Integrated Solid Waste (2024)
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Integrated Solid Waste
Management Plan 2024
NovePEHU4
CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF COOS, LOWER UMPQUA, AND SIUSLAW
INDIANS
INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN
Coos Bay, Oregon
Prepared for
Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians
Prepared by
RIDOLFI Inc.
November 2024
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan (ISWMP) was prepared to guide and support the
Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians (CTCLUSI or Tribes) in
maintaining and improving environmental quality and reducing costs through proper
management of solid waste. It is designed to provide a strategic approach that will allow the
Tribes to answer three basic questions about solid waste management: (1) Where are we now?
(2) Where do we want to go? (3) How do we get there?
This ISWMP contains information needed to answer the first question. The Strategic
Implementation Plan provided in Appendix F is a critical part of the ISWMP providing the
structure, framework, and guidance for the Tribes to answer the second and third questions.
This ISWMP builds on the previous ISWMP that the Tribes developed in 2013, and considers
changes in the Tribes’ population, land base, facilities, and enterprises. It considers changes in
Oregon state laws and policies and changes in available waste management options and costs
associated with solid waste collection, handling, and disposal.
The Strategic Implementation Plan (Appendix F) provides a relatively simple and useful roadmap
that will guide the Tribes during the next five years (2024 – 2028) as they endeavor to
implement initiatives to support the accomplishments of the Tribes’ solid waste management
goals.
The objective of this ISWMP is to maintain and improve Tribal environmental quality and reduce
costs through proper management of solid waste. To support the Tribes’ efforts to achieve this
objective, this ISWMP does the following:
1. Describes current waste management practices.
2. Identifies needs, challenges, and opportunities for improvement.
3. Recommends approaches to address needs and challenges to reduce waste
management costs and environmental impacts.
This ISWMP addresses three major categories of solid waste generators:
1. Tribal residents (in Tribally managed housing and private housing)
2. Tribal facilities (administrative offices, services, and infrastructure)
3. Tribal enterprises (casinos, golf course, and planned future developments)
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Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
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The ISWMP includes quantitative estimates of the types and quantity of waste being generated.
The estimates are based on waste stream composition studies conducted by Oregon
Department of Environmental Quality. Food waste, paper, and plastic are the largest categories
of waste generated by households and commercial businesses. The waste streams from Tribal
administrative offices and services are different in some respects but are probably similar in
composition.
Currently, the Tribes are paying multiple waste disposal companies to manage waste from
facilities and Tribal housing. The cost of waste management at the casinos, golf course, RV park,
and for individual Tribal members living outside Tribal housing areas are separate from the costs
being paid by the Tribes. Waste management costs for garbage disposal represent the largest
percentage of total waste management costs; therefore, diverting a portion of this waste stream
away from landfill to recycling or composting facilities could substantially reduce costs.
This ISWMP also provides projections of future solid waste quantities and costs, which are
anticipated to increase if active measures are not taken to reduce waste generation and divert
solid waste away from disposal and into recycling and composting. If per capita waste
generation rates remain close to current rates, CTCLUSI should expect its total residential waste
generation and associated disposal costs to increase by 25 percent in 10 years.
Conclusions and recommendations are provided in Section 9 and identify alternatives for waste
management aimed at reducing waste management costs and adverse environmental impacts.
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Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................... i
1.0
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.0
CTCLUSI TRUST LANDS AND FEE LANDS .................................................................................................. 4
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
3.0
History ......................................................................................................................................................... 4
Land Use ..................................................................................................................................................... 4
Demographics .......................................................................................................................................... 5
Residential.................................................................................................................................................. 5
Tribal Services ........................................................................................................................................... 6
Tribal Enterprises ..................................................................................................................................... 6
CURRENT SOLID WASTE GENERATION RATES AND COMPOSITION ............................................. 7
3.1
3.2
3.3
4.0
Goals and Objectives ............................................................................................................................. 1
Climate Change........................................................................................................................................ 1
Waste Generators.................................................................................................................................... 2
Residential.................................................................................................................................................. 8
Tribal Facilities .......................................................................................................................................... 9
Tribal Enterprises ...................................................................................................................................10
CURRENT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ............................................................................12
4.1
Oregon ......................................................................................................................................................12
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.2
Counties ....................................................................................................................................................13
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
4.2.5
4.3
4.4
4.5
5.0
Coos County..........................................................................................................................13
Curry County .........................................................................................................................13
Douglas County ...................................................................................................................13
Lane County ..........................................................................................................................14
Lincoln County .....................................................................................................................14
Tribal Departments Involved in Waste Management .............................................................14
Residential................................................................................................................................................16
Tribal Facilities ........................................................................................................................................18
4.5.1
4.5.2
4.5.3
4.6
Current Conditions .............................................................................................................12
Anticipated Changes ..........................................................................................................13
Coos Bay and Florence Tribal Administrative Offices ............................................18
Laboratory ..............................................................................................................................18
Dental Clinic ..........................................................................................................................19
Tribal Enterprises ...................................................................................................................................19
PROJECTED FUTURE WASTE GENERATION ............................................................................................20
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5.1
5.2
5.3
Residential................................................................................................................................................20
Tribal Facilities ........................................................................................................................................20
Tribal Enterprises ...................................................................................................................................21
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
6.0
WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPROVEMENT.......................22
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
7.0
Source Reduction ..................................................................................................................................22
Reuse .........................................................................................................................................................23
Recycling ..................................................................................................................................................23
Composting .............................................................................................................................................24
Landfill Disposal .....................................................................................................................................24
Incineration..............................................................................................................................................25
Backyard Burning ..................................................................................................................................25
Hazardous Waste Management ......................................................................................................26
PUBLIC OUTREACH AND EDUCATION......................................................................................................27
7.1
7.2
7.3
8.0
Florence Casino RV Parking Expansion .......................................................................21
Coos Head Development .................................................................................................21
Hanisiich Village...................................................................................................................21
Goals and Objectives ...........................................................................................................................27
Outreach Methods ................................................................................................................................27
Measuring Effectiveness .....................................................................................................................28
IMPLEMENTATION ...........................................................................................................................................29
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
Roles and Responsibilities of Tribal Personnel ..........................................................................29
Strategic Implementation Plan ........................................................................................................29
Resources and Funding Sources .....................................................................................................29
Recommendations for Waste Reduction and Diversion ........................................................30
8.4.1
Source Reduction ................................................................................................................30
8.4.1.1
8.4.1.2
8.4.1.3
8.4.2
Reuse .......................................................................................................................................31
8.4.2.1
8.4.2.2
8.4.2.3
8.4.3
CTCLUSI_ISWMP_Nov 2024
Residential Reuse ........................................................................................31
Reuse for Facilities ......................................................................................33
Reuse Methods for Enterprises ..............................................................33
Recycling ................................................................................................................................34
8.4.3.1
8.4.3.2
8.4.3.3
8.4.4
Residential Source Reduction Methods .............................................30
Government and Facilities Source Reduction Methods ...............30
Source Reduction Methods for Enterprises ......................................31
Residential Recycling .................................................................................34
Facilities Recycling ......................................................................................34
Enterprise Recycling ...................................................................................35
Composting ...........................................................................................................................35
Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians
Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
November 2024 Page iv
8.4.4.1
8.4.4.2
8.5
9.0
Residential Composting............................................................................35
Facilities and Enterprises Composting ................................................35
Cost Savings Opportunities from Waste Diversion and Reduction ...................................35
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..........................................................................................37
10.0 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................................39
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.
Location Map
Figure 2.
Tribal Properties and Solid Waste Management Facilities
Figure 4
Tribal Properties and Solid Waste Management Facilities, Coos Bay, Oregon
Figure 3.
Figure 5.
Tribal Properties and Solid Waste Management Facilities, Florence, Oregon
Tribal Properties and Solid Waste Management Facilities, Coos Head, Oregon
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.
Waste Categories Used in the Waste Stream Composition Analysis
Table 3.
Estimate of Waste Generation Quantities by Enterprise
Table 2.
Table 4.
Table 5.
Table 6.
Table 7.
CTCLUSI Residential and Commercial Waste Stream Generation and Composition
Estimate of Waste Stream Generation Quantities and Composition by Enterprise
CTCLUSI Residential Projected Growth
Projected Future Waste Generation due to Enterprise Expansion
Cost Savings Opportunities from Waste Diversion
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A.
Waste Reduction Tips for Hotels and Casinos
Appendix B.
Compostable Food Service
Appendix D.
Laboratory Waste Management Information
Appendix F.
Strategic Implementation Plan
Appendix C.
Appendix E.
Appendix G.
Appendix H.
CTCLUSI_ISWMP_Nov 2024
Composting Basics and Methods
Photographs from CTCLUSI Site Visit
Resources and Funding Sources
Responses to USEPA Review Comments
Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians
Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
November 2024 Page v
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
BIA
Bureau of Indian Affairs
CHAMP
Coos Head Area Master Plan
degrees F
degrees Fahrenheit
CTCLUSI
HUD
ISWMP
IHS
IT
ITEP
ODEQ
PRO
PSU
RV
SWAC
SWIFR
Tribes
USEPA
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Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
Indian Health Service
Information technology
Institute for Tribal Environmental Professionals
Oregon Department of Environmental Quality
Producer Responsibility Organization
Portland State University
Recreational Vehicle
Solid Waste Advisory Committee
Solid Waste Infrastructure for Recycling
Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians
Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
November 2024 Page vi
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan (ISWMP) was prepared to guide and support the
Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians (CTCLUSI or Tribes) in
maintaining and improving environmental quality through proper management of solid waste. It
is designed to provide a strategic approach that will allow the Tribes to answer three basic
questions about solid waste management: (1) Where are we now? (2) Where do we want to go?
(3) How do we get there?
This ISWMP builds on the previous ISWMP which the Tribes developed in 2013 (CTCLUSI, 2013),
and considers changes in the Tribes’ population, land base, facilities, and enterprises. It
considers changes in Oregon state laws and policies and changes in available waste
management options and costs associated with solid waste collection, handling, and disposal.
1.1
Goals and Objectives
The objective of this ISWMP is to maintain and improve Tribal environmental quality through
proper management of solid waste.
Goals that support and will lead to the accomplishment of this objective are:
•
Describe current waste management practices and challenges and identify potential
actions and initiatives to improve the current situation.
•
Identify waste management needs for Tribal facilities and residents, develop options,
and identify cost-effective approaches to address these needs.
•
Identify opportunities to reduce waste generation by promoting waste reduction and
diverting reusable, recyclable, and compostable materials out of the current waste
stream.
•
Review existing Tribal codes and regulations and recommend potential management
and enforcement measures to address illegal dumping and disposal of solid waste on
Tribal lands and properties.
1.2
Climate Change
There are several aspects of solid waste management that contribute to climate change, many of
which can be addressed and altered to lessen their impact. Hauling and disposal of solid waste
requires significant amounts of energy and releases harmful emissions into the atmosphere. The
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Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians
Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
November 2024 Page 1
equipment used to collect, haul, and handle solid waste is fueled by gasoline and diesel. Burning
these fuels in internal combustion engines releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases
into the atmosphere. These gases contribute to an increasingly dense atmosphere that holds
solar heat in the thin layer of air that surrounds the earth, increases global temperatures, and
contributes to adverse climate change. By reducing the volume of solid waste that must be
collected, hauled, and handled, emissions of these greenhouse gases can be reduced thus
reducing the adverse effects of climate change.
Greenhouse gases are emitted into the atmosphere whenever solid waste is burned in
incinerators, open dumps, and burn piles. Landfills also generate and emit methane gas as waste
decomposes. Due to its chemical composition, methane is 80 times more detrimental to the
atmosphere than an equal volume of carbon dioxide (MIT, 2023). By working to reduce solid
waste generation and to divert waste away from landfills and into composting or recycling
facilities, lower volumes of greenhouse gases will be released into the atmosphere, thus
reducing human impacts on climate change.
However, recycling and composting also have some climate change impacts, as they also require
hauling of waste to transfer stations and recycling and composting centers; therefore, reduction
of overall waste volumes by reducing consumption and increasing reuse and repair of used
goods is the best way to reduce climate change impacts.
Integrated solid waste management planning serves to develop systems that reduce waste
generation and allow for management of solid waste collection, handling, and disposal in a
more environmentally sound manner. Changing not only the waste disposal methods but
reducing the waste stream volume and composition is the most effective way to reduce climate
change impacts.
1.3
Waste Generators
This ISWMP addresses the waste generation from several sources within the Tribes’ traditional
territory, properties, and facilities. This section is organized by types of Tribal facilities,
properties, and areas.
•
Residences
o
Tribally owned housing
CTCLUSI_ISWMP_Nov 2024
Qa’aich Development (Florence)
Qaxas Heights (North Bend)
Tribal housing in Coos Bay
Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians
Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
November 2024 Page 2
o
•
Tribal facilities
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
•
Privately owned housing occupied by Tribal members
Tribal Hall and Community Center (Coos Bay)
Government Offices (Coos Bay)
Housing Department (Coos Bay)
Laboratory (Coos Bay)
Dental Clinic (Coos Bay)
Community Garden (Coos Bay)
Wastewater Treatment Plant (Florence)
Outreach Office (Florence)
Tribal enterprises
o
o
Three Rivers Casino (two locations: Florence and Coos Bay)
Golf Course (Florence)
During September 2023, a Ridolfi field team visited these locations to conduct reconnaissance
within the Tribes’ properties and facilities and obtain information from Tribal managers on waste
collection practices, goals for waste management, potential improvements, and future
expansion plans. Photographs from the Ridolfi field team site visit are included in Appendix E.
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Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
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2.0 CTCLUSI TRUST LANDS AND FEE LANDS
2.1
History
The history of the Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians (CTCLUSI) is
summarized in this section. A more detailed history is available at https://ctclusi.org/history/.
The CTCLUSI are made up of three Tribes that trace their ancestry to the aboriginal inhabitants
of what is now the South-Central Oregon Coast. The people lived in villages of cedar plank
houses along the Siuslaw, Umpqua, and Coos Rivers and moved seasonally for hunting, fishing,
and gathering, staying in seasonal camps.
Non-indigenous traders first came to the region in the early 1800s, followed by settlers. In 1855,
the U.S. government wrote a treaty with the Tribes that would allow U.S. settlers to occupy the
Tribes’ traditional lands, and would compensate the Tribes with food, clothing, employment,
education, and health benefits. The Tribes signed, but Congress failed to ratify the treaty and in
1856, the U.S. government forcibly incarcerated the Coos and Lower Umpqua people in a
military fort.
In 1860, the U.S. government forced the Tribes to move to a reservation in Yachats, give up their
traditional hunting, fishing, and gathering culture, and farm on land that was ill suited for
agriculture. During this period, 50 percent of the Tribal members died due to the harsh
conditions and disease.
In 1916, the Tribes established an elected Tribal government.
In 1941, the Bureau of Indian Affairs established a small set of Tribal facilities in Coos Bay,
including a Tribal Hall, offices, and clinic.
In 1954, the U.S. Government unilaterally terminated recognition of the Confederated Tribes. In
1984, federal recognition was restored.
2.2
Land Use
The lands of the CTCLUSI Ancestral Territory encompasses 1.6 million acres of lands at or
adjacent to the Pacific Ocean. The landscape ranges from beaches to coastal lakes to rivers to
dunes and forests. The area remains relatively low in population density and contains some of
North America’s most extensive forests. The region contains a diversity of natural resources for
industries such as mining, logging, fishing, agriculture, and tourism.
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Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
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Figure 1 through Figure 5 show CTCLUSI lands, including trust lands and fee lands. These lands
are spread across portions of the Tribes’ Ancestral Territory, but do not comprise a contiguous
reservation. The five counties of Coos, Curry, Douglas, Lane, and Lincoln comprise the FiveCounty Service Area in which CTCLUSI provides services to Tribal members.
The territory includes urban areas (Coos Bay, Reedsport, and Florence), rural areas with low
population density, and natural areas (forests, beaches, and other natural habitats).
2.3
Demographics
Of the 1,331 enrolled Tribal members, 733 live in Oregon, and 499 live in the Five-County Area
of Coos, Curry, Douglas, Lane, and Lincoln counties. Most members are concentrated in Coos
and Lane Counties (data provided by CTCLUSI, October 2023).
