Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designation and Nondesignation of Critical Habitat on Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe for 135 Species

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17

[Docket No. FWS-R1-ES-2015-0071; 4500030114]

RIN 1018-AZ25

Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designation and Nondesignation of Critical Habitat on Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe for 135 Species

AGENCY:

Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION:

Final rule.

SUMMARY:

We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, designate or revise critical habitat for 125 listed species on the islands of Maui, Molokai, and Kahoolawe in the State of Hawaii. We are designating critical habitat for 50 plant and animal species, and revising critical habitat for 85 plant species. In total, approximately 157,002 acres (ac) (63,537 hectares (ha)) on the islands of Molokai, Maui, and Kahoolawe fall within the boundaries of the critical habitat designation. Although we proposed critical habitat on 25,413 ac (10,284 ha) on the island of Lanai, this area is excluded from final designation under section 4(b)(2) of the Endangered Species Act. In addition, under section 4(b)(2), approximately 59,479 ac (24,070 ha) on the islands of Maui and Molokai are excluded from critical habitat designation. These exclusions mean that we are not designating critical habitat for 10 of the species included in our proposed rule. We also removed 29,170 ac (11,805 ha) of areas we determined do not meet the definition of critical habitat. In this final rule, we accept name changes or corrections for 10 endangered plants and 2 endangered birds. The effect of this rule is to conserve these 125 species and their habitats under the Endangered Species Act.

DATE:

This rule is effective on April 29, 2016.

ADDRESSES:

This final rule, final economic analysis, and the document “Supplementary Information for the Designation and Nondesignation of Critical Habitat on Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe for 135 Species” are available on the Internet at

http://www.regulations.gov

under Docket No. FWS-R1-ES-2015-0071. Comments and materials received, as well as supporting documentation used in preparing this final rule, are available for public inspection, by appointment, during normal business hours, at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, 300 Ala Moana Boulevard, Room 3-122, Honolulu, HI 96850; by telephone at 808-792-9400; or by facsimile at 808-792-9581.

The coordinates or plot points or both from which the maps are generated are included in the administrative record for this critical habitat designation and are available at

http://www.fws.gov/pacificislands,

at

http://www.regulations.gov

under Docket No. FWS-R1-ES-2015-0071, and at the Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (see

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT

).

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

Mary Abrams, Field Supervisor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, 300 Ala Moana Boulevard, Room 3-122, Honolulu, HI 96850; by telephone at 808-792-9400; or by facsimile at 808-792-9581. If you use a telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD), call the Federal Information Relay Service (FIRS) at 800-877-8339.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Organization of the Final Rule

This final rule describes the final critical habitat designation for 135 Maui Nui species under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act or ESA) (16 U.S.C. 1531

et seq.

). The pages that follow summarize the comments and information received during multiple open comment periods and a public hearing in response to the proposed rule published on June 11, 2012 (77 FR 34464), and in response to the notice of availability of the draft economic analysis of the proposed designation published on January 31, 2013 (78 FR 6785), describe any changes from the proposed rule, and detail the final designation for the Maui Nui species. To assist the reader, the content of the document is organized as follows:

I. Executive Summary

II. Previous Federal Actions

III. Background

Maui Nui Species Addressed in This Final Rule

An Ecosystem-Based Approach To Determining Primary Constituent Elements of Critical Habitat

IV. Summary of Comments and Recommendations

Peer Review

Comments from Federal Agencies

Comments from State of Hawaii Elected Officials

Comments from State of Hawaii Agencies

Comments from Maui County

Public Comments

Comments on the Draft Economic Analysis (DEA)

V. Summary of Changes From the Proposed Rule

VI. Critical Habitat

Background

VII. Methods

Occupied Areas

Essential Physical or Biological Features

Special Management Considerations or Protections

Unoccupied Areas

Criteria Used To Identify Critical Habitat

VIII. Final Critical Habitat Designation

Descriptions of Critical Habitat Units

IX. Effects of Critical Habitat Designation

Section 7 Consultation

Application of the “Adverse Modification” Standard

X. Exemptions

Application of Section 4(a)(3) of the Act

XI. Exclusions

Application of Section 4(b)(2) of the Act

Exclusions Based on Economic Impacts

Exclusions Based on National Security Impacts

Exclusions Based on Other Relevant Factors

Summary of Exclusions Based on Other Relevant Factors

XII. Required Determinations

XIII. References Cited

Regulation Promulgation

I. Executive Summary

Why we need to publish a rule.

This is a final rule to designate or revise critical habitat for 135 species from the island cluster of Maui Nui (Molokai, Maui, Lanai, and Kahoolawe) in the State of Hawaii. Under the Act, any species that is determined to be an endangered or threatened species requires critical habitat to be designated, to the maximum extent prudent and determinable. Designations and revisions of critical habitat can only be completed by issuing a rule.

We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), listed 96 of the 135 species as endangered or threatened species at various times (see 77 FR 34464; June 11, 2012). On June 11, 2012, we published in the

Federal Register

a proposed rule to list 38 Maui Nui species as endangered, reaffirm the listing of 2 species as endangered, and designate or revise critical habitat for 135 Maui Nui species (77 FR 34464). On May 28, 2013 (78 FR 32014) we listed 38 Maui Nui species as endangered and reaffirmed the listing of 2 species as endangered. Section 4(b)(2) of the Act states that the Secretary shall designate critical habitat on the basis of the best available scientific data after taking into consideration the economic impact, national security impact, and any other relevant impact of specifying any particular area as critical habitat.

The critical habitat areas we are designating in this rule constitute our current best assessment of the areas that meet the definition of critical habitat for

125 of the 135 Maui Nui species. Here we are designating as critical habitat approximately 157,002 acres (ac) (63,537 hectares (ha)) in 165 unique units for 125 Maui Nui species: 31,513 ac (12,753 ha) on Molokai; 119,349 ac (48,299 ha) on Maui; and 6,142 ac (2,486 ha) on Kahoolawe. No critical habitat is designated on the island of Lanai as a consequence of exclusions under section 4(b)(2) of the Act; as a consequence, final critical habitat is not designated for 10 of the Maui Nui species.

In this final rule, 29,170 ac (11,805 ha) have been removed from the area originally proposed as a result of refinement in unit areas made in response to public comments and additional field visits. We removed these areas based on our determination that they do not meet the definition of critical habitat. In addition, 84,891 ac (34,354 ha) of non-Federal lands on Maui, Molokai, and Lanai have been excluded from final designation under section 4(b)(2) of the Act. For these lands, the Secretary has determined that the benefits of exclusion outweigh the benefits of critical habitat designation and that these exclusions will not result in the extinction of the species.

In this final rule, we also recognize taxonomic changes and spelling corrections of the scientific names for 10 plant species and 2 bird species, and revise the List of Endangered and Threatened Plants and the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife accordingly.

We have prepared an economic analysis of the designation of critical habitat.

In order to consider economic impacts, we have prepared an analysis of the economic impacts of the critical habitat designation and related factors. We announced the availability of the draft economic analysis (DEA) in the

Federal Register

on January 31, 2013 (78 FR 6785), allowing the public to provide comment on our analysis. We also held a public information meeting and public hearing on our proposed rulemaking and associated DEA in Kihei, Maui, on February 21, 2013. We have considered the comments and have completed the final economic analysis (FEA) concurrently with this final determination.

Peer review and public comment.

We sought comments from independent specialists to ensure that our designation is based on scientifically sound data and analyses. We obtained opinions from four knowledgeable individuals with scientific expertise to review our technical assumptions and analysis, and to determine whether or not we had used the best available scientific information. These peer reviewers generally concurred with our methods and conclusions, and provided additional information, clarifications, and suggestions to improve this final rule. Information we received from peer review is incorporated into this final designation. We also considered all comments and information we received from the public during multiple comment periods, which totaled 135 days in length.

II. Previous Federal Actions

Federal actions for these species are outlined in our May 28, 2013 (78 FR 32014), final rule to list 38 Maui Nui species and reaffirm the listing of 2 endangered plants and in our June 11, 2012 (77 FR 34464), proposed rule to list 38 species as endangered and designate critical habitat for 135 Maui Nui species. (Please note that because the proposed rule to designate critical habitat was originally published in conjunction with the proposed listing rule, which has already been finalized, the proposed rule critical habitat rule and associated documents, such as the draft economic analysis, are posted at

http://www.regulations.gov

under the original Docket No. FWS-R1-ES-2011-0098). Publication of the June 11, 2012, proposed rule opened a 60-day comment period, which was extended on August 9, 2012 (77 FR 47587) for an additional 30 days and closed on September 10, 2012. In addition, we published a public notice of the proposed rule on June 20, 2012, in the local Honolulu Star Advertiser, Maui Times, and Molokai Dispatch newspapers. On January 31, 2013 (78 FR 6785), we reopened the comment period for an additional 30 days on the entire June 11, 2012, proposed rule (77 FR 34464), as well as on the draft economic analysis on the proposed critical habitat designation, and announced both a public information meeting and a hearing to be held in Kihei, Maui, on February 21, 2013. This second comment period closed on March 4, 2013. We opened a final comment period on the proposed critical habitat designation for an additional 15 days on June 10, 2015 (80 FR 32922).

III. Background

Maui Nui Species Addressed in This Final Rule

The table below (Table 1) provides the common name, scientific name, and listing status for the species that are the subject of this final rule.

Table 1—The Maui Nui Species Addressed in This Final Rule

[Note that many of the species share the same common name. “NCN” indicates no common name. “E” denotes endangered status under the act; “T” denotes threatened status under the act]

Scientific name

Common name(s)

Listing status

Critical habitat

1

Plants:

Abutilon eremitopetalum

[NCN]

E

Final.

Acaena exigua

liliwai

E

Final.

Adenophorus periens

pendent kihi fern

E

Revised—2003.

Alectryon macrococcus

mahoe

E

Revised—2003.

