lands, and BIA Reality & Leasing (Realty) manages range activities on

Allotments. Additionally, the Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS); Colville

Reservation, Okanogan County and Ferry County Conservation Districts; and the Washington

State University Extension Office work with Fee (private) landowners, allottees, and Tribal Trust

land managers regarding a variety of agricultural activities. Given the numerous programs

CTCR CBC Resolution 2024-756

Page 21 of 31

Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation

Wetland Program Plan 2024-2029

involved, and the multiple land ownership statuses, the availability of a dedicated Wetland

Specialist is critical to program direction regarding wetlands quantity and quality protections and

providing clear guidance to Tribal and BIA programs to reduce management conflicts.

Previously initiated Wetlands Program Plan components under the regulatory element will

continue including Range Unit Review, inquiry regarding jurisdictional and legal wetland

considerations in traditional territories, and technical support for comments on natural resources

project proposals and permit applications.

VOLUNTARY RESTORATION AND PROTECTION

The Wetland Specialist has revitalized a CTCR Wetlands Database based on data retrieved

from the US Fish & Wildlife National Wetlands Index and provides GIS Feature Class files to

CTCR and BIA resource management programs. Availability of the CTCR Wetlands Database

and associated GIS Feature Classes aids in responding to potential wetlands impacts and

monitoring changes over time. Continued updates based on aerial and on-ground identification of

unmapped wetlands or improper mapping of wetland extent is necessary for restoration and

protection measures.

The CTCR Wetlands Program includes outreach, education, and community engagement

under the voluntary restoration and protection core element for the sake of applicability.

Education in wetlands sciences and engagement in restoration initiatives will support collective

responsibility, advocacy, and participation in wetland conservation. The Wetland Specialist

works closely with the CTCR History and Archeology department, district community centers,

local schools and youth development workers, youth leaders, and community members to inform

Traditional Knowledge priorities of the Wetlands Program and identify needs to build program

capacity for community programming and environmental education. The Wetland Specialist will

also reach out to tribes, agencies, and NGOs in Traditional Territories to support wetlands

ecology study, protection, and restoration in Traditional Territories.

Beginning in the Monitoring and Assessment field seasons of FY24 the CTCR Wetlands

Program will appeal to the Colville Tribes’ Summer Youth Employment Program (SYEP) to

host two youth apprentices who will gain employment experience in environmental sciences and

in-depth understanding of wetlands restoration and protection to share with the community. In

FY25 the Wetland Specialist will develop a CTCR Wetlands Education and Outreach Plan

Page 22 of 31

Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation

Wetland Program Plan 2024-2029

including age and audience adaptable lesson plan modules in wetlands hydrology, soils,

vegetation and wetlands land-use history emphasizing the vital ecological role of wetlands. The

CTCR Wetlands Outreach, Education, and Engagement Plan will identify timelines for goals and

objectives as well as partnerships and potential funding sources for outreach in voluntary

restoration and protection efforts.

With initial feasibility inquiry beginning in Q1 of 2028 a Workforce Development Wetland

Restoration Project with an “earn and learn” methodology will serve as a comprehensive

approach to voluntary wetland protection and restoration. The Workforce Development Wetland

Restoration Project will promote holistic goals and environmental justice by providing members

of the Colville Confederated Tribes financial opportunity and training as well as participatory

investment in wetland ecological integrity.

WETLANDS WATER QUALITY STANDARDS

The Wetland Specialist works cooperatively with the Water Quality Program in CTCR’s

Environmental Trust Department under Treatment as State (TAS) (authorization received for

Section 106 in 1990, for Section 319 in 1991, and for Sections 303 and 401 in 2018). Annual

review of wetlands monitoring and assessment data will serve to identify wetland water quality

patterns and potential thresholds for water quality parameters of pH, EC (electrical conductivity),

DO (dissolved oxygen), and temperature in CTCR surface water. In FY25, the Wetland

Specialist will research and test valid field methods for monitoring nutrient loading (nitrogen and

phosphorus derivatives) in Reservation wetlands as well as develop capacity for potential off-site

lab processing of nutrient and bacterial water quality samples to develop further water quality

standards and compliance measures for CTCR wetlands especially related to areas agricultural

and forestry production. Review of water quality data will be used in evaluating CTCR water

quality standards for wetlands and as baseline data for watershed analysis to assess land-use

impacts and change over time.

