Protection of Stratospheric Ozone; Final Rule ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

SUMMARY: This notice expands the list of acceptable substitutes for

ozone depleting substances (ODSs) under the U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency's (EPA) Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP)

program. SNAP implements section 612 of the amended Clean Air Act of

1990 whereby EPA is required to evaluate substitutes for the ODSs, and

regulate the use of substitutes where other alternatives exist that

reduce overall risk to human health and the environment. Through these

evaluations, SNAP generates lists of acceptable and unacceptable

substitutes for each of the major industrial use sectors.

On March 18, 1994, EPA promulgated its plan for administering the

SNAP program, and issued decisions on the acceptability and

unacceptability of a number of substitutes (59 FR 13044). In today's

Notice, EPA is issuing decisions on the acceptability of certain

substitutes not previously reviewed by the Agency. The intended effect

of this action is to expedite movement away from ozone depleting

compounds. To arrive at determinations on the acceptability of

substitutes, the Agency completed a cross-media sector end-use

screening assessment of risks to human health and the environment.

EFFECTIVE DATE: August 26, 1994.

ADDRESSES: Information relevant to this notice is contained in Air

Docket A-91-42, Central Docket Section, South Conference Room 4,

Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M Street SW., Washington, DC

20460. Telephone: (202) 260-7549. The docket may be inspected between 8

a.m. and 4 p.m. weekdays. As provided in 40 CFR part 2, a reasonable

fee may be charged for photocopying.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

Sally Rand at (202) 233-9739 or fax (202) 233-9577, USEPA,

Stratospheric Protection Division, 401 M Street SW., 6205-J,

Washington, DC 20460.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

I. Overview of This Action

This action is divided into six sections, including this overview:

I. Overview of This Notice

II. Section 612 Program

A. Statutory Requirements

B. Regulatory History

III. Listing of Acceptable Substitutes

IV. Listing of Substitutes Pending Review

V. Additional Information

Appendix A Summary of Acceptable and Pending Decisions

II. Section 612 Program

A. Statutory Requirements

Section 612 of the Clean Air Act authorizes EPA to develop a

program for evaluating alternatives to ozone-depleting substances. EPA

is referring to this program as the Significant New Alternatives Policy

(SNAP) program. The major provisions of section 612 are:

Rulemaking--Section 612(c) requires EPA to promulgate

rules making it unlawful to replace any class I (chlorofluorocarbon,

halon, carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloroform, methyl bromide, and

hydrobromofluorocarbon) or class II (hydrochlorofluorocarbon) substance

with any substitute that the Administrator determines may present

adverse effects to human health or the environment where the

Administrator has identified an alternative that: (1) Reduces the

overall risk to human health and the environment, and (2) is currently

or potentially available.

Listing of Unacceptable/Acceptable Substitutes--Section

612(c) also requires EPA to publish a list of the substitutes

unacceptable for specific uses. EPA must publish a corresponding list

of acceptable alternatives for specific uses.

Petition Process--Section 612(d) grants the right to any

person to petition EPA to add a substance to or delete a substance from

the lists published in accordance with section 612(c). The Agency has

90 days to grant or deny a petition. Where the Agency grants the

petition, EPA must publish the revised lists within an additional 6

months.

90-day Notification--Section 612(e) requires EPA to

require any person who produces a chemical substitute for a class I

substance to notify the Agency not less than 90 days before new or

existing chemicals are introduced into interstate commerce for

significant new uses as substitutes for a class I substance. The

producer must also provide the Agency with the producer's unpublished

health and safety studies on such substitutes.

Outreach--Section 612(b)(1) states that the Administrator

shall seek to maximize the use of federal research facilities and

resources to assist users of class I and II substances in identifying

and developing alternatives to the use of such substances in key

commercial applications.

Clearinghouse--Section 612(b)(4) requires the Agency to

set up a public clearinghouse of alternative chemicals, product

substitutes, and alternative manufacturing processes that are available

for products and manufacturing processes which use class I and II

substances.

B. Regulatory History

On March 18, 1994, EPA published the Final Rulemaking (FRM) (59 FR

13044) which described the process for administering the SNAP program

and issued EPA's first acceptability lists for substitutes in the major

industrial use sectors. These sectors include: Refrigeration and air

conditioning; foam blowing; solvent cleaning; fire suppression and

explosion protection; sterilants; aerosols; adhesives, coatings and

inks; and tobacco expansion. These sectors compose the principal

industrial sectors that historically consume the largest volumes of

ozone-depleting compounds.

As described in the final rule for the SNAP program (59 FR 13044),

EPA does not believe that rulemaking procedures are required to list

alternatives as acceptable with no limitations. Such listings do not

impose any sanction, nor do they remove any prior license to use a

substance. Consequently, EPA is adding substances to the list of

acceptable alternatives without first requesting comment on new

listings.

EPA does, however, believe that notice-and-comment rulemaking is

required to place any substance on the list of prohibited substitutes,

to list a substance as acceptable only under certain conditions, to

list substances as acceptable only for certain uses, or to remove a

substance from either the list of prohibited or acceptable substitutes.

Updates to these lists are published as separate notices of rulemaking

in the Federal Register.

The Agency defines a ``substitute'' as any chemical, product

substitute, or alternative manufacturing process, whether existing or

new, that could replace a class I or class II substance. Anyone who

produces a substitute must provide the Agency with health and safety

studies on the substitute at least 90 days before introducing it into

interstate commerce for significant new use as an alternative. This

requirement applies to substitute manufacturers, but may include

importers, formulators or end-users, when they are responsible for

introducing a substitute into commerce.

III. Listing of Acceptable Substitutes

This section presents EPA's most recent acceptable listing

decisions for class I substitutes in the following industrial sectors:

refrigerants and air conditioning, foam blowing, solvent cleaning, fire

suppression and explosion protection; sterilants; aerosols; adhesives,

coatings and inks. These decisions represent substitutes not previously

reviewed in the final rulemaking for SNAP (59 FR 13044; March 18, 1994)

and, consequently, add to the lists of acceptable substitutes under

SNAP. For copies of the full list, contact the EPA Stratospheric

Protection Hotline at the number listed in Section V of this notice.

Parts A through H below present a detailed discussion of the

substitute listing determinations by major use sector. Tables

summarizing listing decisions in this notice are in Appendix A. The

comments contained in Appendix A provide additional information on a

substitute, but like the listings themselves, are not regulatory in

nature, and thus they are not mandatory for use of a substitute. Nor

should the comments be considered comprehensive with respect to other

legal obligations pertaining to the use of the substitute. However, EPA

encourages users of acceptable substitutes to apply all comments to

their use of these substitutes. In many instances, the comments simply

allude to sound operating practices that have already been identified

in existing industry and/or building-code standards. Thus, many of the

comments, if adopted, would not require significant changes in existing

operating practices for the affected industry.

As described in the final rule for the SNAP program, EPA does not

believe that rulemaking procedures are required to list alternatives as

acceptable with no limitations. Such listings do not impose any

sanction, nor do they remove any prior license to use a substitute.

Consequently, EPA is adding substances to the list of acceptable

alternatives without first requesting comment on new listings.

EPA, however, does believe that notice-and-comment rulemaking is

required to place any alternative on the list of prohibited

substitutes, to list a substitute as acceptable only under use

restrictions, or to remove a substitute from either the list of

prohibited or acceptable substitutes. Updates to these lists are

published as separate notices of rulemaking in the Federal Register.

D. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

1. Overview

The refrigeration and air conditioning sector includes all uses of

class I and class II substances to produce cooling, including

mechanical and non-mechanical refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat

transfer. Please refer to the final SNAP rule (59 FR 13044) for a more

detailed description of this sector.

The refrigeration and air conditioning sector is divided into the

following end-uses:

Commercial comfort air conditioning;

Industrial process refrigeration systems;

Industrial process air conditioning;

Ice skating rinks;

Uranium isotope separation processing;

Cole storage warehouses;

Refrigerated transport;

Retail food refrigeration;

Vending machines;

Water coolers;

Commercial ice machines;

Household refrigerators;

Household freezers;

Residential dehumidifiers;

Motor vehicle air conditioning;

Residential air conditioning and heat pumps;

Non-mechanical heat transfer; and

Very low temperature refrigeration.

In addition, each end-use is divided into retrofit and new equipment

applications. EPA has not necessarily reviewed substitutes in every

end-use for this Notice.

EPA has modified the list of end-uses for this sector for this SNAP

update. First, EPA has changed the name of the heat transfer end-use to

non-mechanical heat transfer. This change is intended to avoid

confusion between systems that move heat from a cool area to a warm one

(mechanical refrigeration) and systems that simply aid the movement of

heat away from warm areas (non-mechanical heat transfer). The second

change is that EPA added a new end-use, very low temperature

refrigeration. Substitutes for this end-use have been reviewed since

the final rule, and therefore have been added for this SNAP update.

Finally, EPA has also reviewed substitutes for CFC-13, R-13B1, and R-

503 industrial process refrigeration. Please refer to the final SNAP

rule (59 FR 13044) for a detailed description of end-uses other than

these three. EPA may continue to add other end-uses in future SNAP

updates.

a. Non-mechanical Heat Transfer. As discussed above, this end-use

includes all cooling systems that rely on a fluid to remove heat from a

heat source to a cooler area, rather than relying on mechanical

refrigeration to move heat from a cool area to a warm one. Generally,

there are two types of systems: systems with fluid pumps, referred to

as recirculating coolers, and those that rely on natural convection

currents, known as thermosyphons.

b. Very Low Temperature Refrigeration. Medical freezers, freeze-

dryers, and other small appliances require extremely reliable

refrigeration cycles. These systems must meet stringent technical

standards that do not normally apply to refrigeration systems. They

usually have very small charges. Because they operate at very high

vapor pressures, and because performance is critically affected by any

charge loss, standard maintenance for these systems tends to reduce

leakage to a level considerably below that for other types of

refrigeration and air conditioning equipment.

c. CFC-13, R-13B1, and R-503 Industrial Process Refrigeration. This

end-use differs from other types of industrial refrigeration only in

the extremely low temperature regimes that are required. Although some

substitutes may work in both these extremely low temperatures and in

systems designed to use R-502, they are acceptable only for this end-

use because of global warming and atmospheric lifetime concerns. These

concerns are discussed more fully below.

2. Corrections from the March 18, 1994 FRM

In the FRM, the components of two refrigerants, R-404A and R-507,

were inadvertently reversed. R-507 consists of HFC-125 and HFC-143a and

R-404A consists of HFC-125, HFC-143a, and HFC-134a. These blends were

listed as acceptable for the same end-uses, so the reversal had no

effect on the acceptable status of either refrigerant.