Argyroxiphium sandwicense

ssp.

macrocephalum

ahinahina (= Haleakala silversword)

T

Revised—2003.

Asplenium dielerectum

asplenium-leaved diellia

E

Revised—2003.

Asplenium peruvianum

var.

insulare

[NCN]

E

Revised—2003.

Bidens campylotheca

ssp.

pentamera

kookoolau

E

Final.

Bidens campylotheca

ssp.

waihoiensis

kookoolau

E

Final.

Bidens conjuncta

kookoolau

E

Final.

Bidens micrantha

ssp.

kalealaha

kookoolau

E

Revised—2003.

Bidens wiebkei

kookoolau

E

Revised—2003.

Bonamia menziesii

[NCN]

E

Revised—2003.

Brighamia rockii

pua ala

E

Revised—2003.

Calamagrostis hillebrandii

[NCN]

E

Final.

Canavalia molokaiensis

awikiwiki

E

Revised—2003.

Canavalia pubescens

awikiwiki

E

Final.

Cenchrus agrimonioides

kamanomano (= sandbur, agrimony)

E

Revised—2003.

Clermontia lindseyana

oha wai

E

Revised—2003.

Clermontia oblongifolia

ssp

. brevipes

oha wai

E

Revised—2003.

Clermontia oblongifolia

ssp.

mauiensis

oha wai

E

Revised—2003.

Clermontia peleana

oha wai

E

Revised—2003.

Clermontia samuelii

oha wai

E

Revised—2003.

Colubrina oppositifolia

kauila

E

Revised—2003.

Ctenitis squamigera

pauoa

E

Revised—2003.

Cyanea asplenifolia

haha

E

Final.

Cyanea copelandii

ssp.

haleakalaensis

haha

E

Revised—2003.

Cyanea dunbariae

haha

E

Revised—2003.

Cyanea duvalliorum

haha

E

Final.

Cyanea gibsonii

haha

E

Final.

Cyanea glabra

haha

E

Revised—2003.

Cyanea grimesiana

ssp.

grimesiana

haha

E

Final.

Cyanea hamatiflora

ssp.

hamatiflora

haha

E

Revised—2003.

Cyanea horrida

haha nui

E

Final.

Cyanea kunthiana

haha

E

Final.

Cyanea lobata

haha

E

Revised—2003.

Cyanea magnicalyx

haha

E

Final.

Cyanea mannii

haha

E

Revised—2003.

Cyanea maritae

haha

E

Final.

Cyanea mauiensis

haha

E

Not Determinable

Cyanea mceldowneyi

haha

E

Revised—2003.

Cyanea munroi

haha

E

Final.

Cyanea obtusa

haha

E

Final.

Cyanea procera

haha

E

Revised—2003.

Cyanea profuga

haha

E

Final.

Cyanea solanacea

popolo

E

Final.

Cyperus fauriei

[NCN]

E

Revised—2003.

Cyperus pennatiformis

[NCN]

E

Revised—2003.

Cyperus trachysanthos

puukaa

E

Revised—2003.

Cyrtandra ferripilosa

haiwale

E

Final.

Cyrtandra filipes

haiwale

E

Final.

Cyrtandra munroi

haiwale

E

Revised—2003.

Cyrtandra oxybapha

haiwale

E

Final.

Diplazium molokaiense

[NCN]

E

Revised—2003.

Dubautia plantaginea

ssp

. humilis

naenae

E

Revised—2003.

Eugenia koolauensis

nioi

E

Revised—2003.

Festuca molokaiensis

[NCN]

E

Final.

Flueggea neowawraea

mehamehame

E

Revised—2003.

Geranium arboreum

Hawaiian red-flowered geranium

E

Revised—2003.

Geranium hanaense

nohoanu

E

Final.

Geranium hillebrandii

nohoanu

E

Final.

Geranium multiflorum

nohoanu

E

Revised—2003.

Gouania hillebrandii

[NCN]

E

Revised—1984

Gouania vitifolia

[NCN]

E

Revised—2003.

Hesperomannia arborescens

[NCN]

E

Revised—2003.

Hesperomannia arbuscula

[NCN]

E

Revised—2003.

Hibiscus arnottianus

ssp.

immaculatus

kokio keokeo

E

Revised—2003.

Hibiscus brackenridgei

mao hau hele

E

Revised—2003.

Huperzia mannii

wawaeiole

E

Final.

Ischaemum byrone

Hilo ischaemum

E

Revised—2003.

Isodendrion pyrifolium

wahine noho kula

E

Revised—2003.

Kadua cordata

ssp.

remyi

kopa

E

Final.

Kadua coriacea

kioele

E

Revised—2003.

Kadua laxiflora

pilo

E

Revised—2003.

Kanaloa kahoolawensis

kohe malama malama o kanaloa

E

Revised—2003.

Kokia cookei

Cooke's kokio

E

Final.

Labordia tinifolia

var

. lanaiensis

kamakahala

E

Final.

Labordia triflora

kamakahala

E

Revised—2003.

Lysimachia lydgatei

[NCN]

E

Revised—2003.

Lysimachia maxima

[NCN]

E

Revised—2003.

Marsilea villosa

ihi ihi

E

Revised—2003.

Melanthera kamolensis

nehe

E

Revised—2003.

Melicope adscendens

alani

E

Revised—2003.

Melicope balloui

alani

E

Revised—2003.

Melicope knudsenii

alani

E

Revised—2003.

Melicope mucronulata

alani

E

Revised—2003.

Melicope munroi

alani

E

Final.

Melicope ovalis

alani

E

Revised—2003.

Melicope reflexa

alani

E

Revised—2003.

Mucuna sloanei

var.

persericea

sea bean

E

Final.

Myrsine vaccinioides

kolea

E

Final.

Neraudia sericea

[NCN]

E

Revised—2003.

Nototrichium humile

kului

E

Revised—2003.

Peperomia subpetiolata

alaala wai nui

E

Final.

Peucedanum sandwicense

makou

T

Revised—2003.

Phyllostegia bracteata

[NCN]

E

Final.

Phyllostegia haliakalae

[NCN]

E

Final.

Phyllostegia hispida

[NCN]

E

Final.

Phyllostegia mannii

[NCN]

E

Revised—2003.

Phyllostegia pilosa

[NCN]

E

Final.

Pittosporum halophilum

hoawa

E

Final.

Plantago princeps

laukahi kuahiwi

E

Revised—2003.

Platanthera holochila

[NCN]

E

Revised—2003.

Pleomele fernaldii

hala pepe

E

Final.

Portulaca sclerocarpa

poe

E

Revised—2003.

Pteris lidgatei

[NCN]

E

Revised—2003.

Remya mauiensis

Maui remya

E

Revised—2003.

Sanicula purpurea

[NCN]

E

Revised—2003.

Santalum haleakalae

var.

lanaiense

iliahi

E

Final.

Schenkia sebaeoides

awiwi

E

Revised—2003.

Schiedea haleakalensis

[NCN]

E

Revised—2003.

Schiedea jacobii

[NCN]

E

Final.

Schiedea laui

[NCN]

E

Final.

Schiedea lydgatei

[NCN]

E

Revised—2003.

Schiedea salicaria

[NCN]

E

Final.

Schiedea sarmentosa

[NCN]

E

Revised—2003.

Sesbania tomentosa

ohai

E

Revised—2003.

Silene alexandri

[NCN]

E

Revised—2003.

Silene lanceolata

[NCN]

E

Revised—2003.

Solanum incompletum

popolo ku mai

E

Final.

Spermolepis hawaiiensis

[NCN]

E

Revised—2003.

Stenogyne bifida

[NCN]

E

Revised—2003.

Stenogyne kauaulaensis

[NCN]

E

Final.

Tetramolopium capillare

pamakani

E

Revised—2003.

Tetramolopium lepidotum

ssp.

lepidotum

[NCN]

E

Revised—2003.

Tetramolopium remyi

[NCN]

E

Revised—2003.

Tetramolopium rockii

[NCN]

T

Revised—2003.

Vigna o-wahuensis

[NCN]

E

Revised—2003.

Viola lanaiensis

[NCN]

E

Final.

Wikstroemia villosa

akia

E

Final.

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

ae

E

Revised—2003.

Animals:

Birds:

Palmeria dolei

Akohekohe, crested honeycreeper

E

Final.

Pseudonestor xanthophrys

Kiwikiu, Maui parrotbill

E

Final.

Snails:

Newcombia cumingi

Newcomb's tree snail

E

Final.

Partulina semicarinata

Lanai tree snail

E

Final.

Partulina variabilis

Lanai tree snail

E

Final.

1

Listed species for which critical habitat is designated for the first time are classified here as “Final.” If this is a revision of previously designated critical habitat, the species is classified as `Revised” followed by the year of the original designation.

Taxonomic Changes and Spelling Corrections Since Listing for 2 Bird Species and 10 Plant Species From Maui Nui

As described in detail in our proposed rule (June 11, 2012; 77 FR 34464), in this final rule we are accepting name or spelling changes for 2 bird species and 10 plant species. In brief, we accept the recently adopted Hawaiian common name, kiwikiu, for the Maui parrotbill (

Pseudonestor xanthophrys

). We also add the Hawaiian common name, akohekohe, to the listing for the crested honeycreeper (

Palmeria dolei

). Additionally, based on recent botanical work, we accept various name changes and spelling corrections for 10 endangered plant species listed between 1991 and 1999 (Table 2).

Table 2—Name Changes and Spelling Corrections for 2 Listed Endangered Hawaiian Birds and 10 Listed Endangered Hawaiian Plants

Listing

Family

Name as previously listed

Newly accepted name

Change in

range

of listed

entity?

Birds:

32 FR 4001

Fringillidae

Maui parrotbill (

Pseudonestor xanthophrys

)

Kiwikiu, Maui parrotbill

(

Pseudonestor xanthophrys

)

No.

32 FR 4001

Fringillidae

Crested honeycreeper (

Palmeria dolei

)

Akohekohe, crested honeycreeper (

Palmeria dolei

)

No.

