Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources Starch Production Plants

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Part 60

[FRL-5068-1]

Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources Starch

Production Plants

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Proposed rule and notice of public hearing.

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SUMMARY: The proposed new source performance standards (NSPS) would

limit emissions of particulate matter (PM) from new, modified, and

reconstructed starch production plants. The proposed NSPS implement

section 111 of the Clean Air Act, as amended (the Act), and are based

upon the Administrator's determination that emissions from starch

production plants cause, or contribute significantly to, air pollution

which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or

welfare. The intent is to require new, modified, and reconstructed

starch production plants to control emissions to the level achievable

by the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction,

taking into account the cost of achieving such reduction and any nonair

quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements.

A public hearing will be held, if requested, to provide interested

persons an opportunity for oral presentations of data, views, or

arguments concerning the proposed standards.

DATES: Comments. Comments on the proposed standards must be received on

or before November 7, 1994 at the address noted below.

Public Hearing. If anyone contacts the EPA requesting to speak at a

public hearing by September 29, 1994, a public hearing will be held on

October 11, 1994 beginning at 9:00 a.m. Persons interested in attending

the hearing should call Ms. Brenda Overman at (919) 541-5595 to verify

that a hearing will occur.

Request to Speak at Hearing. Persons wishing to present oral

testimony must contact EPA by September 29, 1994.

ADDRESSES: Interested parties may submit written comments (in duplicate

if possible) to Public Docket No. A-94-18 at the following address:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Radiation Docket and

Information Center (formerly known as the Air Docket) (6102), 401 M

Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460. The Agency requests that a separate

copy also be sent to the contact person listed below. The docket is

located at the above address in room M-1500, Waterside Mall (ground

floor), and may be inspected from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m., Monday through

Friday. The proposed regulatory text and other materials related to

this rulemaking are available for review in the docket center or copies

may be mailed on request from the Air and Radiation Docket and

Information Center by calling (202) 260-7548 or 7549. The FAX number

for the Center is (202) 260-4000. A reasonable fee may be charged for

copying docket materials. The proposed regulatory text and other

materials are also available on the Technology Transfer Network (TTN),

one of EPA's electronic bulletin boards. The TTN provides information

and technology exchange in various areas of air pollution control. The

service is free, except for the cost of a phone call. Dial (919) 541-

5742 for up to a 14,400 bps modem. If more information on the TTN is

needed, call the TTN HELP line at (919) 541-5384.

Public Hearing. If a public hearing is held, it will be held at the

EPA's Office of Administration Auditorium, Research Triangle Park,

North Carolina. Persons wishing to present oral testimony should notify

Ms. Brenda Overman, Industrial Studies Branch (MD-13), U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina

27711, telephone number (919) 541-5595, FAX number (919) 541-5600.

Docket. Docket No. A-94-18, containing supporting information used

in developing the proposed standards, is available for public

inspection and copying as noted above. The docket is an organized and

complete file of all the information submitted to or otherwise

considered by EPA in the development of this proposed rulemaking. The

principal purposes of the docket are: (1) To allow interested parties

to readily identify and locate documents so that they can intelligently

and effectively participate in the rulemaking process, and (2) To serve

as the record in case of judicial review.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For information concerning specific

aspects of this proposal, contact Mr. William Maxwell [telephone number

(919) 541-5430], Industrial Studies Branch, Emission Standards Division

(MD-13), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,

North Carolina 27711.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The following outline is provided to aid in

locating information in this document.

I. Applicability and Summary of the Proposed Rule

II. Additional Detailed Information

III. Public Participation

IV. Statutory Authority

V. Administrative Designation and Regulatory Analysis

VI. Compliance with Regulatory Flexibility Act

VII. Paperwork Reduction Act

I. Applicability and Summary of the Proposed Rule

Typically, starch production plants are components of larger

facilities that prepare a variety of products. For example, a corn wet

milling facility will normally produce a range of products that can

include animal feed, corn gluten, corn germ, germ meal, corn oil,

starch, and starch derivatives. Starch derivatives can include modified

specialty starches, dextrins, dextrose, corn syrup, high fructose corn

syrup, ethanol, and a variety of sweeteners. Similar ranges of products

may be derived from wheat, potatoes, or tapioca.