Also in the FRM, EPA listed HFC-134a as acceptable in several CFC-

12 end-uses. In the descriptive text, EPA wrote ``while HFC-134a is

compatible with most existing refrigeration and air conditioning

equipment parts, it is not compatible with mineral oils currently used

in such systems. An ester-based lubricant should be used rather than

mineral oils.'' EPA's intention was to alert users to the need to use

lubricants other than current mineral oils, rather than to recommend a

particular type of new oil. While it remains true that mineral oils are

incompatible with HFC-134a, it is not true that polyol ester oils are

the only replacement. Polyalkylene glycol oils are also available, and

are in fact the predominant choice of the automobile manufacturers.

Therefore, the portion of each listing for HFC-1234a should have read

``An appropriate ester-based, polyalkylene glycol-based, or other type

of lubricant should be used.'' In addition, specifically in the Motor

Vehicle Air Conditioning end-use the listing for HFC-134a should have

included the recommendation to consult the original equipment

manufacturer or the retrofit kit manufacturer for further information.

For clarity, these changes have been incorporated into the listing for

HFC-134a in Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning in the NPRM.

3. Substitutes for Refrigerants

Substitutes fall into eight broad categories. Seven of these

categories are chemical substitutes used in the same vapor compression

cycle as the ozone-depleting substances being replaced. They include

hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),

hydrocarbons, refrigerant blends, ammonia, perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and

chlorine systems. The eighth category includes alternative technologies

that generally do not rely on vapor compression cycles. Please refer to

the final SNAP rule (59 FR 13044) for more discussion of these broad

categories.

4. Listing Decisions

a. Acceptable Substitutes. These determinations are based on data

submitted to EPA and on the risk screen described in the draft

background document entitled ``Risk Screen on the Use of Substitutes

for Class I Ozone-Depleting Substances: Refrigerants''. In accordance

with the guiding principles for SNAP, substitutes were compared both to

the substance they replace and to each other.

EPA believes the use of all acceptable substitutes presents lower

overall risk than the continued use of an ozone-depleting substance.

Not all substitutes will necessarily be appropriate choices for all

systems within an end-use. Engineering decisions must take into account

factors such as operating temperatures and pressures, ambient

conditions, and age of equipment, especially during retrofits. For

example, substitutes listed under industrial process refrigeration may

be listed as acceptable for retrofits for both CFC-12 and R-502

systems. However, these substances exhibit significantly different

thermodynamic characteristics, and a substitute for one may not be

appropriate for use as a substitute for the other. EPA believes such

decisions are most appropriately made by the equipment owner, manager,

or contractor.

Users of HCFCs should be aware that an acceptability determination

shall not be construed to release any user from compliance with all

other regulations pertaining to class II substances. These include: (a)

The prohibition against venting during servicing under section 608,

which was effective July 1, 1992; (b) recycling requirements under

section 608, which were effective July 13, 1993; (c) section 609

regulations regarding MVACS which were effective August 13, 1992; and

(d) the revised production phaseout of class II substances under

section 606, which was published on December 10, 1993. In addition,

users of refrigerants that do not contain chlorine should be aware that

an acceptability determination shall not be construed to release any

user from compliance with the venting prohibition under section

608(c)(2), which takes effect November 15, 1995, at the latest.

Substitutes are listed as acceptable by end-use. These substitutes

have only been found acceptable for use in the specific end-uses for

which they have been reviewed, as described in this section. Users of

blends should be aware that EPA has evaluated and found acceptable in

each case only the specific percentage composition submitted for

review; no others have been evaluated. EPA strongly recommends that

users of alternative refrigerants adhere to the provisions of ASHRAE

Standard 15--Safety Code for Mechanical Refrigeration when applicable.

ASHRAE Standard 34--Number Designation and Safety Classification of

Refrigerants is a useful reference on refrigerant numerical

designations. Users are also strongly encouraged to contain, recycle,

and reclaim all refrigerants.

(1) R-500 Centrifugal Chillers, Retrofit

(a) R-406A.--R-406A, which consists of HCFC-22, HCFC-142b, and

isobutane, is acceptable as a substitute for R-500 in retrofitted

centrifugal chillers. Because HCFC-22 and HCFC-142b contribute to ozone

depletion, this blend is considered a transitional alternative.

Regulations regarding recycling and reclamation issued under section

608 of the Clean Air Act apply this blend. HCFC-142b has one of the

highest ODPs among the HCFCs. The GWPs of HCFC-22 and HCFC-142b are

somewhat high. Although HCFC-142b is flammable, the blend is not. After

significant leakage, however, this blend may become weakly flammable.

(2) CFC-11, CFC-12, and R-502 Industrial Process Refrigeration,

Retrofit

Please note that different temperature regimes may affect the

applicability of substitutes within this end-use.

(a) HCFC-123.--HCFC-123 is acceptable as a substitutes for CFC-11,

CFC-12, and R-502 in retrofitted industrial process refrigeration.

Because HCFC-123 contributes to ozone depletion, it is considered a

transitional alternative. Since it poses much lower ozone-depleting

risk than continued use of CFCs, EPA has determined that its use is

acceptable for certain end-uses. In addition, HCFC-123's GWP and

atmospheric lifetime are significantly lower than almost all other

alternatives. HCFC-123 is not flammable. EPA strongly recommends that

users of HCFC-123 adhere to any requirements provided in ASHRAE

Standards 15 and 34. Worker-monitoring studies conducted by EPA

demonstrate that in office building equipment rooms, HCFC-123's 8-hour

time-weighted average concentration can be maintained at or under 1 ppm

(less than the industry-established AEL of 30 ppm), provided that such

standards are followed. HCFC-123 is acceptable for use in commercial

building chillers and should pose no hazard in industrial uses.

(b) R-406A.--R-406A, which consists of HCFC-22, HCFC-142b, and

isobutane, is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-11, CFC-12, and R-502

in retrofitted industrial process refrigeration. See the discussion on

R-406A under retrofitted R-500 centrifugal chillers.

(c) R-407A and R-407B.--R-407A and R-407B, which consist of HFC-

134a, HFC-32, and HFC-125, are acceptable as substitutes for CFC-11,

CFC-12, and R-502 in retrofitted industrial process refrigeration. None

of the components contribute to ozone depletion. However, HFC-125 has a

very high GWP and HFC-134a has a moderate GWP. EPA strongly encourages

recycling and reclamation of this blend in order to reduce its direct

global warming impact. Although HFC-143a is flammable, the blend is

not. Leak testing has demonstrated that its composition never becomes

flammable.

(d) HCFC Blend Epsilon.--HCFC Blend Epsilon, which consists of

HCFC-22, HFC-143a, and HFC-125, is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-

11, CFC-12, and R-502 in retrofitted industrial process refrigeration.

Because HCFC-22 contributes to ozone depletion, this blend is

considered a transitional alternative. Regulations regarding recycling

and reclamation issued under section 608 of the Clean Air Act apply to

this blend. HFC-125 and HFC-143a have very high GWPs, and the GWP of

HFC-22 is somewhat high. Although HFC-143a is flammable, the blend is

not. Leak testing has demonstrated that its composition never becomes

flammable.

(3) CFC-11, CFC-12, and R-502 Industrial Process Refrigeration, New

Please note that different temperature regimes may affect the

applicability of substitutes within this end-use.

(a) HCFC-123.--HCFC-123 is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-11,

CFC-12, and R-502 in new industrial process refrigeration. Because

HCFC-123 contributes to ozone depletion, it is considered a

transitional alternative. Since it poses much lower ozone-depleting

risk than continued use of CFCs, EPA has determined that its use is

acceptable for certain end-uses. In addition, HCFC-123's GWP and

atmospheric lifetime are significantly lower than almost all other

alternatives. HCFC-123 is not flammable. EPA strongly recommends that

users of HCFC-123 adhere to any requirements provided in ASHRAE

Standards 15 and 34. Worker-monitoring studies conducted by EPA

demonstrate that in office building equipment rooms, HCFC-123's 8-hour

time-weighted average concentration can be maintained at or under 1 ppm

(less than the industry-established AEL of 30 ppm), provided that such

standards are followed. HCFC-123 is acceptable for use in commercial

building chillers and should pose no hazard in industrial uses.

(b) R-407A and R-407B.--R-407A and R-407B, which consist of HFC-

134a, HFC-32, and HFC-125, are acceptable as substitutes for CFC-11,

CFC-12, and R-502 in new industrial process refrigeration. See the

discussion on these blends under retrofitted CFC-11, CFC-12, and R-502

industrial process refrigeration.

(4) CFC-13, R-13B1, and R-503 Industrial Process Refrigeration,

Retrofit and New

This type of refrigeration requires temperatures well below those

achieved with R-502 or HCFC-22. A limited number of substitutes have

been identified that are capable of meeting technical requirements.

These substitutes all contain components with extremely high GWPS, and

EPA is concerned about their potential contribution to global warming.

However, under SNAP, EPA intends to only find those substitutes

unacceptable that clearly present greater overall risk. Given this

framework, EPA finds these high-GWP substitutes acceptable. At the same

time, EPA strongly urges industry to develop new alternatives for this

end-use that do not contain substances with such high GWPs and long

lifetimes.

(a) HFC-23.--HFC-23 is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-13, R-

13B1, and R-503 in retrofitted and new industrial process

refrigeration. HFC-23 has an extremely high 100-year GWP of 9000

relative to CO2 and a lifetime of 280 years. Its GWP is the

highest among the HFCs, and its lifetime is exceeded only by the PFCs.

EPA believes HFC-23 could contribute significantly to global warming.

In addition, the long lifetime of HFC-23 means any global warming or

other effects would be essentially irreversible. While the current rule

issued under section 608 of the CAA does not require recycling and

recovery of HFC-23, or leak repair for systems using HFC-23, EPA

strongly encourages users to anticipate future rulemakings with

voluntary compliance. In particular, EPA urges users to reduce leakage

and recover and recycle HFC-23 during equipment servicing and upon the

retirement of equipment. HFC-23 is nonflammable and does not deplete

stratospheric ozone.

(b) R-403B.--R-403B, which consists of HCFC-22, R-218, and propane,

is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-13, R-13B1, and R-503 in

retrofitted and new industrial process refrigeration. Because HCFC-22

contributes to ozone depletion, this blend is considered a transitional

alternative. Regulations regarding recycling and reclamation issued

under section 608 of the Clean Air Act apply to this blend. R-218, or

perfluoropropane, is an extremely long-lived substance with an

extremely high GWP. EPA believes this blend could contribute

significantly to global warming. In addition, the long lifetime of R-

218 means any global warming or other effects would be essentially

irreversible. R-403B is only acceptable as a substitute for this end-

use. The GWP of HCFC-22 is also somewhat high. Although propane is

flammable, the blend is not. Leak testing has demonstrated that the

blend's composition never becomes flammable. In a proposed rulemaking

soon to be issued, EPA intends to propose R-403B unacceptable as a

substitute for R-502 in all end-uses because other substitutes have

been identified which do not exhibit such extreme GWPs or lifetimes.