Plants:

59 FR 49025

Aspleniaceae

Asplenium fragile

var.

insulare

Asplenium peruvianum

var.

insulare

No.

56 FR 55770

Gentianaceae

Centaurium sebaeoides

Schenkia sebaeoides

No.

61 FR 53130

Campanulaceae

Cyanea dunbarii

Cyanea dunbariae

No.

56 FR 47686

Campanulaceae

Cyanea macrostegia

ssp.

gibsonii

Cyanea gibsonii

No.

59 FR 56333

Aspleniaceae

Diellia erecta

Asplenium dielerectum

No.

64 FR 48307

Rubiaceae

Hedyotis schlechtendahliana

var.

remyi

Kadua cordata

ssp.

remyi

No.

57 FR 46325

Rubiaceae

Hedyotis mannii

Kadua laxiflora

No.

57 FR 20772

Asteraceae

Lipochaeta kamolensis

Melanthera kamolensis

No.

59 FR 10305

Cyperaceae

Mariscus fauriei

Cyperus fauriei

No.

57 FR 20772

Lycopodiaceae

Phlegmariurus mannii

Huperzia mannii

No.

All of the aforementioned taxonomic changes and spelling corrections are currently accepted by the scientific community; detailed background information on each of the changes is provided in our supporting document “Supplementary Information for the Designation and Nondesignation of Critical Habitat on Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe for 135 Species,” available at

http://www.regulations.gov

and at

http://www.fws.gov/pacificislands

(see

ADDRESSES

). In accordance with the references cited in our proposed rule (June 11, 2012; 77 FR 34464) and our supporting documentation, we are revising the List of Endangered and Threatened Plants at 50 CFR 17.12 and the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife at 50 CFR 17.11. In addition, we made editorial revisions to a limited number of units and species descriptions in 50 CFR 17.99(a)(1) and (b) (Kauai), 50 CFR 17.99(i) and (j) (Oahu), 50 CFR 17.99(k) and (l) (Hawaii Island) to adopt the taxonomic changes.

Current Status of 135 Listed Maui Nui Species

Plants

In order to avoid confusion regarding the number of locations of each species, we use the word “occurrence” instead of “population.” It is important to note that a “location” or “occurrence” as used here is not the same as a “population,” as in many cases a location or occurrence may represent only one or very few representative individuals of the species present. A population, on the other hand, represents a group of interbreeding organisms sufficiently represented in numbers of individuals, age class, and genetic diversity to remain viable over the long term in the face of demographic, environmental, and genetic stochasticity, and natural catastrophes. This distinction is particularly important in evaluating the current status of each species relative to the determination of what is essential for the conservation of the species, as guided, for example, by the recovery plan for the plant or animal species, if available (

e.g.,

as defined for several of the plant species in this final rule in the Recovery Plan for the Maui Plant Cluster; Service 1997, pp. iv-v), or by the general guidelines of the Hawaii and Pacific Plant Recovery Coordinating Committee (HPPRCC, 1998, 32 pp. + appendices). In general, populations are considered as meeting the objectives for conservation if they are secure, stable, and naturally reproducing over some minimum period of time, depending upon their life history. As reported here, each occurrence is composed only of wild (

i.e.,

not propagated and outplanted) individuals, unless otherwise specified. In this rule, outplanted occurrences are generally not considered as meeting specified recovery objectives because currently these outplants have not been observed to be naturally reproducing and stable (over at least two generations), and as such have not demonstrated the capacity for reproduction and recruitment necessary to maintain or increase the population over time.

Abutilon eremitopetalum

(no common name (NCN)), a short-lived perennial shrub in the mallow family (Malvaceae), is endemic to Lanai (Bates 1999, pp. 871-872). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003,

A. eremitopetalum

was known from a single occurrence of seven individuals on Lanai (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003). Currently, there are nine individuals at Puu Mahanalua in the lowland dry ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; PEPP 2008, p. 45: PEPP 2011, p. 49).

Acaena exigua

(liliwai), a short-lived perennial herb in the rose family (Rosaceae), is known from west Maui and Kauai (Wagner

et al.

1999p, pp. 1,102-1,103).

Acaena exigua

was rediscovered in 1997 at Puu Kukui on west Maui, when one individual was found growing in a bog in the montane wet ecosystem, but this individual died in 2000 (TNC 2007; Oppenheimer

et al.

2002, p. 1). This area on west Maui was searched as recently as 2008 by botanists; however, no plants were found (Aruch 2010, in litt.). Botanists continue to survey the potentially suitable habitat in the area where this species was last observed.

Adenophorus periens

(pendant kihi fern), a short-lived perennial fern in the grammitis family (Grammitidaceae), is epiphytic on the native tree

Acacia koa

(koa).

Adenophorus periens

is known from Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii (Palmer 2003, p. 39). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003 and 2012,

A. periens

was known from Kauai, Molokai, the island of Hawaii, and Oahu (68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003; 77 FR 57648, September 18, 2012).

Adenophorus periens

was last seen on Molokai in 1995, in the montane wet ecosystem, at the edge of Pepeopae bog (Perlman 2008b, in litt.). It was last collected in the late 1800s to early 1900s

from the montane wet ecosystem on east Maui and Lanai (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010).

Alectryon macrococcus

(mahoe), a long-lived perennial tree in the soapberry family (Sapindaceae), is known from two varieties:

Alectryon macrococcus

var.

auwahiensis

(east Maui) and

A. macrococcus

var.

macrococcus

(Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui) (Wagner

et al.

1999x, p. 1,225). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003,

A. macrococcus

var.

auwahiensis

was known from three occurrences on east Maui (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently,

A. macrococcus

var.

auwahiensis

is found in one occurrence of seven individuals in Auwahi, in the lowland dry ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; NTBG Provenance Report 1993; PEPP 2009, p. 33). This variety was historically found in the lowland dry, montane dry, and montane mesic ecosystems, not lower than 1,200 feet (ft) (360 meters (m)) in elevation (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; Wagner

et al.

1999, p. 1,225). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003 and 2012,

A. macrococcus

var.

macrococcus

was found on Kauai, Molokai, west Maui, and Oahu (68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 77 FR 57648, September 18, 2012). Currently, on Molokai, this variety is found in three known occurrences: One individual at Kahawai, eight individuals from Kaunakakai to Kawela, and one individual in Makolelau, in the lowland mesic and montane mesic ecosystems. On west Maui,

A. macrococcus

var.

macrococcus

is found in 6 occurrences totaling 11 individuals (1 individual each at Honokowai Stream, Wahikuli, Kahoma Ditch Trail, Olowalu, and Iao Valley, and 6 individuals at Honokowai) in the lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems. On east Maui, there are an unknown number of individuals at Kahakapao in the montane mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010p, in litt.).

Argyroxiphium sandwicense

ssp.

macrocephalum

(ahinahina, Haleakala silversword) is a short-lived perennial rosette shrub in the sunflower family (Asteraceae) and is known from within a 2,500-ac (1,000-ha) area, between 6,900 to 9,800 ft (2,100 to 3,000 m) in elevation, at the summit and crater of Haleakala on east Maui (Carr 1999a, p. 261; Service 2010, in litt.; Haleakala National Park (HNP) 2012, in litt.; Service 2015, in litt.). In 2006, seven occurrences totaled approximately 50,000 individuals (a decline from 75,000 known individuals in 1990), and span across adjoining dry cliff, subalpine, and alpine ecosystems (TNC 2007; Perlman 2008c, in litt., p. 1; Service 2010, in litt.; HNP 2012, in litt.; Service 2015, in litt.). These seven occurrences are generally considered to represent one single population, which is greatly reduced in its distribution from its historical range on Haleakala. One individual is found in Hanawi Natural Area Reserve (NAR) in the montane mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007; Perlman 2008c, p. 1; HBMP 2010). This species is monocarpic (dies after flowering) and reaches full maturity after 15 to 50 years. The triggers for blooming are unknown, and plants flower sporadically, or sometimes all at once, from June through October (Starr

et al.

2007, in litt.; Starr

et al.

2009, p. 1). This species experiences reduced reproductive success in low-flowering years (Forsyth 2003; Krushelnycky

et al.

2012, p. 8). As populations and numbers of individuals decrease in numbers, they are less likely to be visited by pollinators, and fitness is reduced as population size decreases, with extinction of these groups of plants becoming more likely as the population declines (Forsyth 2002, pp. 26-27; Krushelnycky

et al.

2012, p. 9; Krushelnycky 2014, p. 12). In addition, this species is an obligate out-crosser, meaning it cannot fertilize itself, but must have pollen from other non-related individuals to set fertile seed (Krushelnycky 2014, p. 5). Lower numbers of populations and individuals increases the distances pollinators are required to travel, also contributing to lack of pollination from other non-related individuals (Forsyth 2002, p. 40). Research also indicated that, even with greater than 2,700 individuals blooming simultaneously, there would be very little, if any, seed set (Forsyth 2002, p. 40). Furthermore, because all of the plants that flower die afterward, large numbers of individuals are lost following such an event, and without subsequent seed set and recruitment, this represents a significant loss to the total population. Given that there are very low-flowering years in the current population of approximately 50,000 individuals, it is likely that, if the population continues to decline, even fewer plants would have reproductive success (Forsyth 2002, p. 42). Altogether, this combination of life history characteristics results in a population that may appear to be relatively large, but is actually highly vulnerable to large losses of individuals very quickly under certain circumstances (such as when environmental conditions trigger large numbers of adults to flower and die all at once). Yearly measurements in census plots indicate a population decline of 73 percent since 1982, likely associated with changing climatic conditions (Starr

et al.

2009; in litt.; Krushelnycky

et al.

2012, p. 8). Threats, including competition with nonnative plants, loss of native pollinators (affecting seed set), drought, predation by rats (

Rattus

spp.), slugs, and nonnative insects, and predation and competition with native pollinators by nonnative ants, continue to affect this species (Cole

et al.

