Protection of Stratospheric Ozone

SUMMARY: This notice expands the list of acceptable substitutes for

ozone depleting substances (ODSs) under the U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency's (EPA) Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP)

program. SNAP implements section 612 of the amended Clean Air Act of

1990 which requires EPA to evaluate substitutes for the ODSs, and

regulate the use of substitutes where other alternatives exist that

reduce overall risk to human health and the environment. Through these

evaluations, SNAP generates lists of acceptable and unacceptable

substitutes for each of the major industrial use sectors.

On March 18, 1994, EPA promulgated its plan for administering the

SNAP program, and issued decisions on the acceptability and

unacceptability of a number of substitutes (59 FR 13044). In today's

Notice, EPA issues decisions on the acceptability of substitutes not

previously reviewed by the Agency. The intended effect of this action

is to expedite movement away from ozone depleting compounds. To arrive

at determinations on the acceptability of substitutes, the Agency

completed a cross-media sector end-use screening assessment of risks to

human health and the environment.

EFFECTIVE DATE: January 13, 1995.

ADDRESSES: Information relevant to this notice is contained in Air

Docket A-91-42, Central Docket Section, South Conference Room 4, U.S.

Environmental Agency, 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460.

Telephone: (202) 260-7548. The docket may be inspected between 8 a.m.

and 5:30 p.m. weekdays. As provided in 40 CFR part 2, a reasonable fee

may be charged for photocopying.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Jeffrey Levy at (202) 233-9727 or fax

(202) 233-9577, U.S. EPA, Stratospheric Protection Division, 401 M

Street, SW., Mail Code 6205J, Washington, DC 20460.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

I. Overview of This Action

This action is divided into six sections, including this overview:

I. Overview of This Notice

II. Section 612 Program

A. Statutory Requirements

B. Regulatory History

III. Listing of Acceptable Substitutes

IV. Listing of Substitutes Pending Review

V. Additional Information

Appendix A Summary of Acceptable and Pending Decisions

II. Section 612 Program

A. Statutory Requirements

Section 612 of the Clean Air Act authorizes EPA to develop a

program for evaluating alternatives to ozone-depleting substances. EPA

is referring to this program as the Significant New Alternatives Policy

(SNAP) program. The major provisions of section 612 are:

Rulemaking--Section 612(c) requires EPA to promulgate rules making

it unlawful to replace any class I (chlorofluorocarbon, halon, carbon

tetrachloride, methyl chloroform, methyl bromide, and

hydrobromofluorocarbon) or class II (hydrochlorofluorocarbon) substance

with any substitute that the Administrator determines may present

adverse effects to human health or the environment where the

Administrator has identified an alternative that (1) reduces the

overall risk to human health and the environment, and (2) is currently

or potentially available.

Listing of Unacceptable/Acceptable Substitutes--Section 612(c) also

requires EPA to publish a list of the substitutes unacceptable for

specific uses. EPA must publish a corresponding list of acceptable

alternatives for specific uses.

Petition Process--Section 612(d) grants the right to any person to

petition EPA to add a substance to or delete a substance from the lists

published in accordance with section 612(c). The Agency has 90 days to

grant or deny a petition. Where the Agency grants the petition, EPA

must publish the revised lists within an additional 6 months.

90-day Notification--Section 612(e) requires EPA to require any

person who produces a chemical substitute for a class I substance to

notify the Agency not less than 90 days before new or existing

chemicals are introduced into interstate commerce for significant new

uses as substitutes for a class I substance. The producer must also

provide the Agency with the producer's unpublished health and safety

studies on such substitutes.

Outreach--Section 612(b)(1) states that the Administrator shall

seek to maximize the use of federal research facilities and resources

to assist users of class I and II substances in identifying and

developing alternatives to the use of such substances in key commercial

applications.

Clearinghouse--Section 612(b)(4) requires the Agency to set up a

public clearinghouse of alternative chemicals, product substitutes, and

alternative manufacturing processes that are available for products and

manufacturing processes which use class I and II substances.