(c) PFC Blend Alpha.--PFC Blend Alpha, which contains HFC-23 and R-

116, is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-13, R-13B1, and R-503 in

retrofitted and new industrial process refrigeration. Both components

of this blend exhibit extremely high GWPs and long lifetimes. HFC-23

has a GWP of 9,000 and a lifetime of 280 years, and R-116,

perfluoroethane, has a GWP of 9,000 and a lifetime of 10,000 years. EPA

believes this blend could significantly contribute to global warming if

allowed to escape refrigeration systems. In addition, the long

lifetimes of R-116 and HFC-23 mean any global warming or other effects

would be essentially irreversible. While the current rule issued under

section 608 of the CAA does not require recycling and recovery of this

blend, or leak repair for systems using it, EPA strongly encourages

users to anticipate future rulemakings with voluntary compliance. In

particular, EPA urges users to reduce leakage and recover and recycle

this blend during equipment servicing and upon the retirement of

equipment. This blend is nonflammable and does not deplete ozone.

(5) CFC-12 and R-502 Ice Skating Rinks, Retrofit and New

Please note that different temperature regimes may affect the

applicability of substitutes within this end-use.

(a) R-407A and R-407B.--R-407A and R-407B, which consist of HFC-

134a, HFC-32, and HFC-125, are acceptable as substitutes for CFC-12 and

R-502 in new and retrofitted ice rinks. See the discussion on these

blends under retrofitted CFC-11, CFC-12, and R-502 industrial process

refrigeration.

(6) CFC-12 and R-502 Cold Storage Warehouses, Retrofit

Please note that different temperature regimes may affect the

applicability of substitutes within this end-use.

(a) R-406A.--R-406A, which consists of HCFC-22, HCFC-142b, and

isobutane, is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-12 and R-502 in

retrofitted cold storage warehouses. See the discussion on R-406A under

retrofitted R-500 centrifugal chillers.

(b) R-407A and R-407B.--R-407A and R-407B, which consist of HFC-

134a, HFC-32, and HFC-125, are acceptable as substitutes for CFC-12 and

R-502 in retrofitted cold storage warehouses. See the discussion on

these blends under retrofitted CFC-11, CFC-12, and R-502 industrial

process refrigeration.

(c) HCFC Blend Epsilon.--HCFC Blend Epsilon, which consists of

HCFC-22, HFC-143a, and HFC-125, is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-

12 and R-502 in retrofitted cold storage warehouses. See the discussion

on HCFC Blend Epsilon under retrofitted industrial process

refrigeration.

(7) CFC-12 and R-502 Cold Storage Warehouses, New

Please note that different temperature regimes may affect the

applicability of substitutes within this end-use.

(a) R-407A and R-407B.--R-407A and R-407B, which consist of HFC-

134a, HFC-32, and HFC-125, are acceptable as substitutes for CFC-12 and

R-502 in new cold storage warehouses. See the discussion on these

blends under retrofitted CFC-11, CFC-12, and R-502 industrial process

refrigeration.

(8) CFC-12, R-500, and R-502 Refrigerated Transport, Retrofit

Please note that different temperature regimes may affect the

applicability of substitutes within this end-use.

(a) R-406A.--R-406A, which consists of HCFC-22, HCFC-142b, and

isobutane, is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-12, R-500, and R-502

in retrofitted refrigerated transport. See the discussion on R-406A

under retrofitted R-500 centrifugal chillers.

(b) R-407A and R-407B.--R-407A and R-407B, which consist of HFC-

134a, HFC-32, and HFC-125, are acceptable as substitutes for CFC-12, R-

500, and R-502 is retrofitted refrigerated transport. See the

discussion on these blends under retrofitted CFC-11, CFC-12, and R-502

industrial process refrigeration.

(c) HCFC Blend Gamma.--HCFC Blend Gamma, which consists of HCFC-22,

HCFC-142b, and HCFC-124, is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-12, R-

500, and R-502 in retrofitted refrigerated transport. Because HCFC-22,

HCFC-142b, and HCFC-124 contribute to ozone depletion, this blend is

considered a transitional alternative. Regulations regarding recycling

and reclamation issued under section 608 of the Clean Air Act apply to

this blend. HCFC-142b has one of the highest ODPs among the HCFCs,

while HCFC-124 has one of the lowest. The GWPs of HCFC-22 and HCFC-142b

are somewhat high. Although HCFC-142b is flammable, the blend is not.

Leak testing has demonstrated that its composition never becomes

flammable.

(d) HCFC Blend Epsilon.--HCFC Blend Epsilon, which consists of

HCFC-22, HFC-143a, and HFC-125, is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-

12, R-500, and R-502 in retrofitted refrigerated transport. See the

discussion on HCFC Blend Epsilon under retrofitted CFC-11, CFC-12, and

R-502 industrial process refrigeration.

(9) CFC-12, R-500, and R-502 Refrigerated Transport, New

Please note that different temperature regimes may affect the

applicability of substitutes within this end-use.

(a) R-407A and R-407B.--R-407A and R-407B, which consist of HFC-

134a, HFC-32, and HFC-125, are acceptable as substitutes for CFC-12, R-

500, and R-502 in new refrigerated transport. See the discussion on

these blends under retrofitted CFC-11, CFC-12, and R-502 industrial

process refrigeration.

(10) CFC-12 and R-502 Retail Food Refrigeration, Retrofit

Please note that different temperature regimes may affect the

applicability of substitutes within this end-use.

(a) R-406A.--R-406A, which consists of HCFC-22, HCFC-142b, and

isobutane, is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-12 and R-502 in

retrofitted retail food refrigeration. See the discussion on R-406A

under retrofitted R-500 centrifugal chillers.

(b) R-407A and R-407B.--R-407A and R-407B, which consist of HFC-

134a, HFC-32, and HFC-125, are acceptable as substitutes for CFC-12 and

R-502 in retrofitted retail food refrigeration. See the discussion on

these blends under retrofitted CFC-11, CFC-12, and R-502 industrial

process refrigeration.

(c) HCFC Blend Gamma.--HCFC Blend Gamma, which consists of HCFC-22,

HCFC-142b, and HCFC-124, is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-12 and

R-502 in retrofitted retail food refrigeration. See the discussion on

HCFC Blend Gamma under retrofitted CFC-12, R-500, and CFC-502

refrigerated transport.

(d) HCFC Blend Epsilon.--HCFC Blend Epsilon, which consists of

HCFC-22, HFC-143a, and HFC-125, is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-

12 and R-502 in retrofitted retail food refrigeration. See the

discussion on HCFC Blend Epsilon under retrofitted CFC-11, CFC-12, and

R-502 industrial process refrigeration.

(11) CFC-12 and R-502 Retail Food Refrigeration, New

Please note that different temperature regimes may affect the

applicability of substitutes within this end-use.

(a) R-407A and R-407B.--R-407A and R-407B, which consist of HFC-

134a, HFC-32, and HFC-125, are acceptable as substitutes for CFC-12 and

R-502 in new retail food refrigeration. See the discussion on these

blends under retrofitted CFC-11, CFC-12, and R-502 industrial process

refrigeration.

(12) CFC-12 and R-502 Commercial Ice Machines, Retrofit

Please note that different temperature regimes may affect the

applicability of substitutes within this end-use.

(a) R-406A.--R-406A, which consists of HCFC-22, HCFC-142b, and

isobutane, is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-12 and R-502 in

retrofitted commercial ice machines. See the discussion on R-406A under

retrofitted R-500 centrifugal chillers.

(b) R-407A and R-407B.--R-407A and R-407B, which consist of HFC-

134a, HFC-32, and HFC-125, are acceptable as substitutes for CFC-12 and

R-502 in retrofitted commercial ice machines. See the discussion on

these blends under retrofitted CFC-11, CFC-12, and R-502 industrial

process refrigeration.

(c) HCFC Blend Gamma.--HCFC Blend Gamma, which consists of HCFC-22,

HCFC-142b, and HCFC-124, is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-12 and

R-502 in retrofitted commercial ice machines. See the discussion on

HCFC Blend Gamma under retrofitted CFC-12, R-500, and CFC-502

refrigerated transport.

(d) HCFC Blend Epsilon.--HCFC Blend Epsilon, which consists of

HCFC-22, HFC-143a, and HFC-125, is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-

12 and R-502 in retrofitted commercial ice machines. See the discussion

on HCFC Blend Epsilon under retrofitted CFC-11, CFC-12, and R-502

industrial process refrigeration.

(13) CFC-12 and R-502 Commercial Ice Machines, New

Please note that different temperature regimes may affect the

applicability of substitutes within this end-use.

(a) R-407A and R-407B.--R-407A and R-407B, which consist of HFC-

134a, HFC-32, and HFC-125, are acceptable as substitutes for CFC-12 and

R-502 in new commercial ice machines. See the discussion on these

blends under retrofitted CFC-11, CFC-12, and R-502 industrial process

refrigeration.

(14) CFC-12 and R-502 Vending Machines, Retrofit

(a) R-404A.--R-404A, which consists of HFC-125, HFC-143a, and HFC-

134a, is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-12 and R-502 in retrofitted

vending machines. None of this blend's constituents contains chlorine,

and thus this blend poses no threat to stratospheric ozone. However,

HFC-125 and HFC-143a have very high GWPs, and the GWP of HFC-134a is

somewhat high. EPA strongly encourages recycling and reclamation of

this blend to reduce its direct global warming impact. Although HFC-

134a is flammable, the blend is not. Leak testing has demonstrated that

its composition never becomes flammable.

(b) R-406A.--R-406A, which consists of HCFC-22, HCFC-142b, and

isobutane, is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-12 and R-502 in

retrofitted vending machines. See the discussion on R-406A under

retrofitted R-500 centrifugal chillers.

(c) R-507.--R-507, which consists of HFC-125 and HFC-143a, is

acceptable as a substitute for CFC-12 and R-502 in retrofitted vending

machines. None of this blend's constituents contains chlorine, and thus

this blend poses no threat to stratospheric ozone. However, HFC-125 and

HFC-143a have very high GWPs. EPA strongly encourages recycling and

reclamation of this blend in order to reduce its direct global warming

impact. Although HFC-143a is flammable, the blend is not. It is an

azeotrope, so it will not fractionate during operation. Leak testing

has demonstrated that its composition never becomes flammable.

(d) HCFC Blend Gamma.--HCFC Blend Gamma, which consists of HCFC-22,

HCFC-142b, and HCFC-124, is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-12 and

R-502 in retrofitted vending machines. See the discussion on HCFC Blend

Gamma under retrofitted CFC-12, R-500, and CFC-502 refrigerated

transport.

(15) CFC-12 Vending Machines, New

(a) R-404A.--R-404A, which consists of HFC-125, HC-143a, and HFC-

134a, is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-12 and R-502 in new vending

machines. See the discussion on this blend under retrofitted CFC-12 and

R-502 vending machines.