1992, pp. 1320-1321; Starr and Starr 2002, pp. 3-4; Forsyth 2002, p. 81; Krusheknycky 2014, pp. 8-10). Weather and rainfall changes resulting from climate change are potential threats, as suitable habitat to the summit of Haleakala will continue to diminish over time (Starr

et al.

2009, in litt.). To attain delisting goals, the threats to its pollinators must be controlled, and the widespread occurrences must exceed and be maintained at over 50,000 individuals to ensure genetic variability and long-term persistence (Forsyth 2002, p. 42; Krushelnycky

et al.

2012, p. 12). Because of its unique reproductive features, the ongoing and potential threats to this species, and the small range of its current occurrences at higher elevations on east Maui, and to accommodate loss of habitat with expected climate change, we consider the single remaining population of

A. sandwicense

ssp.

macrocephalum

to be vulnerable to extinction. The establishment of additional populations in currently unoccupied habitat (in addition to occupied habitat) is essential to this species' conservation, to achieve redundancy in populations and provide the species with the resiliency to withstand threats and respond to climate change over time. For this species in particular, with all remaining individuals highly concentrated in one small area, it is essential to achieve a widespread distribution of multiple populations across areas that are presently unoccupied to reduce risk from stochastic events, as well as to allow for blooming at different times so not all reproductive individuals in a population die simultaneously.

Asplenium dielerectum

(asplenium-leaved diellia) (formerly

Diellia erecta

), a short-lived perennial fern in the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), is historically known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii (Palmer 2003, pp. 117-119). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003 and 2012, this species was known from Kauai, Molokai, Maui, the island of Hawaii, and Oahu (68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March

18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003; 77 FR 57648, 77 FR 57648). Currently,

A. dielerectum

is known from two occurrences on Molokai, where an unknown number of plants were last seen in Onini and Makolelau gulches in the 1990s, in the lowland mesic ecosystem (Lau 2010, in litt.). Historically, this species was also found in the montane mesic and lowland wet ecosystems (HBMP 2010). Botanists believe that additional individuals of this species may be found during further searches of potentially suitable habitat on Molokai (Lau 2010, in litt.). In addition, there are two occurrences totaling five individuals on Maui. Four individuals occur on west Maui at Hanaulaiki in the lowland dry ecosystem, and on east Maui, one individual occurs at Polipoli in the montane mesic ecosystem (Oppenheimer 2010q, in litt.). Historically,

A. dielerectum

was also found in the lowland mesic and lowland wet ecosystems on west Maui, and in the lowland dry and dry cliff ecosystems on Lanai (HBMP 2010).

Asplenium peruvianum

var.

insulare

(NCN) (formerly

Asplenium fragile

var.

insulare

) is a short-lived perennial terrestrial fern in the spleenwort (Aspleniaceae) family, from Maui and the island of Hawaii (Palmer 2003, pp. 70-71). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this variety was found on east Maui in 2 occurrences and on the island of Hawaii in 36 occurrences (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003). Currently, on east Maui,

A. peruvianum

var.

insulare

is known from five occurrences at Waikamoi Stream, at Puu Luau, east of Hosmer Grove, north of Kalapawili Ridge, and in Hanawi Natural Area Reserve. These occurrences total as many as 100 individuals, in the montane wet, montane mesic, and subalpine ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010r, in litt.).

Bidens campylotheca

ssp.

pentamera

(kookoolau), a short-lived perennial herb in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), occurs only on the island of Maui (Ganders and Nagata 1999, pp. 271, 273). Historically,

B. campylotheca

spp.

pentamera

was found on Maui's eastern volcano (Haleakala). Currently, this subspecies is found on east Maui in the montane mesic, montane wet, dry cliff, and wet cliff ecosystems of Waikamoi Preserve and Kipahulu Valley (in Haleakala National Park) (TNC 2007; Welton 2008, in litt.; National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBGa) 2009, pp. 1-2; Fay 2010, in litt.; HBMP 2010). It is uncertain if plants observed in the Hana FR at Waihoi Valley are

B. campylotheca

ssp.

pentamera

(Osterneck 2010, in litt.; Haleakala National Park (HNP) 2012, in litt.). On west Maui,

B. campylotheca

ssp.

pentamera

is found on and near cliff walls in the lowland dry and lowland mesic ecosystems of Papalaua Gulch (West Maui FR) and Kauaula Valley (NTBG 2009a, pp. 1-2; Perlman 2009a, in litt.). The 6 occurrences on east and west Maui total approximately 200 individuals.

Bidens campylotheca

ssp.

waihoiensis

(kookoolau), a short-lived perennial herb in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), occurs only on the island of Maui (Ganders and Nagata 1999, pp. 271, 273). Historically,

B. campylotheca

ssp.

waihoiensis

was found on Maui's eastern volcano in Waihoi Valley and Kaumakani ridge (HBMP 2010). Currently, this subspecies is found in the lowland wet, montane wet, and wet cliff ecosystems in Kipahulu Valley (Haleakala National Park) and possibly in Waihoi Valley (Hana Forest Reserve) on east Maui (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; Welton 2008, in litt.). Approximately 200 plants are scattered over an area of about 2.5 miles (mi) (4 kilometers (km)) in Kipahulu Valley (Welton 2010a, in litt.). In 1974, hundreds of individuals were observed in Waihoi Valley along Waiohonu stream (NTBG 2009b, p. 4).

Bidens conjuncta

(kookoolau), a short-lived perennial herb in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), occurs only on west Maui (Ganders and Nagata 1999, pp. 273-274). Historically, this species was known from the mountains of the Honokohau drainage basin, from the west Maui summit to as low as 2,500 ft (760 m) elevation (Sherff 1923, p. 162; HBMP 2010). In the 1990s, this species occurred in two areas encompassing over 800 ac (330 ha). Currently,

B. conjuncta

is found scattered in nine locations at elevations above 3,000 ft (914 m) in the lowland wet, montane wet, and wet cliff ecosystems. The largest numbers of individuals are found in two upper elevation areas encompassing only 135 ac (55 ha). A rough estimate is that all known occurrences may total from 3,000 to as many as 7,000 individuals (Oppenheimer 2005-GIS data; TNC 2007; Oppenheimer 2008a, in litt.; HBMP 2010; Perlman 2010, in litt.). However, it is not known whether any of these occurrences may meet the criteria for qualifying as a self-sustaining population. Currently, the greatest threat to

B.conjuncta

is competition with nonnative plants. Other threats include habitat modification by pigs, goats, and nonnative plants, herbivory by pigs, goats, slugs, and rats, seed predation by rats, hurricanes, and effects of climate change. To be considered for delisting, these threats must be managed or controlled, with a minimum of 8 to 10 self-sustaining populations consisting of all size classes sustained over a period of 5 years. These goals have not yet been met; in addition, all threats are not being sufficiently managed throughout all of the occurrences. Designation of unoccupied habitat (in addition to occupied habitat) is essential to the conservation of

B. conjuncta

as it remains in danger of extinction throughout its range, therefore it requires sufficient habitat to allow the species to persist in the face of ongoing threats and to provide for the expansion and reestablishment of populations in areas presently unoccupied by the species to meet recovery goals.

Bidens micrantha

ssp.

kalealaha

(kookoolau), a short-lived perennial herb in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), is known from Lanai and Maui (Ganders and Nagata 1999, pp. 278-279). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this subspecies was known from one occurrence on Lanai and four occurrences on east Maui (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently,

B. micrantha

ssp.

kalealaha

is known from 4 occurrences totaling over 200 individuals on Lanai and Maui. On Lanai, this subspecies is known from 1 occurrence of 12 to 14 individuals north of Waiapaa Gulch in the lowland mesic ecosystem (Puttock 2003, p. 1; TNC 2007; HBMP 2010). On east Maui, there are 4 occurrences: approximately 200 individuals south of Puu Keokea, a few individuals above Polipoli State Park, and 2 wild occurrences in Haleakala National Park (with an unreported number of individuals) (National Park Service (NPS) 2012, in litt.). The Park has outplanted 585 individuals at 18 locations (NPS 2012, in litt.). Two occurrences are in the subalpine ecosystem, and two are in the dry cliff ecosystem (TNC 2007; Oppenheimer 2010s, in litt.; NPS 2012, in litt.; HNP 2012, in litt.). On west Maui, there are four to six individuals at Honokowai in the lowland wet ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010). This subspecies was historically known from the lowland dry and dry cliff ecosystems on Lanai, and from the montane mesic and lowland dry ecosystems on east Maui (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010).

Bidens wiebkei

(kookoolau), a short-lived perennial herb in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), is endemic to Molokai (Ganders and Nagata 1999, pp. 282-283). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this species was known from five occurrences on

Molokai (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently,

B. wiebkei

is known from 6 occurrences totaling as many as 500 individuals. In the coastal ecosystem, several hundred plants occur on the windward sea cliffs from Papalaua Valley to Puahaunui Point, and 200 or more individuals are found on rolling hills and sea cliffs at Lamaloa Gulch. Approximately 40 individuals occur west of Waialua near Kahawaiiki Gulch in the lowland wet ecosystem, and about 10 individuals occur at Kumueli in the montane wet ecosystem. In the montane mesic ecosystem, there are 2 occurrences: 10 to 20 individuals below Puu Kolekole, and 1 individual at Kawela Gulch (Wood and Perlman 2002, pp. 1-2; Perlman 2006a, pp. 1-2; TNC 2007; Oppenheimer 2009a, in litt.; Wood 2009b, pp. 1-2; HBMP 2010).

Bonamia menziesii

(NCN) is a short-lived perennial liana (vine) in the morning glory family (Convolvulaceae).