Assessment of preliminary water quality parameter data recorded in the process of wetland

monitoring will serve to identify surface water wetlands exceeding established, general, CTCR

Water Quality Standards, and inform future efforts to analyze monitoring data to identify

patterns toward the establishment of water quality thresholds specific to wetlands. Phases of

integrating WQ testing into monitoring and assessment will have accompanying Quality

Page 23 of 31

Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation

Wetland Program Plan 2024-2029

Assurance Project Plans: WQ thresholds pH, EC (electrical conductivity), DO (dissolved

oxygen), and temperature; and then bacteria and nutrient loading measurements.

V. SPECIFIC ACTIONS TO ADVANCE EACH ELEMENT

MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT

 Wetland Monitoring and Assessment 2023-2028 (Field Assessment and Background

Analysis)

 Integration of physical and biological/nutrient water quality monitoring in monitoring and

assessment protocol

 Rangeland Spring Development Assessment

 Wetland Monitoring and Assessment 2029-2034 QAPP & Strategy

 Mapping, landscape level GIS analysis, and enhanced geodatabase for wetlands in

Traditional Territories

REGULATORY ACTIVITIES

 Range Unit Review

 Technical support for comments on natural resources project proposals and permit

applications

VOLUNTARY RESTORATION AND PROTECTION

 SYEP (Summer Youth Employment Program) mentorship

 CTCR Wetlands Outreach, Education, and Engagement Plan including enhanced

modules in soils, vegetation, hydrology and wetland land use history curriculum

 Outreach, Education, and Engagement: Partnership and Relationship Building

 Former Hinman Ranch Environmental Education Site

 Workforce Development Wetland Restoration Project

WETLANDS WATER QUALITY STANDARDS

 Literature review and field testing for physical and biological/nutrient wetlands water

quality testing

 Analysis of physical and biological/nutrient wetlands water quality criteria toward

codifying thresholds

Page 24 of 31

Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation

Wetland Program Plan 2024-2029

VI. SCHEDULE AND METRICS FOR TRACKING EACH ACTION

MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT

Mapping, landscape level

GIS analysis, and

enhanced geodatabase

for wetlands in

Traditional Territories

Wetland Monitoring

and Assessment

2029-2034 QAPP &

Strategy

Rangeland

Spring

Development

Assessment

CTCR

Wetland

Monitoring

and

Assessment

2023-2028

ACTION

SCHEDULE

GIS Analysis (Q2)

& Field Assessments (Q3 & Q4)

2024, 2025, 2026, 2027, & 2028

METRIC

Wetland determination and condition assessment

(Eastern WA Wetlands Rating Protocol) for 20 sites

per year across the Reservation plus 4 targeted sites

in the Upper San Poil RMU

Annual data and reporting incorporated into CTCR

Watershed Analysis

(Q3 & Q4) 2027 & 2028

Integration of physical and

biological/nutrient water quality

(WQ) testing in monitoring and

assessment protocol

Implement WQ monitoring according to Wetland

WQ monitoring (physical parameters + nutrient and

bacteria) QAPP established under the Water Quality

Standards Core Element (2026)

