Hazardous Waste Management System; Carbamate Production Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste; Proposed Rule ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Federal RegisterMar 1, 1994
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SUMMARY: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing to
amend the regulations for hazardous waste management under the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) by listing as hazardous six wastes
generated during the production of carbamates, to exempt one of these
wastes from the definition of hazardous wastes, if it is demonstrated
that hazardous air pollutants are not being discharged or volatilized
during waste treatment, and to exempt biological treatment sludges
generated from the treatment of one of these wastes provided the
sludges are not characteristically hazardous. The Agency is also
proposing to add 4 generic groups and 70 specific chemicals to the list
of commercial chemical products that are hazardous wastes when
discarded. Also, EPA is proposing not to list as hazardous certain
wastes generated during the manufacture of carbamates. This action
proposes to amend the basis for listing hazardous waste by adding the
six wastes and hazardous constituents found in the wastes on which the
listing determinations are based, and to add 78 compounds to the list
of hazardous constituents.
This action is proposed under the authority of under sections
3001(e)(2) and 3001(b)(1) of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments
of 1984 (HSWA), which direct EPA to make a hazardous waste listing
determination for carbamate wastes. The effect of this proposed
regulation, if promulgated, is that these wastes will be subject to
regulation as hazardous wastes under subtitle C of RCRA. Additionally,
this action proposes to designate the wastes proposed for listing as
hazardous substances subject to the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). EPA is not taking
action at this time to adjust the one-pound statutory reportable
quantities (RQs) for these substances.
DATES: EPA will accept public comments on this proposed rule until May
2, 1994. Comments post-marked after this date will be marked ``late''
and may not be considered. Any person may request a public hearing on
this proposal by filing a request with Mr. David Bussard, whose address
appears below, by March 15, 1994.
ADDRESSES: The official record of this rule-making is identified by
Docket Number F-94-CPLP-FFFFF and is located at the following address.
The public must send an original and two copies of their comments to:
EPA RCRA Docket Clerk, room 2616 (5305), U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 401 M Street SW., Washington, DC 20460.
Copies of materials relevant to this proposed rulemaking are
located in the docket at the address listed above. The docket is open
from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding Federal
holidays. The public must make an appointment to review docket
materials by calling (202) 260-9327. The public may copy 100 pages from
the docket at no charge; additional copies are $0.15 per page.
Requests for a hearing should be addressed to Mr. David Bussard at:
Characterization and Assessment Division, Office of Solid Waste (5304),
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M Street SW., Washington, DC
20460.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: The RCRA/Superfund Hotline, toll-free,
at (800) 424-9346 or at (703) 920-9810. The TDD Hotline number is (800)
553-7672 (toll-free) or (703) 486-3323 in the Washington, DC
metropolitan area. For technical information on the RCRA hazardous
waste listings, contact John Austin, Office of Solid Waste (5304), U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M Street SW., Washington, DC,
20460, (202) 260-4789.
For technical information on the CERCLA aspects of this rule,
contact: Ms. Gerain H. Perry, Response Standards and Criteria Branch,
Emergency Response Division (5202G), U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 401 M Street SW., Washington, DC 20460, (703) 603-8760.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The contents of the preamble to this
proposed rule are listed in the following outline:
I. Legal Authority
II. Background
A. Introduction
B. Previous Listings
C. Previous Proposed Listings
D. Description of the Industry
III. Summary of Proposed Regulation and Request for Comments
A. Overview of the Proposal
B. Description of the Wastes
C. Basis for Listing Determination
1. Waste Characterization and Constituents of Concern
2. Human Health Criteria and Effects
3. Environmental Damage Cases
4. Mobility and Persistence of Constituents in Carbamate Wastes
5. Risk Analysis
6. Estimating Hazard Quotients: Dose Response Risk Assessment
Techniques for Noncancer Endpoints
7. Ecological Risk Assessment
8. Summary of Basis for Listing for Additional K Listings and
Other Considerations
9. Summary Basis for a No-Listing Decision on Wastewaters, and
Certain Wastewater Treatment Residuals
10. Summary of Basis for Listing for Additional P & U Listings
D. Source Reduction
IV. Applicability of Land Disposal Restrictions Determinations
A. Request for Comment on the Agency's Approach to the
Development of BDAT Treatment Standards
B. Request for Comment on the Agency's Approach to the Capacity
Analyses in the LDR Program
V. State Authority
A. Applicability of Rule in Authorized States
B. Effect on State Authorizations
VI. CERCLA Designation and Reportable Quantities
VII. Compliance Dates
A. Notification
B. Interim Status and Permitted Facilities
VIII. Executive Order 12866
IX. Economic Analysis
A. Compliance Costs for Proposed Listings
1. Universe of Carbamate Production Facilities and Waste Volumes
2. Method for Determining Cost and Economic Impacts
3. P and U List Wastes
4. Summary of Results
B. Proposed Rule Impacts
X. Regulatory Flexibility Act
XI. Paperwork Reduction Act
I. Legal Authority
These regulations are being promulgated under the authority of
sections 2002(a) and 3001(b) and (e)(1) of the Solid Waste Disposal
Act, as amended, 42 U.S.C. 6912(a), and 6921(b) and (e)(1), (commonly
referred to as RCRA), and section 102(a) of the Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980
(CERCLA), 42 U.S.C. 9602(a).
II. Background
A. Introduction
As part of its regulations implementing Section 3001(e) of the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, as amended (RCRA), EPA
published a list of hazardous wastes that includes hazardous wastes
generated from specific sources. This list has been amended several
times, and is published in 40 CFR 261.32. In this action, EPA is
proposing to amend this section to add six wastes generated during the
production of carbamate chemicals. In addition, under the authority of
section 3001 of RCRA, EPA has promulgated in 40 CFR 261.33 a list of
commercial chemical products or manufacturing chemical intermediates
that are hazardous wastes if they are discarded or intended to be
discarded. In this action, the Agency is proposing to add four generic
and 70 specific materials to this list.
All hazardous wastes listed under RCRA and codified in 40 CFR
261.31 through 261.33, as well as any solid waste that exhibits one or
more of the characteristics of a RCRA hazardous waste (as defined in 40
CFR 261.21 through 261.24), are also hazardous substances under the
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
of 1980 (CERCLA), as amended. See CERCLA section 101(14)(C). CERCLA
hazardous substances are listed in Table 302.4 at 40 CFR 302.4 along
with their reportable quantities (RQs). Accordingly, the Agency is
proposing to list the proposed wastes in this action as CERCLA
hazardous substances in Table 302.4 of 40 CFR 302.4. EPA is not taking
action at this time to adjust the one-pound statutory RQs for these
substances.
The following discussion briefly summarizes prior regulatory
actions affecting wastes from the carbamates industry, and presents an
overview of the industry.
B. Previous Listings
A number of carbamate products and wastes have previously been
listed as hazardous wastes when discarded. The Agency notes that
neither the scope of the existing hazardous waste listings (described
below) nor their regulation under CERCLA are affected in any way by
this proposal. EPA is not soliciting comments concerning these listings
and does not intend to respond to any such comments received.
The following carbamate wastes from the production of
ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid (EBDC) and its salts have already been
listed as hazardous wastes based on the presence of the carcinogen
ethylene thiourea (ETU) in the wastes (51 FR 37725, October 24, 1985):
K123--Process Wastewater (including supernates, filtrates, and
washwaters) from the production of ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid
and its salts.
K124--Reactor vent scrubber water from the production of
ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid and its salts.
K125--Purification solids (including filtration, evaporation, and
centrifugation solids) from the production of
ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid and its salts.
K126--Baghouse dust and floor sweepings in milling and packaging
operations from the production or formulation of
ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid and its salts.
In addition, EPA has promulgated in 40 CFR 261.33 a list of
commercial chemical products or manufacturing chemical intermediates
that are hazardous wastes if they are discarded or intended to be
discarded which includes the carbamate materials listed in Table 1.
Table 1.--Carbamate Hazardous Waste Listings
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Waste No. Name(s) used in CFR CAS No.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
P045......... 2-Butanone, 3,3-dimethyl-1- (methylthio)- 391696-18-4
, O- [(methylamino)- carbonyl] oxime.
P070......... Aldicarb................................. 116-06-3
P066......... Methomyl................................. 16752-77-5
U062......... Diallate Carbamothioic acid, bis(1- 2303-16-4
methylethyl)-, S-(2,3-dichloro-2-
propenyl) ester.
U114......... Carbamothioic acid, 1,2-ethanediylbis- 1111-54-6a
salts and esters Ethylene
bisdithiocarbamate acid, salts, & esters.
U178......... Carbamic acid, methylnitroso-, ethyl 615-52-2
ester.
U238......... Carbamic acid, ethyl ester Ethyl 51-79-6
carbamate.
U244......... Thiram................................... 137-26-8
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\CAS number given for parent compound only.
In addition, EPA classified certain carbamate products and wastes
as hazardous substances under the Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), as amended. CERCLA
hazardous substances are listed in Table 302.4 at 40 CFR 302.4 along
with their reportable quantities (RQs) and include the carbamate wastes
in Table 2.
Table 2.--List of Currently Regulated Carbamate CERCLA Hazardous
Substances and Reportable Quantities
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Final RQ
Hazardous substance CAS No. (lbs)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aldicarb................................... 116-06-3 1
Carbaryl................................... 63-25-2 100
Carbofuran................................. 1563-66-2 10
Diallate................................... 2303-16-4 100
Ethyl carbamate............................ 51-79-6 100
Ethylene- bisdithiocarbamic acid, salts &
esters.................................... 111-54-6 5000
Methomyl................................... 16752-77-5 100
Methiocarb................................. 2032-65-7 10
Mexacarbate................................ 315-18-4 1000
Thiofanox.................................. 39196-18-4 100
Carbamic acid, methylnitroso-, ethyl ester. 615-3-2 1
Thiram..................................... 137-26-8 10
Triethylamine.............................. 121-44-8 5000
K123....................................... ................. 10
K124....................................... ................. 10
K125....................................... ................. 10
K126....................................... ................. 10
------------------------------------------------------------------------
C. Previous Proposed Listings
The carbamates listed in Table 3 were proposed to be included in
the list of commercial chemical products or manufacturing chemical
intermediates that are hazardous wastes if they are discarded or
intended to be discarded under 40 CFR 261.33 (49 FR 49784, December 21,
1984). These carbamate listings were proposed in response to a petition
by the State of Michigan to include 109 chemicals to the lists in 40
CFR 261.33. This rule was never finalized. Today the Agency is
reproposing a number of carbamate chemicals, that were also part of the
Michigan petition. EPA is not soliciting comments concerning any other
compounds contained in the December 21, 1984, notice and does not
intend to respond to any such comments received.
Table 3.--1984 Proposed Carbamate Hazardous Waste Listings
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Proposed waste No. Name(s) used in FR CAS No.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
P127.................... Carbofuran.................... 1563-66-2
P128.................... Mexacarbate................... 315-18-4
U271.................... Benomyl....................... 17804-35-2
U277.................... Sulfallate.................... 95-06-7
U278.................... Bendiocarb.................... 22781-23-3
U279.................... Carbaryl...................... 63-25-2
U280.................... Barban........................ 101-27-9
U336.................... Ziram......................... 137-30-4
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Additionally, a number of acutely toxic carbamate products have
been proposed under section 302(A)(2) of the Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA) as Extremely Hazardous Substances
for addition to Table 302.4 at 40 CFR 302.4 along with their reportable
quantities (RQs). These carbamate compounds are listed in Table 4. The
Extremely Hazardous Substances Proposal (54 FR 3388, January 23, 1989)
has also not been promulgated. The Agency requests additional comment
only for those carbamates listed in Table 4, which were previously
proposed only for addition to Table 302.4. The Agency does not intend
to respond to comments received on other constituents in the January
23, 1989, notice.