Bonamia menziesii

is known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii Island (Austin 1999, p. 550; HBMP 2010). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003 and 2012,

B. menziesii

was known from 3 occurrences on Lanai, 9 occurrences on Kauai, 6 occurrences on Maui, 2 occurrences on Hawaii Island, and 12 to 13 occurrences on Oahu (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003; 77 FR 57648, September 18, 2012). However, no critical habitat was designated for this species on Lanai or Molokai in 2003 (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently,

B. menziesii

is known from 6 occurrences on Lanai and Maui, totaling over 10 individuals. On Lanai,

B. menziesii

is found at Kanepuu (one individual observed dead in 2008, two other individuals not observed since 2001) and at Puhielelu Ridge (two individuals were observed in 1996) in the lowland mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010t, in litt.). This species is found on west Maui at Honokowai (two individuals) in the wet cliff ecosystem, and on east Maui at Puu o Kali (one individual), Kaloi (one individual), and Kanaio NAR (four individuals), in the lowland dry ecosystem (TNC 2007; Bily 2010, in litt.; HBMP 2010). This species was last seen in the dry cliff ecosystem on west Maui in 1920 (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010).

Bonamia menziesii

has not been observed on Molokai (in the lowland dry and lowland mesic ecosystems) since the early 1900s (HBMP 2010).

Brighamia rockii

(pua ala), a short-lived perennial stem succulent in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is known from east Molokai and Lanai, and may have occurred on Maui (Lammers 1999, p. 423). At the time we designated critical habitat on Maui and Molokai in 2003, this species was known from five occurrences on Molokai (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently,

B. rockii

is found on Molokai at Lepau Point (one individual); at Waiehu, (four individuals), and on Huelo islet (one individual), in the coastal and wet cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; NTBG 2009i; Oppenheimer 2010u, in litt.). This species was last observed on Lanai in 1911, in the dry cliff ecosystem (HBMP 2010). According to Lammers (1999, p. 423),

B. rockii

was likely found in the coastal ecosystem on Maui.

Calamagrostis hillebrandii

(NCN), a short-lived perennial in the grass family (Poaceae), occurs only on the island of Maui (O'Connor 1999, p. 1,509). Historically, this species was known from Puu Kukui in the west Maui mountains (Wagner

et al.

2005a—

Flora of the Hawaiian Islands database

). Currently, this species is found in bogs in the montane wet ecosystem in the west Maui mountains, from Honokohau to Kahoolewa ridge, including East Bog and Eke Crater, in three occurrences totaling a few hundred individuals (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt.).

Canavalia molokaiensis

(awikiwiki), a short-lived perennial climbing herb in the pea family (Fabaceae), is endemic to east Molokai (Wagner and Herbst 1999, p. 653). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this species was known from seven occurrences on Molokai (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently,

C. molokaiensis

is found in 9 occurrences totaling approximately 170 individuals in the following locations: Kawailena drainage in Pelekunu Valley (1 individual); Kua Gulch (approximately 100 individuals); near the junction at Kupiaia Gulch (10 to 20 individuals); Waiehu (5 to 10 individuals); west Kawela Gulch (6 individuals); Kukaiwaa (approximately 15 individuals); Mokomoko Gulch (a few individuals); Wailua (10 individuals); and Waialeia Stream (a few individuals) (Perlman 2008d, pp. 1-2; HBMP 2010; Tangalin 2010, in litt.). These plants are found in the coastal, lowland mesic, lowland wet, and wet cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007).

Canavalia pubescens

(awikiwiki), a short-lived perennial climber in the pea family (Fabaceae), is currently found only on the island of Maui, although it was also historically known from Niihau, Kauai, and Lanai (Wagner and Herbst 1999, p. 654). On Niihau, this species was known from one population in Haao Valley that was last observed in 1949 (HBMP 2010). On Kauai, this species was known from six populations ranging from Awaawapuhi to Wainiha, where it was last observed in 1977 (HBMP 2010). On Lanai, this species was known from Kaena Point to Huawai Bay. Eight individuals were reported in the coastal ecosystem west of Hulupoe, but they have not been seen since 1998 (Oppenheimer 2007a, in litt.; HBMP 2010). At present, the only known occurrence is on east Maui, from Puu o Kali south to Pohakea, in the lowland dry ecosystem (Oppenheimer 2006a, in litt.; Starr 2006, in litt.; Altenburg 2007, pp. 12-13; Oppenheimer 2007, in litt.; Greenlee 2013, in litt.). All plants of this species that formerly were found in the Ahihi-Kinau NAR on Maui were destroyed by feral goats (

Capra hircus

) by the end of 2010 (Fell-McDonald 2010, in litt.). In addition, although approximately 20 individuals of

Canavalia pubescens

were reported from the Palauea-Keahou area as recently as 2010 (Altenberg 2010, in litt.), no individuals have been found in site visits to this area over the last 2 years (Greenlee 2013, in litt.). Greenlee (2013, in litt.) reports that these plants may have succumbed to prolonged drought. In April of 2010,

C. pubescens

totaled as many as 500 individuals; however, with the loss of the plants at Ahihi-Kinau NAR and the loss of plants at Palauea-Keahou,

C. pubescens

may currently total fewer than 200 individuals at a single location.

Cenchrus agrimonioides

(kamanomano (also known as sandbur or agrimony)), a short-lived perennial in the grass family (Poaceae), is known from two varieties:

C. agrimonioides

var.

agrimonioides

(Lanai, Maui, Oahu, and Hawaii) and

C. agrimonioides

var.

laysanensis

(Kure Atoll, Midway Atoll, and Laysan) (O'Connor 1999, pp. 1,511-1,512). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003 and 2012,

C. agrimonioides

was known from one occurrence on east Maui, one occurrence on west Maui, and three to six occurrences on Oahu (HBMP 2010; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 77 FR 57648, September 18, 2012). Currently, on Maui,

C. agrimonioides

is known from four occurrences totaling five individuals in the lowland dry ecosystem. On west Maui, this variety occurs in Hanaulaiki and Papalaua gulches (one individual at each location). On east Maui,

C. agrimonioides

occurs in Kanaio (2 individuals), and within the Kanio NAR (one individual) (TNC 2007; PEPP 2008, pp. 47-48; PEPP 2009, p. 39; HBMP 2010). This plant was last observed on

Lanai in 1915, in the lowland mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010).

Clermontia lindseyana

(oha wai), a short-lived perennial shrub or tree in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is known from Maui and Hawaii Island (Lammers 1999, p. 431). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003,

C. lindseyana

was known from 2 occurrences on Maui and from 15 occurrences on Hawaii Island (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003). Currently, there is 1 known occurrence totaling approximately 30 individuals on east Maui at Wailaulau in the montane mesic ecosystem (Perlman 2007a, in litt.; TNC 2007; PEPP 2009, pp. 40-41; Wood 2009c, in litt.; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt.; Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.; Oppenheimer 2010v, in litt.; Oppenheimer 2010w, in litt.).

Clermontia oblongifolia

ssp.

brevipes

(oha wai), a short-lived perennial shrub or tree in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is endemic to east Molokai (Lammers 1999, pp. 432-433). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this species was known from one occurrence in Kamakou Preserve (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; Perlman 2009d, in litt.). Currently,

C. oblongifolia

ssp.

brevipes

is found in 1 known occurrence totaling 11 individuals on Uapa Ridge in the montane wet ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; Bakutis 2009a, in litt.; Perlman 2009d, in litt.). Historically, this subspecies also occurred in the lowland mesic, lowland wet, and wet cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010).

Clermontia oblongifolia

ssp.

mauiensis

(oha wai), a short-lived perennial shrub or tree in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is known from Lanai and Maui (Lammers 1999, pp. 432-433). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this species was known from one occurrence of two individuals on west Maui, and from historical occurrences on Lanai and east Maui (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; Perlman 2009e, in litt.; HBMP 2010). However, no critical habitat was designated for this species on Maui in 2003 (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently,

C. oblongifolia

ssp.

mauiensis

is found in one known occurrence totaling four individuals in Haipuena Gulch in the montane wet ecosystem on east Maui (TNC 2007; Perlman 2009e, in litt.; HBMP 2010). Historically, this species was also found in the lowland mesic and lowland wet ecosystem on Lanai, and the lowland wet ecosystem on Maui (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010). An examination of the type specimen and other collections indicates that

C. oblongifolia

ssp.

mauiensis

may be a hybrid; however, further examination of specimens from Lanai and Maui are necessary (Albert 2001, in litt.; Oppenheimer 2010s, in litt.).

Clermontia peleana

(oha wai) is a short-lived perennial shrub or tree in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae). There are two subspecies:

C. peleana

ssp.

peleana

(Hawaii Island) and

C. peleana

ssp.

singuliflora

(east Maui and Hawaii Island) (Lammers 1999, p. 435). This species is observed to be epiphytic on

Metrosideros

spp. (ohia),

Acacia koa

(koa), and

Cheirodendron

(olapa) (Lammers 1999, p. 435). At the time we designated critical habitat on Maui in 2003,

C. peleana

had not been observed on either island since the early 1900s (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003). Critical habitat was designated on the island of Hawaii in 2003 (68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003). Currently, there are no known individuals of

C. peleana

spp.

singuliflora

on Maui; however, this subspecies was recently rediscovered on Hawaii Island (TNC 2010).

Clermontia peleana

ssp.

singuliflora

was last seen in 1920, on east Maui in the lowland wet ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010).

Clermontia samuelii

(oha wai), a short-lived perennial shrub in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is known from Maui (Lammers 1999, p. 436). There are two subspecies:

C. samuelii

ssp.

hanaensis,

which generally is found at lower elevations, and

C. samuelii

ssp.

samuelii

(Lammers 1995, p. 344). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003,

C. samuelii

was known from seven occurrences on east Maui (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently,

C. samuelii

ssp.

hanaensis

is found in bog margins in the lowland wet and montane wet ecosystems at Kopiliula, and at Kawaipapa, with historical occurrences at Kuhiwa Valley, Palikea Stream, and Waihoi Valley (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.; Welton 2010a, in litt.).