(Q1 & Q2) 2029

Monitoring and Assessment 20232028 End Reporting

Evaluate monitoring and assessment protocols,

obstacles, and lessons learned

(Q4) 2026 & 2027

Rangeland Spring Development

Assessment field testing, QAPP, and

Strategy

(Q4) 2028

Field Assessments

(Q1 & Q2) 2029

Wetland Monitoring and Assessment

2029-2034 QAPP & Strategy

document development

2023-2028 Wetland Monitoring and Assessment

Report (and associated data) submitted to CTCR

Watershed Analyst, CTCR Environmental Trust

Department

QAPP and monitoring Strategy submitted, reviewed

and accepted by EPA

Initiate Rangeland Spring Development Assessment

protocol

Incorporate lessons learned from 2023-2029

Wetland Monitoring and Assessment report

Evaluate capacity for [Level 3] intensive monitoring

QAPP and Monitoring Strategy submitted, reviewed

and accepted by EPA

(Q2) 2027

Geodatabase development, mapping

(Q2) 2027

Assess possibilities of 2028

Traditional Territories’ wetlands

relationships

Maps to Traditional territories Team, CTCR History

and Archelogy

Geodatabase available with ESRI online portal

access

Contact made to potential resources and

collaborators in Traditional territories

Page 25 of 31

Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation

Wetland Program Plan 2024-2029

REGULATORY ACTIVITIES

technical support for

comments on natural

resources project

proposals and permit

applications

Range Unit

Review

ACTION

SCHEDULE

(Q1 & Q2) 2024 & 2029

Range Unit Review for 5 year

grazing cycle permitting renewal

METRIC

Provide rangeland aquatic resource extent and

condition documentation and advisory to Bureau of

Indian Affairs Land Operations (Range) and

Integrated Resource Management teams

Ongoing, as proposals and/or

permit applications are posted

Timely submission of wetland extent and condition

comments and advisory (often requiring field

assessment/consultation)

Page 26 of 31

Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation

Wetland Program Plan 2024-2029

SCHEDULE

METRIC

(Q3, potentially extended by

intern schedules)

2024, 2025, 2026, 2027, & 2028

Two youth interns working with

the Wetland Specialist and other

Natural Resources leaders in the

CTCR Environmental Trust

Department

Interns are familiar with basic wetland delineation &

condition assessment as well as employment opportunities

in Natural Resources

Relationship

building and

facilitation for

consultation with

tribes, agencies,

and NGOs working

in wetland projects

in Traditional

Territories

Workforce

Development Wetland

Restoration Project

Former Hinman

Ranch

Environmental

Education Site

CTCR Wetlands Outreach, Education, and

Engagement Plan

ACTION

SYEP (Summer

Youth Employment

Program) mentorship

VOLUNTARY RESTORATION AND PROTECTION

-OngoingOutreach, Education, and

Engagement: Partnership and

Relationship Building

(Q2) 2025

Develop and implement

Outreach, Education, and

Engagement Plan

(Q1 & Q2) 2027

Enhance modules: soils,

vegetation, hydrology, and

wetland land use history

curriculum

(Q1) 2026 and thereafter ongoing

Contribute wetland science,

restoration, and protection

materials, programming, and

event participation for Former

Hinman Ranch environmental

education planning and activities

(Q1 & Q2) 2028

Feasibility inquiry and capacity

building for a restoration projects

to serve as a workforce

development project through

“earn and learn” models

(Q3 & Q4) 2029

Workforce Development

Wetland Restoration Project

(Q1, Q2, & Q4) 2028 & 2009

Relationship building toward

wetland protection and

restoration in Traditional

Territories

Feedback from the CTCR Youth Development Program

community feedback

Submitted, reviewed, and approved by EPA Technical

Advisor

Distribute to CTCR Departments and Partners

Initiate actions identified in the Outreach, Education, and

Engagement Plan

Present modules in various age groups and settings. Make

modules available to educators and community leaders.

Demonstrated community accessibility and use

Partner and community feedback

Contact made with wetland restoration specialists familiar

with workforce training restoration models

Identify potential workforce training wetland restoration

sites

Identify avenues for participation

Initiate Workforce Development Wetland Restoration

Project

Review 2027 Traditional Territories wetland maps and

priorities of the CTCR History and Archeology Traditional

Territories team

Contact representatives from tribes, agencies, and NGOs

working in wetland preservation and restoration in

Traditional Territories

Page 27 of 31

Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation

Wetland Program Plan 2024-2029

WETLANDS WATER QUALITY STANDARDS

Analysis of physical and

biological/nutrient water

quality wetlands water quality

toward codifying thresholds

Lit review and field

testing for physical and

biological/nutrient

wetlands water quality

testing

ACTION

Review WPP

2024-2029,

develop WPP for

2030-2035

ACTION

SCHEDULE

(Q2) 2024 & (Q2) 2025

Review Wetlands WQ physical data

and available literature and field test

available methods

(Q3 & Q4) 2025

Review Wetlands WQ

biological/nutrient data and available

literature and field test available

methods

(Q2) 2026

Develop Wetland Physical, Nutrient,

and Biological Water Quality (WQ)