Table 4.--Proposed Extremely Hazardous Substances and Proposed RQs
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Proposed RQ
CAS No. Chemical name (common name) pounds
------------------------------------------------------------------------
26419-73-8.. 1,3-Dithiolane-2-carboxaldehyde, 2,4-dimethyl-
, O-[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxime (Tirpate).. 1
57-64-7..... Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy, compd. with (3aS-
cis)- 1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydro-1,3a,8-
trimethylpyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-5-yl
methylcarbamate ester (1:1) (Physostimigine
salicylate)................................. 1
119-38-0.... Carbamic acid, dimethyl-, 3-methyl-1-(1-
methylethyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl ester (Isolan). 1
1129-41-5... Carbamic acid, methyl-, 3-methylphenyl ester
(Metolcarb)................................. 1
644-64-4.... Carbamic acid, dimethyl-,1-
(dimethylamino)carbonyl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-
3- yl ester (Dimetilan)..................... 1
23135-22-0.. Ethanimidothioic acid, 2-(dimethylamino)-N-
[[methylamino carbonyl] oxy]-2-oxo-, methyl
ester (Oxamyl).............................. 1
17702-57-7.. Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl-N'-[2-methyl-4-
[[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]phenyl]-
(Formparanate).............................. 1
23422-53-9.. Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl-N'-[3-
[[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]phenyl]-,
monohydrochloride (Formetanate
hydrochloride).............................. 1
64-00-6..... Phenol, 3-(1-methylethyl), methyl carbamate
(UC 10854).................................. 1
2631-37-0... Phenol, 3-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-methyl
carbamate (Promecarb)....................... 1
57-47-6..... Pyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-5-ol, 1,2,3,3a,8,8a-
hexahydro-1,3a,8-trimethyl-, methylcarbamate
(ester), (3aS-cis)- (Physostigmine)......... 1
------------------------------------------------------------------------
D. Description of the Industry
The U.S. carbamates manufacturing industry is a very diverse
industry in both products manufactured and companies that make up the
industry. The carbamates manufacturing industry is made up of four
major classes of compounds with distinct functional characteristics.
These include carbamates, carbamoyl oximes, thiocarbamates, and
dithiocarbamates.
In 1990, the carbamate industry in the U.S. was composed of 64
chemical products produced by 20 manufacturers at 24 facilities. The
majority of the carbamate manufacturers are located in the eastern half
of the United States with only four facilities located west of the
Mississippi River. There are carbamate manufacturers located in 13
states. The total domestic production of carbamates in 1990 was
approximately 112,000 metric tons (MT). In 1990, individual carbamate
products were manufactured at a rate of between 2.5 and 14,000 metric
tons per year. Carbamates are manufactured at very different rates
depending on the type of product. Typically, dithiocarbamates are
produced in smaller quantities than other classes of carbamates. Based
on the results of EPA's RCRA Sec. 3007 survey, the typical carbamate
facility manufactures one carbamate product or one chemical class of
carbamate products. Of the 24 carbamate manufacturing facilities 14
produce only dithiocarbamates. Five of these 14 only produce one
dithiocarbamate product. Of the remaining ten carbamate manufacturers 5
produce one carbamate product. Three of the remaining 5 manufacturers
produce a single class of carbamates (e.g., carbamate, carbamoyl oxime,
or thiocarbamate) and 2 produce more than one class of carbamate.
Carbamate products are widely used as active ingredients in pesticides
(i.e., herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides). Dithiocarbamates are
also manufactured for use in the rubber processing industry as rubber
accelerators. Uses have also been found for carbamates in the wood
preserving and textiles industries.
The commercial manufacture of carbamates currently includes five
chemical reaction processes: (1) Reaction of an isocyanate with an
alcohol to form a carbamate, (2) reaction of an amine and a
chloroformate to form a carbamate, (3) reaction of an isocyanate and an
organic oxime to form a carbamoyl oxime, (4) reaction of an organic
chlorothioformate and an amine to form a thiocarbamate, and (5) the
reaction of an amine with carbon disulfide in the presence of a metal
salt to form a dithiocarbamate. The primary raw materials used in the
production of these products will vary depending on the final product.
The Carbamate Background Document\1\ (available in the RCRA Docket at
EPA Headquarters--see ADDRESSES section) and the sources cited therein
describe these production processes more thoroughly.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\The Background Document consists of Engineering Analysis of
the Production of Carbamates, Carbamate Waste Listing Support:
Health Effects Background Document, Assessment of Risks from the
Management of Carbamate Wastes, and other supporting documents.
Because of the confidential nature of the information in the
Engineering Analysis, it has been classified as Confidential
Business Information (CBI), and is not available to the public.
However, a concise summary of this document has been assembled for
the public docket. EPA's procedures governing the handling of
information claimed as confidential, including procedures for
challenging a CBI determination are found at 40 CFR Part 2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Most carbamate, carbamoyl oxime, and thiocarbamate facility
operations are organized along similar process lines with a carbamate
intermediate preparation phase (e.g. alcohol or oxime), the
carbamolation step, and product and reactant recovery phase.
Dithiocarbamate production facilities are generally run as batch
operations where the reactants are put into a stirred reaction vessel
and allowed to come to reaction completion. Facilities typically
operate with a common wastewater treatment plant for all facility
operations.
III. Summary of the Proposed Regulation and Request for Comments
A. Overview of the Proposal
Under section 3001(e) of RCRA, EPA must make listing determinations
on wastes generated by specific industries, including the carbamate
industry. The carbamate industry can be divided into three major
segments that include carbamates and carbamoyl oximes, thiocarbamates,
and dithiocarbamates. This rule, if finalized, will satisfy the section
3001(e) requirement to make hazardous waste listing determinations for
wastes from the carbamate industry. This action proposes to list as
hazardous six wastes generated during the production of carbamates:
K156--Organic waste (including heavy ends, still bottoms, light
ends, spent solvents, filtrates, and decantates) from the production
of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes.
K157--Wastewaters (including scrubber waters, condenser waters,
washwaters, and separation waters) from the production of carbamates
and carbamoyl oximes.
K158--Bag house dust, and filter/separation solids from the
production of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes.
K159--Organics from the treatment of thiocarbamate wastes.
K160--Solids (including filter wastes, separation solids, and spent
catalysts) from the production of thiocarbamates and solids from the
treatment of thiocarbamate wastes.
K161--Purification solids (including filtration, evaporation, and
centrifugation solids), baghouse dust, and floor sweepings from the
production of dithiocarbamate acids and their salts. (This listing
does not include K125 or K126.)
Under the authority of section 3001 of the Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act of 1976, as amended (RCRA), and EPA's regulations at
40 CFR 261.11, EPA has promulgated in 40 CFR 261.33 a list of
commercial chemical products or manufacturing chemical intermediates
that are hazardous wastes if they are discarded or intended to be
discarded. The phrase ``commercial chemical product or manufacturing
chemical intermediate'' refers to a chemical substance which is
manufactured or formulated for commercial or manufacturing use, and
which consists of the commercially pure grade of the chemical, any
technical grades of the chemical that are produced or marketed, and all
formulations in which the chemical is the sole active ingredient.
Section 261.33 also lists as hazardous wastes off-specification
variants and the residues and debris from the clean-up of spills of
these chemicals if discarded (Sec. 261.33 (b) and (d)). Finally
Sec. 261.33 lists as hazardous wastes the containers that have held
those chemicals listed in Sec. 261.33(e), if they are discarded, unless
the containers have been triple-rinsed with a solvent capable of
removing the chemical, or have been decontaminated in an equivalent
manner.
In listing waste as hazardous at Sec. 261.33, the Agency intends to
encompass those hazardous chemical products which, for various reasons,
are sometimes disposed in pure or diluted form. The regulation is
intended to designate chemicals themselves as hazardous waste, if
discarded.
A chemical substance is listed in 40 CFR 261.33(e), if it meets the
criteria of Sec. 261.11(a)(2); that is, it is acutely hazardous because
it has been found to be fatal to humans in low doses or in the absence
of data on human toxicity, it has been shown in animal studies to have
an oral (rat) LD50 of less than 50 milligrams per kilogram, a dermal
(rabbit) LD50 of less than 200 milligrams per kilogram, an inhalation
(rat) LC50 of less than 2 mg/L, or is otherwise capable of causing or
significantly contributing to serious illness.
Chemical substances which pose toxic threats to human health or the
environment are listed in 40 CFR 261.33(f). For the purposes of
identifying wastes to be included on this list of toxic discarded
commercial products, off-specification species, container residues ,
and spill residues thereof, the Agency considers principally the nature
of the toxicity (see 40 CFR 261.11(a)(3)(i)) and its concentration (see
40 CFR 261.11(a)(3)(ii)).
This action proposes that the 22 substances listed in Table 5 be
added to the list of acutely hazardous wastes. The commercial chemical
products bendiocarb and ziram were previously proposed to be listed as
toxic hazardous wastes (49 FR 49784). Today the Agency is proposing to
list these two chemicals as acutely hazardous, based on more current
toxicity information. This action also proposes that four generic
groups and 48 specific substances listed in Table 6 should be added to
the list of toxic hazardous wastes because all of these compounds meet
the criteria for listing hazardous wastes contained in 40 CFR
261.11(a)(3).
The Agency requests comments on the proposed listing of the above
wastes, particularly those identified as K156-K161 wastes, and on the
option of not listing these wastes. EPA requests comments on the data
used in this proposed listing determination, the methodology and
assumptions used in the risk assessment, and other analyses supporting
the proposed listings.
Table 5.--List of Proposed Acute Hazardous Wastes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acutely hazardous wastes--CAS
Hazardous waste No. name (common name in CAS No.
parentheses)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
P185.................... 1,3-Dithiolane-2- 26419-73-8
carboxaldehyde, 2,4- dimethyl-
, O-
[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxime
(Tirpate).
P187.................... 1,3-Benzodioxol-4-ol, 2,2- 22781-23-3
dimethyl-, methyl carbamate
(Bendiocarb).
P127.................... 7-Benzofuranol, 2,3-dihydro- 1563-66-2
2,2- dimethyl-
,methylcarbamate (Carbofuran).
P188.................... Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy, 57-64-7
compd. with (3aS-cis)-
1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydro-
1,3a,8-trimethylpyrrolo[2,3-
b]indol-5- yl methylcarbamate
ester (1:1) (Physostigmine
salicylate).
P189.................... Carbamic acid, 55285-14-8
[(dibutylamino)thio]methyl-,
2,3- dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-
benzofuranyl ester
(Carbosulfan).
P190.................... Carbamic acid, methyl-, 3- 1129-41-5
methylphenyl ester
(Metolcarb).