B. Regulatory History

On March 18, 1994, EPA published the Final Rulemaking (FRM) (59 FR

13044) which described the process for administering the SNAP program

and issued EPA's first acceptability lists for substitutes in the major

industrial use sectors. These sectors include: refrigeration and air

conditioning; foam blowing; solvent cleaning; fire suppression and

explosion protection; sterilants; aerosols; adhesives, coatings and

inks; and tobacco expansion. These sectors compose the principal

industrial sectors that historically consumed the largest volumes of

ozone-depleting compounds.

As described in the final rule for the SNAP program (59 FR 13044),

EPA does not believe that rulemaking procedures are required to list

alternatives as acceptable with no limitations. Such listings do not

impose any sanction, nor do they remove any prior license to use a

substance. Consequently, EPA is adding substances to the list of

acceptable alternatives without first requesting comment on new

listings.

EPA does, however, believe that notice-and-comment rulemaking is

required to place any substance on the list of prohibited substitutes,

to list a substance as acceptable only under certain conditions, to

list substances as acceptable only for certain uses, or to remove a

substance from either the list of prohibited or acceptable substitutes.

Updates to these lists are published as separate notices of rulemaking

in the Federal Register.

The Agency defines a ``substitute'' as any chemical, product

substitute, or alternative manufacturing process, whether existing or

new, that could replace a class I or class II substance. Anyone who

produces a substitute must provide the Agency with health and safety

studies on the substitute at least 90 days before introducing it into

interstate commerce for significant new use as an alternative. This

requirement applies to substitute manufacturers, but [[Page 3319]] may

include importers, formulators or end-users, when they are responsible

for introducing a substitute into commerce.

Since the SNAP FRM, EPA has published a Notice listing acceptable

alternatives on August 26, 1994 and a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking

restricting the use of certain substitutes on September 26, 1994.

III. Listing of Acceptable Substitutes

This section presents EPA's most recent acceptable listing

decisions for class I substitutes in the following industrial sectors:

refrigerants and air conditioning, foam blowing, solvent cleaning, fire

suppression and explosion protection; sterilants; aerosols; adhesives,

coatings and inks. These decisions represent substitutes not previously

reviewed in the final rulemaking for SNAP (59 FR 13044; March 18, 1994)

and, consequently, add to the lists of acceptable substitutes under

SNAP. For copies of the full list, contact the EPA Stratospheric

Protection Hotline at the number listed in Section V of this Notice.

Parts A through D below present a detailed discussion of the

substitute listing determinations by major use sector. Tables

summarizing listing decisions in this Notice are in Appendix A. The

comments contained in Appendix A provide additional information on a

substitute, but like the listings themselves, are not regulatory in

nature. Thus, adherence to recommendations in the comments are not

mandatory for use of a substitute. In addition, the comments should not

be considered comprehensive with respect to other legal obligations

pertaining to the use of the substitute. However, EPA encourages users

of acceptable substitutes to apply all comments to their use of these

substitutes. In many instances, the comments simply allude to sound

operating practices that have already been identified in existing

industry and/or building-code standards. Thus, many of the comments, if

adopted, would not require significant changes in existing operating

practices for the affected industry.

A. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

Please refer to the final SNAP rule for detailed information

pertaining to the designation of end-uses, additional requirements

imposed under sections 608 and 609, and other information related to

the use of alternative refrigerants.

1. R-401A and R-401B

R-401A and R-401B, which consist of HCFC-22, HFC-152a, and HCFC-

124, are acceptable as substitutes for CFC-11, CFC-12, R-500, and R-502

in the following end-uses:

New and Retrofitted Reciprocating Chillers.

New Industrial Process Refrigeration.

New Cold Storage Warehouses.

New Refrigerated Transport.

New Retail Food Refrigeration.

New Commercial Ice Machines.

New Vending Machines.

New Water Coolers.

New Household Refrigerators.

New Household Freezers.