Monitoring and Assessment QAPP &

Monitoring Strategy

(Q2) 2026

Codify CTCR Wetland Physical,

Nutrient, and Biological Water

Quality (WQ) thresholds

SCHEDULE

(Q3 & Q4) 2029

Evaluate actions and outcomes for

CTCR Wetlands Program Plan 20242029

(Q3 & Q4) 2029

Develop and submit CTCR Wetlands

Program Plan 2030-2035

METRIC

Report to CTCR Watershed Analyst, CTCR

Watershed Manager, and CTCR Water Operations

Supervisor: established physical wetlands WQ

criteria monitoring guidelines and field findings

toward establishing wetland specific thresholds

Report to CTCR Watershed Analyst, CTCR

Watershed Manager, and CTCR Water Operations

Supervisor: established biological/nutrient wetlands

WQ criteria monitoring guidelines and field findings

toward establishing wetland specific thresholds

QAPP and Monitoring Strategy submitted,

reviewed, and accepted by EPA

Addendum to CTCR Wetland Monitoring and

Assessment 2023-2028 to include WQ monitoring

and assessment

Provide CTCR Wetland Physical, Nutrient, and

Biological Water Quality (WQ) thresholds to CTCR

Watershed Manager for CCT Code amendment

inquiry

METRIC

Report WPP 2024-2029 outcomes, obstacles, and

lessons learned to CTCR Watershed Analyst

CTCR Wetlands Program Plan 2030-2035submitted,

reviewed, and accepted by EPA

VII. RELEVANT PARTNERSHIPS

CTCR Environmental Trust Department and the Wetlands Program work in partnership with

multiple CTCR and BIA programs on the Colville Reservation. Partnerships with the BIA and

other programs and departments provide additional collaboration that support task achievements

and improve the overall capacity of the CTCR to manage, protect and restore wetlands. The

Wetland Specialist engages in information exchange and technical expertise as well as integrated

resource management planning with BIA Reality & Leasing, Range, and Forestry programs

along with CTCR Fish & Wildlife and History & Archeology programs.

Page 28 of 31

Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation

Wetland Program Plan 2024-2029

The Wetland Specialist attends Washington State Wetland Monitoring and Assessment Work

Group meetings and participates in EPA’s Region 10 supported Pacific Northwest Tribal

Wetlands Working Group (PNW TWIG) as well as the international Indigenous Phenology

Network with members from USGS, NASA, NOAA, US National Park Service, and academic

and NGO representatives. CTCR Environmental Trust maintains membership in the National

Association of Wetlands Managers (formerly Association of State Wetland Managers) and the

Wetland Specialist attends webinars and monthly meetings promoting capacity building for the

CTCR and collaboration in cultivation of a national wetlands protection ethic. Reservation

wetlands were included in the 2021 EPA National Wetland Condition Assessment and NWCA

team members have provided plant identification resources to the Wetland Program. Amy

Yahnke of the Washington State Department of Ecology provided training and guidance to the

Wetland Specialist as well as extended members of the CTCR Environmental Trust Department

and CTCR/BIA Integrated Resource Management Program team. In addition to monitoring and

assessment expertise, this partnership will serve to provide common experience and language to

Reservation resource managers to the benefit of wetland protection. The Wetland Specialist will

continue to build relationships with tribes, agencies, and NGOs working in wetland projects in

Traditional Territories.

VIII. FUNDING STRATEGY

The CTCR Wetlands Program Plan is committed to the sustainable management and

conservation of wetland ecosystems while enhancing opportunities for Tribal Member and

community involvement in conservation efforts. The writing of this plan was supported by

EPA’s Wetland Program Development Grant (EPA-REG10-WPDG-22-01) The CTCR Wetlands

Program will continue to rely on WPDG funding for program development while seeking

additional resources for targeted initiatives in Education, Outreach, and Engagement, Wetlands

Restoration Workforce Development, and Climate Adaptation. The Wetland Specialist will

continue to attend National Association of Wetland Managers webinars regarding sustainable

funding for wetlands programs to better strategize funding potentials.

Page 29 of 31

Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation

Wetland Program Plan 2024-2029

Works Cited

1. Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation. Press Release. Nespelem, WA : s.n., December 7,

2020.

2. Johnson, Trisha. Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation: A Breif History. [Online] CTCR

History and Archaeology Program, June 16, 2021.