P191.................... Carbamic acid, dimethyl-, 1- 644-64-4
[(dimethylamino)carbonyl]-5-
methyl-1H- pyrazol-3-yl ester
(Dimetilan).
P192.................... Carbamic acid, dimethyl-, 3- 119-38-0
methyl-1- (1-methylethyl)-1H-
pyrazol-5-yl ester (Isolan).
P193.................... Carbamic acid, [1,2- 23564-05-8
phenylenebis(iminocarbonothio
yl)]bis-, dimethyl ester
(Thiophanate-methyl).
P194.................... Ethanimidothioc acid, 2- 23135-22-0
(dimethylamino)-N-
[[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]-
2-oxo-, methyl ester (Oxamyl).
P195.................... Ethanimidothioic acid, N,N'- 59669-26-0
[thiobis[(methylimino)carbony
loxy]]bis- , dimethyl ester
(Thiodicarb).
P196.................... Manganese, 15339-36-3
bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-
S,S')-, (Manganese
dimethyldithiocarbamate).
P197.................... Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl- 17702-57-7
N'-[2- methyl-4-
[[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]p
henyl]- (Formparanate).
P198.................... Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl- 23422-53-9
N'-[3-
[[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]p
henyl]-, monohydrochloride
(Formetanate hydrochloride).
P128.................... Phenol, 4-(dimethylamino)-3,5- 315-18-4
dimethyl- , methylcarbamate
(ester) (Mexacarbate).
P199.................... Phenol, (3,5-dimethyl-4- 2032-65-7
(methylthio)-,
methylcarbamate (Methiocarb).
P200.................... Phenol, 2-(1-methylethoxy)-, 114-26-1
methylcarbamate (Propoxur).
P201.................... Phenol, 3-methyl-5-(1- 2631-37-0
methylethyl)-, methyl
carbamate (Promecarb).
P202.................... Phenol, 3-(1-methylethyl), 64-00-6
methyl carbamate (Hercules AC-
5727).
P203.................... Propanal, 2-methyl-2- 1646-88-4
(methylsulfonyl)-, O-
[(methylamino)carbonyl] oxime
(Aldicarb sulfone).
P204.................... Pyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-5-ol, 57-47-6
1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydro-
1,3a,8- trimethyl-,
methylcarbamate (ester), (3aS-
cis)-(Physostigmine).
P205.................... Zinc, 137-30-4
bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-
S,S')-, (Ziram).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 6.--List of Proposed Toxic Hazardous Wastes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Toxic hazardous wastes--IUPAC
Hazardous waste No. Name (Common name in CAS No.
parentheses)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
U360.................... Carbamates, N.O.S.............
U361.................... Carbamoyl Oximes, N.O.S.......
U362.................... Thiocarbamates, N.O.S.........
U363.................... Dithiocarbamate acids, salts
and/or esters, N.O.S. (This
listing includes mixtures of
one or more dithiocarbamic
acid, salt, and/or ester).
U279.................... 1-Naphthalenol, 63-25-2
methylcarbamate (Carbaryl).
U364.. 1,3-Benzodioxol-4-ol, 2,2- 22961-82-6
dimethyl-, (Bendiocarb
phenol).
U365.................... 1H-Azepine-1-carbothioic acid, 2212-67-1
hexahydro-, S-ethyl ester
(Molinate).
U366.................... 2H-1,3,5-Thiadiazine-2-thione, 533-74-4
tetrahydro-3,5-dimethyl-
(Dazomet).
U367.................... 7-Benzofuranol, 2,3-dihydro- 1563-38-8
2,2- dimethyl- (Carbofuran
phenol).
U368.................... Antimony, tris 15890-25-2
(dipentylcarbamodithioato-
S,S')-(Antimony
trisdipentyldithiocarbamate).
U369.................... Antimony, tris[bis(2- 15991-76-1
ethylhexyl)carbamodithioato-
S,S']-, (Antimony tris(2-
ethylhexyl)dithiocarbamate).
U370.................... Bismuth, 21260-46-8
tris(dimethylcarbamodithioato-
S,S')-, (Methyl bismate).
U371.................... Carbamic acid, 65086-85-3
[(dimethylamino)iminomethyl)]
methyl, ethyl ester
monohydrochloride (Hexazinone
intermediate).
U280.................... Carbamic acid, (3- 101-27-9
chlorophenyl)-, 4- chloro-2-
butynyl ester (Barban).
U372.................... Carbamic acid, 1H-benzimidazol- 10605-21-7
2-yl, methyl ester
(Carbendazim).
U373.................... Carbamic acid, phenyl-, 1- 122-42-9
methylethyl ester (Propham).
U374.................... Carbamic acid, [[3- 112006-94-7
[(dimethylamino)carbonyl]-2-
pyridinyl]sulfonyl]-phenyl
ester (U9069).
U271.................... Carbamic acid, [1- 17804-35-2
[(butylamino)carbonyl]-1H-
benzimidazol-2-yl]-, methyl
ester (Benomyl).
U375.................... Carbamic acid, butyl-, 3-iodo- 55406-53-6
2-propynyl ester (Troysan
Polyphase).
U376.................... Carbamodithioic acid, dimethyl- 144-34-3
, tetraanhydrosulfide with
orthothioselenious acid
(Selenium
dimethyldithiocarbamate).
U377.................... Carbamodithioic acid, methyl,- 137-41-7
monopotassium salt (Potassium
n-methyldithiocarbamate).
U378.................... Carbamodithioic acid, 51026-28-9
(hydroxymethyl)methyl-,
monopotassium salt (Busan 40).
U277.................... Carbamodithioic acid, diethyl- 95-06-7
, 2-chloro-2-propenyl ester
(Sulfallate).
U379.................... Carbamodithioic acid, dibutyl, 136-30-1
sodium salt (Sodium
dibutyldithiocarbamate).
U380.................... Carbamodithioic acid, dibutyl- 10254-57-6
, methylene ester (Vanlube
7723).
U381.................... Carbamodithioic acid, diethyl- 148-18-5
, sodium salt (Sodium
diethyldithiocarbamate).
U382.................... Carbamodithioic acid, dimethyl- 128-04-1
, sodium salt (Dibam).
U383.................... Carbamodithioic acid, 128-03-0
dimethyl, potassium salt
(Potassium dimethyl
dithiocarbamate) (Busan 85).
U384.................... Carbamodithioic acid, methyl-, 137-42-8
monosodium salt (Metam
Sodium).
U385.................... Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-, 1929-77-7
S-propyl ester (Vernolate).
U386.................... Carbamothioic acid, 1134-23-2
cyclohexylethyl-, S-ethyl
ester (Cycloate).
U387.................... Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-, 52888-80-9
S- (phenylmethyl) ester
(Prosulfocarb).
U388.................... Carbamothioic acid, (1,2- 85785-20-2
dimethylpropyl) ethyl-, S-
(phenylmethyl) ester
(Esprocarb).
U389.................... Carbamothioic acid, bis(1- 2303-17-5
methylethyl)-, S-(2,3,3-
trichloro-2- propenyl) ester
(Triallate).
U390.................... Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-, 759-94-4
S-ethyl ester (Eptam).
U391.................... Carbamothioic acid, butylethyl- 1114-71-2
, S-propyl ester (Pebulate).
U392.................... Carbamothioic acid, bis(2- 2008-41-5
methylpropyl)-, S-ethyl ester
(Butylate).
U393.................... Copper, 137-29-1
bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-
S,S')-, (Copper
dimethyldithiocarbamate).
U394.................... Ethanimidothioic acid, 2- 30558-43-1
(dimethylamino)-N-hydroxy-2-
oxo-, methyl ester (A2213).
U395.................... Ethanol, 2,2'-oxybis-, 5952-26-1
dicarbamate (Reactacrease 4-
DEG).
U396.................... Iron, tris(dimethyl 14484-64-1
carbamodithioato- S,S')-,
(Ferbam).
U397.................... Lead, bis(dipentyl 36501-84-5
carbamodithioato S,S')-.
U398.................... Molybdenum, bis(dibutyl 68412-26-0
carbamothioato)di-.mu.-
oxodioxodi-, sulfurized.
U399.................... Nickel, bis(dibutyl 13927-77-0
carbamodithioato- S,S')-
(Nickel
dibutyldithiocarbamate).
U400.................... Piperidine, 1,1'- 120-54-7
(tetrathiodicarbonothioyl)-
bis-(Sulfads).
U401.................... Bis(dimethyl thiocarbamoyl) 97-74-5
sulfide (Tetramethylthiuram
monosulfide).
U402.................... Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide, 1634-02-2
tetrabutyl (Butyl Tuads).
U403.................... Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide, 97-77-8
tetraethyl (Disulfiram).
U404.................... Ethanamine, N,N-diethyl- 121-44-8
(Triethylamine).
U405.................... Zinc, 14726-36-4
bis[bis(phenylmethyl)carbamod
ithioato- S,S']- (Arazate).
U406.................... Zinc 136-23-2
bis(dibutylcarbamodithioato-
S,S')-(Butyl Ziram).
U407.................... Zinc, 14324-55-1
bis(diethylcarbamodithioato-
S,S')-(Ethyl Ziram).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
As a result of the Agency's studies, a number of generic groups of
wastes produced from the manufacture of carbamates, carbamoyl oximes,
thiocarbamates, and dithiocarbamates were not found by the Agency to
require additional regulation as a listed hazardous waste under RCRA.
The Agency is therefore proposing to not list as hazardous the
following categories of wastes:
--Spent carbon and wastewater treatment sludges from the production
of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes
--Wastewaters from the production of thiocarbamates and treatment of
wastes from thiocarbamate production
--Process Wastewater (including supernates, filtrates, and
washwaters) from the production of dithiocarbamates
--Reactor vent scrubber water from the production of
dithiocarbamates
--Organic wastes (including spent solvents, solvent rinses, process
decantates, and still bottoms) from the production of
dithiocarbamates
Pursuant to HSWA, the Agency has collected information that
supports the addition of these six wastes to 40 CFR 261.32. The Agency
proposes to add K156, K157, K158, K159, K160, and K161 to 40 CFR 261.32
because the wastes satisfy the criteria in 40 CFR 261.11(a)(1-3) for
listing hazardous wastes. Based on the similarity of wastes from the
production of each functional chemical class (carbamates/carbamoyl
oximes, thiocarbamates, and dithiocarbamates), the Agency is proposing
to identify wastes from each functional chemical class grouped by class
and physical properties. Each of the six waste groups proposed for
listing as hazardous wastes meets the definition of hazardous wastes by
typically and frequently exhibiting toxicity, persistence, and
mobility.
Carbamate wastes that satisfy the proposed hazardous waste listing
descriptions are not limited to the five typical production processes
described above in section II.D. Wastes from any process that produces
any of the four major functional carbamate classes (i.e., carbamates,
carbamoyl oximes, thiocarbamates, and dithiocarbamates) would be
subject to hazardous waste regulation.
The proposed hazardous waste listings are intended to encompass the
wastes generated from any carbamate manufacturing, including the wastes
generated when carbamates are produced as intermediates. For example, a
facility may produce a carbamate intermediate to be used directly as a
raw material in another process. Similar wastes are generated from the
production of the carbamate whether it is the final product or an
intermediate product.
Upon promulgation of these proposed listings, all wastes meeting
the listing descriptions would become hazardous wastes and would
require treatment, storage, or disposal at permitted facilities.