New Residential Dehumidifiers.

Please note that different temperature regimes may affect the

applicability of these substitutes within these end-uses.

Two of the constituents in these blends are HCFCs and thus

contribute to ozone depletion; HCFC production will be phased out

according to the accelerated schedule. While the GWP of HCFC-22 is

somewhat high, refrigerant leak regulations should reduce its

contribution to global warming. The GWPs of the other components are

low. Although these blends do contain one flammable constituent, HFC-

152a, the blends themselves are not flammable. In addition, each blend

is a near azeotrope, and it does not fractionate in normal operation.

Finally, leak testing of each blend demonstrated that while the vapor

and liquid compositions changed, neither phase became flammable.

Testing of these blends with centrifugal compressors is inadequate, and

therefore such use is not recommended by the manufacturer. Further

testing may resolve this uncertainty.

2. CO2

CO2 is acceptable as follows:

As a substitute for CFC-13, R-13B1, and R-503 in Very Low

Temperature Refrigeration, Retrofit and New.

As a substitute for CFC-13, R-13B1, and R-503 in

Industrial Process Refrigeration, Retrofit and New.

As a substitute for CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CFC-114, and

CFC-115 in Non-mechanical Heat Transfer, Retrofit and New.

CO2 was historically used in refrigeration systems. It is a

well-known, nontoxic, nonflammable gas. Its GWP is defined as 1, and

all other GWPs are indexed to it. Since it is readily available as a

waste gas, no additional chemical will need to be produced. Thus, the

use of CO2 as a refrigerant will not contribute to global warming.

CO2's usefulness is limited to temperatures above -70 deg.F.

3. HCFC-22

HCFC-22 is acceptable as a substitute for R-400(60/40) and CFC-114

in New Industrial Process Air Conditioning.

EPA recommends that HCFC-22 only be used where ambient temperatures

are lower than 115 deg.F because of very high system pressures.

HCFC-22 has been used in a variety of air conditioning and

refrigeration applications for many years. HCFC-22 contributes to ozone

depletion and is considered a transitional alternative. HCFC-22

production will be phased out according to the accelerated phaseout

schedule. HCFC-22's GWP and atmospheric lifetime are higher than other

HCFCs. HCFC-22 is not flammable and it is compatible with existing oils

used in most refrigeration and air conditioning equipment.

4. HFC-134a

HFC-134a is acceptable as a substitute for R-400(60/40) and CFC-114

in New Industrial Process Air Conditioning.

EPA recommends that HFC-134a only be used where ambient

temperatures are lower than 125 deg.F because of very high system

pressures. HFC-134a does not contribute to ozone depletion. HFC-134a's

GWP and atmospheric lifetime are close to those of other alternatives

which are acceptable in this end-use. While HFC-134a is compatible with

most existing refrigeration and air conditioning equipment parts, it is

not compatible with the mineral oils currently used in such systems. An

appropriate ester-based, polyalkylene glycol-based, or other type of

lubricant should be used.

5. R-401A

R-401A and R-401B, which consist of HCFC-22, HFC-152a, and HCFC-

124, is acceptable as a substitute for R-400(60/40) and CFC-114 in

Retrofitted Industrial Process Air Conditioning.

See the discussion on R-401A for more information about this blend.

6. R-404A

R-404A, which consists of HFC-125, HFC-143a, and HFC-134a, is

acceptable as a substitute for CFC-12 in new household refrigerators.

None of this blend's constituents contains chlorine, and thus this

blend poses no threat to stratospheric ozone. However, HFC-125 and HFC-

143a have very high GWPs, and the GWP of HFC-134a is somewhat high. EPA

strongly encourages recycling and reclamation of this blend in order to

reduce its direct global warming impact. Although HFC-143a is

flammable, the blend is not. Leak testing has demonstrated that its

composition never becomes flammable. [[Page 3320]]

7. R-507

R-507, which consists of HFC-125 and HFC-143a, is acceptable as a

substitute for CFC-12 in new household refrigerators.