Clermontia samuelii

ssp.

samuelii

is found in 2 known occurrences, in East Maui's montane wet ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; Welton 2010a, in litt.). Five individuals have been outplanted in two locations within Haleakala National Park (NPS 2012, in litt.) There is a report of one individual (subspecies unknown) at Papanalahou Point on west Maui (HBMP 2010).

Colubrina oppositifolia

(kauila), a long-lived perennial tree in the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae), is known from Maui, Oahu, and Hawaii (Wagner

et al.

1999y, p. 1,094). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003 and 2012, this species was known from two occurrences on west Maui, five occurrences on Hawaii Island, and four occurrences on Oahu (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003; 77 FR 57648, September 18, 2012). Currently, on west Maui, there are two individuals in the lowland mesic ecosystem. Historically, this species was also reported from the lowland dry ecosystem on east Maui (TNC 2007; Perlman 2008e, in litt.; Oppenheimer 2009b, in litt.; HBMP 2010).

Ctenitis squamigera

(pauoa), a short-lived perennial terrestrial fern in the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), is known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii (Palmer 2003, pp. 100-102). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003 on Kauai, Molokai, and Maui, and in 2012 on Oahu,

C. squamigera

was known from 2 occurrences on Lanai, 1 occurrence on Molokai, 12 occurrences on Maui, and 4 occurrences on Oahu (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 77 FR 57648, September 18, 2012). No critical habitat was designated for this species on Lanai or Hawaii in 2003 (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003). Currently,

C. squamigera

is found in 12 known occurrences totaling over 120 individuals on Lanai, Molokai, and west Maui (Oppenheimer 2010i, in litt.). On Lanai, an unknown number of individuals occur on the leeward (south) side of the island at Waiapaa in the wet cliff ecosystem. There are historical records from the dry cliff and wet cliff ecosystems at upper Kehewai Gulch, Haalelepaakai, and Kaiholena (HBMP 2010). On Molokai, 20 individuals occur at Wawaia in the lowland mesic ecosystem. On west Maui, there are 9 occurrences totaling 80 to 84 individuals in the lowland dry, lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane mesic, and wet cliff ecosystems.

Ctenitis squamigera

is found in Honokowai Valley (20 individuals), Puu Kaeo (2 to 4 individuals), Kahana Iki (1 individual), Kahana (14 individuals), Kanaha Valley (10 individuals), Kahoma (1 individual), Puehuehunui (1 to 2 individuals), Ukumehame Valley (1 to 2 individuals), and Iao Valley (approximately 30 individuals). On east Maui, there are 28 individuals at Pohakea in the lowland dry ecosystem and a historical record from the lowland mesic ecosystem. This species was apparently found in the Kipahulu FR (Kaapahu) area on east Maui, but no further details have been provided (Wood and Perlman 2002, p. 7; East Maui Watershed Partnership 2006, p.

17; TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010r, in litt.).

Cyanea asplenifolia

(haha), a short-lived perennial shrub in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is found only on the island of Maui. This species was known historically from Waihee Valley and Kaanapali on west Maui, and Halehaku ridge on east Maui (Lammers 1999, p. 445; HBMP 2010). On west Maui, in the lowland wet ecosystem, there are 3 occurrences totaling 14 individuals in the Puu Kukui Preserve and two occurrences totaling 5 individuals in the West Maui NAR. On east Maui,

C. asplenifolia

is found in 1 occurrence each in the lowland mesic ecosystem in Haleakala National Park (53 individuals) and Kipahulu FR (140 individuals), and 1 occurrence in the lowland wet ecosystem in the Makawao FR (5 individuals) (TNC 2007; Oppenheimer 2008b, in litt, 2010b, in litt.; PEPP 2008, p. 48; Welton and Haus 2008, p. 12; NTBG 2009c, pp. 3-5; HBMP 2010; Welton 2010a, in litt.). Currently,

C. asplenifolia

is known from 8 occurrences totaling fewer than 200 individuals. The occurrence at Haleakala National Park is protected by a temporary exclosure (Haleakala National Park (HNP) 2012, in litt.).

Cyanea copelandii

ssp.

haleakalaensis

(haha), a short-lived perennial vine-like shrub in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is known from Maui (Lammers 1999, pp. 445-446). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this subspecies was known from five occurrences on Maui (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently,

C. copelandii

ssp.

haleakalaensis

is found in 7 widely distributed occurrences totaling over 600 individuals on east Maui. One occurrence of over 20 scattered individuals is found in east Makaiwa in the lowland wet ecosystem; 4 occurrences totaling approximately 100 individuals are found along streams in Keanae in the lowland wet and montane wet ecosystems; 2 occurrences totaling approximately 500 individuals are found in Kipahulu Valley, in the montane wet, wet cliff, and lowland wet ecosystems; and a few individuals are found at Kaapahu in the montane wet and lowland mesic ecosystems (HNP 2004, pp. 5-6; HNP 2005, pp. 5-6; HNP 2007, pp. 2, 4; TNC 2007; Perlman 2007b, in litt.; Bily

et al.

2008, p. 37; Welton and Haus 2008, pp. 12-13; Wood 2009d, in litt; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.; 2010x, in litt.; Welton 2010a, in litt.). Forty-six individuals have been outplanted at 10 sites within Haleakala National Park (NPS 2012, in litt.).

Cyanea dunbariae

(haha) (formerly

Cyanea dunbarii

), is a short-lived perennial shrub in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), and is endemic to Molokai (Lammers 1999, p. 448). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this species was known from one occurrence at Mokomoko Gulch (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently, there are 10 individuals in Mokomoko Gulch in the lowland mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007; PEPP 2008, p. 48; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010u, in litt.; NTBG 2011a). Historically, this species was also found in Molokai's lowland wet and montane mesic ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010).

Cyanea duvalliorum

(haha), a short-lived perennial tree in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is found only in the east Maui mountains (Lammers 2004, p. 89). This species was described in 2004, after the discovery of individuals of a previously unknown species of

Cyanea

at Waiohiwi Gulch (Lammers 2004, p. 91). Studies of earlier collections of sterile material extend the historical range of this species on the windward slopes of Haleakala in the lowland wet and montane wet ecosystems, east of Waiohiwi Stream, from Honomanu Stream to Wailua Iki Streams, and to Kipahulu Valley (Lammers 2004, p. 89). In 2007, one individual was observed in the lowland wet ecosystem of the Makawao FR (NTBG 2009d, p. 2). In 2008, 71 individuals were found in 2 new locations in the Makawao FR, along with many juveniles and seedlings (NTBG 2009d, p. 2). Currently there are 2 occurrences with an approximate total of 71 individuals in the montane wet ecosystem near Makawao FR, with an additional 135 individuals outplanted in Waikamoi Preserve (TNC 2007; NTBG 2009d, p. 2; Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt.).

Cyanea gibsonii

(haha) (formerly

Cyanea macrostegia

ssp.

gibsonii

), is a short-lived perennial tree in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), and is known from Lanai (Lammers 1999, p. 457). In 2003, this species was known from two occurrences (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003). However, no critical habitat was designated for this species on Lanai in 2003 (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003). Currently, there are about 10 to 20 individuals in Hauola Gulch, in the montane wet ecosystem (TNC 2007; PEPP 2009, p. 53; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010t, in litt.). Historically, this species was also found north of Lanaihale and at Puu Alii in the wet cliff and montane wet ecosystems (PEPP 2009, p. 53).

Cyanea glabra

(haha), a short-lived perennial shrub in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is endemic to Maui (Lammers 1999, pp. 449, 451). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this species was known from one occurrence on west Maui (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). However, on west Maui, individuals identified as

C. glabra

in the lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems may be an undescribed species related to

C. acuminata

(Lorence 2010, in litt.; Oppenheimer 2010y, in litt.). On east Maui, wild individuals of

C. glabra

in the montane wet and montane mesic ecosystems may more closely resemble the endangered

C. maritae

(Oppenheimer 2010y, in litt.). Further taxonomic study of these occurrences is needed (TNC 2007; Perlman 2009f, in litt.; HBMP 2010). In the meantime, we will continue to identify these individuals as

C. glabra.

Cyanea grimesiana

ssp.

grimesiana

(haha), a short-lived perennial shrub in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is known only from Oahu and Molokai (Lammers 2004 p. 84; Lammers 1999, pp. 449, 451; 68 FR 35950, June 17, 2003). On Molokai, this species was last observed in 1991 in the wet cliff ecosystem at Wailau Valley (PEPP 2010, p. 45). Currently, on Oahu there are five to six individuals in four occurrences in the Waianae and Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; HBMP 2010).

Cyanea hamatiflora

ssp.

hamatiflora

(haha), a short-lived perennial palm-like tree in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is known from east Maui (Lammers 1999, p. 452). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there were nine occurrences (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently, there are at least 9 occurrences totaling between 458 and 558 individuals in the lowland wet and montane wet ecosystems, at Haipuaena Stream, Wailuaiki Stream, above Kuhiwa Valley, in Kipahulu Valley, and at Kaapahu (TNC 2007; PEPP 2008, pp. 50-51; Welton and Haus 2008, p. 26; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.; Welton 2010a, in litt.). Historically, this subspecies also occurred in the montane mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010). Seventeen individuals have been outplanted at three sites in Haleakala National Park (NPS 2012, in litt.).

Cyanea horrida

(haha nui), a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a short-lived perennial palm-like tree found only on the island of Maui. This species was known historically from the slopes of Haleakala (Lammers 1999, p. 453; HBMP 2010). Currently,

C. horrida

is known from 12 occurrences totaling 44 individuals in the montane mesic, montane wet, and wet cliff ecosystems in Waikamoi Preserve, Hanawai Natural

Area Reserve, and Haleakala National Park on east Maui (TNC 2007; PEPP 2009, p. 52; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010c, in litt.; PEPP 2010, pp. 46-47; TNCH 2010a, p. 1).