The provisions of this rule are applicable to the following

affected facilities at starch production plants: starch dryers, dextrin

roasters, and starch transfer, storage, and loading facilities

(including facilities used to blend, mix, mill, grind, screen, convey,

transfer, store, or load starch). A starch dryer is the equipment used

to remove uncombined (free) water from starch slurry through direct or

indirect heating. A dextrin roaster is a reactor vessel, or a series of

vessels, in which starch is reacted, through the addition of heat and/

or chemicals, to form the modified starch ``dextrin'' (or

``polydextrin''). Starch transfer, storage, and loading facilities

include any facility used to blend, mix, mill, grind, screen, convey,

transfer, store, or load for shipment (into any container for shipment,

including, but not limited to, bag, truck, and rail car), dry starch.

This also includes the bag dumping of dry additives into the starch for

the purpose of producing modified starches.

The source category includes those facilities that produce dry

starch (including modified starches) derived from corn, wheat,

potatoes, tapioca, or other vegetable source, and facilities drying

starch extracted from the wastewater at snack food production

facilities (e.g., potato chips, french fries). The owner or operator of

any affected facility that commences construction, reconstruction, or

modification after September 8, 1994 is subject to the requirements of

this rule.

There are several types of dryers used at starch production plants,

including single-pass (also known as one-pass) flash dryers, ring (also

known as loop) flash dryers, spray dryers, drum dryers, and belt (also

known as conveyor, tunnel, or apron) dryers. A single-pass (or one-

pass) flash starch dryer is a dryer into which the starch is introduced

into a vertical drying column using a kicker mill, screen (e.g.,

cascading), or other means to finely disperse the starch in a hot air

stream. A ring (or loop) flash dryer is a starch dryer similar to a

single-pass flash starch dryer but with additional ducting in the shape

of a ring added at the top of the dryer column for the purpose of

centrifugally classifying the heavier, wet starch granules from the

lighter, dry starch particles. A spray dryer is a starch dryer in which

starch slurry is atomized into a vertically oriented, cylindrical

chamber with a conical base filled with hot air. A drum dryer is a

starch dryer in which starch is dried as a thin film on the exterior

surface of a cylindrical drum. A belt (or conveyor, tunnel, or apron)

dryer is a starch dryer wherein starch is dried on a perforated

conveyor belt through which heated air is drawn to dry the starch.

In summary, the proposed standards would prohibit discharge to the

atmosphere of any stack emissions which contain PM, the only criteria

pollutant emitted from starch production plants, in excess of:

(a) 45 milligrams per dry standard cubic meter (mg/dscm) [0.02 grains

per dry standard cubic foot (gr/dscf)] for new, modified, or

reconstructed ring (or loop) flash dryers;

(b) 25 mg/dscm (0.01 gr/dscf) for new, modified, or reconstructed

single-pass (or one-pass) flash dryers; and

(c) 10 mg/dscm (0.005 gr/dscf) for new, modified, or reconstructed

spray dryers, drum dryers, and belt (or conveyor, tunnel, or apron)

dryers.

These proposed standards are based on an analysis of the available

emission test data from the various types of starch dryers.

In addition, visible emissions from the stacks or vents of new

dextrin roasters and new starch transfer, storage, and loading

facilities would be limited to 0 percent opacity, based on a 6-minute

average. Visible fugitive emissions from new starch transfer, storage,

and loading facilities would be limited to no visible emissions.