None of this blend's constituents contains chlorine, and thus this

blend poses no threat to stratospheric ozone. However, HFC-125 and HFC-

143a have very high GWPs. EPA strongly encourages recycling and

reclamation of this blend in order to reduce its direct global warming

impact. Although HFC-143a is flammable, the blend is not. Leak testing

has demonstrated that its composition never becomes flammable.

8. Hydrocarbon Blend B

Hydrocarbon Blend B is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-12 in

retrofitted and new industrial process refrigeration systems.

This blend contains several hydrocarbons. It does not contribute to

ozone depletion, nor does it contribute significantly to global

warming. This blend contains flammable refrigerants, and EPA recommends

but does not require that it only be used at industrial facilities

which already manufacture or use hydrocarbons in the process stream.

Such facilities are designed to comply with the safety standards

required for managing flammable chemicals. Note that EPA only finds

this product acceptable in this specific end-use because other

flammable refrigerants are acceptable and sufficient occupational

safety rules exist to protect workers.

B. Foams

1. Rigid Polyurethane Appliance

a.Vacuum Panels--Vacuum panels are acceptable substitutes for CFC-

11 blown rigid polyurethane appliance foam. The Agency has reviewed

data on existing and proposed models of vacuum panels and believes that

this alternative technology offers lower risk than continued use of

CFC-11 blown polyurethane foam.

IV. Substitutes Pending Review

The Agency describes submissions as pending if data are incomplete

or for which the 90-day review period is underway and EPA has not yet

reached a final decision. For submissions that are incomplete, the

Agency will contact the submitter to determine a schedule for providing

the missing information if the Agency needs to extend the 90-day review

period. EPA will use its authority under section 114 of the Clean Air

Act to gather this information, if necessary. Any delay of the review

period does not affect a manufacturer's ability to sell a product 90

days after notification of the Agency. Substitutes currently pending

completion of review are listed in Appendix A.

V. Additional Information

Contact the Stratospheric Protection Hotline at 1-800-296-1996,

Monday-Friday, between the hours of 10:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. (Eastern

Standard Time).

For more information on the Agency's process for administering the

SNAP program or criteria for evaluation of substitutes, refer to the

SNAP final rulemaking published in the Federal Register on March 18,

1994 (59 FR 13044). Federal Register notices can be ordered from the

Government Printing Office Order Desk (202) 783-3238; the citation is

the date of publication. This Notice can also be retrieved

electronically from EPA's Technology Transfer Network (TTN), Clean Air

Act Amendment Bulletin Board. If you have a 1200 or 2400 bps modem,

dial (919) 541-5742. If you have a 9600 bps modem, dial (919) 541-1447.

For assistance in accessing this service, call (919) 541-5384.

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 82

Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure,

Air pollution control, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

Dated: December 28, 1994.

Mary D. Nichols,

Assistant Administrator.

Note: The following appendix will not appear in the Code of

Federal Regulations:

Appendix A.--Summary of Acceptable and Pending Decisions

Refrigerants Acceptable Substitutes

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End-use Substitute Decision Comments

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CFC-12 Reciprocating Chillers (Retrofit R-401A........................ Acceptable........ This substitute is subject to containment and recovery

& New Equipment/NIKs). regulations covering HCFCs.

R-401B........................ Acceptable........ This substitute is subject to containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

CFC-11, CFC-12, R-502 Industrial Hydrocarbon Blend B........... Acceptable........ This refrigerant is highly flammable.

Process Refrigeration (Retrofit).

CFC-11, CFC-12, R-502 Industrial R-401A........................ Acceptable........ This substitute is subject to containment and recovery

Process Refrigeration (New Equipment/ regulations covering HCFCs.

NIKs).

R-401B........................ Acceptable........

Hydrocarbon Blend B........... Acceptable........ This refrigerant is highly flammable.

CFC-13, R-13B1, R-503 Industrial CO2........................... Acceptable........