Residuals from the treatment, storage, or disposal of the wastes
included in this proposed listing also would be classified as hazardous
wastes by the ``derived-from'' rule (40 CFR 261.3(c)(2)(i)). For
example, ash or other residuals from treatment of the listed wastes
would be subject to the hazardous waste regulations. Also, 40 CFR
261.3(a)(2)(iv) (the ``mixture'' rule) provides that any mixture of a
listed waste and a solid waste is itself a RCRA hazardous waste with
certain limited exceptions.
However, when these wastes are recycled as described in 40 CFR
261.2(e)(1)(iii) or 261.4(a)(8), they are not solid wastes and are not
subject to hazardous waste regulations. For example, if a waste is
collected and returned in a closed-loop fashion to the same carbamate
process, the waste would not be regulated. To meet the exemption, the
waste must meet the three key requirements outlined in the rules and in
50 FR 639 (January 4, 1985): (1) The material must be returned to the
original process from which it was generated without first being
reclaimed; (2) the production process to which the materials are
returned must use raw materials as principal feedstocks; and (3) the
material must be returned as a substitute for raw material feedstock in
the original production process. (The regulations contain other
recycling exclusions as well, but the provisions referenced above are
the principal ones most likely to be applicable to the wastes at issue
in this proposal.)
B. Description of the Wastes
While the Agency has observed that carbamate manufacturing
processes differ according to product and raw materials, many
similarities in the wastes generated exist. The proposal to list K156
through K161 and to not list other groupings of wastes from this
industry is based on the similarity of the production processes used by
carbamate manufacturers and the similarity of the wastes generated by
these facilities. In the course of the Agency's evaluations, wastes
within similar processes were grouped by like physical properties due
to their similar management, and to facilitate the development of
potential land disposal treatment standards (see 40 CFR 268.2(f)).
Wastewaters with less than 1 percent by weight of total organic carbon
(TOC) and less than 1 percent by weight of total suspended solids (TSS)
were grouped as aqueous. Liquids that contained equal to or greater
than 1 percent by weight of TOC were grouped as organic, and wastes
that contain equal to or greater than 1 percent by weight of TSS were
grouped as solids. When process and wastes characterizations are taken
into account, ten waste groups result.
Group 1 consists of organic waste (including heavy ends, still
bottoms, light ends, spent solvents, filtrates, and decantates) from
the production of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes. The Agency is
proposing that these wastes be listed as Hazardous Waste Number K156.
Group 2 wastes include wastewaters (including scrubber waters,
condenser waters, washwaters, separation waters) from the production of
carbamates and carbamoyl oximes. Group 2 wastewaters are proposed to be
listed as Hazardous Waste Number K157.
Group 3 consists of solids from the production of carbamate and
carbamoyl oxime products. These wastes are typically generated from the
filtration of liquid products and include such wastes as baghouse
dusts, dust collector bags, and process precipitates, and may contain
high levels of carbamate product. From this generic waste grouping,
wastewater treatment sludges and spent carbon from the production of
carbamates and carbamoyl oximes are not proposed for listing. The
decision not to list these wastes and other waste groupings is
discussed in detail in section III.C.8. Group 3 baghouse dusts and
filter/separation solids are proposed to be listed as Hazardous Waste
Number K158.
Group 4 wastes include organics from the treatment of thiocarbamate
wastes. These wastes are generated from the treatment of the brine
wastewater from the carbamolation reaction, and are proposed to be
listed as Hazardous Waste Number K159.
Group 5 wastes are wastewaters from the production of
thiocarbamates and treatment of wastes from thiocarbamate production.
EPA is proposing not to list this group of wastes.
Group 6 wastes are the solids (including filter wastes, separation
solids, and spent catalysts) from the production of thiocarbamates and
solids from the treatment of thiocarbamate wastes. These wastes include
spent catalysts generated from the production of chlorothioformates,
filter cakes from the filtration of product to remove byproduct amine
chlorides, and solid wastes resulting from the treatment of waste brine
from the carbamolation step. The Agency is proposing to list Group 6
wastes as Hazardous Waste Number K160.
Group 7 wastes include process wastewater (including supernates,
filtrates, and washwaters) and Group 8 includes reactor vent scrubber
water from the production of dithiocarbamates. EPA is proposing not to
list group 7 or group 8 wastes.
Group 9 wastes include purification solids, baghouse dust, and
floor sweepings from the production of dithiocarbamates. In many cases
these wastes are the residues resulting from the filtration of a liquid
product, and includes filtration media, filters, filter cloths,
centrifugation solids, evaporation solids, or dryer wastes. Group 9
wastes are proposed for listing as Hazardous Waste Number K161.
Group 10 wastes include organic wastes (including spent solvents,
solvent rinses, process decantates, and still bottoms) from the
production of dithiocarbamates. EPA is proposing not to list this group
of wastes.
Based on data collected from industry by the 1990 RCRA section 3007
survey, engineering site visits, and sampling and analysis, the Agency
believes that each of the waste groups typically contain significant
concentrations of hazardous constituents. Table 7 identifies the
constituents of concern for the carbamate waste streams. The Agency
conducted sampling and analysis of each of these wastes to support this
proposed hazardous waste listing determination. The following section,
III.C., presents this data and additional health effects data, which
are the basis for the Agency's proposal to list or not list the wastes
studied in this rulemaking.
The total reported generation rate of these wastes in 1990 was
approximately 841,000 metric tons. Tables 8 and 9 present the
characteristics of, and management method used for these wastes by
group.
Table 7.--Waste Stream Constituents
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Waste group Constituent
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1--Organic Carbamate/Carbamoyl Acetone, acetonitrile, acetophenone, aniline, benomyl, benzene, carbaryl,
Oxime Wastes. carbendazim, carbofuran, carbosulfan, chlorobenzene, chloroform,
odichlorobenzene, hexane, methanol, methomyl, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl
isobutyl ketone, methylene chloride, naphthalene, phenol, pyridine, toluene,
triethylamine, xylene.
2--Aqueous Carbamate/Carbamoyl Acetone, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, formaldehyde, methomyl, methyl
Oxime Wastes. isobutyl ketone, methyl chloride, methyl ethyl ketone, methylene chloride,
ophenylenediamine, pyridine, triethylamine.
3--Solid Carbamate/Carbamoyl Benomyl, carbendazim, carbofuran, carbosulfan, chloroform, hexane, methanol,
Oxime Wastes. methylene chloride, phenol, xylene.
4--Organic Thiocarbamate Wastes.. Benzene, butylate, eptam, molinate, pebulate, vernolate.
5--Aqueous Thiocarbamate Wastes.. Benzene, butylate, eptam, molinate, pebulate, toluene, vernolate, xylene.
6--Solid Thiocarbamate Wastes.... Butylate, eptam, cycloate, molinate, pebulate, vernolate.
7--Aqueous Dithiocarbamate Carbon disulfide, dithiocarbamate product, xylene.
Process Waters.
8--Aqueous Dithiocarbamate Carbon disulfide, dithiocarbamate product, methylene chloride, n-
Scrubber Wastes. nitrosodimethylamine.
9--Solid Dithiocarbamate Wastes.. Carbon disulfide, dithiocarbamate product, xylene.
10--Organic Dithiocarbamate Carbon disulfide, dithiocarbamate product, hexane, toluene, xylene.
Wastes.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 8.--1990 Waste Management by RCRA Hazardous Waste Identification and Group
[metric tons/year]\1\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Waste classification Non-haz. As-haz. Corr. Ignit. TC I&TC I&C TC&C Unknown
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Group 1.............................................. 46,398 1,912 69,780 1,980 1.5 2,302 2,773 ......... 1,368
Group 2.............................................. 140,145 3,735 246,595 6.8 41.9 ......... ......... ......... Varies.
Group 3.............................................. 9,729 0.4 14.8 5.5 12.3 ......... ......... ......... .........
Group 4.............................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 549 ......... ......... .........
Group 5.............................................. ......... ......... 130,664 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........
Group 6.............................................. ......... 77 ......... ......... 588 ......... ......... ......... .........
Group 7.............................................. 43,810 7,218 9 1.1 380,430 ......... ......... ......... 230
Group 8.............................................. 46,054 ......... 49.1 ......... \2\0 ......... ......... 1,055 89
Group 9.............................................. 3,493 195 ......... 3.1 15.8 ......... ......... ......... 205
Group 10............................................. ......... 46.8 ......... 162.9 ......... 65.4 ......... ......... 91
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total.......................................... 289,629 13,185 447,112 2,159 381,090 2,916 2,773 1,055 1,983
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Non-Haz.: Managed as nonhazardous waste
As-Haz.: Managed as a hazardous waste
Characteristically Hazardous Wastes
Ignit.: Ignitable (40 CFR 261.21)
Corr.: Corrosive (40 CFR 261.22)
I&C: Ignitable and corrosive
I&TC: Ignitable and TC
TC&C: TC and corrosive
TC: Toxicity Characteristic (40 CFR 261.24)
\1\Wastes may have several classifications; therefore, the total mass of each waste group may exceed the actual mass.
\2\There is a toxic stream in Group 8 but it was not generated in 1990.
Table 9.--Current Waste Management by Waste Type and Quantity
[metric tons/year]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Recycle/Reuse............................. 1,601 ........ 26 ........ ........ ........ 701 57 64 180 2,629
Incineration.............................. 3,263 1,975 18 549 ........ ........ ........ 50 2 98 5,955
Fuel Blending............................. ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ 24 24
Boiler.................................... 6,360 ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ 6,360
POTW...................................... ........ 20,497 ........ ........ ........ ........ 42,599 45,957 ........ ........ 109,053
PrOTW..................................... 2,922 4,986 ........ ........ ........ ........ 1,410 23 ........ ........ 9,341
WWTP...................................... 112,292 238,751 ........ ........ 130,664 ........ 4,670 ........ ........ ........ 486,377
Subtitle C Landfill....................... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ 665 ........ ........ 193 ........ 858
Subtitle D Landfill....................... ........ ........ 1340 ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ 3,199 ........ 4,539
Deep Well Injection....................... ........ ........ ........ ........ 213,582 ........ 1,517 100 ........ ........ 215,199
Other..................................... ........ ........ 6 ........ ........ ........ 645 13 ........ 65 729
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total............................... 126,438 266,209 1,390 549 344,246 665 51,542 46,200 3,458 367 841,064
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
POTW--Publicly Owned Treatment Works
PrOTW--Privately Owned Treatment Works
WWTP--Wastewater Treatment Plant
C. Basis for Listing Determination
1. Waste Characterization and Constituents of Concern
The Agency has conducted significant data gathering efforts in
order to evaluate each of the criteria for listing hazardous wastes
found at 40 CFR 261.11. In conducting its investigation before
proposing to list a specific waste under 40 CFR 261.32, the Agency
characterized the waste based on survey information, engineering
analysis, and sampling and analysis. The constituents of concern in
this proposal were identified by these methods and are proposed as the
basis for listing and for addition to appendix VII of 40 CFR part 261
(see Table 7). The toxic constituents of concern which are the basis of
this and possibly future hazardous waste listing determinations are
being proposed for addition to appendix VIII of 40 CFR part 261
pursuant to 40 CFR 261.11(a)(3).