Location
Population
Oregon
733
All enrolled CTCLUSI members
1,331
Five-County Area
499
Coos County
223
Coos Bay
96
North Bend
90
Curry County
3
Douglas County
38
Lane County
209
Eugene
78
Springfield
54
Florence
32
Lincoln County
2.4
26
Residential
The Tribes own two residential housing developments known as Qa’aich and Qaxas Heights.
•
Qa’aich Development is located in Florence and consists of two fourplexes that provide
homes for approximately 11 residents.
•
Qaxas Heights is located in North Bend and consists of houses, duplexes, and fourplexes
that provide homes for approximately 65 residents.
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Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
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The Tribes owns a single residential property in Coos Bay (1370 Neese).
In addition, approximately 18 Tribal members live in housing provided by U.S. Department of
Housing Urban Development (HUD) consisting of four residential properties on Clay Street,
Harriet Street, and Flanagan Street in Coos Bay.
There are approximately 400 Tribal members in the Five-County Area who live in private
housing. This ISWMP addresses waste management practices and options for these members
who live in private housing. To provide a focused scope for evaluation and planning within the
Five-County Area, this ISWMP does not directly address waste management for Tribal members
who live outside the area; however, the guidance and recommendations in this ISWMP should
be shared with all Tribal members and will probably benefit Tribal members who live outside the
Five-County Area.
2.5
Tribal Services
Most Tribal services facilities are in Coos Bay. Tribal facilities in Coos Bay include the Tribal Hall
and Community Center, Tribal administrative offices, Housing Office, healthcare center, dental
clinic, laboratory, library, Plank House, and Community Garden. Tribal departments that operate
from facilities in Coos Bay include financial, health and human services, forest management,
facilities maintenance, information technology (IT), Tribal police and emergency management,
and department of culture and natural resources.
The Tribes hosts annual events and gatherings at the Coos Bay facilities. Additionally, the Tribes
operate an outreach center in Florence.
The Tribes also own a house at Coos Head that is currently not occupied but is designated as an
administration building.
2.6
Tribal Enterprises
The main Tribal enterprises are the Three Rivers Casino and Resort and the Ocean Dunes Golf
Links. The Casino has two locations. The larger casino is in Florence and includes a casino,
restaurants, 93 rooms for lodging, and recreational vehicle (RV) parking. The golf course is also
located in Florence. The newer, smaller casino is located in Coos Bay adjacent to the Tribal
Community Center. It does not include lodging but has a restaurant and gift shop.
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Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
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3.0 CURRENT SOLID WASTE GENERATION RATES AND COMPOSITION
The quantities of solid waste generated by the Tribes were estimated based on consultation with
the casino management, data from other casinos, and waste generation data compiled by the
Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (ODEQ).
ODEQ publishes an annual Oregon Material Recovery and Waste Generation Rates Report. The
most recent was published in 2023 with data from 2021 (ODEQ, 2023). It showed increased
waste generation compared to the previous year, and similar but somewhat reduced recovery
rates.
The solid waste from CTCLUSI sources can be divided into three major categories: residential
sources, Tribal facilities, and Tribal enterprises. The waste quantities from the enterprises (casino,
resort, and golf course) are estimated based on typical waste generation rates from similar
enterprises owned by other tribes. Waste quantities from residential sources are estimated
based on an estimated residential disposal rate of 0.32 tons per person per year (Cascadia,
2021). Waste quantities attributable to the Tribal facilities are estimated using the cost
information described in Section 4.5 of this report and typical costs per ton for waste
management. Table 2 summarizes the estimated waste quantities generated by each source.
These estimates are provisional, based on the data available, and may be revised if more specific
information including volumes and weight becomes available.
The recovery rate is defined as the percentage of waste that is recycled, composted, or burned
to generate energy. The statewide recovery rate in 2021 was 37.7 percent, down from 42.0
percent the previous year. The reduction is due in large part to large amounts of nonrecoverable
debris generated by wildfires in 2021 (ODEQ, 2023).
The most recent waste composition survey available for Oregon is from 2016 – 2017. 1 The most
relevant data to the CTCLUSI Five-County Area is the “Downstate” data that includes all counties
in the state except for the Portland metropolitan area. Table 1 describes the waste categories
used to classify solid waste. Table 2 uses data from the Oregon waste composition survey to
estimate the quantity of solid waste generated in each waste category from each source
(residential, facilities, enterprises, and self-haul).
1
In 2023 and 2024, ODEQ updated its waste composition study. Preliminary results were presented at a
conference but the data have not yet been published as of November 2024. A future revision of this
ISWMP could use the updated data. https://www.oregon.gov/deq/mm/Pages/Waste-CompositionStudy.aspx
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Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
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3.1
Residential
The chart below shows the types of solid waste generated from residential pickups and
transported to disposal facilities.
Metal - non-recyclable,
0.59%
Metal - recyclable,
2.89%
Electronics/Small
Appliances, 0.68%
Cardboard - recyclable,
2.31%
Other Inorganics,
10.46%
Paperrecyclable,
6.85%
Paper- non-recyclable,
10.06%
Glass, 3.11%
Plastic- recyclable,
3.83%
Carpets, textiles,
roofing, furniture,
insulation, 10.59%
Plastic - non-recyclable,
8.63%
Diapers, 8.91%
Tires and Rubber,
0.49%
Non-edible food scraps,
9.46%
Yard debris, 4.59%
Wood, 2.88%
Edible food, 13.72%
Food waste is the largest category (green) followed by paper and plastic (blue and purple).
Diapers (white) represent 9% of residential solid waste, a significant proportion. Glass and metal
are relatively small percentages of the total. Dirt, rocks, and pet litter are combined and
represent about 11% of residential solid waste, another significant proportion.
Recyclable materials (paper, plastic, glass, and metal) total approximately 20% of the solid waste
stream. Compostable materials (food, yard debris, and some wood waste—depending on its
condition) total approximately 30%.
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Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
November 2024 Page 8
Some residential waste is taken to self-haul facilities for disposal, rather than being picked up by
garbage collection trucks. The composition of this self-haul waste includes more wood, building
materials, and furniture. It contains less food waste, plastic, and paper compared to the
residential pickup waste (ODEQ, 2023). Some residential waste is burned in burn piles rather
than transported to disposal facilities. The composition of the waste being burned is similar to
the composition of self-hauled waste and includes wood, yard debris, and household garbage,
including plastics. Reducing the frequency of burning and the quantity of waste being burned is
a high priority of the Tribes.
3.2
Tribal Facilities
Based on ODEQ waste composition data, the composition of the solid waste stream from Tribal
facilities was estimated. These results are generally similar to the waste generated by
households; however, the facilities waste stream contains higher proportions of medical waste,
wood, and glass and lower proportions of diapers, yard debris, dirt, and rocks.
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Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
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Electronics/Small
Appliances, 0.98%
Metal - non-recyclable,
0.83%
Medical wastes, 2.37%
Other Inorganics,
3.57%
Metal - recyclable,
1.83%
Glass, 8.32%
Paperrecyclable,
5.60%
Cardboard - recyclable,
3.34%
Paper- non-recyclable,
10.44%
Plastic- recyclable,
4.27%
Carpets, textiles,
roofing, furniture,
miscellaneous, 9.24%
Plastic - non-recyclable,
10.36%
Diapers, 2.70%
Non-edible food scraps,
9.68%
Edible food, 11.73%
3.3
Yard debris, 1.55%
Wood, 12.78%
Tribal Enterprises
Information from a tribal casino and golf course in Washington State was used to estimate the
waste generation rates for the Casinos and Golf Course, and data from the ODEQ waste
composition survey was used to estimate waste stream composition. 2 These assumptions and
estimates are supported by observations and publicly available photographs of the casino, hotel,
and golf course from Google Maps and the casino’s website. Table 3 and Table 4 provide
estimates of the waste generation quantities and composition for each Tribal enterprise. The
casino's food and beverage director and controller reviewed and confirmed these estimates.
2
Average waste composition for commercial waste was used in the absence of site-specific data, and it
was assumed that the golf course would generate proportionally more yard waste and lawn clippings than
other types of waste.
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Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
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Landscaping of the golf course and gardens containing flowers, shrubs, and trees near the
parking area and outside the casino generates yard waste. The golf course plant clippings are
disposed of as compostable materials at the transfer station in Florence. The casino’s
landscaping service provider takes away the landscaping clippings for disposal. Specific
information regarding where this waste is disposed of was not available, but it is probably
combined with other plant clippings and composted.
Photographs of the restaurant show that they use reusable plates, silverware, napkins, and
glasses at the restaurant tables. Disposable plastic cups and straws and paper napkins are used
for drinks from the bar. Photographs of the hotel rooms show K-cup coffee brewing machines,
individually wrapped bars of soap, and other items that would generate non-recyclable trash.
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4.0 CURRENT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
4.1
Oregon
State authority over activities on Indian reservations is generally limited; however, tribes are
required to comply with federal laws and regulations. In the absence of specific federal laws and
regulations, tribes may, at their discretion, adopt or incorporate state laws and regulations to
address environmental issues.
ODEQ is the agency responsible for waste management in the State of Oregon. Oregon has
shifted its approach from “solid waste management” (focused on diverting waste from garbage
to recycling and composting) to “materials management” (a full lifecycle approach, including
reducing waste, promoting reuse, minimizing packaging, and substituting materials that have
less environmental impacts than alternatives).
4.1.1 Current Conditions
Currently, Oregon sets recycling goals for each “wasteshed” (county). Oregon law requires cities
with population over 4,000 people to provide a recycling program. Over 80% of the CTCLUSI
residents of the Five-County Area live in municipalities of over 4,000 people. Currently, different
counties and municipalities have different recycling programs that allow for recycling of
different materials, depending on the capabilities and preferences of recycling service providers.
One standard statewide recycling program is driven by the Oregon Bottle Bill, which establishes
collection programs for recycling of aluminum cans, glass, and plastic bottles and supports a
payment of 10 cents per bottle to encourage recovery. Compared to commingled recycling in
curbside bins or transfer stations, the bottle collection centers allow for more efficient recycling
since the incidence of contamination with other materials is minimized when bottles are
recycled alone. Two facilities in the CTLUSI service area are:
o
o
North Bend/Coos Bay Redemption Center - BottleDrop
Fred Meyer Florence - Partner Retailer Drop Location - BottleDrop
Smaller-scale bottle drop locations are located at local grocery stores throughout the Five-
County Area; however, these smaller bottle drop locations are often overcrowded, overloaded,
and inefficient.
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4.1.2 Anticipated Changes
Oregon passed the Plastic Pollution and Recycling Modernization Act in 2021. ODEQ is
conducting studies and preparing for the law to take effect in 2025. The law is intended to
promote recycling by expanding and standardizing the list of materials that can be recycled to
make it consistent statewide. The law aims to ensure that recycling is done responsibly to
address problems with materials being shipped overseas to unregulated facilities. The law
creates producer responsibility organizations (PROs) that are intended to incentivize waste
reduction (for example, changing food packaging to use less materials or less impactful
materials). Based on their waste production, the PROs will be required to provide funding to
local governments for recycling.
4.2
Counties
Waste management services vary by county as described in this section. Of the five counties,
only Lane County has a published Waste Management Plan (Good Company, 2019). The other
counties provide some resources and information on their websites.
4.2.1 Coos County
Coos County has a transfer site open Tuesday through Saturday for drop-off of trash and
recycling. Fees are charged based on the quantity and type of waste, with temporary fee waivers
granted periodically. For example, in Fall 2023, the facility waived fees for appliances and scrap
metal. Fee information is listed at https://www.co.coos.or.us/solid-waste/page/solid-waste-fees
The cities of Coos Bay and North Bend have trash and recyclable materials pickup but do not
collect yard waste or food waste for composting.
4.2.2 Curry County
Curry County has trash and recyclable materials pickup for residential and commercial
customers. Users can select various sizes of bins or dumpsters. Most areas have weekly pickup,
but collection is less frequent in some areas. Recyclable materials can be dropped off at transfer
stations at no charge. Disposal fees are charged for hazardous materials such as electronic
waste, tires, and batteries. https://www.currytransferrecycling.com/home/
4.2.3 Douglas County
Douglas County has transfer stations for the public to drop off trash, recyclable materials, and
yard waste (https://douglascountyor.gov/396/Solid-Waste).
Douglas County also has a Free Materials Exchange to help with reuse, recycling, and disposal of
materials such as cooking oil, antifreeze, scrap metal, batteries, building materials, light bulbs,
clothing, tires, and Styrofoam.
https://douglascountyor.gov/BusinessDirectoryII.aspx?lngBusinessCategoryID=31).
https://douglascountyor.gov/DocumentCenter/View/22123/DCSW-Recycle-Options-PDF?bidId=
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Roseburg Disposal Company provides collection of trash and recyclable materials in some areas
within Douglas County.
4.2.4 Lane County
Lane County has a solid waste management plan dated 2019. Lane County has the highest waste
recovery rate in the State of Oregon. This recovery rate is the percentage of waste that is
recycled or otherwise diverted from landfill disposal (Good Company, 2019). Lane County has a
goal of 63% recovery by 2025. Lane County has transfer stations for the public to drop off trash,
recyclable materials, and yard waste, and accepts appliances and other materials for a fee. Lane
County has several organics processing facilities that convert post-consumer food waste to
energy.
Springfield and Eugene have residential pickup service for garbage, commingled recyclable
materials, and yard waste.
https://springfield-or.gov/city/development-public-works/recycling/ , https://www.eugeneor.gov/2932/Residential
Florence has pickup service for garbage and recyclable materials but does not have a separate
collection service for yard waste and food waste. They advise residents to dispose of yard waste
and food waste in the trash or to drop off yard waste and garden trimmings at a transfer station.
https://www.countytransferandrecycling.com/
4.2.5 Lincoln County
Lincoln County has curbside pickup in some areas and has transfer stations for disposal of waste
and recyclable materials.
https://www.co.lincoln.or.us/387/Solid-Waste-District
4.3
Tribal Departments Involved in Waste Management
Currently, waste management is decentralized within Tribal departments. Each Tribal
department generally handles its own solid waste, and each facility manages waste differently.
The following Tribal departments have a role in waste management and planning.
Housing Department
This department contracts for residential trash disposal for Tribal housing areas and deals with
illegal dumping within or near the residential areas.
Finance Department
This department pays for waste pickup and disposal services and maintains cost accounting
records for Tribal departments.
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Tribal Police Department
The police department investigates illegal dumping and enforces laws that prohibit illegal
dumping.
Compliance Department
This department generates substantial amounts of paper waste and is working towards a
paperless system to reduce and minimize wastepaper.
Forestry Department
This department deals with illegal dumping on Tribal forest lands that it manages.
Department of Culture and Natural Resources
This department generates yard waste as it clears vegetation (trees and brush) and constructs
habitat restoration projects. Most of this organic waste is currently landfilled; however, a large
portion could probably be reused or composted. This department currently manages the
ISWMP, promotes waste and recycling initiatives, investigates contaminated lands and waters,
and protects cultural and natural resources from contamination and other impacts.
Facilities and Maintenance Department
This department has a burn pit for wood waste, much of which is generated during housing
construction and demolition of buildings. This department also manages waste generated from
landscaping and illegal dumping. The Facilities and Maintenance Department cleans up
homeless encampments from which a large volume of solid waste is removed, and this results in
substantial waste disposal costs.
Health Department
This department generates medical waste and dental waste that must be collected, handled, and
disposed of by specialized contractors. This department handles a substantial volume of laundry
associated with uniforms and rags and is interested in improving laundry operations to increase
efficiency and reduce cost.
IT Department
This department must handle and properly dispose of electronic waste on a regular basis.
Electronic waste includes computers, monitors, docking stations, printers, batteries, chargers,
and related IT equipment.
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Laboratory
The laboratory generates packaging waste (including Styrofoam and plastic) and special wastes
including materials classified as biohazards.
Casino Operations
Casino operations management collects, handles, and disposes of solid waste from the casinos
including the hotel and restaurants.
Wastewater Treatment Plant
The treatment plant in Florence treats wastewater from the casino and resort and generates
biosolids which are disposed of on farmlands in the region.
CTCLUSI currently does not have Tribal regulations related to waste management. In 2013, the
Tribes prepared a Solid Waste Management Plan. This document serves as an update to that
plan and reflects changes in land base, areas served, updated goals and objectives, and current
waste management options and costs.