(b) R-507.--R-507, which consists of HFC-125 and HFC-143a, is

acceptable as a substitute for CFC-12 and R-502 in new vending

machines. See the discussion on this blend under retrofitted CFC-12 and

R-502 vending machines.

(16) CFC-12 Water Coolers, Retrofit

(a) R-406A.--R-406A, which consists of HCFC-22, HCFC-142b, and

isobutane, is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-12 in retrofitted

water coolers. See the discussion on R-406A under retrofitted R-500

centrifugal chillers.

(b) HCFC Blend Gamma.--HCFC Blend Gamma, which consists of HCFC-22,

HCFC-142b, and HCFC-124, is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-12 in

retrofitted water coolers. See the discussion on HCFC Blend Gamma under

retrofitted CFC-12, R-500, and CFC-502 refrigerated transport.

(17) CFC-12 Household Refrigerators, Retrofit

(a) R-406A.--R-406A, which consists of HCFC-22, HCFC-142b, and

isobutane, is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-12 in retrofitted

household refrigerators. See the discussion on R-406A under retrofitted

R-500 centrifugal chillers.

(b) HCFC Blend Gamma.--HCFC Blend Gamma, which consists of HCFC-22,

HCFC-142b, and HCFC-124, is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-12 in

retrofitted household refrigerators. See the discussion on HCFC Blend

Gamma under retrofitted CFC-12, R-500, and CFC-502 refrigerated

transport.

(18) CFC-12 and R-502 Household Freezers, Retrofit

(a) R-402A and R-402B.--R-402A and R-402B, which consist of HCFC-

22, propane, and HFC-125, are acceptable as substitutes for CFC-11,

CFC-12, and R-502 in retrofitted household freezers. HCFC-22

contributes to ozone depletion, and will be phased out according to the

accelerated schedule (published 12/10/93, 58 FR 65018), although it has

a lower ODP than CFC-12. The GWP of HFC-125 is very high and that of

HCFC-22 is somewhat high. Although these blends contain one flammable

constituent, propane, the blends themselves are not flammable. In

addition, while testing demonstrated that the vapor and liquid

compositions changed during leaks, neither phase became flammable.

(b) R404A.--R-404A, which consists of HFC-125, HFC-143a, and HFC-

134a, is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-12 and R-502 in retrofitted

household freezers. See the discussion on this blend under retrofitted

CFC-12 and R-502 vending machines.

(c) R-406A.--R-406A, which consists of HCFC-22, HCFC-142b, and

isobutane, is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-12 in retrofitted

household freezers. See the discussion on R-406A under retrofitted R-

500 centrifugal chillers.

(d) R-507.--R-507, which consists of HFC-125 and HFC-143a, is

acceptable as a substitute for CFC-12 and R-502 in retrofitted

household freezers. See the discussion on this blend under retrofitted

CFC-12 and R-502 vending machines.

(e) HCFC Blend Gamma.--HCFC Blend Gamma, which consists of HCFC-22,

HFC-142b, and HCFC-124, is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-12 in

retrofitted household freezers. See the discussion on HCFC Blend Gamma

under retrofitted CFC-12, R-500, and CFC-502 refrigerated transport.

(19) CFC-12 and R-502 Household Freezers, New

(a) R-402A and R-402B.--R-402A and R-402B, which consist of HCFC-

22, propane, and HFC-125, are acceptable as substitutes for CFC-11,

CFC-12, and R-502 in retrofitted household freezers. See the discussion

on R-402A and R-402B under retrofitted household freezers.

(b) R-404A.--R-404A, which consists of HFC-125, HFC-143a, and HFC-

134a, is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-12 and R-502 in new

household freezers. See the discussion on this blend under retrofitted

CFC-12 and R-502 vending machines.

(c) R-507.--R-507, which consists of HFC-125 and HFC-143a, is

acceptable as a substitute for CFC-12 and R-502 in new household

freezers. See the discussion on this blend under retrofitted CFC-12 and

R-502 vending machines.

(20) CFC-12 and R-500 Residential Dehumidifiers, Retrofit

Please note that different temperature regimes may affect the

applicability of substitutes within this end-use.

(a) R-406A.--R-406A, which consists of HCFC-22, HCFC-142b, and

isobutane, is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-12 and R-500 in

retrofitted residential dehumidifiers. See the discussion on R-406A

under retrofitted R-500 centrifugal chillers.

(b) HCFC Blend Gamma.--HCFC Blend Gamma, which consists of HCFC-22,

HCFC-142b, and HCFC-124, is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-12 and

R-500 in retrofitted residential dehumidifiers. See the discussion on

HCFC Blend Gamma under retrofitted CFC-12, R-500, and CFC-502

refrigerated transport.

(21) CFC-12 Automobile Air Conditioners, Retrofit and New

A smooth transition to the use of substitutes strongly depends on

the continued purity of the recycled CFC-12 supply. The existence of

several substitutes in this end-use may increase the likelihood of

significant cross-contamination. To address this increased risk, EPA is

proposing several use conditions on the use of all motor vehicle air

conditioning refrigerants. Please refer to the notice of proposed

rulemaking, soon to be issued, for more information.

(22) CFC-12 Non-Automobile Motor Vehicle Air Conditioners, Retrofit and

New

(a) HCFC-22.--HCFC-22 is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-12 in

retrofitted and new CFC-12 Non-Automobile Motor Vehicle Air

Conditioners. In some situations, HCFC-22 may be used as a retrofit

refrigerant in bus and rail car air conditioning systems originally

designed to use CFC-12. In addition, while HCFC-22 is the primary

refrigerant in these uses, EPA is listing it as an acceptable

substitute for CFC-12 in new systems in order to remove confusion about

its usefulness. Please note that HCFC-22 is only acceptable in motor

vehicles other than automobiles. Design differences render HCFC-22

ineffective in cars. In fact, HCFC-22 may damage automobile air

conditioners. HCFC-22 does contribute to ozone depletion and will

therefore be phased out according to the accelerated schedule

(published 12/10/93, 58 FR 65018). It is therefore covered by

regulations issued under section 608 of the CAA. HCFC-22 is

nonflammable.

(23) Non-mechanical Heat Transfer, Retrofit and New

EPA did not review substitutes for this end-use as part of the SNAP

FRM, nor did it propose to include this end-use in the refrigeration

and air conditioning sector in the NPRM (58 FR 28094). However, the

Agency has developed a better understanding of the volumes likely to be

used as coolants, and this new information has led EPA to reconsider

its earlier position that heat transfer systems constitute small uses.

Therefore, EPA has included this end-use within the refrigeration and

air conditioning sector. In a subsequent proposal, EPA plans to propose

narrowed use limits for several substitutes in this end-use.

(24) CFC-13, R-13B1, and R-503 Very Low Temperature Refrigeration,

Retrofit and New

This type of refrigeration requires temperatures well below those

achieved with R-502 or HCFC-22. Because these systems are used for

purposes such as freezing blood or for simulating extreme conditions

for testing, extremely low leakage rakes are essential. A limited

number of substitutes have been identified that are capable of meeting

technical requirements. These substitutes all contain components with

extremely high GWPS, and EPA is concerned about their potential

contribution to global warming. However, under SNAP, EPA intends to

only find those substitutes unacceptable that clearly present greater

overall risk. Given this framework, EPA finds these high-GWP

substitutes acceptable. At the same time, EPA strongly urges industry

to develop new alternatives for this end-use that do not contain

substances with such high GWPs and long lifetimes.

(a) HFC-23.--HFC-23 is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-13, R-

13B1, and R-503 in retrofitted and new very low temperature

refrigeration. HFC-23 has an extremely high GWP of 9000 and a lifetime

of 280 years. Its GWP is the highest among the HFCs, and its lifetime

is exceeded only by the PFCs. EPA believes it could contribute

significantly to global warming. In addition, the long lifetime of HFC-

23 means any global warming or other effects would be essentially

irreversible. While the current rule issued under section 608 of the

CAA does not require recycling and recovery of HFC-23, or leak repair

for systems using HFC-23, EPA strongly encourages users to anticipate

future rulemakings with voluntary compliance. In particular, EPA urges

users to reduce leakage and recover and recycle HFC-23 during equipment

servicing and upon the retirement of equipment. HFC-23 is nonflammable

and does not deplete ozone.

(b) R-403B.--R-403B, which consists of HCFC-22, R-218, and propane,

is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-13, R-13B1, and R-503 in

retrofitted and new very low temperature refrigeration. Because HCFC-22

contributes to ozone depletion, this blend is considered a transitional

alternative. Regulations regarding recycling and reclamation issued

under section 608 of the Clean Air Act apply to this blend. R-218, or

perfluoropropane, is an extremely long-lived substance with an

extremely high GWP. EPA believes this blend could significantly

contribute to global warming. In addition, the long lifetimes of R-218

means global warming and other effects would be essentially

irreversible. R-403B is only acceptable as a substitute for the

refrigerants listed above. The GWP of HCFC-22 and HCFC-142b are also

somewhat high. Although propane is flammable, the blend is not. Leak

testing has demonstrated that the blend's composition never becomes

flammable. In a proposed rulemaking soon to be issued, EPA intends to

propose R-403B unacceptable as a substitute for R-502 in all end-uses

because other substitutes have been identified which do not exhibit

such extreme GEPs or lifetimes.

(c) PFC Blend Alpha.--PFC Blend Alpha, which contains HFC-23 and R-

116, is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-13, R-13B1, and R-503 in

retrofitted and new very low temperature refrigeration. Both components

of this blend exhibit extremely high GWPs and long lifetimes. HFC-23

has a GWP of 9,000 and a lifetime of 280 years, and R-116,

perfluoroethane, has a GWP of 9,000 and a lifetime of 10,000 years. EPA

believes this blend could significantly contribute to global warming if

allowed to escape refrigeration systems. In addition, the long

lifetimes of R-116 and HFC-23 mean any global warming or other effects

would be essentially irreversible. While the current rule issued under

section 608 of the CAA does not require recycling and recovery of this

blend, or leak repair for systems using it, EPA strongly encourages

users to anticipate future rulemakings with voluntary compliance. In

particular, EPA urges users to reduce leakage and recover and recycle

HFC-23 during equipment servicing and upon the retirement of equipment.

This blend is nonflammable and does not deplete ozone.

B. Foams

1. Clarification from March 18, 1994 Final Rulemaking

In Section IX.E. Foams, under the listing decisions for rigid

polyurethane and polyisocyanurate laminate boardstock (59 FR 13085),

the narrative under substitute (e) HCFC-22/HCFC-141b incorrectly reads

as follows: ``The HCFC-22/HCFC-142b blend is acceptable as a substitute

for CFC-11 in rigid polyurethane and polyisocyanurate laminate

boardstock foams.'' This sentence should read HCFC-22/HCFC-141b. The

Agency regrets any confusion this error may have caused.