Process Refrigeration (Retrofit and

New Equipment/NIKs).

CFC-12, R-502 Cold Storage Warehouses R-401A........................ Acceptable........ This substitute is subject to containment and recovery

(New Equipment/NIKs). regulations covering HCFCs.

R-401B........................ Acceptable........ This substitute is subject to containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

CFC-12, R-500, R-502 Refrigerated R-401A........................ Acceptable........ This substitute is subject to containment and recovery

Transport (New Equipment/NIKs). regulations covering HCFCs.

R-401B........................ Acceptable........ This substitute is subject to containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

[[Page 3321]]

CFC-12, R-502 Retail Food Refrigeration R-401A........................ Acceptable........ This substitute is subject to containment and recovery

(New Equipment/NIKs). regulations covering HCFCs.

R-401B........................ Acceptable........ This substitute is subject to containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

CFC-12, R-502 Commercial Ice Machines R-401A........................ Acceptable........ This substitute is subject to containment and recovery

(New Equipment/NIKs). regulations covering HCFCs.

R-401B........................ Acceptable........ This substitute is subject to containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

CFC-12 Vending Machines (New Equipment/ R-401A........................ Acceptable........ This substitute is subject to containment and recovery

NIKs). regulations covering HCFCs.

R-401B........................ Acceptable........ This substitute is subject to containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

CFC-12 Water Coolers (New Equipment/ R-401A........................ Acceptable........ This substitute is subject to containment and recovery

NIKs). regulations covering HCFCs.

R-401B........................ Acceptable........ This substitute is subject to containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

CFC-12 Household Refrigerators (New R-401A........................ Acceptable........ This substitute is subject to containment and recovery

Equipment/NIKs). regulations covering HCFCs.

R-401B........................ Acceptable........ This substitute is subject to containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

CFC-12, R-502 Household Freezers (New R-401A........................ Acceptable........ This substitute is subject to containment and recovery

Equipment/NIKs). regulations covering HCFCs.

R-401B........................ Acceptable........ This substitute is subject to containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

CFC-12, R-500 Residential Dehumidifiers R-401A........................ Acceptable........ This substitute is subject to containment and recovery

(New Equipment/NIKs). regulations covering HCFCs.

R-401B........................ Acceptable........ This substitute is subject to containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

CFC-13, R-13B1, and R-503 Very Low CO2........................... Acceptable........

Temperature Refrigeration (Retrofit

and New Equipment/NIKs).

CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CFC-114, CFC- CO2........................... Acceptable........

115 Non-Mechanical Heat Transfer,

Retrofit and New.

CFC-114 Industrial Process Air R-401A........................ Acceptable........ This substitute is subject to containment and recovery

Conditioning (Retrofit). regulations covering HCFCs.

R-401B........................ Acceptable........ This substitute is subject to containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

CFC-114 Industrial Process Air HCFC-22....................... Acceptable........ HCFC-22 should only be used where ambient temperatures are

Conditioning (New Equipment/NIKs). below 115 deg.F because of excessive compressor pressures.

This substitute is subject to containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

HFC-134a...................... Acceptable........ HFC-134a should only be used where ambient temperatures are

below 125 deg.F because of excessive compressor pressures.

EPA strongly encourages the containment and reclamation of

this refrigerant.

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Refrigerants Pending Decisions

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Application Substitute Comments

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CFC-12 Motor Vehicle Air HCFC Blend Delta............ EPA has requested additional data.

Conditioning.

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Foams Sector Acceptable Substitutes

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End-use Substitute Decision Comments

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CFC-11 Polyurethane Vacuum Panels........... Acceptable........

Appliance.

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Foams Sector Pending Decisions

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End-use Substitute Comments

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HCFC-141b, HCFC-22 Rigid polyurethane and Saturated light hydrocarbons C3-C6................ Agency has not completed review of data.

polyisocyanurate laminated boardstock.