Affected facilities would also be subject to monitoring and

recordkeeping requirements and certain restrictions of operating

parameters in order to ensure continuous compliance. Continuous

compliance with the PM standard for new starch dryers utilizing dry

control devices (e.g., fabric filters) would be determined by measuring

the visible emissions from the stacks and ensuring that emissions were

less than 3 percent opacity, based on a 6-minute average. Starch dryers

would be in compliance with the PM standard if the opacity measurements

were within the specified limit, and other applicable requirements were

met. Continuous compliance with the PM standard for new starch dryers

utilizing wet control devices (e.g., wet scrubbers) would be determined

by monitoring certain operating parameters. Failure to perform the

monitoring or recordkeeping, or operating outside the specified

operating parameters, would be considered violations of the standard.

Monitoring would be performed daily, weekly, or monthly depending on

the parameter being monitored. These requirements are summarized in

Tables 1, 2, and 3. The EPA solicits comment on this approach to

monitoring and determination of compliance with the NSPS.

Drum dryers and dryers located at snack food processing facilities

having a manufacturer's listed dry starch capacity of 907 kilograms per

hour (kg/hr) (2,000 pounds per hour [lb/hr]) or less would be exempt

from all requirements of the standards, including notification

requirements, because of the low level of emissions from these dryers.

Similarly, dextrin roasters, and starch transfer, storage, and loading

facilities at snack food processing facilities would be exempt from all

requirements of the standards if the dry starch capacity of any of the

individual facilities is 454 kg/hr (1,000 lb/hr) or less, because of

the low level of emissions from these facilities. The EPA solicits

comment on these proposed exemptions.

Table 1.--Summary of Proposed NSPS Requirements--Starch Dryers

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Parameter Requirement

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Emission limit:

Particular matter

Ring flash dryer.................... 0.02 gr/dscf.

Single-pass flash dryer............. 0.01 gr/dscf.

Spray, drum, or belt dryer.......... 0.005 gr/dscf.

Monitoring: Wet Control Device

Continuous measurement and recording of pressure drop across, and

liquid flow rate to, the control device with semiannual calibration.

Failure to continuously monitor and record the pressure drop and

liquid flow rate and exceedances of the operating limits will be

violations of the PM standard.

Dry Control Device or Uncontrolled

Method 9 opacity observation for 1 18-minute period per week during

period of dryer operation

Exceedance of 3% opacity will be a violation of the PM standard.

All Control Devices

Implementation of inspection and logging procedure to include some or

all of (1) daily check to ensure that dust is being removed from the

system; (2) weekly inspection for proper cleaner functioning and

cycling; (3) monthly inspection for wear, material buildup, and

corrosion; (4) logging of broken bags by location to identify

installation or operational problems; and (5) monthly inspection of

pressure drop and liquid flow rate devices (as appropriate).

Failure to inspect and log will be a violation of the PM standard.

Reporting: Wet Control Device

Quarterly reports of exceedances (3% of opacity).

Test methods and procedures: Wet Control Device

Method 5 for PM standard.

Dry Control Device or Uncontrolled

Method 5 for PM standard.

Method 9 for opacity standard.

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Table 2.--Summary of Proposed NSPS Requirements--Dextrin Roasters

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Parameter Requirement

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Emission limit:

Particulate matter.................. None.

Opacity............................. 0 percent.

Monitoring.............................. Method 9 opacity observation for 1 18-minute period per week during

period of roaster operation.

Exceedance of opacity standard will be a violation of the VE standard.

All Dry Control Devices (e.g., Fabric Filters)

Implementation of inspection and logging procedure to include (1)

daily check to ensure that dust is being removed from the system; (2)

weekly inspection for proper cleaner functioning and cycling; (3)

monthly inspection for wear, material buildup, and corrosion; and (4)

logging of broken bags by location to identify installation or

operational problems.

Failure to inspect and log will be a violation of the VE standard.

Reporting: Dry Control Device or Uncontrolled

Quarterly reports of exceedances (>0% opacity).

Test methods and procedures: Dry Control Device or Uncontrolled

Method 9 for opacity standard.

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Table 3.--Summary of Proposed NSPS Requirements--Starch Transfer, Storage, and Handling Facilities

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Parameter Requirement

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Emission limit:

Particulate matter.................. None.