Further, the end-use titled ``Phenolic Insulation Board'' requires

clarification. In this end-use the Agency includes foam products

manufactured from both the discontinuous block (or bun) process and the

continuous lamination process. Henceforth, this end-use will be

referred to as ``Phenolic Insulation Boardstock and Bunstock Foam.''

2. New Listing Decisions

a. Acceptable Substitutes

(1) Rigid Polyurethane and Polyisocyanurate Laminated Boardstock

(a) Electroset Technology.--The Electroset Manufacturing Technology

is an acceptable substitute for CFC-11 blown rigid polyurethane and

polyisocyanurate laminated boardstock foams. This proprietary

manufacturing process, developed by the U.S. Navy, transforms organic

casting resins into electrosettable foaming compounds. These compounds

are made electrically semiconductive with the addition of electrically

polarizable particles, and if necessary, an electrically conductive

fluid. This process enables foam manufacturers to electrically

accelerate the speed at which they set (i.e., harden) and cure (i.e.

solidify). Other characteristics such as density, compressibility,

adhesion, and shear strength can also be electrically controlled.

Potential health and environmental risks for this technology are

considered similar to or less than those of other acceptable

substitutes for this end-use. Risk is expected to vary based on the

quantity of electrically polarizable particles added in the polymer and

whether other electrically conductive fluids are added to the

formulation. Of the six potential electrically foaming agents reviewed

by the Agency, none represented a significant risk under the SNAP

criteria for evaluation. Adequate workplace precautions such as

workplace ventilation were presumed. For additional detail see, ``SNAP

Evaluation for Electroset Technology.''

(2) Rigid Polyurethane Appliance

(a) Electroset Technology.--The Electroset Manufacturing Technology

is an acceptable substitute for CFC-11 blown rigid polyurethane and

polyisocyanurate laminated boardstock foams. See discussion above.

(3) Rigid Polyurethane Spray and Commercial Refrigeration, and Sandwich

Panels

(a) Electroset Technology.--

The Electroset Manufacturing Technology is an acceptable substitute

for CFC-11 blown rigid polyurethane and polyisocyanurate laminated

boardstock foams. See discussion above.

(4) Rigid Polyurethane Slabstock and other Foams

(a) Electroset Technology.--The Electroset Manufacturing Technology

is an acceptable substitute for CFC-11 blown rigid polyurethane and

polyisocyanurate laminated boardstock foams. See discussion above.

(5) Polystyrene Extruded Boardstock and Billet

(a) HFC-143a.--HFC-143a is acceptable as an alternative to CFC-12

in polystyrene boardstock and billet foams. HFC-143a has a higher

global warming potential (GWP) than other acceptable substitutes for

this end-use.

(b) Electroset Technology.--The Electroset Manufacturing Technology

is an acceptable substitute for CFC-11 blown rigid polyurethane and

polyisocyanurate laminated boardstock foams. See discussion above.

(6) Phenolic Insulation Boardstock and Bunstock Foam

(a) Electroset Technology.--The Electroset Manufacturing Technology

is an acceptable substitute for CFC-11 blown rigid polyurethane and

polyisocyanurate laminated boardstock foams. See discussion above.

(7) Polyurethane Flexible

(a) Saturated Light Hydrocarbons C3-C6.--Saturated light

hydrocarbons C3-C6 (and blends thereof) are acceptable as substitutes

for CFC-11 and methyl chloroform in polyurethane flexible foam.

Saturated light hydrocarbons C3-C6 offer the potential of a non-ozone-

depleting flexible foam. Saturated light hydrocarbons C3-C6 offer the

potential of a non-ozone-depleting alternative to the use of CFC-11

blowing agents in polyurethane flexible foams. Plant modifications,

however, may be necessary to accommodate the flammability of

hydrocarbons. Saturated light hydrocarbons C3-C6 are VOCs and are

subject to control as such under Title I of the Clean Air Act.

(b) Electroset Technology.--The Electroset Manufacturing Technology

is an acceptable substitute for CFC-11 blown rigid polyurethane and

polyisocyanurate laminated boardstock foams. See discussion above.

(8) Polyurethane Integral Skin

(a) Electroset Technology.--The Electroset Manufacturing Technology

is an acceptable substitute for CFC-11 blown rigid polyurethane and

polyisocyanurate laminated boardstock foams. See discussion above.

(9) Polystyrene Extruded Sheet

(a) Electroset Technology.--The Electroset Manufacturing Technology

is an acceptable substitute for CFC-11 blown rigid polyurethane and

polyisocyanurate laminated boardstock foams. See discussion above.

(10) Polyolefin Foam

(a) Methylene Chloride.--Methylene chloride is acceptable as a

substitute for CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-14 in polyolefin foams. Methylene

chloride is a non-ozone-depleting and non-global warming alternative

blowing agent. Nevertheless, it does pose potential health and safety

concerns. In addition to occupational and worker safety standards, some

local and regional restrictions apply to the use of methylene chloride.

To assess risks in the Polyolefin foam sector, EPA used data collected

by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) for the

proposed revision of the permissible exposure level (PEL) for methylene

chloride. The Agency's estimate for total population risk for methylene

chloride was based on average plant emissions derived from OSHA's

analysis, and while not negligible, was within the range of existing

Agency decisions on acceptable risk. For further detail, refer to the

SNAP background document entitled, ``Risk Screen on the Use of

Methylene Chloride in Polyolefin Foams for Class I Ozone-Depleting

Substances: Foams, June, 1994.'' Users of this substitute should note

that methylene chloride will be subject to future controls for

hazardous air pollutants under Title III section 112 of the Clean Air

Act.

(b) Polyolefin Chemical Blend A.--

Polyolefin Chemical Blend A is an acceptable substitute for CFC-11,

CFC-12 and CFC-114 in polyolefin foams. Polyolefin Chemical Blend A is

a proprietary combination of blowing agents submitted by a polyolefin

foam manufacturer.

(c) HFC-152a/Saturated Light Hydrocarbons C3-C6 Blends.--HFC-152a/

Saturated Light Hydrocarbons C3-C6 blends are acceptable substitutes

for CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-114 in polyolefin foams. Both HFC-152a and

saturated light hydrocarbons C3-C6 are flammable. Plant modifications

may be necessary to accommodate this characteristic. Saturated light

hydrocarbons C3-C6 are volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and are

subject to control as such under Title I of the Clean Air Act.

(d) Electroset Technology.--The Electroset Manufacturing Technology

is an acceptable substitute for CFC-11 blown rigid polyurethane and

polyisocyanurate laminated boardstock foams. See discussion above.

C. Solvent Cleaning

1. New Listing Decisions

a. Acceptable Substitutes

(1) Metals Cleaning

(a) Trans-1,2-dichloroethlyene.--Trans-1,2-dichloroethylene is

acceptable as an alternative to MCF and CFC-113 in metals cleaning.

(b) Volatile Methyl Siloxanes.--Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxanes and

decamethylcyclopentasiloxanes are acceptable alternatives to MCF and

CFC-113 in metal cleaning. Evaluation of other VMS's is ongoing.

(2) Electronics Cleaning

(a) Trans-1,2-dichloroethlyene.--Trans-1,2-dichloroethylene is

acceptable is acceptable as an alternate to MCF and CFC-113 in

electronics cold cleaning.

(b) Volatile Methyl Siloxanes.--Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxanes and

decamthylcyclopentasiloxanes are acceptable alternatives to MCF and

CFC-113 in electronics cleaning. Evaluation of other VMS's is ongoing.

(3) Precision Cleaning

(a) Trans-1,2-dichloroethlyene.--Trans-1,2-dichloroethylene is

acceptable as an alternative to MCF and CFC-113 in precision cleaning.

(b) HCFC-123.--HCFC-123 is an acceptable substitute for CFC-113 and

MCF in precision cleaning. New toxicity data has led to an upward

revision of the company set workplace exposure limit (AEL) of 30 ppm.

The Agency believes that under normal conditions of use this limit is

attainable.

(c) Volatile Methyl Siloxanes.--Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxanes and

decamethylcyclo pentasiloxanes are acceptable alternatives to MCF and

CFC-113 in precision cleaning. Evaluation of other VMS's is ongoing.

D. Fire Suppression and Explosion Protection

1. Weight and Volume Equivalence of Halon Substitutes

In the SNAP Rulemaking published March 18, 1994 (59 FR 13043), EPA

included weight and volume equivalence data in the discussion of halon

substitutes. This data was derived from either of two sources. EPA used

manufacturer data when available, otherwise the data was taken from the

background document entitled ``Characterization of Risk from the Use of

Substitutes for Class I Ozone-Depleting Substances: Fire Extinguishing

and Explosion Protection (Halon Substitutes).'' While this data was

presented in the Rulemaking for informational purposes only to

establish a relative concept, the variability of methodologies for

calculating these values has generated some confusion in the regulated

and user community. Therefore, at EPA's request, the Technical

Committee of the Halon Alternatives Research Corporation has developed

an agreed upon set of data for determining weight and volume

equivalence of halon substitutes.

The following table presents weight and volume equivalents for

certain halon substitutes when compared to Halon 1301. The equivalents

were calculated using a single, fuel-specific design concentration

(heptane); therefore, they do not represent the exact weight or volume

of the agent needed to protect any specific space against any specific

hazard. The information used to calculate the equivalents was obtained

from agent manufacturers and NFPA 2001, ``Standard on Clean Agent Fire

Extinguishing Systems.'' Equivalents are included for general

comparison and informational purposes only.

Fire suppression agents must be evaluated in the context of the

fire extinguishing system equipment with which they are used. Design

concentration, and weight and volume equivalents are only meaningful

when evaluated in specific system hardware configurations. This is

especially important when comparing storage volume where storage

container fill density varies with the equipment used. Agent fire

suppression performance will vary with the system used and the detailed

design of the system. Therefore, fire suppression agent manufacturers

do not generally recommend design concentration as these are also a

function of the system hardware in which they are used. Hence, these

data are provided for general guidance only and do not reflect a

recommendation for system design or a basis for rigorous quantitative

comparison.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

lb/1000

Design ft\3\ @ 70 lb agent lb ft\3\/ Maximum Storage

Agent Concentration deg.Fper Halon agentft\3\/ fill pressure\9\

(% Vol.) NFPA 1301\6\ 1301\7\ density (lb/ (psi)

2001\5\ ft\3\)\8\

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Halon 1301...................... \4\5 20.6 1.0 1.0 70 360

HFC-23.......................... \1\16 34.8 1.7 2.2 54 609

HFC-125......................... \1\10.9 38.7 1.9 2.3 58 166

HCFC-124........................ \1\\2\8.5 33.8 1.6 1.6 71 195

IG-541.......................... \1\\2\37.5 42.0 2.0 \10\10.5 \9\N/A 2175

FC-3-1-10....................... \1\\2\6 39.3 1.9 1.7 80 360

HCFC Blend A.................... \3\8.6 22.6 1.1 1.4 56 360

HFC-227ea....................... \1\\2\7 34.1 1.7 1.6 72 360

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Notes:

\1\Based on 120 percent of cup burner value for n-heptane.