This section summarizes the information concerning waste
characterization and constituents of concern that EPA has gathered to
support this proposed listing. Other compounds also have been
identified in these wastes but are not presented as constituents of
concern because they are either not sufficiently toxic, are present at
low concentrations, or do not migrate through the environment under
reasonable conditions.
Information regarding the identity and concentration of the
compounds found in carbamate wastes from EPA sampling during
engineering site visits is presented in summary form in the Appendix A
of the ``non-CBI'' Engineering Analysis of the Production of
Carbamates, which is available in the Public Docket for this proposed
rulemaking. See ``ADDRESSEES'' section.
The constituents of concern are found at varying levels in each of
the carbamate waste streams proposed for listing. Despite differences
in constituents and concentrations, each of the wastes proposed for
listing exhibit similar levels of potential hazard and are also
amenable to similar treatment technology. The Agency therefore is
proposing to regulate wastes from each of these processes together
under the K156 through K161 listings.
Table 10 lists the constituents found at concentrations above the
level of concern (the Agency's rationale for identifying a
concentration level of concern is detailed in the following section)
from wastes sampled and analyzed by the Agency during the course of the
engineering analysis of wastes in the carbamate industry and effluent
guideline development under sections 405 (d) and (e) of the Clean Water
Act (CWA), or reported present by the manufacturer in response to the
Agency's RCRA section 3007 questionnaire. This table presents a
compilation of all concentration data for each group of waste studied.
Additional constituents were detected at concentrations below the level
of concern. All of the collected data is presented in the carbamates
engineering analysis. However, the risk analysis described in section
III.C.5. of this preamble used only the results of the carbamate
industry study.
Table 10.--Range of Concentrations for Constituents of Concern
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
No. of Max. conc. Min. conc. Mean conc. Median
Group Constituent of concern streams (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) conc. (ppm)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1............ acetone............................. 8 900,000 13 214,502 96,000
acetonitrile........................ 3 400,000 50,000 176,667 80,000
acetophenone........................ 1 890.7 890.7 890.7 890.7
aniline............................. 1 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8
benomyl............................. 2 20,000 22 10,011 10,011
benzene............................. 1 350 350 350 350
carbaryl............................ 1 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000
carbendazim......................... 2 80,000 22.3 40,011 40,011
carbofuran.......................... 3 10,000 2,490 7,497 10,000
carbosulfan......................... 3 350,000 9 117,433 2,290
chlorobenzene....................... 1 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800
chloroform.......................... 1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
o-dichlorobenzene................... 1 12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000
hexane.............................. 8 200,000 42 73,755 65,000
methanol............................ 10 910,000 9.23 359,033 130,100
methomyl............................ 2 38.7 1.06 19.9 19.9
methyl ethyl ketone................. 4 500,000 58 151,240 7,300
methyl isobutyl ketone.............. 6 650,000 21,000 335,167 210,000
methylene chloride.................. 7 150,000 1.6 32,572 20,000
naphthalene......................... 1 6,440 6,440 6,440 6,440
phenol.............................. 5 128,700 0.0138 28,706 3,000
pyridine............................ 6 130,000 920 63,570 49,750
toluene............................. 3 980,000 290 334,163 22,200
triethylamine....................... 2 286,000 580 143,290 143,290
xylene.............................. 6 996,100 7,300 449,200 570,000
2............ acetone............................. 12 4,000 0.3 338.3 2.9
carbon tetrachloride................ 1 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51
chloroform.......................... 5 8.6 0.024 2.3 0.57
formaldehyde........................ 1 48 48 48 48
methomyl............................ 5 40,000 0.0016 10,750 49.5
methyl isobutyl ketone.............. 5 300 0.8 78.3 12
methyl chloride..................... 5 4,200 0.0076 840.9 3.5
methyl ethyl ketone................. 5 10,000 1.1 3,400.7 300
methylene chloride.................. 15 4,100 0.074 285.9 1.4
o-phenylenediamine.................. 1 77.4 77.4 77.4 77.4
pyridine............................ 3 13,600 17.6 4,687 443
triethylamine....................... 5 7,380 7.4 1,901 9.8
3............ benomyl............................. 2 20,000 0.3 10,000 10,000
carbendazim......................... 2 20,000 0.3 10,000 10,000
carbofuran.......................... 2 700,000 6.8 350,003 350,003
carbosulfan......................... 1 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000
chloroform.......................... 1 2,600 2,600 2,600 2,600
hexane.............................. 1 3,800 3,800 3,800 3,800
methanol............................ 2 69.5 58 63.8 63.8
methylene chloride.................. 3 13,000 0.047 6,000 5,000
phenol.............................. 2 5,000 0.346 2,500 2,500
xylene.............................. 2 135,100 610 67,855 67,855
4............ butylate............................ 1 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000
eptam............................... 1 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000
molinate............................ 1 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000
pebulate............................ 1 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000
vernolate........................... 1 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000
5............ benzene............................. 1 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
butylate............................ 2 1.2 0.3 0.8 0.8
eptam............................... 3 170 0.14 57 1.7
molinate............................ 2 39 7.5 23.3 23.3
pebulate............................ 3 0.71 0.015 0.27 0.09
vernolate........................... 2 0.16 0.021 0.09 0.09
6............ benzene............................. 1 1,100 1,100 1,100 1,100
toluene............................. 1 9,400 9,400 9,400 9,400
butylate............................ 2 8,800 7,400 8,100 8,100
eptam............................... 3 401,000 12,000 271,333 271,333
molinate............................ 1 22,000 22,000 22,000 22,000
pebulate............................ 1 500 500 500 500
vernolate........................... 1 620 620 620 620
xylene.............................. 1 201 201 201 201
7............ carbon disulfide.................... 1 94,000 94,000 94,000 94,000
xylene.............................. 4 5,000 1,000 3,750 4,500
dithiocarbamate product............. 8 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000
8............ carbon disulfide.................... 5 5,000 0.028 1,178 15
methylene chloride.................. 2 0.57 0.490 0.53 0.53
n-nitrosodimethylamine.............. 1 104 104 104 104
piperidine.......................... 1 65,000 65,000 65,000 65,000
dithiocarbamate product............. 5 6,960 42.4 2,039 70.9
9............ carbon disulfide.................... 2 420 15 218 218
dithiocarbamate product............. 81 1,000,000 1,000 505,201 450,000
xylene.............................. 2 240,000 240,000 240,000 240,000
10........... carbon disulfide.................... 5 1,000,000 4,000 676,800 950,000
hexane.............................. 7 1,000,000 600,000 942,857 1,000,000
toluene............................. 2 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000
xylene.............................. 2 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Human Health Criteria and Effects
The Agency uses health-based levels, or HBLs, to evaluate levels of
concern of toxic constituents in various media. In establishing HBLs,
EPA evaluates a wide variety of health effects data and existing
standards and criteria. EPA uses any Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)
promulgated under the Safe Drinking Water Act as an HBL for
contaminants in aqueous streams. MCLs are Drinking Water Standards
promulgated under section 1412 of the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974
(SDWA), as amended in 1984 for both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic
compounds. In setting MCLs, EPA considers a range of pertinent factors
(see 52 FR 25697-98, July 8, 1987). For other media, or if there is no
MCL, EPA uses an oral reference dose (RfD), an inhalation reference
concentration (RfC), and/or a carcinogenic slope factor (CSF) to derive
the HBL, in conjunction with various exposure assumptions and, for
carcinogens, a risk level of concern. The Agency relies on standard
intake and exposure assumptions to derive HBLs. Standard daily intake
assumptions are: 2 liters of water; 20 cubic meters of air; 200 mg of
soil for six years (children) and 100 mg of soil for 24 years (adults).
For carcinogens, the daily intake is averaged over a 70 year lifetime;
for noncarcinogens, the daily intake is averaged over a daily period of
exposure. The risk level of concern may vary, but for the purpose of
deriving HBLs in the following discussion, the minimal or threshold
risk level of concern is taken as 10-6 (i.e., one incremental
cancer risk in a million based on lifetime exposure). A given
constituent may have an RfD, and RfC, and/or a CSF, depending on the
variety and nature of the toxic effects exhibited. The RfD is an
estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a
daily exposure to the human population, including sensitive subgroups,
that is likely not to present appreciable risk of deleterious effects
during a lifetime. The CSF is an estimate of the upper bound confidence
limit of the lifetime risk of developing cancer, per unit dose, which
results from the application of a low-dose extrapolation procedure.
When available, EPA uses RfDs, RfCs, and CSFs that have been verified
by the Agency's Reference Dose/Reference Concentration (RfD/RfC) Work
Group or Carcinogen Risk Assessment Verification Endeavor (CRAVE). If
no verified value exists, other estimates of RfDs, RfCs, and CSFs are
examined to determine if they are appropriate for use in establishing
HBLs. Health-based levels in water and soil, and the criteria used to
establish them, are shown in Table 11 for the constituents identified
in the carbamate wastes. A more detailed discussion of the toxicity of
these constituents is included in the background document ``Carbamate
Waste Listing Support: Health Effects Background Document'' and
associated materials for this proposal and is available from the Public
Docket at EPA Headquarters. See ADDRESSES section.
Table. 11.--Oral and Inhalation Toxicity Information for Waste Constituents
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RfD (mg/kg/ Oral CSF (mg/ Inhalation CSF HBL water (mg/ HBL soil (mg/
Constituents day) kg/day)-1 RfC (mg/m\3\) (mg/kg/day)-1 L) kg) MCL (mg/L) Toxicity
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acetone (67-64-1).. 1E-1 (1) Na (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 4E+0 8E+3 N (1,6) Systemic: Increased
liver and kidney
weights, and
nephrotoxicity.
Acetophenone (98-86- 1E-1 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 4E+0 8E+3 N (1,6) Systemic: General
2). toxicity.
Aniline (62-53-3).. N (1,7) 5.7E-3 (1) 1E-3 (1) N (1,7) 6.25E-3 1.0E+2 N (1,6) Cancer: Spleen
tumors.
Systemic: Spleen
toxicity.
Anthracene (120-12- 3E-1 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 1E+1 3E+4 N (1,6) Systemic:
7). Phototoxic
dermatitis,
inflammation of
the
gastrointestinal
tract.
Antimony (7440-36- 4E-4 N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 6E-3 3E+1 0.006 (6) Systemic: Increased
0). (1,6,7) mortality and
altered blood
glucose and
cholesterol
levels.
Arsenic (7440-38-2) 3E-4 (1) 1.75E+0 (1) N (1,7) 1.5E+1 (1) 5E-2 4E-1 0.05 (6) Cancer: Respiratory
system tumors.
Systemic:
Hyperpigmentation,
keratosis, and
possible vascular
complications.
Barium (7440-39-3). 7E-2 (1) N (1,7) 5E-4 (7) N (1,7) 2E+0 6E+3 2 (6) Systemic: Oral;
Increased blood
pressure.
Inhalation:
Fetotoxicity.
Benomyl (17804-35- 5E-2 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 2E+0 4E+3 N (1,6) Systemic:
2). Fetotoxicity
(decreased pup
weanling weights).
Bensulide (741-58- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Systemic: Neuro-
2). muscular
pathologyb.
Benz[a]-anthracene 2E-1 (92)c 2E+1 (92) N (1,7) N (1,7) 1E-4 3E-2 0.0001 Cancer: Liver
(56-55-3). PMCL (6) hepatoma.