Opacity............................. 0 percent.

Visible emissions................... No visible emissions.

Monitoring.............................. Method 9 opacity observation of stack or vent for 1 18-minute period

per week during period of facility operation.

Exceedance of opacity standard will be a violation of the VE standard.

Method 22 opacity observation of affected facility for 1 18-minute

period per week during period of facility operation.

Exceedance of the no visible emission standard will be a violation of

the VE standard.

All Dry Control Devices (e.g., Fabric Filters)

Implementation of inspection and logging procedure to include (1)

daily check to ensure that dust is being removed from the system; (2)

weekly inspection for proper cleaner functioning and cycling; (3)

monthly inspection for wear, material buildup, and corrosion; and (4)

logging of broken bags by location to identify installation or

operational problems.

Failure to inspect and log will be a violation of the VE standard.

Reporting: Dry Control Device or Uncontrolled

Quarterly reports of exceedances (>0% opacity).

Affected Facility

Quarterly reports of exceedances (any visible emissions).

Test methods and procedures: Dry Control Device or Uncontrolled

Method 9 for opacity standard.

Affected Facility

Method 22 for visible emission standard.

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Under Sec. 70.3(b)(3), the Administrator must determine whether to

exempt nonmajor sources subject to an NSPS proposed after July 21, 1992

from the requirement to obtain a part 70 permit. This proposed starch

production plant rule does not exempt such nonmajor sources from the

part 70 permitting requirements because the number of nonmajor sources

subject to part 70 permitting requirements is not so great as to cause

a significant administrative burden on the permitting authority. In

addition, nonmajor sources at starch production plants are not likely

to require significant additional technical assistance from permitting

authorities. The EPA solicits comment on this proposal not to exempt

these sources from part 70 permitting requirements.

II. Additional Detailed Information

The proposed regulatory text and detailed evaluation and support to

this notice (contained in the EPA's ``Rationale for New Source

Performance Standards: Starch Production Plants'' accompanying the

proposed rule and this Notice) are not included in this Federal

Register notice, but are available in Docket No. A-94-18 (docket

entries II-A-4 and II-A-5, respectively) or copies may be obtained by

request from the Air and Radiation Docket and Information Center (see

ADDRESSES). The Rationale Document describes the factual data on which

the proposed rule is based, the methodology used in obtaining the data

and in analyzing it, and the major legal interpretations and policy

considerations in more detail. The Notice, Rationale Document, and

proposed regulatory language are also available on the TTN, one of

EPA's electronic bulletin boards (see ADDRESSES). For further

information about availability of the Rationale Document or Regulatory

Text, contact the EPA contact person designated earlier in this notice.

III. Public Participation

A. Written Comments

The EPA seeks full public participation in arriving at its final

decisions, and strongly encourages comments on all aspects of this

proposal from all interested parties. Whenever applicable, full

supporting data and detailed analysis should be submitted to allow EPA

to make maximum use of the comments. All comments should be directed to

the Air and Radiation Docket and Information Center, Docket No. A-94-18

(see ADDRESSES). Comments on this notice must be submitted on or before

the date specified in DATES.

Commentors wishing to submit proprietary information for

consideration should clearly distinguish such information from other

comments, and clearly label it ``Confidential Business Information''

(CBI). Submissions containing such proprietary information should be

sent directly to the Emission Standards Division CBI Office, U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency, MD-13, Research Triangle Park, North

Carolina 27711, with a copy of the cover letter directed to the contact

person listed above. Confidential business information should not be

sent to the public docket. Information covered by such a claim of

confidentiality will be disclosed by EPA only to the extent allowed and

by the procedures set forth in 40 CFR part 2. If no claim of

confidentiality accompanies the submission when it is received by EPA,

it may be made available to the public without further notice to the

commentor.

B. Public Hearing

A public hearing will be held, if requested, to discuss the

proposed standards in accordance with section 307(d)(5) of the Act.