\2\Based on 120 percent of cup burner verified by listing/approval tests.

\3\Based on listing/approval tests, cup burner value approx. 10 percent.

\4\Minimum design concentration per NFPA 12A, cup burner value approx. 3 percent.

\5\Design concentration per NFPA 2001.

\6\Ratio of value in Column 3 to value in Column 3 for Halon 1301 (weight equivalents).

\7\Based on ratio in Column 4 to ratio of maximum fill density relative to Halon 1301 (storage volume

equivalents).

\8\Per NFPA 2001, NFPA 12A (for Halon 1301).

\9\Approx. storage density of 13.3 lb/ft\3\ @2175 psi.

\10\Based on approx. storage density of IG-541 @2175 psi.

Weight and volume equivalencies based on cup burner data are much

less meaningful for streaming agents than for total flood agents. One

needs to consider performance of the agents and equipment in larger-

scale standardized tests.

2. Use of CFCs and HCFCs in Portable Extinguishers

In this notice, EPA is clarifying the relationship between CAAA

section 610 and section 612 regulations. Under section 610(b) (58 FR

4768; January 15, 1993), CFCs are banned from sale or distribution in

all portable fire extinguishers. Under section 610(d) (58 FR 69637,

December 30, 1993), HCFCs in pressurized dispensers are banned from

sale or distribution. However, section 619(d) excludes HCFCs which are

part of an installed `system,' and therefore exempted total flooding

systems and those streaming applications which incorporate fixed,

automatic systems (58 FR 69646). Further, section 610(d) only allows

the sale of a portable fire extinguisher containing HCFCs where other

agents are not suitable for the intended applications. Suitability

includes the commercial availability of the agent and the ability of

the agent to suppress a fire in progress without damaging the equipment

requiring protection (58 FR 69648). Because alternatives are available

for residential consumer uses, section 610(d) banned the sale and use

of HCFCs in portable fire extinguishers for residential consumer

applications. However, in commercial (including industrial and

military) settings, the variety of hazards are too broad to make a

standard rulemaking, and therefore under section 610(d) EPA has

established industry-based mechanisms for controlling the sale of HCFCs

to commercial users and owners of watercraft and aircraft. Because

section 610(d) already bans CFCs in portable fire extinguishers and

HCFCs in residential applications, it is not necessary for them to be

listed as unacceptable under SNAP.

The HCFCs and HCFC Blends that are listed as acceptable under SNAP,

but that are not acceptable under section 610(d) in residential

streaming applications are: HCFC-123, HCFC-124, [HCFC Blend] B, [HCFC

Blend] C, and [HCFC Blend] D.

3. New Listing Decisions

a. Acceptable Substitutes

(1) Streaming Agents

(a) HCFC-124.--HCFC-124 is acceptable as a Halon 1211 substitute.

HCFC-124 has an ODP of 0.02, a 100-year GWP of 440 and an atmospheric

lifetime of 7 years. Its extinguishment concentration, based on cup

burner tests, is 7.0 per cent, while its cardiotoxic level (LOAEL) is

2.5 per cent in the dog, with no effect (NOAEL) apparent at 1.0 per

cent.

Actual exposures were assessed using personal monitoring devices,

and the Agency concludes that likely exposure levels from its use as a

streaming agent do not exceed safe levels when used in a well

ventilated area. The manufacturer of portable extinguishers using these

agents should include cautionary language on the label indicating the

need for ventilation.

This agent is subject to regulations under section 610(d) of the

CAA, which stipulates that HCFCs may only be used in portable fire

extinguishers where other commercially available agents are not as

effective for the fire hazard. Under section 610(d), HCFCs may not be

used in residential extinguishers.

(b) [HCFC Blend] C.--[HCFC Blend] C is acceptable as a Halon 1211

substitute. This agent is a proprietary blend of HCFC-123, HCFC-124,

HCFC-134a, and an additive. The cardiotoxic LOAEL and NOAEL for HCFC-

123 is, respectively, 2.0 per cent and 1.0 per cent; the LOAEL and

NOAEL for HCFC-124 is 2.5 per cent and 1.0 per cent; and the LOAEL and

NOAEL for HCFC-134a is 8.0 per cent and 4.0 per cent respectively.

While the manufacturer may, in the future, conduct personal monitoring

studies of actual exposure levels of this agent, previous studies

conducted for pure HCFC-123 and for pure HCFC-124 have shown that

exposure in the breathing zone does not exceed cardiotoxicity values.

The ODP of both HCFC-123 and HCFC-124 is 0.02 while HCFC-134a has

no ODP since it contains no chlorine. The respective GWP values for

HCFC-123, HCFC-124, and HCFC-134a are 90, 440, and 1200, relative to

CO2, while their respective atmospheric lifetimes are 2 years, 7

years and 16 years.

This agent is subject to regulations under section 610(d) of the

CAA, which stipulates that HCFCs may only be used in portable fire

extinguishers where other commercially available agents are not as

effective for the fire hazard. Under section 610(d), HCFCs may not be

used in residential extinguishers.

(c) [HCFC Blend] D.--[HCFC Blend] D is acceptable as a Halon 1211

substitute. This blend is comprised of HCFC-123 plus a proprietary

additive, and is intended for large outdoor uses such as wheeled

extinguishers, HCFC-123 is currently listed as acceptable for use in

non-residential streaming applications. This agent is subject to

regulations under section 610(d) of the CAA, which stipulates that

HCFCs may only be used in portable fire extinguishers where other

commercially available agents are not as effective for the fire hazard.

Under section 610(d), HCFCs may not be used in residential

extinguishers.

(d) Gelled Halocarbon/Dry Chemical Suspension (formerly Powdered

Aerosol B).--Gelled Halocarbon/Dry Chemical Suspension is acceptable as

a Halon 1211 substitute. This class of agents is comprised of a variety

of blends developed for particular markets. Each blend contains one or

more halocarbons, a dry chemical, and a gel which keeps the powder and

gas uniform. Both the halocarbon and the dry chemical act on the fire,

while the gel is consumed by the fire.

EPA's acceptability listing is extended to any blend comprised of a

halocarbon with a cardiotoxic LOAEL of at least 2.0 per cent, in

combination with a dry chemical or multipurpose dry chemical that is

currently widely used, including monoammonium phosphate (ABC powder),

potassium bicarbonate (Purple K powder), and sodium bicarbonate. This

listing decision also includes ammonium polyphosphate.

The manufacturer of this technology proposes using several

different halocarbons singly and in blends, in combination with one of

several dry chemicals or multipurpose dry chemical powders. The

halocarbons included in the SNAP submission include HFC-227ea, HFC-125,

HFC-134a, and HFC-125 blended with HFC-134a. The cardiotoxic LOAEL and

NOAEL of HFC-227ea is, respectively, 10.5 per cent of 9.0 per cent; the

LOAEL and NOAEL of HFC-125 is 10.0 per cent and 7.5 per cent; and the

LOAEL and NOAEL of HFC-134a is 8.0 per cent and 4.0 per cent

respectively. Previous personal monitoring tests of streaming agents

using pure HCFC-123 (LOAEL 2.0 per cent; NOAEL 1.0 per cent) and HCFC-

124 (LOAEL 2.5 per cent; NOAEL 1.0 per cent) indicate that actual

exposure to the breathing zone does not exceed these values. Such tests

with agents which pose greater risk of cardiosensitization indicate

that HFC-227ea, HFC-125 and HFC-134a can also be used safely in well-

ventilated areas. In addition, the quantity of the halocarbons in this

technology is approximately half of what a pure halocarbon extinguisher

would contain and thus there is a built-in margin of safety as it

relates to cardiotoxicity.

While all of the proposed halocarbons have no ODP, the GWP and

atmospheric lifetime of HFC-227ea is 2050 and 31 years; of HCF-125 is

3400 and 41 years; and of HCF-134a is 1200 and 16 years.

The dry chemical powders proposed by the manufacturer include

ammonium polyphosphate, monoammonium phosphate (MAP), potassium

bicarbonate, and sodium bicarbonate. Sodium bicarbonate was among the

original dry chemical extinguishers, followed by potassium bicarbonate

and monoammonium phosphate which were developed in the 1960s. Thus,

these dry chemical agents have been in use for decades. These powders

have been considered generally nontoxic, although if not used according

to manufacturers directions they can cause temporary breathing

difficulty during and immediately after discharge. Discharge in large

quantities may decrease visibility. These powders typically have

particle sizes of less than 10 microns up to 75 microns, with most

being optimized at 20 to 25 microns. Ammonium polyphosphate has

previously been used as a fire retardant additive to products and

coatings, and the manufacturer is introducing it for use as a streaming

agent.

Monoammonium phosphate, commonly known as ABC powder, is a general

purpose agent which can be used for class A, B and C fires. However, it

is corrosive on hard surfaces. Potassium bicarbonate (Purple K) and

sodium bicarbonate cannot be used on class A fires, but are used for

specific class B and C applications, generally in the commercial

sector. Ammonium polyphosphate is most suitable for military uses,

because it is not corrosive.

An initial assessment of inhalation toxicology of fine particulates

indicates that some risk is posed when the particles are below a

certain size compared to the mass per cubic meter in air. Particle

sizes less than 10 to 15 microns and a mass above the ACGIH nuisance

dust levels raise concerns which need to be further studied should

these agents be used in a total flooding application. However, in a

streaming application, it is unlikely that the exposure level will

exceed ACGIH dust levels.\1\

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\1\Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological

Exposure Indices, Fifth Edition, 1986. American Conference of

Governmental Industrial Hygienists Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

The particle size distribution for these powders was analyzed with

a Micromeretics Sedigraph using Sedisperse A-11 as the settling medium.

Mesh of various sizes ranging from 40 mesh (420 microns) to 325 mesh

(45 microns) is used to filter the powders into a pan, thus leaving a

`pan fraction' of powder particles which are smaller than 45 microns. A

sample of the sediment in the pan is mixed in the Sedisperse medium,

which is a heavy, high viscosity fluid. An X-ray beam shines through

the sample and counts the particles as they drift down.

Using this method, 50 to 75 per cent of the monoammonium phosphate

is smaller than 45 microns. Of that portion which is smaller than 45

microns, the median particle size is 20 microns, with 19.5 per cent of

the particles being smaller than 10 microns, and 3.0 per cent being

smaller than five microns. Thus, up to 15 per cent (.75 x .195) of the

entire MAP product is smaller than 10 microns.