Systemic:
Respiratory system
effects.
Benzene (71-43-2).. N (1,7) 2.9E-2 (1) N (1,7) 2.9E-2 (7) 5E-3 2E+1 0.005 (6) Cancer: Human
leukemia.
Benzo[b]- N (1,7) 7.3E-1 N (1,7) N (1,7) 2E-4 9E-1a 0.0002 Cancer: Lung
fluoranthene (205- (TEFd)e PMCL (6) adenomas and
99-2). epidermoid
carcinomas,
putative
forestomach
tumors.
Benzo[k]- N (1,7) 7.3E-2 N (1,7) N (1,7) 2E-4 9E+0a 0.0002 Cancer: Lung
fluoranthene (207- (TEFd)e PMCL (6) adenomas and
08-9). epidermoid
carcinomas,
putative
forestomach
tumors.
Benzoic acid (65-85- 4E+0 (1,7)f N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 1E+2 3E+5 N (1,6) Systemic:
0). Practically safe
to humans and
animals.
Butylamine (109-73- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) No data available.
9).
Butylate (2008-41- 5E-2 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 2E+0 4E+3 N (1,6) Systemic: Increased
5). relative liver
weights.
Cadmium (7440-43-9) 5E-4g, N (1,7) N (1,7) 6.3E+0 (1) 5E-3 8E+1 0.005 (6) Cancer: Human lung,
1E-3h (1) tracheal, and
bronchial tumors.
Systemic:
Significant
proteinuria.
Carbendazim (10605- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Systemic:
21-70). Reproductive
effects.
Carbofuran (1563-66- 5E-3 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 4E-2 4E+2 0.04 (6) Systemic: RBC and
2). plasma
cholinesterase
inhibition, and
testicular and
uterine effects.
Carbon disulfide 1E-1 (1) N (1,7) 1E-2 (7) N (1,7) 4E+0 8E+3 N (1,6) Systemic: Oral;
(75-15-0). Fetal toxicity and
teratogenicity.
Inhalation: Fetal
toxicity.
Carbon 7E-4 (1) 1.3E-1 (1) N (1,7) 5.2E-2 (1) 5E-3 5E+0 0.005 (6) Cancer: Liver
tetrachloride (56- tumors.
23-5). Systemic: Liver
lesions.
Carbosulfan (55285- 1E-2 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 4E-1 8E+2 N (1,6) Systemic: Decreased
14-8). body weight.
Chlorobenzene (108- 2E-2 (1) N (1,7) 2E-2 (7) N (1,7) 1E-1 2E+3 0.1 (1) Systemic:
90-7). Histopathological
changes in liver.
Chloroform (67-66- 1E-2 (1) 6E-3 (1) N (1,7) 8.1E-2 (1) 5.8E-3 1E+2 N (1,6) Cancer: Kidney
3). tumors.
Systemic: Fatty
cyst formation in
liver.
Chromium VI (18540- 5E-3 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) 4.2E+1 (1) 1E-1 4E+2 0.1 (6) Cancer: Human lung
29-9). tumors.
Systemic: Kidney
and liver damage,
and cardiovascular
and
gastrointestinal
effects.
Chrysene (218-01-9) N (1,7) 7.3E-2 (TEFd)e N (1,7) N (1,7) 2E-4 9E-0a 0.0002 Cancer: Putative
PMCL (6) forestomach
tumors.
Cyanide (57-12-5).. 2E-2 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 2E-1 2E+3 0.2 (6) Systemic:
Degenerative
neurotoxicity, and
thyroid effects.
Cycloate (1134-23- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Systemic:
2). neurotoxicity
skeletal muscle
myopathy. (2)i.
Dibutylamine (111- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) No data available.
92-2).
1,2-Dichlorobenzene 9E-2 (1) N (1,7) 2E-1 (7) N (1,7) 6E-1 8E+3 0.6 (6) Systemic: Oral;
(95-50-1). Liver pathology.
Inhalation:
Decreased relative
spleen weight.
1,3-Dichlorobenzene N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Systemic:
(541-73-1). Hemoglobin changes
and liver and
kidney damage.
1,4-Dichlorobenzene N (1,7) 2.4E-2 (7) 7E-1 (7) N (1,7) 7.5E-2 3E+1 0.075 (6) Cancer: Liver
(106-46-7). tumors.
Systemic: Liver
damage.
Diethylphthalate 8E-1 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 3E+1 7E+4 N (1,6) Systemic: Decreased
(84-66-2). growth rate, food
consumption, and
altered organ
weights.
Dimethylamine (124- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Systemic: Liver
40-3). fatty degeneration
and necrosis, and
tubular
degeneration of
the testes. (2)j.
Dimethyldodecylamin N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Systemic:
e (112-18-5). Respiratory tract
effects.
Dipropylamine (142- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) No data available.
84-7).
Eptam (EPTC) (759- 2.5E-2 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 8.8E-1 2E+3 N (1,6) Systemic:
94-4). Degenerative
cardiomyopathy.
Esprocarb (85785-20- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) No data available.
2).
Ethylbenzene (100- 1E-1 (1) N (1,7) 1E+0 (1) N (1,7) 7E-1 8E+3 0.7 (6) Systemic: Liver and
41-4). kidney effects.
2-Ethylhexylamine N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) No data available.
(104-75-6).
Fluoranthene (206- 4E-2 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 1E+0 3E+3 N (1,6) Systemic: Kidney
44-0). effects, increased
liver weights,
hematological
alterations.
Formaldehyde (50-00- 2E-1 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) 4.5E-2 (1) 7E+0 2E+4 N (1,6) Cancer: Nasal
0). cavity tumors.
Systemic:
Gastrointestinal
histopathology.
Hexachloroethane 1E-3 (1) 1.4E-2 (1) N (1,7) 1.4E-2 (1) 3E-3 5E+1 N (1,6) Cancer:
(67-72-1). Hepatocellular
carcinoma.
Systemic: Atrophy
and degeneration
of kidney tubules.
Hexane (110-54-3).. 6E-2 (7) N (1,7) 2E-1 (1) N (1,7) 2E+0 5E+3 N (1,6) Systemic: Oral;
nervous system
effects,
testicular
atrophy.
Inhalation:
Neurotoxicity
(electrophysiologi
cal alterations),
and epithelial
lesions in the
nasal cavity.
Hexylamine (111-26- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) No data available.
2).
Isopropanol (67-63- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) No data available.
0).
Lead (7439-92-1)... N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Cancer: Renal
tumors.
Systemic:
Neurotoxic,
adverse
hematopoietic, and
reproductive and
developmental
effects.
Mercury (7439-97-6) 3E-4 (7) N (1,7) 3E-4 (7) N (1,7) 2E-3 3E+1 0.002 (6) Systemic: Damage to
brain, kidneys,
and developing
fetuses.
Metam-Sodium (137- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Systemic:
42-8). Developmental
effects. (A).
Methanol (67-56-1). 5E-1 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 2E+1 4E+4 N (1,6) Systemic:
Alterations in
liver enzyme
levels, and
decreased brain
weight.
Methomyl (16752-77- 2.5E-2 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 9E-1 2E+3 N (1,6) Systemic: Kidney
5). and spleen
pathology.
Methylamine (74-89- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Data not available.
5).
Methyl chloride (74- N (1,7) 1.3E-2 (7) N (1,7) 6.3E-3 (7) 3E-3 5E+1 N (1,6) Cancer: Renal
87-3). tumors in mice
from intermittent
inhalation
exposure.
Systemic: Liver and
kidney effects,
and degeneration
and atrophy of the
seminiferous
tubules.
Methylene chloride 6E-2 (1) 7.5E-3 (1) 3E+0 (7) 1.6E-3 (1) 5E-3 9E+1 .005 (6) Cancer: Liver
(75-09-2). PMCL tumors.
Systemic: Adverse
liver effects.
Methyl ethyl ketone 6E-1 (1) N (1,7) 1E+0 (1,7) N (1,7) 2E+1 5E+4 N (1,6) Systemic: Decreased
(78-93-3). fetal birth
weight.
Methyl isobutyl 5E-2 (7) N (1,7) 8E-2 (7) N (1,7) 2E+0 4E+3 N (1,6) Systemic: Liver and
ketone (108-10-1). kidney toxicity.
Methyl N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Data not available.
isothiocyanate
(556-61-6).
Molinate (2212-67- 2E-3 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 7E-2 2E+2 N (1,6) Systemic:
1). Reproductive
toxicity.
Molybdenum (7439-98- 5E-3 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 2E-1 4E+2 N (1,6) Systemic: Increased
7). uric acid in the
urine, decreased
blood copper
levels, and
painful swelling
in the joint in
humans.
Nabam (142-59-6)... N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Cancer: Putative
induction of
thyroid adenomas
and
adenocarcinomas,
and hepatomas
(75).k,l
Naphthalene (91-20- 4E-2 (7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 1E+0 3E+3 N (1,6) Systemic: Decreased
3). whole body weight
in rats.
Nickel (7440-02-0). 2E-2 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) 8.4E-1 (1) 1E-1 2E+3 0.1 (6) Cancer: Respiratory
system tumors in
humans.
Systemic: Pulmonary
toxicity.
Nitrobenzene (98-95- 5E-4 (1) N (1,7) 2E-3 (7) N (1,7) 2E-2 4E+1 N (1,6) Systemic: Adrenal,
3). renal, and hepatic
lesions and
hematopathology.
N-Nitroso-di-n- N (1,7) 5.4E+0 (1) N (1,7) 5.6E+0 (1) 6E-6 1E-1 N (1,6) Cancer: Bladder and
butylamine (924-16- gastrointestinal
3). tract tumors.
N-Nitroso-di-n- N (1,7) 5.1E+1 (1) N (1,7) 4.9E+1 (1) 7E-7 1E-2 N (1,6) Cancer: Liver
methylamine (62-75- tumors.
9).
Oxamyl (23135-22-0) 2.5E-2 N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 9E-1 2E+3 0.2 (6) Systemic:
Cholinesterase
inhibition, liver
effects, and
fetotoxicity.
Pebulate (1114-71- 5E-2 (7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 2E+0 4E+3 N (1,6) No data available.
2).
Phenol (108-95-2).. 6E-1 (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 2E+1 5E+4 N (1,6) Systemic:
Developmental
effects (stunted
growth).
o-Phenylenediamine N (1,7) 4.7E-2 (7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 7.4E-4 1.4E+1 N (1,6) Cancer: Liver
(95-54-5). tumors.
Piperidine (110-89- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Systemic:
4). Developmental and
reproductive
effects (5).
n-Propylbenzene N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) No data available.
(103-65-1).
Prosulfocarb (52888- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) No data available.
80-9).
Pyrene (129-00-00). 3E-2 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 1E+0 3E+3 N (1,6) Systemic: Kidney
effects (renal
tubular pathology,
decreased kidney
weight).
Pyridine (110-86-1) 1E-3 (1) N (1,7) 5E-3 (53) N (1,7) 4E-2 8E+1 N (1,6) Systemic: Increased
liver weight.
Selenium (7782-49- 5E-3 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 5E-2 4E+2 0.05 (total) Systemic: Clinical
2). (6) selenosis.