The City of Coos Bay collects and disposes of wood waste and construction and demolition
debris for a fee. Although the monetary cost of collection and disposal is higher than the cost of
burning, using the City’s services offers the advantage of reducing or eliminating toxic emissions
that threaten the health of people and degrade air quality.
4.4
Residential
The Tribes pays for pickup of garbage and recyclable materials and occasional dump runs for
Tribal housing and HUD residences. As needed, the Tribes assist Tribal members to cover the
costs of garbage collection, handling, and disposal. The following information was provided by
the CTCLUSI Controller based on payment records from 2021 through 2023.
•
Qa’aich in Florence has a garbage dumpster that is shared by the entire complex. It is
picked up weekly, and the cost of pickup and disposal is $230 per month. Recycling
service is not provided to Qa’aich.
•
At Qaxas Heights, each house has its own waste collection bin. North Bend Sanitation
picks up the waste bins for disposal, and the cost is approximately $1,000 per month. Bin
sizes vary based on the size of each household, and pricing for pickup depends on the
size of the bins. Recycling service is not provided to Qaxas Heights.
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•
CTCLUSI pays approximately $35 per month to Les Sanitary for waste pickup from Tribal
housing at 1370 Neese in Coos Bay.
•
At the HUD housing areas in Coos Bay (Clay Street, Harriet Street, and Flanagan Street),
each house has its own waste bin and the Tribes pay Les Sanitary approximately $230
per month for the four residences. The cost has varied over time. Most of the time, it has
been in the range of $50 per month per house; however, there have been significant
outliers: 909 Flanagan Street has several monthly bills that were over $600. 3 The Tribes
paid for two dump runs for the HUD housing in 2021 but has not received recent billings
for dump runs (Coos County Solid waste bill).
The Tribes have paid approximately $1,000 to Les Sanitary over the past several years to assist
Tribal members to cover disposal costs. 4
Average monthly costs for each housing area are summarized below:
Residential
Cost per
Number of
Monthly Cost
Qa'aich
Qaxas
Neese
HUD
$230
$1,000
$35
$230
11
65
45
18
$ 20.91
$ 15.38
$ 8.75
$ 12.78
Area
Month
Residents
per Person
Services
Trash only
Trash and recycling
Trash and recycling
Trash and recycling
Qa’aich has the highest per person cost, and this cost is for garbage pick and disposal only. The
costs shown in this table do not include occasional dump runs, only the costs for regular pickup
and disposal services.
For Tribal members living in private housing, waste management practices depend on their
location and county waste management services provided in that area, as described in Section
3
These abnormally high bills are probably due to tenant changeover and associated high disposal costs
for removing bulky items, such as furniture and appliances. Cost savings could be realized in future if
these bulky items could be donated for reuse. Section 6 of this document provides further discussion on
waste management options.
4
The Tribes could evaluate these costs with respect to alternatives for disposal that would meet similar
needs in the future.
5
Number of residents at Neese housing is estimated 4 residents for this single-family home.
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4.2. Most Tribal members live in cities where residential collection services are provided for
garbage and recyclable materials; however, regular pickup services for yard waste and food
waste for composting are not provided.
4.5
Tribal Facilities
4.5.1 Coos Bay and Florence Tribal Administrative Offices
The administrative offices dispose of paper waste using a shredding service: I Secure picks up
the waste on an as needed basis. The average cost during 2021 – 2023 was $100 per month.
Solid waste from the administrative offices is picked up by Les Sanitary. The average cost during
2021-2023 was $688 per month. Monthly billings for this service include separate invoices for
multiple locations: Fulton, Wallace, and Coos Head. (Les Sanitary, code 150-1080).
Dump runs from the administrative offices to a disposal facility occur as needed. The average
monthly cost for dump runs is $30 (Coos County Solid Waste, code 150-1050).
For the unoccupied house at Coos Head, CTCLUSI pays approximately $95 per month to Charles
Sanitary.
Food waste from the kitchen in the community center is composted in the community garden.
The Facilities Maintenance Department has a burn pile near the Coos Bay administrative
buildings to dispose of wood waste and wood debris. Some of the discarded wood can be used
for firewood, landscaping, and other purposes; however, these alternatives to burning and
landfill disposal are currently limited. The maintenance crew collects debris from land clearing,
building demolition, and construction and, when a sizeable amount has accumulated, they burn
this material.
4.5.2 Laboratory
The laboratory disposes of trash and recyclable materials by combining its waste stream with
waste from the administrative offices. The waste stream from the lab is predominately
cardboard, plastic, and Styrofoam. For chemical and biohazard waste, the laboratory is currently
evaluating options for collection, handling, and disposal. Laboratory analyses include
conventional chemistry, microscopy, bacteria, metals, organics, environmental DNA, and
radiocarbon. These analyses generate the following types of wastes: non-hazardous aqueous
waste that might require analysis prior to disposal, corrosives (strong acids and bases),
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potentially high concentrations of metals in aqueous solution, flammable and non-flammable
solvents, biohazards, and sharps from injections. Solid waste generation quantities are estimated
at 2.3 tons per year. A small amount of hazardous waste is anticipated initially. As the laboratory
ramps up operations, the quantity is expected to increase to a small-quantity-generator level
(400 pounds per month or 2.4 tons per year). Separate on-site storage will be required for
specific classes of chemicals, like strong acids and bases. Laboratory waste management
information is included in Appendix D.
4.5.3 Dental Clinic
The dental clinic currently contracts with Stericycle for pickup and disposal of special waste. Data
on current generation quantities and costs of collection, handling, and disposal are not available
at this time. This information can be added to this ISWMP when it is available.
4.6
Tribal Enterprises
Used items from the casino such as bedding and furniture are given to the Tribal administration
to make available to Tribal members and staff for free (CTCLUSI, 2013). This reduces the cost to
the casino of disposing of these items as waste, and benefits users.
Other than composting the landscaping plant clippings, the casinos do not separate materials
from the solid waste stream for recycling and composting. All solid waste, including food waste
from the kitchens and restaurants, is collected, handled, and transported for landfill disposal.
Field observations at the RV resort noted containers for garbage but no recycling bins.
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5.0 PROJECTED FUTURE WASTE GENERATION
This section estimates future waste quantities and generation rates for each service area based
on projected population growth during the next 10 years. Key variables related to this projection
are expected population changes in the service area and the expansion of Tribal facilities,
services, and enterprises.
5.1
Residential
The population in the Five-County Area of Oregon is relatively stable. The population in some
towns and cities, such as Florence, is growing. Population in other cities, such as Coos Bay, is
decreasing.
Since 2013, CTCLUSI enrollment has increased from 1,051 to 1,331 people—an increase of about
25 percent. The enrollment includes members living in other counties and states. Based on data
available, it is not known whether growth was primarily among local residents or among
members living remotely; however, it’s reasonable to assume that growth was relatively
consistent among the counties. If this trend continues, the population would be expected to
increase by a similar percentage over the next 10 years. If per capita waste generation rates
remain close to current rates, CTCLUSI should expect its total residential waste generation and
associated disposal costs to increase by 25 percent in 10 years. The per capita waste generation
rates and the disposal costs could increase as well, compounding the effect of this increase. If
concerted efforts are made to reduce waste generation and develop cost effective disposal
options, the increases could be reduced. Table 5 summarizes estimated increases in residential
waste generation over the next 10 years.
Based on communications with the Tribes’ Planning Department, the Tribes plan to add single
family units to its Tribal Housing supply at a rate of approximately two to four units per year.
5.2
Tribal Facilities
The Tribes are planning to open a medical clinic during 2024. A dental clinic began operating in
2023. These facilities will generate biohazards and sharps that will require special handling and
disposal. Similarly, the laboratory will begin generating chemical and biohazard waste that
requires special handling and disposal. The laboratory is currently evaluating options to
determine the most appropriate and cost-effective methods of handling and disposal of these
special wastes. Indian Health Service (IHS) and Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) may provide
funding for solid waste management at the clinics.
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The estimated solid waste generation rate for the dental clinic and medical clinic is
approximately 8.76 tons of waste per year. The laboratory will generate approximately 2.3 tons
of solid waste per year and approximately 2.4 tons of special waste (including hazardous waste)
per year. This special waste will require specialized management, handling, and disposal.
5.3
Tribal Enterprises
Table 6 summarizes the projections of increased waste generation due to enterprise expansion.
5.3.1 Florence Casino RV Parking Expansion
The Florence casino plans to add 50 to 60 RV parking spaces to its existing RV parking area
during the next 2 to 3 years. This would more than double the size of the RV park and
potentially add 44 tons of solid waste per year.
5.3.2 Coos Head Development
The U.S. Navy transferred a large portion of the former Coos Head Air National Guard property
to the Tribes. The property that was acquired by the Tribes includes derelict buildings and
potential contamination that are legacies of former U.S. Navy facilities and operations. The
Tribes intends to develop the property for new facilities including a cultural center and RV park.
A Coos Head Area Master Plan (CHAMP) has been developed that establishes a development
plan for Coos Head. The CHAMP includes an interpretive center, conference center and hotel,
and Tribal center. It also considers developing 20 to 30 spaces for RVs and tent camping. The
CHAMP does not, however, include planning to address remaining environmental concerns,
such as the derelict buildings and residual contamination, and waste management (CTCLUSI,
2018). The planned development could add approximately 80 tons per year to the current solid
waste stream.
5.3.3 Hanisiich Village
A project to develop a waterfront property in Coos Bay as a cultural center and vacation lodging
was proposed, but there are currently no plans to develop the site.
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6.0
WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPROVEMENT
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) developed the non-hazardous materials and
waste management hierarchy, recognizing that no single waste management approach is
suitable for managing all materials and waste streams in all circumstances (USEPA, 2023). The
hierarchy ranks the various management strategies from most to least environmentally
preferred. The hierarchy places emphasis on reducing, reusing, and recycling as key to
sustainable materials management.
Source Reduction Most efficient, least wasted economic value, least ecological impacts
Reuse
Recycling
Composting
Incineration
Land Disposal Least efficient, most wasted economic value, most ecological impacts
Each waste management strategy is described below, followed by methods that CTCLUSI may
employ to promote use of the optimal strategies.
6.1
Source Reduction
Source reduction should be given first consideration because it conserves natural resources,
reduces pollution, and promotes conservation and pollution prevention. Source reduction
involves informing the public on methods and strategies to reduce the amount of materials that
must be handled as waste. In 1989, the USEPA gave source reduction the highest priority as a
method for addressing solid waste issues. Source reduction offers cost savings by avoiding the
expenses associated with waste collection, transportation, and disposal.
Successful source reduction methods include regulations and educational programs directed
toward changing habits, and usually involve minimal capital costs (or even capital savings) and
low operating and maintenance costs. For example, some communities ban certain non-
recyclable products and excess packaging, such as Oregon’s ban of single-use plastic bags in
2020 (https://www.oregon.gov/deq/mm/production/pages/bags.aspx).
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6.2
Reuse
The second option in USEPA's hierarchy is reuse. Reuse is a better option than recycling because
the items are not reprocessed before becoming useful again. Items such as appliances, furniture,
clothing, books, toys, paint, lumber, and household cleaners can be exchanged among
households and businesses rather than thrown away. Resources recovered from reuse can also
support local community and social programs while reducing disposal fees.
6.3
Recycling
Recycling is the process whereby materials that are normally disposed of are collected,
reprocessed, or remanufactured for reuse. This reduces use of materials to manufacture new
products and reduces the volume of waste requiring disposal. Recycling relies on the public to
participate by separating materials selected for recycling from the waste stream before disposal.
Recycling programs must be designed with public convenience and support as a primary
objective. The two greatest challenges to developing a successful recycling program are public
participation and contamination of recyclable materials.
Participation by a majority of Tribal members provides the volume of recyclable materials
necessary to make the program cost-effective and creates peer pressure on other Tribal
members to recycle. Participation is often greater when steps are taken to make it easy.
Users will be less likely to recycle if they must sort materials into four different bins, and then
haul it to a central facility. Effective public outreach and educational programs can also
encourage participation.
Contamination occurs when an unacceptable item is placed into a recycling container.
Contamination hinders and sometimes ruins otherwise good recyclables, increases cost, and
sends recyclable materials to the landfill. If the materials (particularly paper) are
contaminated and do not meet quality guidelines, they will be rejected and sent to the
landfill or incinerator.
Recycling services vary by location. Residential pickup of recyclables generally encourages
higher participation rates than requiring residents to bring their recyclables to a central drop-off
point. However, Ridolfi observed some recycling services in the CTCLUSI service area provided
uncovered plastic containers for residential recycling bins. In a rainy climate like Oregon’s, this
can lead to contamination and destruction of recyclable materials, especially paper and
cardboard.
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6.4
Composting
Composting is an environmentally sound and beneficial means of recycling organic matter.
Composting is the biological decomposition of organic materials to produce a humus-like
product that can be used as a soil amendment. Depending on the sources of materials and the
availability of siting and labor, composting can be done on a scale of operation ranging from
micro (household) to macro (fish waste composting). “Browns” (carbon sources such as hay,
manure, biosolids, dry vegetation, newspaper, and non-recyclable paper) are layered or mixed
with “greens” (nitrogen sources such as fresh grass clippings, uncooked vegetables, and fruit
wastes) to promote decomposition. The ideal carbon to nitrogen (browns to greens) ratio is 30
to 1 by volume. Efficient composting is possible at ratios as low as 15 to 1; however, odor
problems are more likely at this lower ratio. Typical carbon to nitrogen ratios (C:N) in common
organic materials are presented below:
Leaves
60:1
Fruit Wastes
35:1
Grass Clipping
19:1
Paper
170:1
Food Wastes
15:1
Sawdust
500:1
Fish Waste
5:1
Wood
700:1
Cow Manure
20:1
Cardboard
560:1
It is important that temperature and aeration are monitored during composting. Properly
aerated compost should range from 105 to 150 degrees Fahrenheit (degrees F) for composting
to be effective. Temperatures above 170 degrees F can create an opportunity for spontaneous
combustion. Aeration involves turning the pile either manually or mechanically with equipment
such as a backhoe or windrow turner. Aerobic decay, which takes place with oxygen present, is
the preferred biological process. Anaerobic decay takes place without oxygen and is prone to
odor problems. Aerobic decomposition can be tracked by monitoring the internal temperature
of the compost pile. When the temperature drops below 105 degrees F, turning the pile will
reestablish oxygenation and heating.
Information and guidance about composting is provided in Appendix C.
6.5
Landfill Disposal
The total generation of municipal solid waste in the United States in 2018 was 292.4 million tons,
more than 50% of this was landfilled (USEPA, 2022). Modern landfills are facilities for the
disposal of solid waste. They are designed to protect the environment from contaminants that
may be present in the waste stream. There are different types of landfills including municipal
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solid waste landfills, designed for household waste and other nonhazardous waste; industrial
waste landfills, designed for commercial and institutional waste; and hazardous waste landfills.
Landfills pose several problems. One of the major concerns with landfills is their release of
methane gas. As organic matter in landfills decomposes it releases methane gas. Methane is one
of the most potent greenhouse gases and a huge contributor to climate change. Landfills also
take up large amounts of space, typically destroying natural habitats for wildlife. Landfills are
required to have linings to protect the underlying ground, but these can leak, producing
leachate. This leachate can contaminate nearby water sources and habitats. Landfills are a
societal necessity but utilizing other waste management practices can reduce reliance on
landfills and thus their environmental and societal impact.
6.6
Incineration
Incineration is widely used to reduce the volume of municipal solid waste, medical waste, and
hazardous waste, and to reduce the potential toxicity of medical and hazardous waste.
Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of substances contained
in waste materials. In 2018, about 12% (35 million tons) of municipal solid waste was combusted
nationwide (USEPA, 2022). Incineration facilities are commonly referred to as waste-to-energy
facilities. Waste-to-energy facilities work by releasing heat through the burning of waste that
turns water into steam in a boiler. The high-pressure steam turns the blades of a turbine
generator to produce electricity. The primary products of waste incineration are carbon dioxide,
water vapor, ash byproducts, and trace organic and inorganic compounds in the exhaust gases.
A major concern of incineration processes is the potential risk to human health from the
emission of pollutants generated by the incineration process. The composition of these residues
is determined by the waste steam, combustion process, and reaction occurring in waste gases.
Emissions from incineration facilities can be reduced by choosing advanced combustion designs
and emission-control technologies for the pollutant of concern (NRC, 2000). The ash that is
produced as a byproduct from the combustion process is commonly disposed of in landfills.