3. Colville Confederated Tribes Planning. Comprehensive Plan 2020-2040. Nespelem, WA : s.n., 2020.

Strategic Plan.

4. Nez Perce Wallowa Homeland. Nez Perce Wallowa Homeland: Forced Relocation and War & After

the War. Nez Perce Wallowa Homeland. [Online] https://www.wallowanezperce.org/.

5. McNeel, Jack. Wallowa embrace heritage with gathering. Indian Country Today. [Online] September

12, 2018. https://ictnews.org/archive/wallowa-embrace-heritage-with-gathering.

6. Johnson, N. and A. Hansen. Northern Rockies Ecoregion. Wildfire and Water Quality: Processes,

Impacts and Challenges. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2009, pp. 77-94.

7. Taylor, Janis L. Northern Rockies Ecoregion; Status and Trends of Land Changes in the United States

1973-2000. Sleeter, Benjamin M., Tamera S. Wilson, and William Acevedo, editors. s.l. : United States

Geological Survey, 2012. pp. 85-93, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1794-A.

8. Rangeland Ecosystem Services in the Northern Rocky Mountain Region of the United States. Morton,

J.M., A.V. Konovalov, D.F.Potts, and R.L. Lawrence. 5, Rangeland Ecology and Management, Vol. 67, pp.

537-550.

9. Leopold, L.B., E.E. Wohl, D. Fitzgerald. Bedrock geology and geomorphology of the Northern Rockies

Ecoregion. Wildlife-Habitat Relationships in Oregon and Washington. Corvallis, OR : Oregon State

University Press, 1999.

10. McDonald, G.I., T.J. Frest, and J. Lichthardt. Biodiversity of the Northern Rocky Mountains

Ecoregion. Fire Ecology and Management of the Major Ecosystems of Southern Utah. Logan, UT : Utah

State University Press, 2011, pp. 133-147.

11. Sleeter, Benjamin M. Columbia Plateau; Status and Trends of Land Change in the Western United

States - 1973 to 2000. Sleeter, Benjamin M., Tamera S. Wilson, and William Acevedo. s.l. : United States

Geological Survey, 2012. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1794.

12. NRCS, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Land Resource Regions and Major Land Resource

Areas by Ecological Region. [Online] 2018. [Cited: April 13, 2023.]

https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/national/technical/landuse/?cid=nrcs143_02357

Page 30 of 31

Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation

Wetland Program Plan 2024-2029

13. Ethnobotany and agrostology of bitterroot valley Salish. Kerns, B.K., Shoviak, M.J, and B.A. Roberts.

2, 2004, Journal of Ethnobiology, Vol. 24, pp. 231-286.

14. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Final Rule To List the Gunnison Sage-grouse as

Threatened. USFWS, US Fish & Wildlife Service. 2013, Federal Register, Vol. 78(101). 29990-30051.

15. USDA, Unided States Department of Agriculture. The Columbia Plateau - Soil and Vegetation.

[Online] 2015. [Cited: April 13, 2023.]

https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/or/home/?cid=nrcs143_013696.

16. Bjornstad, B.N. On the Trail of the Ice Age Floods: A Geological Field Guide to the Mid-Columbia

Basin. s.l. : Keokee Books, 2002.

17. Habitat selection and conservation of the greater sage-grouse: A review and synthesis. Litvaitis, J. A.

and S.L. Western North American Naturalist, Vol. 66(2), pp. 157-175.

18. USACE, US Army Corps of Engineers. Wetlands. [Online] 2018. [Cited: April 23, 2023.]

https://www.nwp.usace.army.mil/environmental/wetlands/.

19. Sustainability and resilience in river ecosystems: The role of wetlands in adapting to climate change.

Garabedian, S. P., V. Shandas, & C.L. Kling. 2010, Ecological Economics, Vol. 69(5), pp. 960-972.

20. Livestock grazing impacts on wetland physical and biotic characteristics. Cox, S. E., J. Osterberg and

D.A. Haukos. 2011, Wetlands, Vol. 31(2), pp. 373-383.

Page 31 of 31

This is a copy of a public record, reproduced as it was published. It is not legal advice, and it may not be the version a court would rely on. Check the official source before you cite it.