Styrene (100-42-5). 2E-1 (1) N (1,7) 1E+0 (1) N (1,7) 1E-1 2E+4 0.1 (6) Systemic: Oral; Red
blood cell and
liver effects.
Inhalation: Human
central nervous
system effects.
Tetralin (119-64-2) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Systemic: Kidney
effects and
cataracts.
Toluene (108-88-3). 2E-1 (1) N (1,7) 4E-1 (1) N (1,7) 1E+0 2E+4 1.0 (6) Systemic: Oral;
Altered kidney and
liver weights.
Inhalation:
Neurological
effects and
degeneration of
nasal epithelium.
Triethylamine (121- N (1,7) N (1,7) 7E-3 (1) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Systemic: Nasal
44-8). passage toxicity
(inflammation).
1,2,3- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Systemic:
Trimethylbenzene Diminished weight
(526-73-8). gain, central
nervous system
depression, and
lymphopenia and
neutrophilia (2)m.
1,2,4- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Systemic:
Trimethylbenzene Diminished weight
(95-63-6). gain, central
nervous system
depression, and
lymphopenia and
neutrophilia (2).
1,3,5- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Systemic:
Trimethylbenzene Diminished weight
(108-67-8). gain, central
nervous system
depression, and
lymphopenia and
neutrophilia (2).
Vernolate (Vernam) 1E-3 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 4E-2 8E+1 N (1,6) Systemic: Altered
(1929-77-7). liver weight and
hematopoiesis, and
cholinesterase
inhibition,
elevated alkaline
phosphatase
levels, and spinal
cord and nerve
degeneration
(100).
Vinyl acetate (108- 1E+0 (7) N (1,7) 2E-1 (1) N (1,7) 4E+1 8E+4 N (1,6) Systemic: Nasal
05-4). tract toxicity
(lesions).
Xylene (1330-20-7). 2E+0 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 1E+1 2E+5 10 (6) Systemic: Central
nervous system
effects
(hyperactivity),
decreased body
weight, and
increased
mortality.
o-Xylene (95-47-6). 2E+0 (7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 7E+12 E+5 N (1,6) Systemic: Central
nervous system
effects
(hyperactivity)
and decreased body
weight.
Zinc (7440-66-6)... 3E-1 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 1E+1 3E+4 N (1,6) Systemic: Decrease
in erythrocyte
superoxide
dismutase (ESOD)
in adult females.
Ziram (137-30-4)... N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Systemic:
Alteration of
liver enzymes and
immune responses,
spleen
enlargement, and
developmental
effects (77, 2).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
N No data found in reference.
NA Inadequate data for calculation of health based level.
a. None available.
b. At an animal oral LOAEL of 89.8 mg/kg/day.
c. Human cancer potency value.
d. Benzo[a]pyrene Toxicity Equivalent Factor.
e. USEPA Provisional Guidance for the Qualitative Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. 1993.
f. The human per capita intake was used as the critical dose level.
g. Drinking water RfD.
h. Dietary exposure RfD.
i. Inhalation unit risk.
j. At an animal oral LOAEL of 55 mg/kg/day.
k. At animal LOAEL of 97 ppm.
l. Known toxic effect of ethylene bis-dithiocarbamate (EBDC) metabolite of nabam.
m. Exposure to a mixture of (1,2,3-, 1,2,4-, 1,3,5-) trimethylbenzenes.
References
(1) Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). 1993.
(2) Hazardous Substances Databank (HSDB). 1993.
(5) RTECS (Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances) July 1992.
(6) Drinking Water Regulations and Health Advisories.
(7) Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables (HEAST). March 1993.
(53) Health and Environmental Effects Profile for Pyridine. June 1986.
(75) Nabam Pesticide Fact Sheet, Office of Pesticide Program, April 1987.
(77) Ziram TOX ONE-LINER. EPA Office of Pesticides, February 20, 1992.
(92) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, ``Evaluation of the Potential Carcinogenicity of Benz(a)anthracene'',
June 1988.
(100) Vernolate TOX ONE-LINER. EPA Office of Pesticides, September 23, 1991.
(A) Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity Peer Review of Metam-Sodium. EPA Office of Pesticides.
3. Environmental Damage Cases
The nature and severity of the human health and environmental
damage that has occurred as a result of improper management is a factor
considered in the decision to list wastes as hazardous (see 40 CFR
261.11(a)(3)(ix)). The Agency has limited records of damages resulting
directly from the mismanagement of carbamate wastes. Most applicable is
Superfund Record of Decision (EPA Region 4): Stauffer/Cold Creek, AL
(First Remedial Action), September, 1989 (PB90-186388). In studying
this site, which continues to manufacture thiocarbamate products, the
Agency found groundwater contaminated by wastes from the manufacture of
the products butylate, cycloate, EPTC, molinate, pebulate, and
vernolate at levels of concern. Groundwater contamination at this site
was attributed to past disposal of waste solids from thiocarbamate
manufacture in an on-site unlined landfill.
The Agency has a limited number of reports of adverse environmental
effects from carbamate waste streams proposed for listing. However,
because pesticide products when formulated for end use may contain from
0.01 to 100 percent active ingredient, EPA believes that reports of
adverse environmental impacts such as ground water contamination, fish
kills, birds kills, or other non-target impacts are comparable to the
possible adverse environmental impacts which could occur should wastes
which contain pesticide active ingredients at comparable concentrations
be mismanaged in the way pesticide products have been mismanaged. The
Agency has collected information on environmental damages caused by
improper use of carbamate products, mismanagement of containers
previously storing carbamate products, and an accidental spill
releasing a large volume of product to surface waters. The EPA believes
these incidents are appropriate to consider in proposing listing
several waste streams for the following reasons: (1) The wastes the
Agency is proposing to list typically contain the carbamate active
ingredients found in the products; (2) the concentrations of the active
ingredients in the waste streams are typically many times higher than
what is found in some formulated products; and, (3) the nature of some
of the waste streams is similar to the product (e.g., solid, granular,
fines) and would behave similarly if released uncontrolled to the
environment.
In the case of carbamate chemicals the Agency has recorded numerous
bird kill incidents associated with the use or possible misuse of
carbamate products, which the Agency feels are applicable to an open
disposal mismanagement scenario of solids. For example, between 1972
and 1991, 107 incidents have been attributed to granular carbofuran and
40 to flowable carbofuran. These incidents resulted in loss of 9,600
and 7,500 birds, respectively.
In general, carbamate products are acutely toxic to aquatic
organisms. A number of fish kills have been attributed to carbamate
products. From 1980 to 1988, the California Department of Fish and
Game's Pesticide Investigations Unit estimated 7,000 to 30,000 fish
were killed in the Colusa Basin Drain due to molinate entering the
waterway from carbamates in rice fields. The most severe fish kill
incident resulted from the July 14, 1991, derailment of a tank car
containing 19,500 pounds of metam-sodium, a dithiocarbamate product. As
a result of the spill, the surrounding environment along a 45-mile
stretch of the Sacramento River and portions of Lake Shasta were
significantly adversely affected. More than 200,000 fish were killed,
and several hundred people were treated for eye, skin, and respiratory
irritation.
The collected case studies document human exposure and wildlife
loss caused by the improper management or misuse of carbamate products.
While only a limited number of the carbamate products have documented
damage incidents, they do illustrate the potential ecological effects
that some carbamate active ingredients can exert if released
uncontrolled to the environment. These damage incident reports document
contamination in ground water, surface water, air and soil by carbamate
products. The Agency currently has a more limited number of damage
incidents for the carbamate wastes under consideration for listing. A
more extensive discussion of these and additional damage incident
reports can be found in risk assessment support document for carbamate
wastes included in the docket. See ADDRESSEES section.
4. Mobility and Persistence of Constituents in Carbamate Wastes
Mobility is the ability of a constituent to migrate from a waste to
a transport medium, such as air, groundwater, or surface water.
Persistence is a measure of a constituent's stability or its resistance
to degradation in the environment. To assess mobility and persistence,
the Agency has identified environmental release and transport pathways
representing plausible worst-case management and disposal scenarios. By
assessing these pathways, potential exposure can be estimated. Thus, if
a constituent is sufficiently mobile and does not degrade as it moves
along an environmental pathway, it may potentially reach a receptor and
threaten human health and the environment.
The Agency assesses mobility by estimating the concentration at
which a constituent could migrate from the waste disposal or storage
unit to the underlying aquifer, adjacent soils, or to the air above the
unit. The propensity of each specific constituent to either leach,
runoff, or volatilize can be estimated using well-established physical
parameters as well as historic damage incident cases and transport
theories.
To assess the potential hazard posed by the constituents of concern
in the wastes, the Agency compared the concentrations of constituents
found in the wastes to known\2\ health-based levels. The Agency also
compared the concentrations that may reach potential human and
environmental receptors to the health-based levels. The Agency took
into account the possible dilution and attenuation that may occur due
to leaching from the waste, movement of waste constituents adsorbed to
soil particulates, and subsequent dilution or release to the air as a
result of plausible worst-case mismanagement of the waste.
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\2\The Agency acknowledges that it lacks health assessment
studies for every substance determined to be present in the wastes
sampled as indicated by the data gaps in Table 11. Health assessment
studies are and ongoing process where by future studies may uncover
additional information not considered in today's rulemaking.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
To evaluate the dilution and attenuation associated with leaching
from the waste, the Agency considers the physical state of the waste.
If the physical state of the waste is solid, the Agency first estimates
the leaching rates for the constituents from the waste. A dilution/
attenuation factor is applied to account for dispersion in the
subsurface from the disposal site into ground water and subsequently to
a drinking water source. This dilution and attenuation may occur
because of various phenomena, such as hydrolysis, solubility, soil
conditions, adsorption onto soil particles, dilution with ground water,
and biodegradation to the extent those processes are likely to occur in
a plausible worst-case management or disposal scenario.
The Agency believes that liquid wastes are mobile if improperly
disposed and that they may reach environmental receptors through
groundwater transport or through direct overland flow. The carbamate
wastes proposed for listing can be either solids or liquids at ambient
temperature.
Ground-water fate and transport have been evaluated by EPA.
Evaluations of ground-water transport were conducted in support of the
Toxicity Characteristic (TC) (55 FR 11798). In the final TC rule
promulgated on March 29, 1990, EPA determined that a dilution and
attenuation factor of 100 was appropriate for a reasonable worst-case
management of non-specific wastes that may be disposed of in municipal
landfills. The factor of 100 was determined assuming no adsorption, or
degradation of a chemical.
In assessing the intrinsic risks associated with carbamate wastes,
the Agency compared concentrations of constituents found in the wastes
to 100 times their HBLs. While many carbamate active ingredients may
exhibit break down through rapid hydrolysis at pH extremes or other
degradation in the environment, they can be highly mobile in the soil
column, and have been documented to reach ground water where these
mitigating effects of hydrolysis/degradation are slowed. The factor of
100 times the HBL (i.e., assuming a dilution factor of 100X) in the
case of carbamate waste constituents is viewed as a screening level
representing a potential level of concern that would warrant further
analysis to better quantify potential risks.
Table 12 shows that certain of these wastes contain sufficient
levels of the constituents of concern to warrant further analysis.