Alternative reuse methods for the ash are being assessed by researchers.
6.7
Backyard Burning
Backyard burning involves the burning of household waste, wood, and yard debris. Household
waste includes paper, cardboard, food scraps, and plastics. Burning usually occurs in a burn
barrel or open pit. Air emissions from burning are released directly into the atmosphere without
filtering or treatment to reduce harmful particulates, toxic vapors, and fumes in these emissions.
Backyard burning is a recognized health hazard that produces harmful quantities of dioxins, a
group of highly toxic chemicals, and other harmful chemicals. Burning waste can cause longCTCLUSI_ISWMP_Nov 2024
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term health problems including increasing the risk of heart disease, aggravating respiratory
ailments, and causing rashes, nausea, and headaches. Backyard burning should be avoided and
other waste management options should be used. Outreach and education on hazards and
alternatives to burning waste are important in discouraging this practice.
6.8
Hazardous Waste Management
Specific categories of waste require special management due to their hazardous nature. This
includes highly flammable materials such as batteries. Recently, an Oregon landfill had a fire –
the cause is unknown but was suspected to be started by a lithium battery. Lithium batteries
should not be disposed in the trash because of their flammability hazard.
https://www.bakercityherald.com/news/local/fire-smothered-at-baker-sanitary-servicelandfill/article_7166a36c-66cb-11ee-84c7-336d083f1d84.html
https://roguedisposal.com/resources/education/environment/standing-the-benefits-anddangers-of-lithium-batteries
The counties offer occasional free collection services for household hazardous waste drop off at
transfer stations. For example, Beaver Hill Transfer Site (Coos County) held such an event on
September 16, 2023. Batteries used at home and in offices should not be disposed of with
garbage. Batteries should be disposed of as household hazardous waste. Establishing battery
collection events for Tribal members would encourage proper disposal of batteries.
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7.0 PUBLIC OUTREACH AND EDUCATION
Goals and Objectives
7.1
Goals for outreach and education include:
1. Make Tribal members and staff aware of the waste management options that are
available (recycling, composting, source reduction, reuse)
2. Make Tribal members and staff aware of the benefits of recycling, composting, and
source reduction and reuse (cost savings, reduced impacts on natural resources).
3. Reduce the volume of waste generated by the Tribes that is being landfilled or burned.
Reductions may be achieved through source reduction, recycling, composting, or a
combination of methods.
Outreach Methods
7.2
Consider the media and events listed below as possible outreach tools:
•
Solid Waste Advisory Committee (SWAC)
•
Exchange Center or Bulletin Board (Physical or Digital)
•
Flyers and posters with Tribal artwork and culturally appropriate messaging placed in
community locations such as Tribal housing, community centers, health centers, and
schools
•
Social media and websites
•
Collection Events
•
Outreach and Education with Youth Groups
•
Recycling 101 Pamphlet
•
Staff Workshops
•
Tribal artwork on containers to encourage recycling and proper garbage collection
•
Newspapers and newsletters
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•
7.3
Public Information Booths
Measuring Effectiveness
Surveys can be conducted to assess current baseline awareness of waste management options
and benefits, and repeated after outreach has been conducted to assess the effectiveness of the
outreach in reaching the target audience and communicating the intended message.
Effectiveness in reducing waste volumes landfilled may be measured by tracking disposal costs.
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8.0 IMPLEMENTATION
8.1
Roles and Responsibilities of Tribal Personnel
Responsibilities associated with implementing and administering the ISWMP include planning,
development, contracting, record keeping, staffing, and public outreach. The Tribes could
designate a solid waste manager or coordinator who would have the responsibility and authority
to implement a strategic implementation plan and lead the Tribes’ efforts and initiatives aimed
at improving solid waste management for the Tribes. Since all departments generate solid waste
and are involved in solid waste management, periodic meetings and coordination would be
helpful to implement this ISWMP and facilitate continuous improvement in solid waste
management.
8.2
Strategic Implementation Plan
A Strategic Implementation Plan is provided in Appendix F to guide and support the Tribes’
accomplishment of solid waste management goals and objectives. The purpose of the Strategic
Implementation Plan is to provide a relatively simple and useful roadmap that will guide the
Tribes during the next five years (2024 – 2028).
A strategic plan is designed to answer three basic questions:
(1) Where are we now?
(2) Where do want to go?
(3) How do we get there?
The ISWMP contains the information needed to answer the first question. The Strategic
Implementation Plan provides the structure, framework, and guidance for the Tribes to answer
the second and third questions.
8.3
Resources and Funding Sources
Various resources and funding sources to support the Tribes’ solid waste management program
from EPA, County, State, and private sector sources are provided in Appendix G.
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8.4
Recommendations for Waste Reduction and Diversion
8.4.1
Source Reduction
8.4.1.1 Residential Source Reduction Methods
As shown in Section 3.1, edible 6 food waste is the largest category of residential waste, at nearly
14 percent, which translates to roughly one pound per person per day of edible food waste.
Planning meals to use leftover food quickly before it spoils, and planning grocery shopping to
only buy what is needed could decrease the amount of waste. Storage to avoid spoilage can
reduce the amount of food wasted: EPA has tips on food storage, such as freezing food that will
not be consumed before it goes bad, delaying washing fresh produce until just before eating
(damp foods spoil faster), and keeping food in airtight containers in the refrigerator.
https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food
Diapers are a large category of residential waste (9%). Typical disposable diapers contain plastic
and take a long time to break down in a landfill. Alternatives to disposable diapers include cloth
diapers (though they require water and energy use for cleaning) and compostable diapers,
which work like typical disposable diapers, but are made of bamboo fiber and do not contain
plastic, thus can decompose faster in a landfill, or can be sent to a commercial composting
facility. The downside to compostable diapers is that they are commonly more expensive than
typical plastic disposable diapers, and are not as widely available.
Additional methods to reduce waste include:
•
•
Purchase household items in bulk to reduce packaging waste.
Purchase items with minimal packaging; reduce mail order purchasing where possible to
avoid excess packaging waste.
•
•
Call direct mailers to remove your name from their mailing lists.
Rent or borrow items that are only used occasionally or obtain used items when
appropriate.
8.4.1.2 Government and Facilities Source Reduction Methods
For tribal administration and offices, the following actions can be taken to reduce waste:
6
The definition of “edible” food includes food that is spoiled or contaminated (no longer safe to eat) but
was intended for eating. “Non-edible food” is scraps such as peels, shells, cores, husks, and bones,
associated with food but not intended for eating. The non-edible portion of the food waste is difficult to
address via source reduction but is discussed in the composting section below.
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•
Minimize the number of documents that are printed – use electronic versions when
possible.
•
Establish a double-sided copying policy. Set all printers to print double sided
automatically.
•
•
•
•
•
Print only the number of copies necessary.
Circulate documents and memoranda rather than making multiple copies.
Use electronic media for document and data archival rather than paper.
Use central bulletin boards and e-mail for broadcast communications.
Work with suppliers to minimize the amount of packaging used. Establishing this
priority in CTCLUSI management and procurement policies could facilitate
discussions with suppliers.
•
Return shipping materials such as crates, cartons, and pallets for reuse; alternatively,
save the packaging and reuse it for outgoing shipments.
•
•
Promote the purchase of items in bulk to reduce packaging.
Purchase durable equipment and supplies. High-quality, long-lasting supplies and
equipment can be repaired and result in fewer discards. These items will stay out of
the waste stream longer, and the higher initial costs are often offset by lower
maintenance and disposal costs.
•
Reuse products and supplies; for example: use reusable office supplies such as
refillable pencils and rechargeable printer cartridges; encourage employees to reuse
common items such as file folders, interoffice envelopes, and report binders; and use
ceramic mugs rather than disposable cups.
•
•
Rent equipment for limited or short-term uses.
Promote the use of less hazardous cleaning products that perform well and are safer
for human health and the environment. This reduces the amount of hazardous waste
that will need to be managed.
8.4.1.3 Source Reduction Methods for Enterprises
The source reduction methods recommended for Government and Facilities also apply to
enterprises. Tips for waste reduction in hotels and casinos is included in Appendix A. Information
on compostable food ware is included in Appendix B.
8.4.2
Reuse
8.4.2.1 Residential Reuse
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Reusing goods within a household and sharing goods for reuse in a broader community are
both important ways to increase reuse and decrease waste generation. To promote reusing
goods within a household, the Tribes could sponsor or facilitate classes on repair and
maintenance to help members fix items in need of mending or promote to its members classes
given by others. King County in Washington has a similar program:
https://kingcounty.gov/en/legacy/depts/dnrp/solid-waste/programs/ecoconsumer/repairevents)
Also, community colleges offer classes in home repair and maintenance. To facilitate sharing
goods for reuse among households, there are several organizations that allow people to offer or
request items for free through online bulletin boards and social networks, such as Buy Nothing
and Freecycle groups. In addition, Craigslist and other online marketplaces facilitate selling and
buying used items. Many types of goods can be reused, such as furniture, appliances, clothes,
sports equipment, etc. This can be particularly applicable for children’s items that are outgrown
quickly before being worn out; or for people who rent or move frequently and need to replace
belongings.
The Tribes could encourage members to use one of these existing platforms to give and request
items, to avoid the need to create a new website or system. Local Freecycle groups already exist
for Florence and Coos County. Buy Nothing groups exist for Coos Bay and Florence. Or, if Tribal
members would be especially interested in sharing within the Tribal community, they could
create their own groups within these platforms or on a separate online or print platform such as
the Tribal website or newsletter. This requires someone to act as the group
moderator/administrator.
The Tribes could also provide an in-person location for giving/receiving used items, such as a
thrift store. This requires volunteers or staff to manage donations and requires a publicly
accessible location to store and organize the used items. An easier approach might be to start
with items that do not require indoor storage, such as construction materials, lumber, and
working appliances.
Dirt and rocks are a large portion of residential waste and might be able to be diverted from
garbage for reuse in building projects.
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8.4.2.2 Reuse for Facilities
Similar to residential reuse, Tribal facilities can promote reuse both within a department and
across departments. For example, an inventory of available equipment could reduce unnecessary
purchases by ensuring that multiple departments don’t buy redundant equipment that is already
available in storage. This could include generic office equipment such as desks and chairs, and
specialized equipment for the dental and medical offices and laboratory.
Additionally, the Tribes could establish a preference for purchasing reused/refurbished
equipment when appropriate. For example, when purchasing IT equipment such as computers
and smartphones, there can be significant cost savings as well as a reduction in natural
resources consumption when buying refurbished models.
8.4.2.3 Reuse Methods for Enterprises
Used items from the casino such as bedding and furniture are given to the Tribal administration
to make available to Tribal members and staff for free (CTCLUSI, 2013). This reduces the cost to
the casino of disposing of these items as waste, and benefits users.
Uncontaminated and unspoiled excess food from the restaurants at the casinos could be
donated to food banks; this would require transportation and safe handling. Food waste that is
not fit for human consumption (for example, table scraps that are left on patrons’ plates in the
restaurant, and food scraps such as vegetable peels from the restaurant kitchen) could be fed to
animals. The Chumash Casino Resort managed by the Chumash Indians received an EPA
recognition for diverting food waste from landfills, including feeding food scraps to animals
https://www.epa.gov/archive/epa/newsreleases/epa-recognizes-santa-ynez-band-chumashindians-achievements-zero-waste-and-food.html
Restaurant kitchen grease (such as frying oils) can be recycled into biodiesel.
The enterprises could also follow the recommendations for government/facilities regarding
reuse of office furniture and equipment, and purchase preferences for refurbished items.
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8.4.3
Recycling
8.4.3.1 Residential Recycling
At the Qa’aich Development, recycling services are not provided: a dumpster for garbage is the
only option for waste disposal. Adding a second dumpster to collect recyclables separately
could reduce the quantity of waste in the garbage dumpster. Dumpsters specifically designed
for recycling with designated openings for each type of recyclable material can help reduce
contamination of recyclable materials.
Most other residences where tribal members live have recycling options. As shown in Section
3.1, about 16% of residential waste is curbside recyclables, and should be targeted for recycling.
There is no current data on what percent of recyclable materials are already being recycled. The
16% reported by ODEQ may include recyclable materials that are thrown in the trash as well as
those that are recycled.
Many of the curbside recycling containers that are currently being used are too small to contain
and cover the amount of cardboard and other discarded recyclable materials that are being
generated. These containers do not have lids to keep cardboard and paper dry. If cardboard and
paper are not contained in an enclosed bin between pickups, these materials often get wet. Wet
cardboard and paper cannot be recycled and will be disposed of as garbage. Obtaining larger
recycling containers with hinged lids that will store large amounts of recyclable materials and
keep those materials dry will increase recycling and divert more cardboard and paper out of the
waste stream. Grant funding from the USEPA Solid Waste Infrastructure for Recycling (SWIFR) is
probably available to support purchase of recycling equipment.
Currently the recycling capability varies by county; ODEQ is planning to harmonize it statewide.
8.4.3.2 Facilities Recycling
As described in Section 4.5, the administrative offices use I-Secure shredding to dispose of
paper. It is not known whether this method is used for all paper or only for sensitive documents.
For routine paper disposal, other paper recycling options are probably less costly.
Aluminum cans and glass bottles are eligible for refunds when delivered for recycling under
Oregon law. Currently the government facilities are collecting aluminum cans and glass bottles
but need a designated person responsible for bringing these to a drop off point and collecting
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the deposit. This could reduce the Tribes’ monthly pickup costs from Les Sanitary and could also
provide revenue.
8.4.3.3 Enterprise Recycling
EPA suggests that recycling should be available throughout casinos and hotel rooms to provide
staff and guests the opportunity to divert waste from the landfill. https://www.epa.gov/green-
building-tools-tribes/greening-tribal-casinos
8.4.4
Composting
8.4.4.1 Residential Composting
The Tribes can encourage the community to develop household compost bins and worm bins
for kitchen food waste. The Tribes could provide home composting bins and information for
interested members. Collection dates for compostable materials could be communicated to
Tribal members, and these materials could be used to make compose for the community
garden.
For materials that cannot be readily composted, like tree branches and brush, yard waste
disposal is available at some of the county transfer stations.
Some of the paper waste that is not recyclable may be compostable: for example, Seattle
accepts pizza boxes for compost/yard waste pickup. Pizza grease contamination on the
cardboard makes it ineligible for recycling, but the cardboard can break down relatively quickly
in a compost pile.
8.4.4.2 Facilities and Enterprises Composting
The Community Garden has composting bins and capacity to handle more food waste, and
could partner with the casino or Tribal Center kitchen. Landscaping waste from the golf course
and casino could potentially be used for composting at the community garden; however, the
volumes generated might be more than the Community Garden can handle.
8.5
Cost Savings Opportunities from Waste Diversion and Reduction
Table 7 provides estimates of potential cost savings opportunities assuming various levels of
waste diversion and reduction. Depending on the percentage of waste that is already being
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recycled and composted, the Tribes may be able to reduce disposal costs for certain waste
streams by 30% to 90%.
Summary Avoided Costs
Residential
$
Enterprises
Potential Diversion Rates
30%
3,152
$
$
18,069
$
Total Avoided Costs/Year $
23,348
$
Facilities
$
2,128
$
50%
5,253 $
70%
90%
7,354
$
30,114 $
42,160
$
54,206
38,914
54,479
$
70,045
3,546 $
$
4,965
$
9,456
6,383
The total avoided costs shown in Table 7 apply to all 499 Tribal residents in the Five-County
Area, not only those living in Tribal housing for whom the Tribes pays directly for waste disposal.
Approximately 20 percent of these residents live in Tribal housing; therefore, the Tribes would
realize about 20 percent of the residential cost savings.
As shown in Table 7, the Enterprises generate most of the Tribes’ solid waste and therefore offer
the largest opportunity for waste reduction and cost savings.
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9.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The best opportunities for waste reduction and associated cost savings are probably within
Tribal enterprises due to the volume of solid waste generated by these operations. Composting
or recycling a fraction of the waste generated at the casinos and golf course could significantly
reduce the Tribes’ costs and adverse effects on the environment. To pursue these opportunities,
the Tribes would need to obtain and evaluate site-specific information including solid waste
generated within each category at each enterprise. The site-specific waste stream could then be
evaluated with respect to current waste management approaches and options to develop a plan
of action for improvement. For example, if disposable plates and utensils are being used,
compostable materials are preferable to Styrofoam and plastic. Recycling should be made
available, accessible, and easy for restaurant and casino guests, many of whom expect their
accommodations to provide recycling. Policies and procedures for purchasing can lead to
decisions that promote reuse and source reduction.