Seventy-four to 88 per cent of the potassium bicarbonate is smaller

than 45 microns, with a median size of the pan fraction being 17.4

microns. With 28.4 per cent of the pan fraction being ten microns in

size, then up to 25 per cent (.284 x 88) of the total potassium

bicarbonate product is under ten microns. 11.3 per cent of the pan

fraction is under five microns.

Seventy-five to ninety per cent of the sodium bicarbonate is

retained in the pan, and therefore is smaller than 45 microns. The

median particle size of the pan fraction is 15.0 microns. With 12.2 per

cent of the pan fraction being smaller than ten microns, then 11 per

cent of the total product is smaller than ten microns. One per cent of

the pan fraction is smaller than five microns.

The manufacturer's data indicate that there are two mixtures of

ammonium polyphosphate. The P40 mixture has a particle size

distribution with 50% of the particles less than 10 microns. The

intended market for this agent is military applications. The P30

mixture has a distribution with 20% of particles less than 10 microns

and 50% less than 30 microns. The intended market for this agent is for

use in domestic and industrial kitchens.

E. Sterilants

1. EtO/CO2 Systems

In the March 18, 1994 Final Rulemaking, EPA described ethylene

oxide/carbon dioxide (EtO)/CO2) substitutes for use in medical

sterilization. Recently, the Agency has become aware of more

information concerning the design and use of EtO/CO2 systems,

which is described in this Notice.

EtO/CO2 is stored in tanks as a liquified compressed gas

mixture. A tube in the tank draws the liquid mixture from the bottom

for use as a sterilant. By Department of Transportation (DOT)

regulations, the tank can be filled with liquid to only 60 per cent of

its capacity. The remaining 40 per cent capacity above the liquid is

called the ``headspace.''

Liquified compressed gases will vaporize into the headspace of a

tank until equilibrium is reached. Each gas in a mixture vaporizes at

its own specific rate. In EtO/CO2 systems, the CO2 vaporizes

much more readily than does the EtO. The CO2 vaporizes to fill the

headspace, and virtually all the EtO remains in the liquid mixture.

The starting liquid/compressed gas mixture is 8.5 per cent EtO and

91.5 per cent CO2. When a tank is filled, some CO2 vaporizes

to fill the headspace. Because the liquid mixture loses some CO2

to form this vapor, the percentage of EtO in the mixture is now greater

than 8.5 per cent. As liquid leaves the tank, the headspace increases.

More CO2 continues to vaporize into the headspace and the

percentage of EtO in the remaining liquid mixture continues to

increase. This results in a liquid mixture that grows increasingly EtO-

rich until the liquid is fully depleted. At a certain point during

depletion, the percentage of EtO in the liquid mixture increases to a

point where the mixture may become flammable.

Once the liquid mixture is fully depleted, only the CO2-rich

vapor phase remains in the tank. If the depletion is not noted, the

sterilizer could attempt a sterilization cycle using the CO2-rich

vapor. Under these conditions, the vapor will not sterilize

effectively.

Two methods of supply control effectively address these problems.

The first uses one-tank-per-cycle ``unit dose'' tanks. The second uses

larger, multiple-cycle tanks and a weight-sensing system.

Unit dose tanks hold only enough EtO/CO2 for a single

sterilization cycle. Unit dose tanks are available for several sizes of

sterilizer chambers. After a cycle, the depleted tank is replaced with

a fresh one. Using all of the gas in one discharge avoids the risks of

flammability and ineffective sterilization which occur in multiple-

cycle tanks. However, replacing the tank after each cycle is

inconvenient. It also increases the risk of accidental exposure.

A weight-sensing system uses the tank for more than one

sterilization cycle. To be safe, such a system must sense when a tank

is depleted, before either the liquid mixture becomes flammable or when

only ineffective vapors remain in the tank headspace.

For many gas mixtures, a pressure gauge can indicate the amount of

gas in a tank. But for EtO/CO2 systems, tank pressure does not

change appreciably during tank depletion. As the liquid is depleted,

more CO2 fills the headspace and keeps the pressure almost

constant. But as a tank of EtO/CO2 is depleted, the weight of the

liquid mixture decreases steadily.

A weight-sensing system monitors the weight of a tank as it is

depleted. Before the increasingly EtO-rich liquid in the tank becomes

flammable, the system switches to a fresh tank. The depleted tank can

then be replaced.

Such systems are designed with numerous safety features to prevent

accidental exposure. One drawback is that, when depleted, a tank still

contains a portion of the original EtO/CO2 charge. If more EtO/

CO2 were removed, the liquid mixture would approach the point of

flammability.

2. New Listing Decisions

a. Acceptable

(1) [HCFC Blend] A

[HCFC] Blend A is acceptable as a medical sterilant substitute for

12/88 CFC-12/EtO. This is the second agent listed under SNAP that can

serve as a virtual drop-in replacement for 12/88, enabling users to

transition away from CFC-12 without replacing their existing equipment.

Under Title III of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the Agency

is required to regulate any of the 189 hazardous air pollutants (HAPs).

Ethylene oxide is a HAP, and the user is alerted to follow all upcoming

regulations concerning the use of ethylene oxide, whether used alone or

in a blend. Manufacturers and users are alerted to the fact that the

Agency has issued a Proposed Rulemaking which includes EtO used in all

sterilizers except hospital systems (59 FR 10591, March 7, 1994).

This agent has been registered under FIFRA.

F. Aerosols

1. New Listing Decisions

A. Acceptable Substitutes

(1) Aerosol Solvent

a. Trans-1,2-dichloroethylene.--Trans-1,2-dichloroethylene is

acceptable as a solvent substitute for CFC-113 and MCF in aerosols.

IV. Substitutes Pending Review

The Agency describes submissions as pending if data are incomplete

or for which the 90-day review period is underway and EPA has not yet

reached a final decision. For submissions that are incomplete, the

Agency will contact the submitter to determine a schedule for providing

the missing information if the Agency needs to extend the 90-day review

period. EPA will use its authority under section 114 of the Clean Air

Act to gather this information, if necessary. Any delay of the review

period does not affect a date of publication. This notice can also be

retrieved electronically from EPA's Technology Transfer Network (TTN),

Clean Air Act Amendment Bulletin Board. If you have a 1200 or 2400 bps

modem, dial (919) 541-5742. If you have a 9600 bps modem, dial (919)

541-1447. For assistance in accessing this service, call (919) 541-

5384.

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 82

Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure,

Air pollution control, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

Dated: August 9, 1994.

Mary D. Nichols,

Assistant Administrator.

Note: The following appendix will not appear in the Code of

Federal Regulations.

Appendix A: Summary of Acceptable and Pending Decisions

Refrigerants.--Acceptable Substitutes

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

End-use Substitute Decision Comments

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

R-500 Centrifugal Chillers R-406A...................... Acceptable..... This substitute is subject to

(Retrofit). containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

R-500 Centrifugal Chillers R-406A...................... Acceptable..... This substitute is subject to

(New Equipment/NIKs). containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

CFC-11, CFC-12, R-502 HCFC-123.................... Acceptable..... This substitute is subject to

Industrial Process containment and recovery

Refrigeration (Retrofit). regulations covering HCFCs.

R-406A...................... Acceptable..... This substitute is subject to

containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

R-407A...................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

containment and reclamation of

this substitute.

R-407B...................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

containment and reclamation of

this substitute.

HCFC Blend Epsilon.......... Acceptable..... This substitute is subject to

containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

CFC-11, CFC-12, R-502, HCFC-123.................... Acceptable..... This substitute is subject to

Industrial process containment and recovery

Refrigeration (New Equipment/ regulations covering HCFCs.

NIKs).

R-407A...................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

containment and reclamation of

this substitute.

R-407B...................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

containment and reclamation of

this substitute.

CFC-13, R-13B1, R-503 HFC-23...................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

Industrial Process containment and reclamation of

Refrigeration (Retrofit and this substitute.

New Equipment/NIKs.

R-403B...................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

containment and reclamation of

this substitute.

PFC Blend Alpha............. Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

containment and reclamation of

this substitute.

CFC-12, R-502 Ice Skating R-407A...................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

Rinks (Retrofit and New). containment and reclamation of

this substitute.

R-407B...................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

containment and reclamation of

this substitute.

CFC-12, R-502 Cold Storage R-406A...................... Acceptable..... This substitute is subject to

Warehouses (Retrofit). containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

R-407A...................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

containment and reclamation of

this substitute.

R-407B...................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

containment and reclamation of

this substitute.

HCFC Blend Epsilon.......... Acceptable..... This substitute is subject to

containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

CFC-12, R-502 Cold Storage R-407A...................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

Warehouses (New Equipment/ containment and reclamation of

NIKs). this substitute.

R-407B...................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

containment and reclamation of

this substitute.

CFC-12, R-500, R-502 R-406A...................... Acceptable..... This substitute is subject to

Refrigerated Transport containment and recovery

(Retrofit). regulations covering HCFCs.

R-407A...................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

containment and reclamation of

this substitute.

R-407B...................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

containment and reclamation of

this substitute.

HCFC Blend Gamma............ Acceptable..... This substitute is subject to

containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

HCFC Blend Epsilon.......... Acceptable..... This substitute is subject to

containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

CFC-12, R-500 Refrigerated R-407A...................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

Transport (New Equipment/ containment and reclamation of

NIKs). this substitute.

R-407B...................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

containment and reclamation of

this substitute.

CFC-12, R-502 Retail Food R-406A...................... Acceptable..... This substitute is subject to

Refrigeration (Retrofit). containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

R-407A...................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

containment and reclamation of

this substitute.

R-407B...................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

containment and reclamation of

this substitute.

HCFC Blend Gamma............ Acceptable..... This substitute is subject to

containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

HCFC Blend Epsilon.......... Acceptable..... This substitute is subject to

containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

CFC-12, R-502 Retail Food R-407A...................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

Refrigeration (New Equipment/ containment and reclamation of

NIKs). this substitute.

R-407B...................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

containment and reclamation of

this substitute.

CFC-12, R-502 Commercial Ice R-406A...................... Acceptable..... This substitute is subject to

Machines (Retrofit). containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

R-407A...................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

containment and reclamation of

this substitute.

R-407B...................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

containment and reclamation of

this substitute.

HCFC Blend Gamma............ Acceptable..... This substitute is subject to

containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

HCFC Blend Epsilon.......... Acceptable..... This substitute is subject to

containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

CFC-12, R-502 Commercial Ice R-407A...................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

Machines (New Equipment/ containment and reclamation of

NIKs). this substitute.

R-407B...................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

containment and reclamation of

this substitute.

CFC-12 Vending Machines R-404A...................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

(Retrofit). containment and reclamation of

this substitute.

R-406A...................... Acceptable..... This substitute is subject to

containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

R-507....................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

containment and reclamation of

this substitute.