[[Page 3322]]

HCFC-141b, HCFC-22 Polyurethane, rigid Saturated light hydrocarbons C3-C6................ Agency has not completed review of data.

appliance.

HCFC-141b, HCFC-22 Polyurethane, rigid Saturated light hydrocarbons C3-C6................ Agency has not completed review of data.

commercial, refrigeration, spray and

sandwich panels.

HFC-134a.......................................... Agency has not completed review of data.

HCFC-141b, HCFC-22, HCFC-142b Saturated light hydrocarbons C3-C6................ Agency has not completed review of data.

Polyurethane, rigid slabstock and other.

HCFC-22, HCFC-142b Polystyrene, extruded Saturated light hydrocarbons C3-C6................ Agency has not completed review of data.

boardstock and billet.

HCFC-141b, HCFC-22, HCFC-142b Phenolic, Saturated light hydrocarbons C3-C6................ Agency has not completed review of data.

insulation boardstock and bunstock.

HCFC-22 Polyurethane, integral skin....... Saturated light hydrocarbons C3-C6................ Agency has not completed review of data.

HFC-134a.......................................... Agency has not completed review of data.

HCFC-22, HCFC-142b Polyolefin............. Saturated light hydrocarbons C3-C6................ Agency has not completed review of data.

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Solvent Cleaning Pending

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End-use Substitute Comments

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Metals cleaning w/CFC-113, MCF and HCFC-225......................................................

HCFC-141b.

Metals cleaning w/CFC-113, MCF and HCFC-122......................................................

HCFC-141b.

Electronics cleaning w/ CFC-113, MCF HCFC-122......................................................

and HCFC-141b.

Electronics cleaning w/ HCFC-141b..... Perfluorocarbons (C5F12, C6F12, C6F14, C7F16, C8F18, C5F11NO,

C6F13NO, C7F15NO, and C8F16).

Precision cleaning w/CFC-113, MCF and HCFC-122......................................................

HCFC-141b.

Precision cleaning w/HCFC-141b........ Perfluorocarbons (C5F12, C6F12, C6F14, C7F16, C8F18, C5F11NO,

C6F13NO, C7F15NO, and C8F16).

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Fire Suppression and Explosion Protection Pending Decisions

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End-use Substitute Comments

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Halon 1211.............. CF3I.................................... Pending publication of the upcoming NPRM and

subsequent FRM.

Streaming Agents........ HFC-227ea............................... Complete SNAP submission and personal

monitoring data required.

Halon 1301.............. [HFC Blend] A........................... Agency analysis of this agent is not yet

complete.

Total Flooding Agents... [Inert Gas Blend] B..................... Pending publication of upcoming NPRM and

subsequent FRM.

[Inert Gas Blend] C..................... Pending publication of upcoming NPRM and

subsequent FRM.

[Powdered Aerosol] A.................... For use in occupied areas, pending medical

assessment by peer review panel.

[Water Mist System] A................... Pending receipt of medical assessment by

peer review panel.

[Water Mist System] B................... Pending receipt of medical assessment by

peer review panel.

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Sterilants Pending Decisions

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

End-use Substitute Comments

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12/88 Blend of EtO/CFC-12....... HFC-125 Pending FIFRA registration and completion of Agency

review.

Sterilant....................... HFC-227ea Pending FIFRA registration and receipt of complete

SNAP submission.

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Aerosols Pending

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End-use Substitute Comments

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CFC-11, CFC-113, MCF, Volatile methyl siloxanes............... EPA investigating feasibility of meeting

HCFC-141b as aerosol exposure standards for this class of

solvents. chemicals when used in occupational

settings.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Adhesives, Coatings and Inks Pending Decisions

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

End-use Substitute Comments

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Metals cleaning w/CFC- Monochloro-toluene/benzo-trifluorides... Agency has not completed review of data.

113 MCF. Evaluation of exposure and toxicity data

still ongoing.

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[FR Doc. 95-929 Filed 1-12-95; 8:45 am]

BILLING CODE 6560-50-P