The Strategic Implementation Plan included in Appendix F provides a relatively simple and
useful roadmap that will guide the Tribes during the next five years (2024 – 2028) as they
endeavor to implement initiatives to support the accomplishment of solid waste management
goals. Within the Strategic Implementation Plan the following conclusions and
recommendations are provided along with a framework and timeline for implementation.
Promoting source reduction (through purchasing decisions) and reuse (through facilitating
materials exchanges for used items) are the best ways for residents and Tribal facilities and
services to reduce solid waste generation rates, waste disposal costs, and environmental
impacts.
Recycling and composting are also beneficial. The method of recycling is important: mixed or
uncovered recycling collection is convenient for users but can lead to contamination of the
recyclable materials. For example, cardboard and paper in open containers often get wet from
rain and cannot be recycled. This recyclable material then becomes garbage and is disposed of
in a landfill. The Tribes could promote more successful recycling by working with the solid waste
service providers to supply covered bins for recyclable materials. Promoting these waste
management strategies and providing education on the hazards of backyard burning could
move the Tribes toward their goal of reducing the practice of burning garbage and other debris.
Special waste categories such as medical, dental, and laboratory waste require specialized
handling and disposal. The Tribes’ laboratory will be handling multiple categories of special
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wastes and will need to engage a specialized service provider for proper management of special
and hazardous wastes. Efficiencies of scale may be realized by combining the waste from the
laboratory and the medical and dental facilities.
The Tribes are encouraged to consider ordinances and regulations to control illegal dumping
and enable Tribal police to enforce laws and regulations when violations occur. Deterrent efforts
such as landscaping, educational resources, and culturally relevant signage may also discourage
illegal dumping.
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10.0
REFERENCES
California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle). 2006. Estimated Solid
Waste Generation Rates. Available:
https://www2.calrecycle.ca.gov/WasteCharacterization/General/Rates. Accessed
November 15, 2023.
Cascadia Consulting Group (Cascadia). 2021. 2020-2021 Washington Statewide Waste
Characterization Study. Document reference number Publication 21-07-026. Prepared for
State of Washington Department of Ecology. August.
CTCLUSI. 2013. Tribal Integrated Waste Management Plan.
CTCLUSI. 2018. Coos Head Area Master Plan. Accessed at https://ctclusi.org/wpcontent/uploads/2020/09/CHAMP-002.pdf on September 22, 2023.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2022. National Overview: Facts and
Figures on Materials, Wastes and Recycling. Accessed at https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-
figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/national-overview-facts-and-figuresmaterials on November 15, 2023.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2023. Sustainable Materials
Management: Non-Hazardous Materials and Waste Management Hierarchy. Accessed at
https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-materials-management-non-hazardous-
materials-and-waste-management-hierarchy on November 17, 2023.
Good Company, LLC. 2019. Lane County Solid Waste Management Plan. Prepared for Lane
County Public Works Waste Management Division. Accessed at https://cdnsm5-
hosted.civiclive.com/UserFiles/Servers/Server_3585797/File/Lane_Co_SWMP-2019-07-26FINAL.pdf on September 21, 2023.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). 2023. MIT Climate Portal. Accessed at
https://climate.mit.edu/ask-mit/why-do-we-compare-methane-carbon-dioxide-over-
100-year-timeframe-are-we-underrating on October 16, 2023.
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National Research Council (US) Committee on Health Effects of Waste Incineration (NRC). 2000.
Waste Incineration & Public Health. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK233627/
Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (ODEQ). 2017. Small Quantity Hazardous Waste
Generator Checklist. Accessed at
https://www.oregon.gov/deq/FilterDocs/SQGChecklist.pdf on November 17, 2023.
Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (ODEQ). 2023. 2021 Oregon Material Recovery
and Waste Generation Rates Report. Accessed at
https://www.oregon.gov/deq/recycling/Documents/2021MRWGRatesReport.pdf on
September 22, 2023.
Spangler, Teresa. Director of Guest Services, Three Rivers Casino Resort. Email to Janet Niessner
dated October 16, 2024.
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Figures
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Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
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Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians
Path: M:\Projects\2001_CTCLUSI\Mapfiles\2001D\2001D_SWMPlan_Fig03_Florence_231023.mxd
November 2024
Figure 3
Tribal Properties and
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4
'
(
!
Tribal Facility
Tribal Properties - Fee
'
4
Landfill
Tribal Properties - Trust
)
"
Solid Waste Transfer Station
0
0.5
1
±
2 Miles
"
)
"
)
"
)
)
50 Miles "
"
)
Qaxas Heights
Flanagan
Pioneer
Cemetery
901 Lakeshore Drive
112 S Empire Blvd
Tribal Health Services
(Temporarily Closed)
150 S. Wall St
(
!
(!
!
(
(
!
(
(!
!
909 Flanagan
Alishanee
369 Clay St
(
!
(
!
!
(
(
!
(
!
(
!
Wygant
Tribal Hall 1293 Ocean Blvd Cape Arago Hwy
Three Rivers
Vicks Three Rivers
Casino
Casino CB PRK
Garden/
220 Wallace St
Compost
!
(
Housing
233 Wallace/Ocean
ce
O
Tribal
Administration
an
vd
Bl
W
Kitchen/
Plank House
0
!
(
!
(
1,000 Feet
Eichler
1415 Ocean Blvd
!
(
!
(
Melville
1308 Neese St
1360 Neese St
0
1,000 Feet
Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
Prepared for the Confederated Tribes of Coos,
Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians
Path: M:\Projects\2001_CTCLUSI\Mapfiles\2001D\2001D_SWMPlan_Fig04_CoosBay_231023.mxd
Prefoutaine Drive
Tribal Hall
Maintenance/
Storage Bldg
Dental Clinic
!
(
!
(
(
!
(!
!
(!
(
!
(
Maintenance Bldg
N
Office
Fulton Avenue
!
(
Forestry/
GIS Bldg
Laboratory
Greenhouse
Burn
Pit
Administration
Building
November 2024
Figure 4
Tribal Properties and
Solid Waste Management Facilities
Coos Bay, Oregon
Legend
Coos
Bay
"
)
"
)
"
)
"
)
"
)"
"
) "
) )
"
)
4
'
"
)"
)
"
)
)
"
) "
)
"
) "
) "
)"
Tribal Facility
Tribal Properties - Fee
'
4
Landfill
Tribal Properties - Trust
)
"
Solid Waste Transfer Station
0
"
)
"
)
"
)
0
(
!
50 Miles
"
)
4
'
( (
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(
!
(
!
(
!
(
!
1.5
3
"
)
"
)
"
)
"
)
"
)
±
6 Miles
Miluk Village
Fossil Point #3
( Ko-Kwell
!
Coos Head
Wellness Center
Eason
Coos Head
)
"
Coal Bank
Slough
West Coast
Recycle
& Transfer
Cape Arago
Light Station
Talbot
Coos County
Solid Waste Beaver Hill
)
"
Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
Prepared for the Confederated Tribes of Coos,
Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians
Path: M:\Projects\2001_CTCLUSI\Mapfiles\2001D\2001D_SWMPlan_Fig05_CoosHead_231026.mxd
November 2024
Figure 5
Tribal Properties and
Solid Waste Management Facilities
Coos Head, Oregon
Tables
Table 1. Waste Categories Used in the Waste Stream Composition Analysis
Waste Category *
Description
Paper – Recyclable
Newspaper; magazines; packaging paper; egg cartons; phone books; mixed/lowgrade recyclable papers (cereal and cracker boxes, notebook paper); high-grade
paper (copy machine paper); poly-coated packaging (milk and juice containers,
paper soup cartons); low-grade paper (junk mail, envelopes, construction paper,
sticky notes)
Cardboard- Recyclable
Cardboard containers and boxes (unless poly-or foil-laminated); brown paper
bags; wine boxes
Paper – Non-recyclable
Non-recyclable packaging paper (waxed corrugated cardboard, photos, carbon
paper, foil containing wrapping paper, wall paper, foil lined fast food papers,
microwave paper food trays, individual cigarette packages, paper with large thick
plastic windows, paper containers that held hazardous products, thin bound
reports with plastic covers, and non-food poly-coated boxes); compostable nonrecyclable paper (tissue, paper towel, napkins, paper plates without plastic lining,
molded paper plant pots)
Plastic – Recyclable
Deposit beverage bottles (beer, soft drink, water bottles, wine, milk, infant
formula, juice); No-deposit bottles (small beverage, non-beverage food,
medicines, vitamins, laundry supplies, hair and bath products); 5-gallon buckets;
flower pots; other plastic materials meeting definition of Rigid Plastic Container ;
plastic grocery and garbage bags; packaging film plastic (newspaper bags, bread
bags, product wrap, zip-close bags, furniture wrap, building wrap, cling wrap,
bubble wrap); plastic non-bag film (plastic tarps)
Plastic – Non-recyclable
Other rigid plastic containers that are not acceptable for curbside recycling
(cookie trays, flowerpots, clamshell containers); plastic beverage pouches; plastic
garbage bags; non-recyclable plastic film (stand-up pouches, plastic strapping)
Yard Debris
Natural vegetative material (grass clippings, leaves/weeds, prunings, stumps)
Wood
Manufactured wooden lumber and other items excluding sawdust (unpainted
lumber, clean engineered wood, painted lumber, chemically treated lumber,
wood pallets and crates, wood furniture, pencils, coat hangers, mostly wood
items combined with other materials)
Edible Food
Edible food includes any food, even if spoiled, that was originally produced to be
eaten. Non-packaged bakery goods; packaged bakery goods; non-packaged
vegetative; packaged vegetative; non-packaged meat, eggs, dairy; packaged
meat, eggs, dairy; mixed unpackaged and packaged foods
Non-Edible Food
Non-packaged vegetative food (contains no animal products, fruit pits, corn
husks, carrot tops, coffee grounds); non-packaged animal food-related products
(bones, shells, gristle)
Tires and Rubber
Automotive tires and other tires (bicycle tires, off-road vehicle tires, cart tires,
shredded automotive tires); other rubber (toys, inner tubes, rubber mats, rubber
carpet padding)
Table 1_waste_categories.docx
Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians
Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
November 2024 Page 1 of 2
Waste Category *
Description
Diapers
Disposable diapers, including fecal materials contained within
Carpet, Textiles, Roofing,
Furniture, Insulation
Carpet; rugs; polyurethane foam carpet/rug pads; asphalt shingles and tar
roofing paper (recyclable and non-recyclable); mattresses (box springs, futons);
furniture and furnishings; paper composite ceiling tires; other miscellaneous
organics (hair, soap, dead animals)
Glass
Clear or colored glass containers; plate glass (windows, mirrors); other types of
glass products (light bulbs, glassware, glass plates)
Metal - Recyclable
Aluminum (beverage cans, foil, scrap); steel/bimetal beverage cans; tinned cans;
non-ferrous metal; food cans; large household appliances; ferrous metal (things
made from metal to which a magnet will adhere); items made of mixture of
ferrous and non-ferrous metals or items made from a mixture of metal and nonmetallic materials
Metal – Non-recyclable
Other aluminum not acceptable curbside (Furniture, house siding, cookware, and
scrap); Other non-ferrous not acceptable at curbside (insulated copper wire,
pieces longer than 30” or not being pure metal); other ferrous metals not
curbside acceptable (household, industrial, and commercial products derived
from iron); mixed ferrous/non-ferrous not curbside acceptable (mainly metal
items such as electric motors, old lawnmowers, engines); white goods (discarded
stoves, washer, dryers, refrigerators and other large household appliances), used
oil filters; empty aerosol cans
Electronics/Small
Appliances
Computer monitors; computer main central processing units (CPU); printers;
computer mice and keyboards; microwaves; TV’s; other consumer electronics
(DVD, calculators, stereos); non-electronic small appliances (fans, can openers,
blenders)
Other Inorganics
Rock, concrete and brick; soil, dirt, sand; pet litter, animal feces; gypsum
wallboard; fiberglass insulation; other inorganics (plaster, ash, ceramics, china,
and porcelain)
Medical Waste
Syringes, tubing, gauze, blood-containing. Bags and containers with medical
waste are not sorted further. Other non-medical waste that is contained with
medical waste is sorted as medical waste.
Hazardous and Special
Waste
Lead-acid batteries, dry-cell batteries; latex paint, oil-based paints; motor oil;
other flammables (thinners, solvents, fuels, hair spray); Pesticides, herbicides, or
fungicides; fertilizers; corrosive cleaners; asbestos; mercury-containing items; live
ammunition and explosives; compressed gas cylinders; hazardous chemicals;
unlabeled hazardous
* Waste categories from the State of Oregon Department of Environmental Quality Material Categories
for the 2016 Waste Composition Study, Field Sorting Categories
Table 1_waste_categories.docx
Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians
Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
November 2024 Page 2 of 2
Table 2. CTCLUSI Residential and Commercial Waste Stream Generation and Composition
Generation Rate from all sources
Estimated Residential Generation Rate
Population*
1.5
0.32
499
Amount of Solid Waste Generated by Source
Generators
Tons
Residential
159.7
Facilities
90.5
Enterprises
768.9
1019.1
tons per person per year Average for five-county area (ODEQ, 2023)
tons per person per year (Cascadia, 2021)
persons
Percent
16%
9%
75%
100%
Estimate of Solid Waste Generated by Source
Residential
Tons
Facilities
Tons
Enterprises
Tons Total Tons Total Percent
Paper - Recyclable
6.85%
10.94
5.60%
5.07
5.60%
43.07
59.08
5.80%
Cardboard - Recyclable
2.31%
3.69
3.34%
3.03
3.34%
25.69
32.40
3.18%
Paper - Non-recyclable
10.06%
16.07
10.44%
9.45
10.44%
80.27
105.79
10.38%
Plastic - Recyclable
3.83%
6.11
4.27%
3.87
4.27%
32.83
42.81
4.20%
Plastic - Non-recyclable
8.63%
13.77
10.36%
9.38
10.36%
79.65
102.81
10.09%
Yard Debris
4.59%
7.33
1.55%
1.40
1.55%
11.92
20.65
2.03%
Wood
2.88%
4.60
12.78%
11.57
12.78%
98.26
114.43
11.23%
Edible Food
13.72%
21.91
11.73%
10.62
11.73%
90.19
122.72
12.04%
Non-Edible Food Scraps
9.46%
15.10
9.68%
8.76
9.68%
74.42
98.29
9.65%
Tires and Rubber
0.49%
0.78
0.78
0.08%
Diapers
8.91%
14.22
2.70%
2.44
2.70%
20.76
37.43
3.67%
Carpet, textiles, roofing, furniture, insulatio
10.59%
16.91
9.24%
8.36
9.24%
71.03
96.31
9.45%
Glass
3.11%
4.96
8.32%
7.53
8.32%
63.97
76.46
7.50%
Metal - Recyclable
2.89%
4.62
1.83%
1.66
1.83%
14.07
20.34
2.00%
Metal - Non-recyclable
0.59%
0.95
0.83%
0.75
0.83%
6.38
8.08
0.79%
Electronics/Small Appliances
0.68%
1.09
0.98%
0.89
0.98%
7.52
9.49
0.93%
Other Inorganics
10.46%
16.71
3.57%
3.23
3.57%
27.45
47.39
4.65%
Medical Wastes
2.37%
2.15
2.37%
18.22
20.37
2.00%
Hazardous Materials
0.48%
0.77
0.22%
0.20
0.22%
1.69
2.66
0.26%
Totals
100.5%
160.54
100%
90.37
100%
767.39
1018.29
100%
**
Notes:
* Enrolled CTCLUSI members living in the Five-County Area
** Total differs slightly from 100% due to rounding and exclusion of very minor waste categories
Blanks in table indicate percentage was negligible
lbs = pounds
Material
Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians
Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
2001_Tables_2-7_ISWMP_241125.xlsx/Table 2
November 2024 Page 1 of 1
Table 3. Estimate of Waste Generation Quantities by Enterprise
Casino: Florence Casino: Coos Bay
Golf Course
RV Park
Generator
Use (unit)
Rate
Quantity Waste* Quantity Waste* Quantity Waste* Quantity Waste*
Casino Space (sf)**
0.0061
76,000 463.60
15,500 94.55
Food and Beverage (sf)
0.0064
6000
38.40
Retail (sf)
0.0064
7500
48.00
Other/Office (sf)
0.0013
15,500 20.15
1500
1.95
RV Spaces (count)
0.7300
40
29.20
Hotels (room)
0.7300
100 73.00
Total tons for Enterprises 768.85
556.75
94.55
88.35
29.20
Percent of Waste Stream by Enterprise:
72.4%
12.3%
11.5%
3.8%
Notes:
* Waste in tons per year
** Casino space includes gaming space, food and beverage, entertainment, and retail. Casino Space Rate is average of these uses.