Cyanea kunthiana

(haha), a short-lived perennial shrub in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is found only on Maui, and was historically known from both the east and west Maui mountains (Lammers 1999, p. 453; HBMP 2010).

Cyanea kunthiana

was known to occur in the montane mesic ecosystem in the east Maui mountains in upper Kipahulu Valley, in Haleakala National Park and Kipahulu FR (HBMP 2010). Currently, in the east Maui mountains,

C. kunthiana

occurs in the lowland wet and montane wet ecosystems in Waikamoi Preserve, Hanawi NAR, East Bog, Kaapahu, and Kipahulu Valley. In the west Maui mountains,

C. kunthiana

occurs in the lowland wet and montane wet ecosystems at Eke Crater, Kahoolewa ridge, and at the junction of the Honokowai, Hahakea, and Honokohau gulches (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; NTBG 2009e, pp. 1-3; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt.; Perlman 2010, in litt.). The 15 occurrences total 165 individuals, although botanists speculate that this species may total as many as 400 individuals with further surveys of potential habitat on east and west Maui (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; Fay 2010, in litt.; Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt.; Osternak 2010, in litt.).

Cyanea lobata

(haha), a short-lived perennial shrub in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is known from two subspecies,

C. lobata

ssp.

baldwinii

(Lanai) and

C. lobata

ssp.

lobata

(west Maui) (Lammers 1999, pp. 451, 454). At the time we designated critical habitat on Maui in 2003, there were no known occurrences of

C. lobata

ssp.

baldwinii

on Lanai and five occurrences of

C. lobata

ssp.

lobata

on west Maui (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). However, no critical habitat was designated for this species on Lanai in 2003 (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003). In 2006,

C. lobata

ssp.

baldwinii

was rediscovered around Hauola on Lanai, in the montane wet ecosystem (Wood 2006a, p. 15; TNC 2007; Wood 2009e, in litt.). Currently, there are three to four individuals at this location (Perlman 2007c, in litt.; Oppenheimer 2009c, in litt.; PEPP 2009, p. 53). On west Maui, there are five occurrences of

C. lobata

ssp.

lobata

totaling eight individuals at Honokohau, Honokowai, and Mahinahina, in the lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010i, in litt.).

Cyanea magnicalyx

(haha), a short-lived perennial shrub in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is known from west Maui (Lammers 1999, pp. 449, 451; Lammers 2004, p. 84). Currently, there are seven individuals in three occurrences on west Maui: Two individuals in Kaluanui, a subgulch of Honokohau Valley, in the lowland wet ecosystem; four individuals in Iao Valley in the wet cliff ecosystem; and one individual in a small drainage south of the Kauaula rim, in the montane mesic ecosystem (Lammers 2004, p. 87; Perlman 2009b in litt.; Wood 2009d, in litt.).

Cyanea mannii

(haha), a short-lived perennial shrub in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is endemic to east Molokai (Lammers 1999, p. 456). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there were eight occurrences at Puu Kolekole and Kawela Gulch (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently, there are fewer than 200 individuals in 11 occurrences extending across the summit area from Mokomoko Gulch to Kua Gulch, in the lowland mesic, montane mesic, and montane wet ecosystems (Perlman 2002a, in litt.; Wood and Perlman 2002, p. 2; TNC 2007; Wood 2009f, in litt.; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010u, in litt.).

Cyanea maritae

(haha), a short-lived perennial shrub in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is found only on Maui (Lammers 2004, p. 92). Sterile specimens were collected from the northwestern slopes of Haleakala in the Waiohiwi watershed and east to Kipahulu in the early 1900s. Between 2000 and 2002, fewer than 20 individuals were found in the Waiohiwi area (Lammers 2004, pp. 92, 93). Currently, there are 4 occurrences, totaling between 23 and 50 individuals in Kipahulu, Kaapahu, west Kahakapao, and in the Koolau FR in the lowland wet and montane wet ecosystems on east Maui (TNC 2007; Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.; Welton 2010b, in litt.).

Cyanea mauiensis

(haha), a short-lived perennial shrub in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), was last observed on Maui about 100 years ago (Lammers 2004, pp. 84-85; TNC 2007). Although there are no documented occurrences of this species known today, botanists believe this species may still be extant as all potentially suitable lowland mesic and dry cliff habitat has not been surveyed.

Cyanea mceldowneyi

(haha), a short-lived perennial shrub in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is found on east Maui (Lammers 1999, p. 457). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this species was known from 11 occurrences (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently,

C. mceldowneyi

is known from at least 10 occurrences totaling over 100 individuals in the lowland wet, montane wet, and montane mesic ecosystems (PEPP 2007, p. 39; TNC 2007; PEPP 2008, pp. 53-54; PEPP 2009, pp. 53, 57; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.).

Cyanea munroi

(haha), a short-lived perennial shrub in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is known from Molokai and Lanai (Lammers 1999, pp. 449, 451; Lammers 2004, pp. 84-87). Currently, there are no known individuals on Molokai (last observed in 2001), and only two individuals on Lanai at a single location, in the wet cliff ecosystem (TNC 2007; Perlman 2008a, in litt.; Wood 2009a, in litt.; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010d, in litt.).

Cyanea obtusa

(haha), a short-lived perennial shrub in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is found only on Maui (Lammers 1999, p. 458). Historically, this species was found in both the east and west Maui mountains (Hillebrand 1888, p. 254; HBMP 2010). Not reported since 1919 (Lammers 1999, p. 458),

C. obtusa

was rediscovered in the early 1980s at one site each on east and west Maui. However, by 1989, plants in both locations had disappeared (Hobdy

et al.

1991, p. 3; Medeiros 1996, in litt.). In 1997, 4 individuals were observed in Manawainui Gulch in Kahikinui, and another occurrence of 5 to 10 individuals was found in Kahakapao Gulch, both in the montane mesic ecosystem on east Maui (Wood and Perlman 1997, p. 11; Lau 2001, in litt.). However, the individuals found at Kahakapao Gulch are now considered to be

Cyanea elliptica

or hybrids between

C. obtusa

and

C. elliptica

(PEPP 2007, p. 40). In 2001, several individuals were seen in Hanaula and Pohakea gulches on west Maui; however, only hybrids are currently known in this area (NTBG 2009f, p. 3). It is unknown if individuals of

C. obtusa

remain at Kahikinui, as access to the area to ascertain the status of these plants is difficult and has not been attempted since 2001 (PEPP 2008, p. 55; PEPP 2009, p. 58). Two individuals were observed on a cliff along Wailaulau Stream in the montane mesic ecosystem on east Maui in 2009 (Duvall 2010, in litt.). Currently, this species is known from one occurrence of only a few individuals in the montane mesic ecosystem on east Maui. Historically, this species also occurred in the lowland dry ecosystem at Manawainui on west Maui and at Ulupalakua on east Maui (HBMP 2010).

Cyanea procera

(haha), a short-lived perennial tree in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is known from

Molokai (Lammers 1999, p. 460). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this species was known from five occurrences (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently, there are one to two individuals near Puuokaeha in Kawela Gulch in the montane mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007; PEPP 2008, pp. 55-56; Oppenheimer 2010u, in litt.; NTBG 2011b). Historically, this species was also found in the lowland mesic and montane wet ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010).

Cyanea profuga

(haha), a short-lived perennial shrub in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), occurs only on Molokai (Lammers 1999, pp. 461-462; Wood and Perlman 2002, p. 4). Historically, this species was found in Mapulehu Valley and along Pelekunu Trail, and has not been seen in those locations since the early 1900s (Wood and Perlman 2002, p. 4). In 2002, six individuals were discovered along a stream in Wawaia Gulch (Wood and Perlman 2002, p. 4). In 2007, seven individuals were known from Wawaia Gulch, and an additional six individuals were found in Kumueli (Wood 2005, p. 17; USFWS 2007a; PEPP 2010, p. 55). In 2009, only four individuals remained at Wawaia Gulch; however, nine were found in Kumueli Gulch (Bakutis 2010, in litt.; Oppenheimer 2010e, in litt.; Perlman 2010, in litt.; PEPP 2010, p. 55). Currently, there are 4 occurrences totaling up to 34 individuals in the lowland mesic and montane wet ecosystems on Molokai (TNC 2007; Bakutis 2010, in litt.; Perlman 2010, in litt.).

Cyanea solanacea

(popolo, haha nui), a short-lived perennial shrub in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is found only on Molokai. According to Lammers (1999, p. 464) and Wagner (

et al.

2005a—

Flora of the Hawaiian Islands database

) the range of

C. solanacea

includes Molokai and may also include west Maui. In his treatment of the species of the Hawaiian endemic genus

Cyanea,

Lammers (1999, p. 464) included a few sterile specimens of

Cyanea

from Puu Kukui, west Maui and the type specimen (now destroyed) for

C. scabra

var.

sinuata

from west Maui in

C. solanacea.

However, Oppenheimer recently reported (Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt.) that the plants on west Maui were misidentified as

C. solanacea

and are actually

C. macrostegia.

Based on Oppenheimer's recent field observations, the range of

C. solanacea

is limited to Molokai. Historically,

Cyanea solanacea

ranged from central Molokai at Kalae, eastward to Pukoo in the lowland mesic, lowland wet, and montane mesic ecosystems (HBMP 2010). Currently, there are four small occurrences at Hanalilolilo, near Pepeopae Bog, Kaunakakai Gulch, and Kawela Gulch, in the montane wet ecosystem. These occurrences total 26 individuals (Bakutis 2010, in litt.; Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt.; TNCH 2011, pp. 21, 57).

Cyperus fauriei

(formerly

Mariscus fauriei

) (NCN), is a short-lived perennial in the sedge family (Cyperaceae), and is known from Molokai, Lanai, and the island of Hawaii (Koyama 1999, p. 1,417). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003,

C. fauriei

was known from 1 occurrence of 20 to 30 individuals on Molokai and 2 occurrences on the island of Hawaii (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003). Currently, on Molokai, an unknown number of individuals are found in the area of Makolelau, at Kamakou Preserve at Makakupaia, at Waihanau drainage, and at Kamalo, in the lowland mesic and montane mesic ecosystems (TNC 20007; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010u, in litt.).