Given the high concentrations of the constituents of concern in
comparison to HBLs, the Agency believes that there is the potential for
exposure to harmful concentrations of the constituents of concern
should the wastes be mismanaged.
Table 12.--Summary of Streams Exceeding 100 x HBL Constituent
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percentage by
Percentage by number of
waste volume streams
containing containing
Waste group hazardous hazardous
constituent constituent
above 100 x above 100 x
HBL HBL
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1......................................... 82.8 47
2......................................... 97.2 88
3......................................... 0.75 30.4
4......................................... 98.1 64.7
5......................................... 99.4 70
6......................................... 100 100
7......................................... 11.1 51.7
8......................................... 0.01 0.16
9......................................... 46.2 80
10........................................ 87.6 85.7
------------------------------------------------------------------------
The mobility of carbamate active ingredients in the soil column is
documented in the Agency's Federal Reporting Database System,
maintained by the EPA Office of Groundwater and Drinking Water. This
database tracks groundwater monitoring data reported from both known
pesticide spills and as a result of normal applications. Carbamate
active ingredients have been found in the groundwater of 19 states.
Concentrations above health base levels of concern have been measured
for aldicarb, carbofuran, and oxamyl. (For additional damage incidents
cases and details, see the Carbamate Health Assessment Document and
associated materials available in the Public Docket at EPA
Headquarters. See ADDRESSES section, and section III.C.3.) EPA's
overall approach to damage case information and the relationship of
carbamate active ingredient damage cases to carbamate wastes is
discussed earlier in this preamble.
When assessing the air pathway, constituents must be evaluated
considering the waste management and transport scenario to determine if
they are sufficiently mobile to support an air plume capable of
threatening human health. The key parameters used to estimate the
mobility of constituents into the air are the vapor pressure of the
pure substance and the Henry's Law Constant\3\ of the compound.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\3\Henry's Law Constants are physical chemistry constants which
equate the vapor pressure of a slightly soluble gas in contact with
a definite mass of liquid at a given temperature.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Agency has evaluated several air release scenarios using these
parameters and has found that a number of constituents present in
carbamate wastes, including benzene, chloroform, formaldehyde, methyl
chloride, methyl ethyl ketone, methylene chloride, pyridine,
triethylamine, and xylene, may present a threat to human health by the
air transport pathway. These air transport assessments are consistent
with the assessments used by the Agency in its air emissions rule (56
FR 335490, July 22, 1991, ``Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage and
Disposal Facilities: Emission Standards of Tanks, Surface Impoundments,
and Containers: Proposed Rule) and use the Quiescent Surface Model for
Inorganic Wastes and the Oil Film Model for Organic Waste to estimate
releases from tanks and materials balance calculations for
incineration. These models are explained in detail in ``Hazardous Waste
Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities (TSDF) Air Emission
Models,'' Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research
Triangle Park, NC. EPA-450/3-87-0026. The model and documentation are
included in the docket supporting this proposed rule. See ADDRESSES
section.
Evaluation of the air transport assessments can be found in the
document Assessment of Risk from the Management of Carbamate Waste and
associated materials available in the Public Docket at EPA
Headquarters. See ADDRESSES section. The risks associated with the air
pathway are further discussed in section III.C.5.
Persistence can be evaluated by considering the various rates of
degradation or adsorption that affect the compound during transport. A
number of factors can potentially degrade or attenuate a compound
during transport. Many of these processes, including biodegradation,
photolysis, and adsorption, affect constituent concentrations under
certain situations. Under plausible worst-case waste management
scenarios, these processes and many others cannot be relied upon to
attenuate constituents, because of the limited circumstances under
which these mitigating processes could exist.
Table 13 presents the relevant hydrolysis half-lives of each
compound in water and air.
Table 13.--Persistence of Constituents of Concern
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hydrolysis half- Hydrolysis half-
Constituent life in water life in air
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acetone............................. 20 hours 22 days.
Acetonitrile (2).................... 5.5 days --
Acetophenone........................ -- --
Aniline............................. -- --
Benomyl............................. -6 for carcinogens or a
hazard quotient of -6 or greater for carcinogens or a bounding hazard quotient
of 1 or greater for noncarcinogens. For a chemical constituent of
concern, a hazard quotient is the ratio of chemical's waste stream
concentration to its reported toxicity benchmark. A quotient of 1
shows that the toxicity benchmark was not exceeded.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Upper-tail estimates. An upper-tail estimate is conceptually above
the 99th percentile of the cumulative risk distribution. It represents
an extreme case, which could occur but is not probable. The EPA
developed upper-tail estimates by varying two parameters at the same
time using high-end values while keeping all other parameters at their
mean or median value. Parameters were varied in a way that did not
present inconsistencies, such as low body weight and high intake rate.
Also, combinations of high-end values for two parameters at a time that
seemed inconsistent or implausible were eliminated.
Population risk. Descriptors of population risk are intended to
convey information about the risk borne by the population or population
segment being studied. These risk descriptors are used to answer
questions concerning the number of cases of a particular health effect
that probabilistically could occur within the population during a given
time period, the number of persons or percent of the population above a
certain risk level or health benchmark (e.g., RfD or RfC), and risk for
a particular population segment.
The calculation of population risk based on estimates of risk for
all individuals in the population is very data-intensive and such data
are normally not available, as is the case for this analysis. As the
1992 EPA Guidelines for Exposure Assessment (57 FR 22888, May 29, 1992)
states:
. . . although it has been common practice to estimate the
number of cases of disease, especially cancer, for populations
exposed to chemicals, it should be understood that these estimates
are not meant to be accurate predictions of real (or actuarial)
cases of disease. The estimate's value lies in framing hypothetical
risk in an understandable way rather than in any interpretation of
the term cases.
The population risk estimates for each exposure route addressed in
this analysis were based on this approach. The exposure routes
described above have associated populations or subpopulations that are
distinct, although not necessarily mutually exclusive. For this
analysis, population data were collected to approximate the potential
number of individuals exposed within a 10 mile radius of a
representative facility. Data were collected for land surrounding eight
existing carbamate facilities. Population distributions within the
eight study areas were then computed using 1990 census tract-level
population data to estimate the total number of persons within each
study area, as well as subpopulations, including children.
Using these data and central tendency individual risk estimates or
hazard quotients (i.e., the ratio of the predicted concentration to the
applicable health based level), population risk estimates were
calculated. However, for inhalation risk, an overlay of estimated
concentration in 160 sectors surrounding a facility was used to more
accurately estimate population risk.
ii. Bounding Estimates for Individual Risk. The results of the
baseline bounding assessment are provided in the risk assessment
support document, ``Assessment of Risk from The Management of Carbamate
Waste'' (RTI, 1993). In conducting the bounding estimates all input
parameters were set at high-end values. The bounding estimates were
used to identify management practice/constituent/pathway combinations
for each waste group that could potentially present risk to individuals
at levels of concern. Two general results are of particular importance
from this analysis. First, all food chain pathways were found to result
in human health risk below levels of concern for all constituents in
all waste groups. Second, EPA developed bounding risk estimates for
wastewaters and organic liquids managed in surface impoundments from
the production of carbamates, thiocarbamates and dithiocarbamates
assuming an unlined impoundment. Risks exceeding 1x10-6 or a
hazard quotient of 1 were predicted for ground water ingestion of
constituents in waste groups 1 and 2. However, since no case could be
documented of untreated waste from groups 1 and 2 currently being
managed in unlined surface impoundments, this management scenario was
not included for further evaluation in the baseline risk analysis.
iii. Risk Estimates by Exposure Route, Waste Group and Management
Practice. This section discusses baseline individual and population
risk estimation for direct inhalation, direct soil ingestion, indirect
soil ingestion, and ingestion of ground water. For each waste
management unit/exposure route combination, the methodologies used in
calculating individual and population risk and the resulting risk
estimates are presented. The waste/management practice/constituent/
pathway combinations discussed in this section include only those with
bounding risk estimates of 1x10-6 or greater for carcinogens and a
hazard quotient of 1 or greater for noncarcinogens.
Direct Inhalation
Individual risk estimates for tanks. The methodology used to
estimate risk from the direct inhalation of contaminants by humans is
based on the premise that humans live in close proximity to a facility
where wastes are managed in tanks. The potential exists for humans to
be exposed to hazardous constituents that volatilize from the wastes in
the tanks.
For this analysis, EPA estimated the typical and high-end ambient
air concentrations using air emission and dispersion models. The EPA
model CHEMDAT7 was used for air emissions, the EPA Industrial Source
Long Term model (version 2) (ISCLT2) was used for emission dispersion.
For each waste group/management practice/exposure route, Table 16
presents the high-end and central tendency risk estimates for those
constituents identified presenting risk at levels of concern (i.e.,
having a high-end risk estimate greater than or equal to 1 x 10-6
for carcinogens or a hazard quotient greater than or equal to 1 for
noncarcinogens). Table 16 also identifies the parameters that
significantly defined the lower and upper boundaries of the high-end
range.
A detailed discussion of the methodology used to estimate exposure
and the various air modeling assumptions and values of the input
parameters for high-end and central tendency exposures is found in the
risk assessment background document. A sensitive parameter in the air
modeling is the distance from the emissions source to the receptor. The
Agency used distances of 250 feet and 1000 feet to represent high-end
and central tendency receptor distances,\8\ respectively. The Agency
specifically requests comments on the appropriateness of using these
distances in the analysis. The Agency also requests comment on the
exposure assumptions for a receptor living in the vicinity of the waste
streams being considered in today's proposal. Information requested
includes length of time an individual dwells at any one residence in
these areas and the amount of time (number of days a year, hours per
day) an individual spends in and around the residence.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\8\From ``Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal
Facilities-Organic Air Emissions Standards for Process Vents an
Equipment Leaks Final Rule'', 55 FR 25454, June 21, 1990.
Table 16.--Individual Risk Estimates for Direct Inhalation: Tanks
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Central tendency
High-end parameters High-end risk High-end ----------------------
Waste No. Management practice Constituent of concern single/double estimate hazard Risk Hazard
quotient estimate quotient
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Waste Group 1....... Covered Treatment Tank/ Triethylamine.......... Recept. distance/tank & NA 4-30 NA 1
Recycle. recept. distance.
Waste Group 1....... Open Tank Storage/Boiler/ Methylene Chloride..... Recept. dist./conc. & 3E-07--1E-06 NA 3E-08 NA
Landfill Ash. recept. distance.
Triethylamine.......... Recept. dist./recept. NA 20-40 NA 2
distance & met. data.
Waste Group 1....... WWTP--Open Quiescent Formaldehyde........... Quantity/tank & recept. 3E-06--1E-05 NA 6E-07 NA
Treatment Tank. distance.
Methylene Chloride..... Conc./tank & exposure 1E-05--5E-05 NA 3E-06 NA
duration.
Triethylamine.......... Met data/tank & recept. NA 500-2000 NA 200
distance.
Waste Group 2....... WWTP--Aerated Tank...... Carbon Disulfide....... Quantity/quantity & NA 0.4-2 NA 0.07
recept. distance.
Carbon Tetrachloride... Recept. distance/ 2E-06--7E-06 NA 4E-07 NA
recept. dist. & expo.
dur.
Chloroform............. Quantity/quantity & 1E-06--7E-06 NA 2E-07 NA
recept. distance.
Methyl Chloride........ Quantity/conc. &
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