Rate = Generation Rate (tons/unit/year) (CalRecycle 2006)
sf = square feet
All quantities based on publicly available information (Google Earth Pro and casino website)
Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians
Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
2001_Tables_2-7_ISWMP_241125.xlsx/Table 3
November 2024 Page 1 of 1
Table 4. Estimate of Waste Stream Generation Quantities and Composition by Enterprise
Quantities of Solid Waste
Current Enterprises (total)
Florence Casino
Coos Bay Casino
Golf Course
RV Park
Material
769
556.8
94.6
88.4
29.2
tons
tons
tons
tons
tons
Composition Enterprises
Florence
Coos Bay
Golf
Casino
5.30
3.16
9.87
4.04
9.80
1.47
12.08
11.09
9.15
2.55
8.74
7.87
1.73
0.78
0.92
3.38
2.24
0.21
Course
4.95
2.95
9.22
3.77
9.15
1.37
11.29
10.36
8.55
2.39
8.16
7.35
1.62
0.73
0.86
3.15
2.09
0.19
94.37
88.18
Paper - Recyclable
Cardboard - Recyclable
Paper - Non-recyclable
Plastic - Recyclable
Plastic - Non-recyclable
Yard Debris
Wood
Edible Food
Non-Edible Food Scraps
Diapers
Carpet, textiles, roofing, furniture, insulation
Glass
Metal - Recyclable
Metal - Non-recyclable
Electronics/Small Appliances
Other Inorganics
Medical Wastes
Hazardous Materials
5.60%
3.34%
10.44%
4.27%
10.36%
1.55%
12.78%
11.73%
9.68%
2.70%
9.24%
8.32%
1.83%
0.83%
0.98%
3.57%
2.37%
0.22%
43.07
25.69
80.27
32.83
79.65
11.92
98.26
90.19
74.42
20.76
71.03
63.97
14.07
6.38
7.52
27.45
18.22
1.69
Casino
31.19
18.60
58.12
23.77
57.68
8.63
71.15
65.31
53.89
15.03
51.44
46.32
10.19
4.62
5.44
19.88
13.19
1.22
Totals (percentage, tons)
100%
767.39
555.69
RV Park
1.64
0.98
3.05
1.25
3.03
0.45
3.73
3.43
2.83
0.79
2.70
2.43
0.53
0.24
0.29
1.04
0.69
0.06
29.14
Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians
Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
2001_Tables_2-7_ISWMP_241125.xlsx/Table 4
November 2024 Page 1 of 1
Table 5. CTCLUSI Residential Projected Growth
Material and Percent
Year
Pop.*
TPY
tons
tons
tons
tons
tons
tons
tons
tons
tons
tons
tons
tons
tons
tons
tons
tons
tons
tons
tons
2023
499
160
11
4
16
6
14
7
5
22
15
1
14
17
5
5
1
1
17
1
160
2033
624
200
14
5
20
8
17
9
6
27
19
1
18
21
6
6
1
1
21
1
200
Laboratory Waste Generation
Use (unit)
Rate (TPY)
Hazardous waste SQG (year)
2.4
Other office (sf)
0.0013
Quantity Waste (tons)
1
2.40
1800
2.34
Total Tons
4.74
Paper - Recyclable
6.9%
Cardboard - Recyclable
2.3%
Paper - Non-recyclable
10.1%
Plastic - Recyclable
3.8%
Medical Clinic Waste Generation
Plastic - Non-recyclable
8.6%
Use (unit)
Rate (TPY) Quantity Waste (tons)
Yard Debris
4.6%
Hospital (beds)
2.92
3
8.76
Wood
2.9%
Total Tons
8.76
Edible Food
13.7%
Non-Edible Food Scraps
9.5%
Tires and Rubber
0.5%
Diapers
8.9%
Carpet, textiles, roofing, furniture, insulation 10.6%
Glass
3.1%
Metal - Recyclable
2.9%
Metal - Non-recyclable
0.6%
Electronics/Small Appliances
0.7%
Other Inorganics
10.5%
Hazardous Wastes
0.5%
Totals 100.5%
***
Notes:
* Population - Enrolled CTCLUSI members living in the Five-County Area
*** Total differs slightly from 100% due to rounding and exclusion of very minor waste categories
Pop. - population (estimated to increase 25% in 10 years)
sf - square feet
SQG - Small Quantity Generator
TPY - tons per year
TPY =( [population] x [lbs/person/day (from Table 2)] x [days in year] )/2000 lbs/ton
Laboratory hazardous waste is estimated at 400 pounds per month (Oregon DEQ 2017)
Laboratory nonhazardous waste is estimated based on the rate for retail uses
Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians
Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
2001_Tables_2-7_ISWMP_241125.xlsx/Table 5
November 2024 Page 1 of 1
Table 6. Projected Future Waste Generation due to Enterprise Expansion
Florence Casino
Coos Head
Generator
RV Park
Development
Use (unit)
Rate Quantity Waste* Quantity Waste*
Retail (sf)
0.0064
12000
76.80
RV Spaces (each)
0.7300
60
43.80
20
14.60
Cottages (each)
0.7300
Total tons for Enterprises 135.20
43.80
91.40
Notes:
* Waste in tons per year
sf = square feet
Rate = Generation Rate (tons/unit/year) (CalRecycle 2006)
RV Park - hotel room rate used for RV spaces and cottages
Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians
Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
2001_Tables_2-7_ISWMP_241125.xlsx/Table 6
November 2024 Page 1 of 1
Table 7. Cost Savings Opportunities from Waste Diversion
Amount of Solid Waste Generated by Source
Potential Diversion Rates
Summary Avoided Costs
Generators
Tons
Residential
159.7
Residential
$
3,152 $
5,253 $
7,354 $
Facilities
90.5
Facilities
$
2,128 $
3,546 $
4,965 $
6,383
Enterprises
768.9
Enterprises
$
18,069
$
30,114 $
42,160 $
54,206
Total
1019.1
Total Avoided Costs/Year $
23,348
$
38,914
54,479
70,045
Disposal cost per ton estimate 1
30%
50%
70%
$
90%
$
9,456
$132.54
Residential Estimated Waste Generation & Potential Diversion
30%
Avoided
Disposal
50%
Potential Diversion
Avoided
70%
Disposal
Avoided
Disposal
90%
Avoided
Disposal
Residential
Tons
Recycle
Paper - Recyclable
6.85%
10.94
3.28
Costs
$/ton
$132.54 $
434.92
5.47
$/ton
$132.54 $
724.87
7.66
Costs
$/ton
$132.54 $ 1,014.81
9.84
Costs
$/ton
$132.54 $ 1,304.76
Cardboard - Recyclable
2.31%
3.69
1.11
$132.54 $
146.68
1.84
$132.54 $
244.46
2.58
$132.54 $
342.25
3.32
$132.54 $
440.04
Paper - Non-recyclable
10.06%
16.07
Plastic - Recyclable
3.83%
6.11
1.83
$132.54 $
243.12
3.06
$132.54 $
405.20
4.28
$132.54 $
567.28
5.50
$132.54 $
729.36
Plastic - Non-recyclable
8.63%
13.77
Material
Compost
Recycle
Compost
Costs
Recycle
Compost
Recycle
Compost
Yard Debris
4.59%
7.33
2.20
$132.54 $
291.60
3.67
$132.54 $
485.99
5.13
$132.54 $
680.39
6.60
$132.54 $
874.79
Wood
2.88%
4.60
1.38
$132.54 $
182.87
2.30
$132.54 $
304.79
3.22
$132.54 $
426.70
4.14
$132.54 $
548.62
Edible Food
13.72%
21.91
6.57
$132.54 $
871.24
10.96
$132.54 $
1,452.06
15.34
$132.54 $
2,032.89
19.72
$132.54 $
2,613.71
Non-Edible Food Scraps
9.46%
15.10
4.53
$132.54 $
600.57
7.55
$132.54 $
1,000.96
10.57
$132.54 $
1,401.34
13.59
$132.54 $
1,801.72
Tires and Rubber
0.49%
0.78
Diapers
8.91%
14.22
Carpet, textiles, roofing, furniture, insulation
10.59%
16.91
Glass
3.11%
4.96
1.49
$132.54 $
197.30
2.48
$132.54 $
328.84
3.47
$132.54 $
460.38
4.47
$132.54 $
591.91
Metal - Recyclable
2.89%
4.62
1.39
$132.54 $
183.61
2.31
$132.54 $
306.01
3.23
$132.54 $
428.42
4.16
$132.54 $
550.83
Metal - Non-recyclable
0.59%
0.95
$ 3,151.91
15.16
$
5,253.18
21.22
$
7,354.46
27.29
$
9,455.73
Electronics/Small Appliances
0.68%
1.09
Other Inorganics
10.46%
16.71
Medical Wastes
Hazardous Materials
Totals
0.48%
0.77
100%
160.54
9.10
14.68
24.47
34.26
44.05
Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians
Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
2001_Tables_2-7_ISWMP_241125/Table 7
November 2024 Page 1 of 3
Facilities Estimated Waste Generation & Potential Diversion
30%
Avoided
Disposal
50%
Potential Diversion
Avoided
70%
Disposal
Avoided
90%
Avoided
Disposal
Tons
Recycle
Paper - Recyclable
5.60%
5.07
1.52
Costs
$/ton
$132.54 $
201.68
2.54
$/ton
$132.54 $
336.14
3.55
Costs
$/ton
$132.54 $
470.59
4.57
Costs
$/ton
$132.54 $
605.05
Cardboard - Recyclable
3.34%
3.03
0.91
$132.54 $
120.29
1.51
$132.54 $
200.48
2.12
$132.54 $
280.68
2.72
$132.54 $
360.87
Paper - Non-recyclable
10.44%
9.45
Plastic - Recyclable
4.27%
3.87
1.16
$132.54 $
153.72
1.93
$132.54 $
256.20
2.71
$132.54 $
358.68
3.48
$132.54 $
461.16
Plastic - Non-recyclable
10.36%
9.38
Compost
Recycle
Compost
Costs
Disposal
Facilities
Material
Recycle
Compost
Recycle
Compost
Yard Debris
1.55%
1.40
0.42
$132.54 $
55.80
0.70
$132.54 $
93.00
0.98
$132.54 $
130.20
1.26
$132.54 $
167.40
Wood
12.78%
11.57
3.47
$132.54 $
460.08
5.79
$132.54 $
766.80
8.10
$132.54 $
1,073.52
10.41
$132.54 $
1,380.24
Edible Food
11.73%
10.62
3.19
$132.54 $
422.28
5.31
$132.54 $
703.80
7.43
$132.54 $
985.32
9.56
$132.54 $
1,266.84
Non-Edible Food Scraps
9.68%
8.76
2.63
$132.54 $
348.48
4.38
$132.54 $
580.80
6.13
$132.54 $
813.12
7.89
$132.54 $
1,045.44
Tires and Rubber
Diapers
2.70%
2.44
Carpet, textiles, roofing, furniture, insulation
9.24%
8.36
Glass
8.32%
7.53
2.26
$132.54 $
299.52
3.77
$132.54 $
499.20
5.27
$132.54 $
698.88
6.78
$132.54 $
898.56
Metal - Recyclable
1.83%
1.66
0.50
$132.54 $
65.88
0.83
$132.54 $
109.80
1.16
$132.54 $
153.72
1.49
$132.54 $
197.64
Metal - Non-recyclable
0.83%
0.75
Electronics/Small Appliances
0.98%
0.89
Other Inorganics
3.57%
3.23
Medical Wastes
Hazardous Materials
2.37%
0.22%
2.15
0.20
$ 2,127.73
10.58
$
3,546.22
14.81
$
4,964.71
19.04
$
6,383.20
Totals
100%
90.37
6.35
9.71
16.18
22.65
29.12
Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians
Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
2001_Tables_2-7_ISWMP_241125/Table 7
November 2024 Page 2 of 3
Enterprises Estimated Waste Generation & Potential Diversion
30%
Avoided
Disposal
50%
Potential Diversion
Avoided
70%
Disposal
Costs
Recycle
Avoided
Disposal
90%
Avoided
Disposal
43.07
12.92
Costs
$/ton
$132.54 $ 1,712.67
21.54
$/ton
$132.54 $
2,854.45
30.15
Costs
$/ton
$132.54 $ 3,996.23
Cardboard - Recyclable
3.34%
25.69
7.71
$132.54 $ 1,021.50
12.85
$132.54 $
1,702.50
17.98
$132.54 $
2,383.49
23.12
$132.54 $
3,064.49
Paper - Non-recyclable
10.44%
80.27
Plastic - Recyclable
4.27%
32.83
9.85
$132.54 $ 1,305.38
16.41
$132.54 $
2,175.64
22.98
$132.54 $
3,045.89
29.55
$132.54 $
3,916.15
Plastic - Non-recyclable
10.36%
79.65
Yard Debris
1.55%
11.92
3.58
$132.54 $
473.85
5.96
$132.54 $
789.75
8.34
$132.54 $
1,105.65
10.73
$132.54 $
1,421.55
Wood
12.78%
98.26
29.48
$132.54 $ 3,906.98
49.13
$132.54 $
6,511.63
68.78
$132.54 $
9,116.28
88.43
$132.54 $ 11,720.93
Edible Food
11.73%
90.19
27.06
$132.54 $ 3,585.98
45.09
$132.54 $
5,976.63
63.13
$132.54 $
8,367.29
81.17
$132.54 $ 10,757.94
Non-Edible Food Scraps
9.68%
74.42
22.33
$132.54 $ 2,959.27
37.21
$132.54 $
4,932.12
52.10
$132.54 $
6,904.97
66.98
$132.54 $
8,877.82
Material
Paper - Recyclable
Enterprises
Tons
Recycle
5.60%
Compost
Recycle
Compost
Compost
Recycle
Compost
38.77
Costs
$/ton
$132.54 $ 5,138.01
Tires and Rubber
Diapers
2.70%
20.76
Carpet, textiles, roofing, furniture, insulation
9.24%
71.03
Glass
8.32%
63.97
19.19
$132.54 $ 2,543.51
31.98
$132.54 $
4,239.18
44.78
$132.54 $
5,934.85
57.57
$132.54 $
7,630.53
Metal - Recyclable
1.83%
14.07
4.22
$132.54 $
559.45
7.03
$132.54 $
932.42
9.85
$132.54 $
1,305.38
12.66
$132.54 $
1,678.35
Metal - Non-recyclable
0.83%
6.38
Electronics/Small Appliances
0.98%
7.52
Other Inorganics
3.57%
27.45
Medical Wastes
Hazardous Materials
2.37%
0.22%
18.22
1.69
100%
767.39
$ 18,068.59
89.82
$
30,114.32
125.74
$ 42,160.04
161.67
Totals
53.89
82.44
137.39
192.35
247.31
$ 54,205.77
Notes
*Enrolled CTCLUSI members living in the Five-County Area
lbs = pounds
1
Residential, facilities, and enterprises disposal cost per ton based on financial information provided by CTCLUSI Controller and average waste generation rate
Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians
Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
2001_Tables_2-7_ISWMP_241125/Table 7
November 2024 Page 3 of 3
Appendix A
Waste Reduction Tips for Hotels and
Casinos
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Solid Waste
and Emergency Response
(5306W)
EPA530-F-00-007
April 2000
www.epa.gov/tribalmsw
Waste Reduction Tips
For Hotels and Casinos
In Indian Country
T
ribally owned hotels, motels, resorts, casinos, and bingo halls
have numerous opportunities to prevent waste when purchasing
supplies and food, serving customers, or cleaning guest rooms.