HCFC Blend Gamma............ Acceptable..... This substitute is subject to

containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

CFC-12 Vending Machines (New R-404A...................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

Equipment/NIKs). containment and reclamation of

this substitute.

R-507....................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

containment and reclamation of

this substitute.

CFC-12 Water Coolers R-406A...................... Acceptable..... This substitute is subject to

(Retrofit). containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

HCFC Blend Gamma............ Acceptable..... This substitute is subject to

containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

CFC-12 Household R-406A...................... Acceptable..... This substitute is subject to

Refrigerators (Retrofit). containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

HCFC Blend Gamma............ Acceptable..... This substitute is subject to

containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

CFC-12, R-502 Household R-402A...................... Acceptable..... This substitute is subject to

Freezers (Retrofit). containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

R-402B...................... Acceptable..... This substitute is subject to

containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

R-404A...................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

containment and reclamation of

this substitute.

R-406A...................... Acceptable..... This substitute is subject to

containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

R-507....................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

containment and reclamation of

this substitute.

HCFC Blend Gamma............ Acceptable..... This substitute is subject to

containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

CFC-12, R-502 Household R-402A...................... Acceptable..... This substitute is subject to

Freezers (New Equipment/ containment and recovery

NIKs). regulations covering HCFCs.

R-402B...................... Acceptable..... This substitute is subject to

containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

R-404A...................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

containment and reclamation of

this substitute.

R-507....................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

containment and reclamation of

this substitute.

CFC-12, R-500 Residential R-406A...................... Acceptable..... This substitute is subject to

Dehumidifiers (Retrofit). containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

HCFC Blend Gamma............ Acceptable..... This substitute is subject to

containment and recovery

regulations covering HCFCs.

CFC-12 Non-Automobile Motor HCFC-22..................... Acceptable..... HCFC-22 may damage automobile air

Vehicle Air Conditioners conditioning systems, which is

(Retrofit and New). why it is only acceptable for non-

automotive use. This substitute

is subject to containment and

recovery regulations covering

HCFCs.

CFC-13, R-13B1, and R-503 HFC-23...................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

Very Low Temperature containment and reclamation of

Refrigeration (Retrofit and this substitute.

New Equipment/NIKs.

R-403B...................... Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

containment and reclamation of

this substitute.

PFC Blend Alpha............. Acceptable..... EPA strongly recommends the

containment and reclamation of

this substitute.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Refrigerants.--Pending Decisions

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Application Substitute Comments

------------------------------------------------------------------------

CFC-12 Motor Vehicle HCFC Blend Delta....... EPA has requested

Air Conditioning. additional data.

HCFC-22 Heat Pumps..... HFC-134a............... EPA has not yet

evaluated Class II

substitutes.

HFC-152a............... EPA has not yet

evaluated Class II

substitutes.

HFC-32................. EPA has not yet

evaluated Class II

substitutes.

R-407A/R-407B.......... EPA has not yet

evaluated Class II

substitutes.

HCFC-22 Conventional HFC-125/HFC-134a/HFC-32 EPA has not yet

(Household) Air evaluated Class II

Conditioning. substitutes.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Foam Sector.--Acceptable Substitutes

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

End-use Substitute Decision Comments

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CFC-11 Rigid Polyurethane and Electroset Technology....... Acceptable..... Proprietary technology.

Polyisocyanurate Laminated

Boardstock.

CFC-11 Polyurethane, Rigid Electroset Technology....... Acceptable..... Proprietary technology.

Appliance.

CFC-11 Polyurethane, Rigid Electroset Technology....... Acceptable..... Proprietary technology.

Commercial.

CFC-11 Polyurethane, Rigid Electroset Technology....... Acceptable..... Proprietary technology.

Slabstock and Other.

CFC-12 Polystyrene, Extruded HFC-143a.................... Acceptable..... HFC-143a has the highest GWP of

Boardstock and Billet. those substitutes acceptable for

this end-use.

Electroset Technology....... Acceptable..... Proprietary technology.

CFC-11 CFC-113 Phenolic, Electroset Technology....... Acceptable..... Proprietary technology.

Insulation Board.

CFC-11 Polyurethane, Flexible Electroset Technology....... Acceptable..... Proprietary technology.

Saturated Light Hydrocarbons Acceptable..... Flammability may be an issue for

C3-C6. the manufacture and transport of

products. Hydrocarbons are VOCs

and are subject to control under

Title I of the Clean Air Act.

CFC-11 Polyurethane, Integral Electroset Technology....... Acceptable..... Proprietary technology.

Skin.

CFC-12 Polystyrene, Extruded Saturated Light Hydrocarbons Acceptable..... Flammability may be an issue for

Sheet. C3-C6. the manufacture and transport of

products. Hydrocarbons are VOCs

and are subject to control under

Title I of the Clean Air Act.

Electroset Technology....... Acceptable..... Proprietary technology.

CFC-12, CFC-114, CFC-11 Methylene Chloride.......... Acceptable..... Revised OSHA PELs have been

Polyolefin. proposed at 25 ppm (TWA) for

methylene chloride (11/7/91).

Subject to meeting all future

ambient air controls for

hazardous air pollutants under

Title III section 112, of the

1990 CAA Amendments. RCRA

standards must be met.

HFC-152a/Saturated Light Acceptable..... Flammability may be an issue for

Hydrocarbons. the manufacture and transport of

products. Major sources of VOC

emissions are subject to the New

Source Review (NSR) program.

Chemical Blend A............ Acceptable..... Proprietary blend.

Electroset Technology....... Acceptable..... Proprietary technology.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solvents.--Acceptable Substitutes

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

End-use Substitute Decision Comments

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Metals Cleaning With CFC-113, Trans-1,2-dichloroethylene.. Acceptable.

MCF.

Volatile Methyl Siloxanes... Acceptable..... Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxanes and

decamethylcyclopentasiloxanes are

acceptable alternatives.

Evaluation of other VMS's is

ongoing.

Electronics Cleaning With CFC- Trans-1,2-dichloroethylene.. Acceptable.

113, MCF.

Volatile Methyl Siloxanes... Acceptable..... Octamethyl cyclotetras iloxanes

and decamethy lcyclopentas

iloxanes are acceptable

alternatives. Evaluation of other

VMS's is ongoing.

Precision Cleaning With CFC- Trans-1,2-dichloroethylene.. Acceptable.

113, MCF.

HCFC-123.................... Acceptable..... New toxicity data has led to an

upward revision of the company

set workplace exposure limit

(AEL) of 30 ppm. The Agency

believes that under normal

conditions of use, this limit is

acceptable.

Volatile Methyl Siloxanes... Acceptable..... Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxanes and

decamethylcyclopentasiloxanes are

acceptable alternatives.

Evaluation of other VMS's is

ongoing.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Foams.--Pending Substitutes

------------------------------------------------------------------------

End-use Substitute Comments

------------------------------------------------------------------------

CFC-11, CFC-113 Rigid Vacuum panels.......... Agency has not

Polyurethane, completed review of

Applicance Foams. data.

Polyurethane, Rigid.... HFC-356................ Insufficient data.

Also need information

on proposed end-

use(s).

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solvent Cleaning.--Pending Substitutes

------------------------------------------------------------------------

End-use Substitute Comments

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Precision Cleaning w/ Chlorobromomethane..... Agency has not

CFR-113, MCF. completed review of

data.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Fire Suppression and Explosion Protection.--Acceptable Substitutes: Streaming Agents

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Application Substitute Decision Comments

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Halon 1211 Streaming Agents.. HCFC-124.................... Acceptable..... This agent is banned in

residential applications per

section 610(d) of the CAAA.

[HCFC Blend] C.............. Acceptable..... This agent is banned in

residential applications per

section 610(d) of the CAAA.

[HCFC Blend] D.............. Acceptable..... The intended market for this agent

is Large, outdoor applications.

This agent is banned in

residential applications per

section 610(d) of the CAAA.

Gelled Halocarbon/Dry Acceptable..... This agent was formerly

Chemical Suspension. indentified as Powdered Aerosol

B.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Fire Suppression and Explosion Protection.--Pending Substitutes

------------------------------------------------------------------------

End-use Substitute Comments

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Halon 1211 Streaming HFC-227ea.............. Complete SNAP

agents. submission and

personal monitoring

data required.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------

End-use Substitute Comments

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Halon 1301............. [HFC Blend] A.......... Agency analysis of

this agent is not yet

complete.

Total flooding agents.. [Inert Gas Blend] B.... Pending receipt of

medical assessment by

peer review panel.

[Inert Gas Blend] C.... Pending receipt of

medical assessment by

peer review panel.

[Powdered Aerosol] A... For use in occupied

areas, pending

medical assessment by

peer review panel.

[Water Mist System] A.. Pending receipt of

medical assessment by

peer review panel.

[Water Mist System] B.. Pending receipt of

medical assessment by

peer review panel.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sterilants.--Acceptable

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

End-use Substitute Decision Conditions Comments

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

12/88 Blend of EtO/ [HCFC Blend] A...... Acceptable.......... This agent has received ...................

CFC-12 Sterilant. FIFRA registration.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sterilants.--Pending

------------------------------------------------------------------------

End-use Substitute Comments

------------------------------------------------------------------------

12/88 Blend of EtO/CFC- HFC-125................ Pending FIFRA

12. registration and

completion of Agency

review.

Sterilant.............. HFC-227ea.............. Pending FIFRA

registration and

receipt of complete

SNAP submission.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Aerosols.--Acceptable Substitutes

------------------------------------------------------------------------

End-use Substitute Comments

------------------------------------------------------------------------

CFC-11, CFC-113, MCF, Trans-1,2-

HCFC-141b as aerosol dichloroethylene. .

solvents.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Aerosols.--Pending

------------------------------------------------------------------------

End-use Substitute Comments

------------------------------------------------------------------------

CFC-11, CFC-113, MCF, Monochlorotoluene/benzo Agency has not

HCFC-141b as aerosol trifluorides. completed review.

solvents. Data submission

pending.

CFC-12 as aerosol HFC-4310mee............ Agency has not

propellant. completed review of

this data.

Premanufacture Notice

review under the

Toxic Substances

Control Act not yet

completed.

Perfluorocarbons Agency has not

(C6F14) and completed review.

Perfluoropolyethers. Data submission

pending.

HFC-227................ FDA approval still

required in metered

dose inhalers.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Adhesives, Coatings and Inks.--Pending Substitutes

------------------------------------------------------------------------

End-use Substitute Comments

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Metals cleaning w/CFC- Monochloro-toluene/ Agency has not

113, MCF. benzo-trifluorides. completed review of

data. Evaluation of

exposure and toxicity

data still ongoing.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

[FR Doc. 94-20802 Filed 8-25-94; 8:45 am]

BILLING CODE 6560-50-P-M