Persons wishing to make oral presentations on the proposed standards

should contact the EPA (see ADDRESSES). To provide an opportunity for

all who may wish to speak, oral presentations will be limited to 15

minutes each. Any member of the public may file a written statement on

or before November 7, 1994. Written statements should be addressed to

the Air and Radiation Docket and Information Center (see ADDRESSES),

and refer to Docket No. A-94-18. A verbatim transcript of the hearing

and written statements will be placed in the docket and be available

for public inspection and copying, or mailed upon request, at the Air

and Radiation Docket and Information Center (see ADDRESSES).

IV. Statutory Authority

The statutory authority for this proposal is provided by sections

101, 111, 114, and 301 of the Clean Air Act, as amended; 42 U.S.C.

7401, 7411, 7414, and 7601.

V. Administrative Designation and Regulatory Analysis

Under Executive Order 12866 (58 FR 51735 (October 4, 1993)), the

EPA must determine whether the regulatory action is ``significant'' and

therefore subject to review by the Office of Management and Budget

(OMB), and the requirements of the Executive Order. The Order defines

``significant regulatory action'' as one that is likely to result in a

rule that may: (1) Have an annual effect on the economy of $100 million

or more or adversely affect in a material way the economy, a sector of

the economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public

health or safety, or State, local, or tribal governments or

communities; (2) create a serious inconsistency or otherwise interfere

with an action taken or planned by another agency; (3) materially alter

the budgetary impact of entitlement, grants, user fees, or loan

programs, or the rights and obligation of recipients thereof; or (4)

raise novel legal or policy issues arising out of legal mandates, the

President's priorities, or the principles set forth in the Executive

Order.

Pursuant to the terms of Executive Order 12866, it has been

determined that this rule is not ``significant'' because none of the

listed criteria apply to this action (see Docket entry II-A-3).

Consequently, this action was not submitted to OMB for review under

Executive Order 12866.

VI. Compliance With Regulatory Flexibility Act

Under section 605 of the Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980, 5

U.S.C. 601 et seq., Federal agencies are required to assess the

economic impact of Federal regulations on small entities. The

Regulatory Flexibility Act specifies that Federal agencies must prepare

an initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis (RFA) if a proposed

regulation will have a significant economic impact on a substantial

number of small entities.

The EPA has projected starch industry growth over the short run,

and concludes that, with or without promulgation of the NSPS being

proposed today, no small entity will be constructing, reconstructing,

or modifying an affected starch facility. The proposed regulation would

apply to a very small number of starch dryers, dextrin roasters, and

ancillary starch handling and loading equipment. Therefore, pursuant to

the provisions of 5 U.S.C. 605(b), the EPA certifies that this proposed

rule, if promulgated, will not have a significant impact on a

substantial number of small entities (see Docket entry II-A-3).

VII. Paperwork Reduction Act

The information collection requirements in this proposed rule have

been submitted to the OMB under the requirements of the Paperwork

Reduction Act, 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq. An Information collection request

document has been prepared by the EPA (ICR. No. 1706.01) and a copy may

be obtained from Sandy Farmer, Information Policy Branch, EPA 2136, 401

M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460, or by calling (202) 260-2740.

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is

estimated to total approximately 2,413 person-hours per year over the

first 3 years the standard is in effect. This is an average of

approximately 90 person-hours per affected facility expected to be

constructed in this time period. This includes time for reviewing

instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and

maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the

collection of information.

Comments regarding the burden estimate or any other aspects of this

collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this

burden should be sent to: Chief, Information Policy Branch, EPA 2136,

401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460 and to the Office of

Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget,

Washington, DC, 20503, marked ``Attention: Desk Officer for EPA.''

Responses to any OMB or public comments on the information collection

requirements contained in this proposal will accompany the final rule.

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 60

Air pollution control, Intergovernmental relations, Reporting and

recordkeeping requirements, Starch production plants.

Dated: August 31, 1994.

Jonathan Z. Cannon,

Acting Administrator.

[FR Doc. 94-22136 Filed 9-7-94; 8:45 am]

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