There are approximately 400 hotels, motels, and resorts, and 200 casinos
and bingo halls located in Indian Country. These facilities generate a tremendous amount of solid waste, including food waste, glass containers, metal
cans, plastics, paper and cardboard. Hotel and casino operators have found
that waste prevention reduces purchasing costs and disposal fees. So, waste
prevention not only can help protect the environment and conserve natural
resources, it makes economic sense.
Starting a Waste Reduction Program
Step 1 - Secure support. A successful waste reduction program requires both
a philosophical and financial commitment from facility managers. Without
this commitment, employees may be reluctant to fully embrace the program.
Designate a “green team” comprised of representatives from each facility
operation (e.g., housekeeping, kitchen, grounds keeping, purchasing) to provide support and input for the waste reduction activities.
Step 2 - Conduct a waste characterization study (waste assessment or
audit). This study will help determine waste stream composition by identifying waste volumes, existing waste management
practices (e.g., reuse, recycling, disposal), and the
associated costs. It will help identify which portions of the waste stream could be recycled,
reduced, or eliminated altogether. A waste audit
also will help to identify disposal costs. Using a
full cost analysis approach, taking into account
complete lifecycle costs such as procurement, use,
and final disposal, can further clarify the true costs
of different materials and practices.
(continued on page 4)
Turning Solids
into Soil
the average recycling rate for towns and cities in
Connecticut!
Eastern Band of Cherokee
Indians of North Carolina
Before the casino was built, the Mohegan P2 Team
transformed waste disposal costs into revenue
through the sale of recyclable materials such as corrugated cardboard, paper, plastic, cans, and glass.
Even more waste was prevented by reusing clothing,
toys, books, and other household materials. The casino itself was constructed through adaptive reuse of
existing, older buildings. Since the casino’s opening,
the Tribe has pursued additional environmental initiatives. Automotive emissions from reservation visitors,
for example, are voluntarily offset by the Tribe’s purchase of emission offset credits from other facilities.
The Cherokee Indian Reservation, located in western
North Carolina, attracts 5 to 8 million tourists annually. After opening its casino in November 1997, the
Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI) initiated a
pilot project, assisted by $69,500 in EPA grant funding, to evaluate windrow and particle screening
processes for composting food waste from their new
casino and its three restaurants. EBCI already had an
established composting program for wastewater treatment sludge (biosolids) and vegetative waste, and
used their experience to develop a progressive system
to compost food waste. EBCI collects approximately
1,200 pounds of food waste a day from the casino
and its restaurants for composting. The Tribe distributes the final product to landscapers, nurseries, and
individual homes both on and off reservation.
1997 Waste Stream Assessment
Food
Waste
37.5%
Cardboard
7% Cooking
Grease
1%
EBCI shares information about their program through
newsletters and newspaper articles. For more information, contact John D. Long, sanitation manager, at
828 497-6977.
Commingled
Recycleables
4.5%
Once is Not Enough
at Mohegan Sun
Casino
Trash
50%
Courtesy of the Mohegan Indian Tribe of Connecticut
Mohegan Indian Tribe
of Connecticut
Food waste was a major problem for the Tribe, constituting 37.5 percent of the waste stream before
waste reduction efforts. The Mohegans now send
more than 2,190 tons of food waste produced each
year in the casino’s restaurant operations to an offreservation piggery for use as feed, avoiding
$184,000 in hauling and landfill disposal fees. Pig
waste and bedding from the piggery are composted
The Mohegan Tribe of Indians have experienced
tremendous success with their waste management
efforts. The Tribe’s Integrated Pollution Prevention
(P2) Program resulted in recycling more than
44 percent of the solid waste stream of the Mohegan
Sun Casino and Tribal Office in 1997; that’s twice
2
and reimported onto the reservation for landscaping
use, thus “closing the loop” on food wastes. The piggery does not need to grow grain to feed the pigs and
the Tribe does not need to purchase peat moss for
mulch. The Tribe also sells waste fat, bones, and
grease to a renderer for use in the production of animal feed and other products. For example, the sale of
approximately 52 tons of cooking grease earns
$3,000 annually and avoids $84 a ton in disposal
fees, saving another $4,368 a year.
protection a priority well before Foxwoods reached
its current size and popularity.
According to Van Splinter, Foxwoods recycles
everything that is practical, including glass, steel,
aluminum, plastic, and paper. To find the most profitable outlets for common materials such as corrugated cardboard, Foxwoods issues Requests for
Proposals (RFPs) to secure vendors. To ensure maximum return on recyclables, Foxwoods purchased a
baler to pack the corrugated cardboard and a combination can rinser/crusher to process steel cans. The
facility uses more than 260 tons of steel cans in one
year, but it recycles about 99 percent of them. The
baler and rinser/crusher minimize the volume of
Foxwoods’ recyclables, increasing both dollar return
and the number of vendors willing to accept the
materials. To further facilitate its recycling efforts,
the Tribe is creating two “mini-MRFs,” or materials
recovery facilities, which, in addition to processing
Foxwoods’ materials, also will accept materials from
surrounding areas.
Pollution prevention education of employees and
contractors is a key aspect of the Mohegan program.
More than 6,000 individuals involved in waste management have been through a P2 training program.
The Mohegans also practice environmentally preferable purchasing, buying recycled-content products
whenever possible. For more information, contact
Dr. Norman Richards at 860 204-6112.
The Tribe also has employed a number of waste prevention measures. It has, for example, arranged for
used wooden pallets to be picked up by their vendor
and house wine to be delivered in bulk recyclable barrels rather than individual bottles. In addition, the
Tribe composts its yard trimmings on site and is looking into new technology that can convert its food residuals into energy. To reduce the weight of its waste, the
Tribe has invested in dewatering equipment, commonly used by the pulp and paper industry, to extract water
from its waste stream (water often comprises more
than 30 percent by weight of the waste stream).
Waste Isn’t Worth
the Gamble at
Foxwoods
Mashantucket Pequot Tribe
of Connecticut
Eight years ago, Foxwoods was nothing more than a
bingo hall housed in a two-story building in the
Connecticut woods. Today, Foxwoods Resort and
Casino is bigger than most small towns, employing
11,500 people and hosting more than 55,000 visitors
during peak season. According to Mike Van Splinter,
Foxwoods’ director of environmental services, the
Mashantucket Pequot Tribe was able to incorporate
environmental designs from the start—rather than
having to retrofit an established resort complex—
because the Tribe was building in an undeveloped,
rural environment. The Tribe made environmental
Van Splinter cites two important aspects of
Foxwoods’ waste management practices: separation
of recyclables at the point of generation and a strong
commitment from the Tribe and the Foxwoods staff.
If you have questions about Foxwoods’ waste management practices, contact Mike Van Splinter at
860 312-3060.
3
Starting a Waste Reduction Program
(continued from page 1)
the waste reduction activities that will become a part
of their jobs or responsibilities. Continually monitor,
evaluate, and fine-tune waste reduction efforts by
identifying more effective and efficient methods of
reducing waste, increasing reuse and recycling, and
identifying additional opportunities to remove or
eliminate materials from the waste stream.
Step 3 - Develop a waste reduction plan. Based on
the waste assessment findings, set waste reduction
priorities and goals for the facility. Goals should identify the extent to which each waste stream is to be
reduced, reused, or recycled (e.g., recycle 20 percent
of corrugated packaging).
Step 4 - Implement the program. Once waste
reduction goals have been set, educate employees on
Three R’s Checklist:
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
◆
Buy in bulk to avoid excess packaging.
◆
Provide recycling containers in guest rooms and
common areas to promote recycling.
◆
Recycle used bingo cards or purchase reusable
ones.
◆
Compost food, paper, and grass clippings and
other yard wastes, and chip larger branches for
use as mulch.
◆
Implement an integrated pest management
system to reduce the use of pesticides.
◆
Replace disposable items with reusable ones
(e.g., ceramic mugs versus Styrofoam cups).
◆
Replace paper hand towels in rest rooms with
hand dryers or cloth towel machines.
◆
Buy recycled-content products (e.g., paper
towels, office paper, printer toner cartridges).
◆
Use plastic lumber made from recycled
plastic for benches, tables, fencing, signs
and car stops.
◆
Talk to a local pallet vendor about reusing,
reconditioning, or recycling pallets.
HELP
CONSERVE
RESOURCES!
E
L
P
M
A
S
Linens washed daily in hotels and motels around
the world use millions of gallons of water. If you are
staying with us for more than one night and feel it is
unnecessary to change you bed linens every day,
please leave this card on your pillow. Your bed will be
made up and you will be helping to conserve water.
Thank you.
4
Tips for Reducing Waste
Tips for Reducing Waste
◆ Sell used decks of cards in casino gift shops as
water requirements are reduced
when use of water dependent
plants such as lawn grasses is
minimized. In other climates,
mulching helps plants retain
moisture as well as nutrients.
Planting indigenous species
rather than nonnative ornamental ones also reduces the need
for chemical pesticides and fertilizers because the plants are
adapted to the area.
souvenirs (after drilling or cutting corners to prevent
unauthorized reintroduction to game tables) or leave
them in hotel rooms for your guests’ use. The Prairie
Island Indian Community in Minnesota donates their
used cards to retirement homes, churches, scout
troops, and other charitable organizations.
◆ Reuse—or donate for reuse—shipping, food, and
other types of containers. The Lac du Flambeau
Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians reuses its
casino’s small plastic coin containers in art projects
at a local museum and cultural center, and five-gallon plastic containers find new uses at the fish
hatchery and other tribal enterprises.
◆
Compost food, paper, and landscape trimmings on
site and use the resulting nutrient-rich humus as a
soil amendment or mulch.
◆
Purchase cleaning products in bulk or in concentrated forms. Educate staff on the proper mixing of
concentrates to avoid waste and save money. The
Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
Indians refills individual cleaning product bottles on
housekeeping carts from a centrally located supply
dispenser station. The cleaners are nonphosphated
products bought in bulk, and reduce nutrient loadings to the environment.
◆
◆
Become a WasteWise partner.
Partners commit to reduce
waste, establish waste reduction
goals, and track their progress.
Many tribes have already
become partners quickly and
easily by signing up online at
<www.epa.gov/wastewise>
or calling 800 EPA WISE
(372-9473).
◆
Use Environmental Protection Agency guidelines
for purchasing goods for your business. EPA
programs such as the Comprehensive Procurement
Guidelines Program <www.epa.gov/cpg> and
Environmentally Preferable Purchasing program
<www.epa.gov/opptintr/epp> outline criteria for
purchasing products with high recycled content and
a reduced effect on the environment.
◆
Buy long-lasting, energy-efficient fluorescent light
bulbs, energy-efficient computers and appliances,
and water-efficient fixtures. Consider joining EPA’s
Greenlights, Energy Star <www.epa.gov/energystar>, and Water Alliances for Voluntary Efficiency
<www.epa.gov/owm/genwave.htm> programs.
These voluntary partnership programs offer technical assistance, publications, software, and other
tools to help make your facilities more energy
and water efficient.
Install refillable shampoo and soap dispensers in
bathrooms rather than using disposable plastic bottles or individual bars of soap.
◆
Offer guests the option of reusing their linens and
towels. The Bois Forte Band of Chippewa provides
guests staying more than one night with the option
to reuse bed linens and bath towels, which helps
reduce water usage.
◆
Landscape with indigenous plants adapted to the
local climate and soil conditions. In dry climates,
5
Printed on paper that contains at least 30 percent postconsumer fiber.
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use
$300
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
(5306W)
Ariel Rios Building
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.
Washington, DC 20460
Resources
American Hotel and Motel Association. 1993. Recycling
and Source Reduction for the Lodging Industry.
Washington, DC. Available by calling: 202 289-3100.
INFORM, Inc. 1996. Less Garbage Overnight: A Waste
Prevention Guide for the Lodging Industry. New York,
NY. Available by calling: 212 361-2400.
California Integrated Waste Management Board. 1994.
Waste Reduction in Hotels and Motels. Sacramento, CA.
Available by calling: 800 553-2962.
Montana Pollution Prevention Program. 1995. Pollution
Prevention in the Hospitality Industry: A Tool Kit for
Environmental Management. Bozeman, MT. Available
by calling: 406 994-3451.
Georgia Hospitality Environmental Partnership. 1996.
Waste Reduction in Hotels and Motels: A Guide for
Hotel and Motel Managers. Decatur, GA. Available by
calling: 404 371-2405.
Greater Chicago Recycling Industry Council. 1994. Eat,
Drink, and Recycle: A Guide to Recycling for
Restaurants, Bars, and Clubs. Chicago, IL. Available by
calling: 312 493-2200.
National Restaurant Association and U.S. Department of
Agriculture. 1997. Food Donation: A Restaurateur’s
Guide. Washington, DC. Available by calling:
800 424-5156.
NYC Department of Sanitation, NYC Department of
Environmental Protection, and the Hotel Association.
1994. Make Waste an Unwelcome Guest: The NYC
Guide to Hotel Waste Prevention. New York, NY.
Available by faxing: 212 837-8162.
Appendix B
Compostable Ware
Appendix C
Composting
Composting, grasscycling and composting with worms
It’s easy
to make
your own
compost!
September
Composting
Instead of tossing out your yard
trimmings and vegetable scraps, compost
them in your own backyard.
Composting is easy and fun and will help
you grow a strong, beautiful garden. Use
compost to improve the quality of clay
or sandy soil; reduce water and fertilizer
needs; and even prevent runoff and
pollution of our local rivers, lakes and
streams.
Even the first-time composter can make
quality compost. Use the guidelines that
follow to help you get started.
Contents
About composting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
What to compost. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
How composting works. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Composting methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Uses for compost. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Problems and solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
More uses for yard waste and scraps. . . 7
Compost with worms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Composting demonstration centers. . . 12
About composting
What is compost?
Compost is a dark, crumbly mixture of
decomposed organic materials such as grass
clippings, leaves, twigs and branches. It is a
community teeming with microorganisms that
decompose organic material and help the soil
generate its own fertilizers. Compost contains
nutrients, holds those nutrients in the soil until
plants can use them, loosens and aerates clay soils
and retains water in sandy soils.
Anything that was once alive will naturally
decompose. However, some organic wastes –
such as meat or dairy products – should not be
composted at home.
Recipe for success
To provide essential nutrients for the
microorganisms that make compost, mix one to
two parts carbon-rich materials (“browns”) such
as fall leaves with one part nitrogen-rich
materials (“greens”) such as grass clippings. Air
and water are the other key ingredients. To
introduce air, be sure to include enough brown
materials – they make compost more fluffy – and
turn compost occasionally. Turning also will help
compost break down more quickly. Finally, add
enough water to make compost as moist as a
wrung-out sponge.
Avoid rodents: compost fruit and
vegetable trimmings with care!
If you add kitchen scraps to compost, or if there
are rodents in your area, use a rodentresistant composting system to prevent problems.
Bins need a lid, a floor and no holes or gaps
larger than a quarter inch. And remember: Never
add meat, dairy, grains, grease or bread
to compost. They are harmless to
compost but can attract rodents.
1
1
What to compost
Yes! Do compost:
Green (one part)
• fresh grass clippings
• green leaves
• plant stalks
• hedge trimmings
• vegetable and fruit scraps
• coffee grounds, filters and tea bags
• egg shells
• horse, cow and poultry manures
Brown (one or two parts)
• woody prunings
• leaves and twigs
• straw
• wood chips
• old potting soil
• shredded newspaper
NO! Do not compost:
• meat or fish parts
• dairy products
• grease, cooking oil or oily foods
• bread or grains
• diseased plants*
• weeds with seed heads and invasive weeds
such as morning glory*
• pet wastes
* diseased plants and weeds with seeds can be
placed in yard debris collection containers.
2
How composting works
Biology 101. Composting is done by a wide
variety of organisms found naturally in organic
matter. They work together, feeding on your
pile (and each other) to break down materials.
Bacteria are the first microorganisms to go to
work in your compost pile. They are the most
numerous compost makers in the process. Fungi
and protozoa soon join the bacteria. Later in the
cycle, centipedes, millipedes, beetles and worms
move in to finish the job.
Chop it small. If the microorganisms have more
surface area on which to feed, the materials will
break down faster. Chop garden debris into 6-inch
pieces or smaller with pruning shears, or use a
chipper/shredder or lawnmower to shred materials
to help them decompose faster.
Size matters. Compost piles trap heat generated
by the activity of millions of microorganisms. A
3-foot-by-3-foot-by-3-foot pile is considered an
ideal size for hot, fast composting.
Air and water. Most life on earth needs a
certain amount of water and air to survive.
Microorganisms in the compost pile work best
when the pile is as damp as a wrung-out sponge
and has many air passages. Extremes of sun or
rain can adversely affect the balance of air and
moisture in your pile.
Time and temperature. The most efficient
decomposing bacteria thrive in temperatures
between 110 and 160 degrees Fahrenheit. The
hotter the pile, the faster the composting. A
good balance of carbon and nitrogen, lots of
surface area within a large volume of material
and adequate moisture and aeration will cause
the temperature to rise over several days. Hot
composting is faster and can kill weed seeds, but
quality is just as good in compost made without
heat.
3
Composting methods
Which one is right for you?
No-fuss, hot and worm
composting all can produce
great compost for your garden
while helping you reduce waste
at home. The materials you
want to compost, the amount of
space you have and your desired
effort level can guide your choice.
No-fuss composting
This is the easiest method for
composting yard trimmings
alone or mixed with fruit and vegetable trimmings
and requires relatively little garden space (about 3
feet by 3 feet) in sun or shade. For yard trimmings
only, you can use an open pile or a simple holding
bin made of wire mesh or salvaged lumber.
If adding fruit and vegetable trimmings, use a
rodent-resistant bin (see page 1).
Simply add chopped browns and greens to the bin
or pile as you generate them. Be sure to mix moist
green materials such as fruits, vegetables and grass
clippings into the dryer materials of the pile so
as not to attract pests. In four to 12 months you
should have soil-like compost to harvest at the
bottom of the pile.
Hot composting
Hot composting requires a bit more effort and
space but is the fastest method for composting yard
trimmings alone or mixed with fruit and vegetable
trimmings. It can also kill weed seeds and plant
diseases.
A two- or three-bin system that allows access to
the compost for turning is ideal for hot
composting. Mix alternating layers of brown (highcarbon) and green (high-nitrogen) materials in the
2-1 or 1-1 ratio, and dampen the pile as you go.
Fill the entire bin with this mixture.
4
Just after the pile temperature peaks and decreases
significantly (usually within one week), turn and
mix the materials into the next bin. Repeat a few
times, then let compost cure for several weeks. If
the material in the pile seems dry, add more water;
if it didn’t get hot initially, add more high-nitrogen
material (or nitrogen fertilizer). The whole process
commonly takes one to three months. Compost is
finished when it is cool and looks nice and brown.
Worm composting
Worm composting is a fun way to process fruit and
vegetable trimmings in a small amount of space
indoors or out. For details, see page 8.
Uses for compost
As a soil amendment. Mix
1 to 3 inches of compost into
vegetable and flower gardens
each year before planting.
As a mulch. Spread 1 to
2 inches of compost around
annual flowers and vegetables
and up to 4 inches around trees and shrubs. Keep
mulch a few inches away from stems to prevent
plant diseases.
As a potting mixture. Add one part compost
to two parts commercial potting soil, or make your
own mixture by using equal parts of compost and
sand or perlite.
As compost tea. You can easily make a simple
compost extract by putting several handfuls of
finished compost in a gallon of water, letting it
sit for a few hours and then stirring vigorously.
This can be applied to the soil as a mild liquid
fertilizer. Aerated compost tea, made for culturing
higher numbers of beneficial soil organisms, can
be made using special brewers available in some
local garden centers. Call Metro for a current list of
sources.
5
Problems and solutions for
basic compost bins
Problem: Pile not composting
Too dry. Solution: Add water until compost is
moist as a wrung-out sponge, and turn or mix
pile.
Too much brown (carbon-rich) material.
Solution: Add fresh green (nitrogen-rich)
material or organic nitrogen fertilizer, and turn
or mix pile.
Problem: Pile smells rotten or attracts flies
Too wet or too many food scraps or lawn
clippings. Solution: Turn or mix and add
brown (carbon-rich) materials. If you have no
brown materials, try dry soil or potting mix.
Food scraps or lawn clippings exposed.
Solution: Bury or mix food scraps and lawn
clippings into pile and/or cover green materials
with a layer of brown materials. Never dumpand-run with moist green materials.
Problem materials. Solution: Remove meat,
dairy or grease and turn or mix pile.
Problem: Rodents in bin.
Use traps or bait and follow these
recommendations to avoid attracting rodents.
Bin not rodent resistant. Solution: Repair or
replace bin so it is rodent resistant. Bin needs a
lid, a floor and no holes or gaps larger than a
quarter inch.
Problem materials. Solution: Remove meat,
dairy or grease, and turn or mix pile.
Too many food scraps. Solution: Turn or mix
pile, and add brown (carbon-rich) materials. If
you have no brown materials, try dry soil or
potting mix.
6
More uses for yard waste and
kitchen scraps
Mulching
Use grass clippings, leaves, straw, sawdust from
untreated wood, wood chips or finished compost
as mulch around trees, shrubs and other perennial
plantings. Mulching suppresses weeds, conserves
moisture, reduces soil erosion and protects plants
from cold. In annual flower and vegetable gardens,
use only nonwoody mulches (e.g., grass clippings
or compost) that break down quickly. Keep mulch
away from stems to prevent plant diseases.
Burying
You also can incorporate organic materials into the
soil by burying them. Till grass clippings, leaves and
soft garden wastes directly into garden beds. To bury
vegetable and fruit scraps, dig a hole, put scraps in
and chop and mix with the soil, then cover with at
least 12 inches of soil.
Grasscycling
Grasscycling is the practice of leaving grass
clippings on the lawn. When you
grasscycle regularly, clippings quickly
decompose and release nutrients
back into the lawn. You won’t
have to stop your mower
every few minutes to empty
the bag, and you don’t have
to spend time raking cut grass
off your lawn.
Grasscycling helps the environment and can save you
money. It provides free fertilizer: Leaving
clippings on your lawn can satisfy more than 50
percent of the lawn’s nitrogen needs and can reduce
the time and money spent fertilizing. Lawns stay
greener and healthier when clippings are left on
them. One application of a slow-release or organic
fertilizer in the fall is more than adequate for most
grasscycled lawns. By using less fertilizer and fewer
pesticides and herbicides, you help reduce waterway
pollution.
7
How to grasscycle
Use any good working mower with a sharp blade
or blades. Dull blades can shred grass and make it
vulnerable to diseases. If you can’t mow regularly,
mulching mowers may be better than traditional
mowers because mulching mowers cut grass into
finer pieces, allowing the pieces to filter down
among the standing plants.
Generally, you should mow often enough that you
never remove more than about one-third of the
grass height at a time. Also, set your mower at a
high setting (about 2 1/2 to 3 inches) so grass can
better out-compete weeds and retain moisture.
Mowing when grass is dry will allow better
distribution of clippings and reduce the chance of
clogging the mower.
It can be difficult to mow during the rainy season.
When lawn is wet, raise the mower level, cut what
you can and compost wet clippings or use as a
mulch for garden beds. In following weeks, gradually lower your mower to the proper height.
Grasscycling does not cause thatch. Thatch is made
of roots and dead stems that decompose slowly.
Grass clippings decompose rapidly and can help
make your lawn more vigorous and durable.
Compost with
worms
Make kitchen
scraps work for you
Worm bins are designed for
composting food waste using
red worms. Vegetable and
fruit scraps from the kitchen
are added regularly; the worms eat them and turn
them into vermicompost, or “castings.”
8
Four steps to a worm bin
1 The container and the worms
Build a wooden worm bin (plans are available from
Metro Recycling Information), buy a plastic tub
with a lid or use an old trunk. The container should
be between 8 and 16 inches deep, with quarter-inch
holes drilled in the bottom for drainage and sides
for aeration. Raise the bin on bricks or wooden
blocks for air circulation. Place a tray underneath
to capture any excess moisture if you keep your bin
indoors.
Cover the bin to conserve moisture, provide
darkness for the worms and prevent rodents.
Worm bins can sit outdoors or in the basement,
shed, garage or balcony. To maintain ideal
temperatures inside the bin (55 to 77 degrees
Fahrenheit), keep out of direct sun in summer and
move indoors or insulate if temperatures drop below
freezing in the winter.
Obtain worms from a friend’s compost pile or worm
bin, or purchase from a local or mail-order supplier.
A list of suppliers is available from Metro
Recycling Information. Generally, 1 pound of
worms is needed per bin. Red worms – also called
“red wigglers” or “manure worms” – are
recommended because they quickly process food
waste into worm compost.
2 Add bedding
Good bedding materials include shredded
newspaper or cardboard, brown leaves, straw or
untreated-wood sawdust. Fill the bin three-fourths
full with bedding that has been dampened with
water but isn’t soaking wet. Add a handful of dirt
to provide grit necessary for the worms’ digestion.
During the course of several months, the worms will
eat the bedding. Add more bedding as necessary to
keep a 4-inch layer at all times.
9
3 Feed worms
• vegetable scraps
• coffee grounds and filters
• tea bags
• fruit peels or pulp
Do not feed worms
• meat or fish
• dairy products
• greasy or oily foods
• pet wastes
To avoid odor or pest problems, don’t compost
meats, dairy products, oily foods or grains. When
adding food to the bin, pull aside some of the
bedding and bury the food. Use a different
location in the bin each time you add material.
4 Harvest your compost and clean out
the bin
After several months, dark, crumbly compost will
have collected in a layer on the bottom of the
bin. This means it’s time to remove some of the
finished compost and add new bedding.
Begin by feeding the worms on only one side of
the bin. Wait a few weeks until the worms have
migrated to that side, then move the bedding
from the whole bin to that side. Remove the
finished compost from the other side of the bin.
Use the compost on your houseplants, on your
seedlings or in your garden.
Add new moistened bedding to the empty side
of the bin. The next time you add food, place it
under the new bedding. Worms will migrate to
the new food and bedding to eat.
After several more months, repeat the procedure
and remove the finished compost from the other
side of the bin.
10
Worm bin problems
and solutions
Problem: Unpleasant odor or flies.
Too wet or food scraps exposed:
Add a 4- to 6-inch layer of dry bedding and stop
feeding for a couple weeks.
Problem materials: Remove meat, dairy or
greasy foods.
Problem: Worms are dying.
Food and bedding all eaten: Harvest finished
compost and add fresh bedding and food.
Too dry: Add water until moist as a wrung-out
sponge.
Extreme temperatures: Move bin to a
location where temperature is between 55 and
77 degrees Fahrenheit, or insulate to ensure
interior temperature is in that range.
Problem: Rodents in bin.
Use traps or bait and follow these
recommendations to avoid attracting rodents.
Bin not rodent resistant: Repair or replace
bin so it is rodent resistant. Bin needs a lid, a
floor and no holes or gaps larger than a quarter
inch.
Problem materials: Remove meat, dairy or
grease.
Too many food scraps: Add a 4- to 6-inch
layer of dry bedding and stop feeding for a
couple weeks.
“Problem”: Sow bugs, beetles and creepycrawlies in bin. (Not a problem!)
Healthy worm bins are home to a community of
beneficial fungi, insects and other organisms.
11
Composting demonstration
centers
Learn more, and see the results
Each site features active residential-scale compost
bins, a worm bin and interpretive signs. The centers
are open to the public. Individuals are welcome to
take self-guided tours and attend scheduled
workshops. Centers are owned by Clackamas
Community College and Portland Parks and
Recreation.
Directions to the
composting centers
Metro Natural Techniques Demonstration Garden.
6700 SE 57th Ave., Portland. From Southeast
Woodstock and 57th Avenue, travel south on 57th Avenue to Cooper Street, and park on street. The
demonstration garden is on east side of street next to
the Brentwood Community Garden. Call Metro
Recycling Information for hours and staffing details.
Clackamas Community College site. 19600 S.
Mollala Ave., Oregon City. Take Park Place/Mollala exit
off Interstate Highway 205. Follow the signs to
Clackamas Community College via state Route 213.
Turn left on Beavercreek Road. Turn right on Clairmont
Drive to enter campus. At first intersection, turn left
onto North Douglas Loop. The center is directly across
from the baseball field. Parking is next to the site.
Fulton Community Gardens site. Southwest Barbur
Boulevard and Miles Street in the Burlingame neighborhood of Southwest Portland. Enter from Southwest
Miles Street. Park in the Fulton Park Community Center
parking lot. Passenger parking for disabled drivers or
passengers is along gravel road adjacent to the site.
Leach Botanical Garden site. 6704 SE 122nd Ave.,
Portland. This site is on Southeast 122nd Avenue, three
blocks south of Foster Road. Park in the main parking
lot next to Johnson Creek, then walk a quarter mile,
following signs, across the creek and up the hill
to the site.
Please note: The centers do not accept public dropoff of yard debris. Call Metro for referral to drop-off
locations for materials you do not want to compost at
home.
12
Information and resources
Compost bins
Earth Machine compost bins are available at a
deeply discounted price at the MetroPaint store
at 4825 N. Basin Ave. on Swan Island in Portland.
Bin floors are also now available.
Metro Recycling Information:
503-234-3000
Call for information on compost bins,
composting and natural gardening seminars and
tours, natural gardening shopper’s guides and
other composting resources.
www.oregonmetro.gov/compost
Visit our web site for additional information
and resources.
13
Clean air and clean water do not stop at city
limits or county lines. Neither does the need
for jobs, a thriving economy and good
transportation choices for people and businesses
in our region. Voters have asked Metro to help
with the challenges that cross those lines and affect
the 25 cities and three counties in the Portland
metropolitan area.
A regional approach simply makes sense when
it comes to protecting open space, caring for
parks, planning for the best use of land, managing
garbage disposal and increasing recycling. Metro
oversees world-class facilities such as the Oregon
Zoo, which contributes to conservation and
education, and the Oregon Convention Center,
which benefits the region’s economy.
Your Metro representatives
Metro Council President – David Bragdon
Metro Councilors – Rod Park, District 1;
Carlotta Collette, District 2; Carl Hosticka, District 3;
Kathryn Harrington, District 4; Rex Burkholder, District 5;
Robert Liberty, District 6.
Auditor – Suzanne Flynn, CIA
Metro's web site www.oregonmetro.gov
Printed on recycled-content paper. 50% post-consumer waste. 4.09_09122mdw
Community Composting
Best Management
Practices
Words in bold and italics are defined in the glossary in
Appendix A.
BEF OR E Y O U B EGI N
• Do your homework
- Get trained in the art and science of composting.
- Map out a realistic plan: what will you compost,
who’s on your team, what’s your end goal?
• Secure a reliable source of browns, especially if
processing food scraps, animal manures, and other
highly putrescible materials.
• Focus on the flow of your site, avoid bottlenecks and
clutter. People “smell with their eyes.” Rats like places
to hide.
• Proactively
engage your
informational signage.
neighbors!
Put
up
• Start small and simple! Don’t bite off more than you
and your team can manage. Get a handle on your
process, then slowly expand.
- Be aware of existing composting rules and
regulations.
• Choose your location and develop a site plan
- Get to know your potential neighbors.
- Observe the site. Avoid standing water on the
site, even after a rain event.
- Map out the entire composting process and
where everything will be stored.
- Secure a water source for adding to composting
piles (as needed) and cleaning up.
• Choose an animal-resistant composting system:
- Cover your active composting piles, particularly
open windrows, with a biocover or other
semipermeable cover.
- Use concrete pads or fully enclosed systems for
active composting piles.
• Identify site operators and managers that are trained
in BMPs.
- What will be your management plan and
schedule?
GETTI N G S TA RT ED
• Create your recipe: two to three parts browns to one
part greens.
• Avoid problem materials: dairy, meat, oils, fats, grease,
diseased plants, aggressive grasses, and weeds.
• Secure feedstocks, tools, and composting process at
all stages from weather, pests, and people.
Community Composting Done Right
Informational signage guides participants on washing buckets used to store food
scraps at the NYC Compost Project hosted by Earth Matter NY. Source: Institute for
Local Self-Reliance.
AVOI DI N G R ODEN TS
• Place your composting system as far away from any
dumpsters or trash cans as possible, or at least make
sure that trash cans are well sealed.
• Maintain a buffer of at least 2 feet between your
composting
This text is long and has been trimmed here. Open the source document for the complete record.
This is a copy of a public record, reproduced as it was published. It is not legal advice, and it may not be the version a court would rely on. Check the official source before you cite it.