Cyperus fauriei

was last observed on Lanai in the early 1900s, in the lowland dry ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010).

Cyperus pennatiformis

(NCN), a short-lived perennial in the sedge family (Cyperaceae), is known from Laysan Island, Kauai, Oahu, east Maui, and the island of Hawaii (Koyama 1999, pp. 1,421-1,423). There are two varieties:

C. pennatiformis

var.

bryanii

(Laysan) and

C. pennatiformis

var.

pennatiformis

(main Hawaiian Islands). At the time we designated critical habitat on Laysan, Kauai, and Maui in 2003, and on Oahu in 2012, this species was known from only one occurrence (totaling an unknown number of individuals) on Laysan Island (

C. pennatiformis

var.

bryanii

), and one occurrence (totaling 30 individuals) on east Maui (

C. pennatiformis

var.

pennatiformis

) (68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 28054, May 22, 2003; 77 FR 57648, September 18, 2012). Both occurrences were in the coastal ecosystem (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 28054, May 22, 2003). The known occurrence of

C. pennatiformis

var.

pennatiformis

in the coastal ecosystem on east Maui has not been relocated (Wagner

et al.

2005; HBMP 2010).

Cyperus trachysanthos

(puukaa), a short-lived grass-like perennial in the sedge family (Cyperaceae), is known from the islands of Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Lanai (Koyama 1999, pp. 1,399-1,400). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003 and 2012,

C. trachysanthos

was found on Kauai and Oahu, respectively (68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003; 77 FR 57648, September 18, 2012). This species has not been observed on the islands of Lanai and Molokai, in the lowland dry ecosystems since 1912 and 1919, respectively (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010).

Cyrtandra ferripilosa

(haiwale), a short-lived perennial shrub in the African violet family (Gesneriaceae), occurs only on Maui (St. John 1987, pp. 497-498; Wagner and Herbst 2003, p. 29). This species was discovered in 1980 in the east Maui mountains at Kuiki in Kipahulu Valley (St. John 1987, pp. 497-498; Wagner

et al.

2005a—

Flora of the Hawaiian Islands database

). Currently, there are a few individuals each in two occurrences at Kuiki and on the Manawainui plane in the montane mesic and montane wet ecosystems (Oppenheimer 2010f, in litt.; Welton 2010a, in litt.).

Cyrtandra filipes

(haiwale), a short-lived perennial shrub in the African violet family (Gesneriaceae), is found on Maui (Wagner

et al.

1999d, pp. 753-754; Oppenheimer 2006b, in litt.). According to Wagner

et al.

(1999d, p. 754), the range of

C. filipes

includes Maui and Molokai. Historical collections from Kapunakea (1800) and Olowalu (1971) on Maui indicate it once had a wider range on this island. In 2004, it was believed there were over 2,000 plants at Honokohau and Waihee in the west Maui mountains; however, recent studies have shown that these plants do not match the description for

C. filipes

(Oppenheimer 2006b, in litt.). Currently, there are between 134 and 155 individuals in 4 occurrences in the lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems at Kapalaoa, Honokowai, Honolua, and Waihee Valley on west Maui, and approximately 7 individuals at Mapulehu in the lowland mesic ecosystem on Molokai, with an historical occurrence in the lowland wet ecosystem (Oppenheimer 2010c, in litt.).

Cyrtandra munroi

(haiwale), a short-lived perennial shrub in the African violet family (Gesneriaceae), is known from Lanai and west Maui (Wagner

et al.

1999d, p. 770; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). At the time we designated critical habitat on Maui in 2003,

C. munroi

was known from two occurrences on Lanai and five occurrences on west Maui (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). However, no critical habitat was designated for this species on Lanai (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003). Currently, on Lanai,

C. munroi

is found in 3 occurrences totaling 23 individuals at Puu Alii (20 individuals), Waialala Gulch (1 individual), and Lanaihale (2 individuals), in the montane wet and wet cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010u, in litt.). On west Maui,

C. munroi

is found in 6 occurrences totaling 45 individuals at

Makamakaole Gulch (1 individual), Honokohau Gulch (1 individual), Kahana Valley (1 individual), Hahakea Gulch (1 individual), Kapunakea Preserve (12 individuals), and Amalu Stream (29 individuals), in the lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010i, in litt.).

Cyrtandra oxybapha

(haiwale), a short-lived perennial shrub in the African violet family (Gesneriaceae), is found on Maui (Wagner

et al.

1999d, p. 771). This species was discovered in the upper Pohakea Gulch in Hanaula in the west Maui mountains in 1986 (Wagner

et al.

1989, p. 100; TNC 2007). Currently, there are 2 known occurrences with a total of 137 to 250 individuals.

Cyrtandra oxybapha

occurs in the montane wet ecosystem on west Maui, from Hanaula to Pohakea Gulch. This occurrence totals between 87 and 97 known individuals, with perhaps as many as 150 or more (Oppenheimer 2008c, in litt.). The current status of the 50 to 100 individuals in the montane mesic ecosystem in Manawainui Gulch on east Maui is unknown, as these plants have not been surveyed since 1997 (Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt.).

Diplazium molokaiense

(NCN), a short-lived perennial terrestrial fern in the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), is known from all of the major Hawaiian Islands except Hawaii Island (Palmer 2003, p. 125). At the time we designated critical habitat on Kauai, Molokai, and Maui, in 2003, and on Oahu in 2012,

D. molokaiense

was known only from east Maui (68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 77 FR 57648, September 18, 2012). Currently,

D. molokaiense

is known from three occurrences on Maui. On west Maui, there are five individuals at Puehuehunui in the montane mesic ecosystem. On east Maui, there are 2 occurrences, one at Honomanu (about 15 individuals) in the montane wet ecosystem, and one in the Kula FR (about 50 individuals) in the montane mesic ecosystem (Wood 2006b, pp. 32-34; TNC 2007; Wood 2007, p. 14; PEPP 2009, p. 71; HBMP 2010).

Diplazium molokaiense

occurred historically in the dry cliff ecosystem on east Maui, and the lowland wet and dry cliff ecosystems on west Maui (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010). It was also found in the lowland mesic and dry cliff ecosystems on Lanai, and in the lowland mesic ecosystem on Molokai (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010).

Dubautia plantaginea

ssp.

humilis

(naenae), a short-lived perennial shrub or small tree in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), is known from west Maui (Carr 1999b, pp. 304-305). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003,

D. plantaginea

ssp.

humilis

was known from 2 occurrences totaling 60 to 65 individuals on west Maui (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently,

D. plantaginea

ssp.

humilis

is known from 1 occurrence of 35 individuals in Iao Valley, in the wet cliff ecosystem (TNC 2007; PEPP 2009, p. 72; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010i, in litt.).

Eugenia koolauensis

(nioi), a long-lived perennial shrub or small tree in the myrtle family (Myrtaceae), is known from Oahu and Molokai (Wagner

et al.

1999w, p. 960). At the time we designated critical habitat on Molokai in 2003 and on Oahu in 2012, this species was only known from 13 occurrences on Oahu (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 77 FR 57648, September 18, 2012). Currently,

E. koolauensis

is extant only on Oahu. This species was last seen on Molokai in 1920, in the lowland dry ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010).

Festuca molokaiensis

(NCN), a short-lived perennial in the grass family (Poaceae), is found on Molokai (Catalan

et al.

2009, p. 54). This species is only known from the type locality at Kupaia Gulch, in the lowland mesic ecosystem (Catalan

et al.

2009, p. 55). Last seen in 2009, the current number of individuals is unknown; however, field surveys for

F. molokaiensis

at Kupaia Gulch are planned for 2011 (Oppenheimer 2010g, in litt.). Oppenheimer (2011, pers. comm.) suggests that the drought over the past couple of years on Molokai may have suppressed the growth of

F. molokaiensis

and prevented its observation by botanists in the field. He also suggested that this species may be an annual whose growth will be stimulated by normal rainfall patterns.

Flueggea neowawraea

(mehamehame) is a long-lived perennial tree in the family Euphorbiaceae. This species is known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii (Hayden 1999, pp. 620-621). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there were 100 occurrences on Kauai, 4 occurrences on Maui, and 2 occurrences on the island of Hawaii; in 2012, there were 18 occurrences on Oahu, (68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003; 77 FR 57648, September 18, 2012).

Flueggea neowawraea

was last observed at Waihii on Molokai in 1931 (HBMP 2010). Currently, two individuals of

F. neowawraea

are found on east Maui's southern flank of Haleakala at Auwahi, in the lowland dry ecosystem (PEPP 2009, p. 73; Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.).

Flueggea neowawraea

was last observed on Molokai in 1931 at Waianui, in the lowland mesic ecosystem (HBMP 2010).

Geranium arboreum

(Hawaiian red-flowered geranium), a short-lived perennial shrub in the geranium family (Geraniaceae), is known from east Maui (Wagner

et al.

1999e, p. 729). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there were 12 occurrences totaling 158 individuals (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently, there are 5 occurrences totaling fewer than 30 individuals in east Maui's montane mesic and subalpine ecosystems. Historically,

G. arboreum

was also found in the montane dry ecosystem (TNC 2007; Oppenheimer 2009d, in litt.; Perlman 2009g, in litt.; Wood 2009g, in litt.; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.; Welton 2010a, in litt.). One hundred and eighty-nine individuals have been outplanted at 11 sites within Haleakala National Park (NPS 2012, in litt.).

Geranium hanaense

(nohoanu), a short-lived perennial shrub in the geranium family (Geraniaceae), is found on Maui (Wagner

et al.

1999e, pp. 730-732). This species was first collected in 1973, from two adjacent montane bogs on the northeast rift of Haleakala, east Maui (Medeiros and St. John 1988, pp. 214-220). At that time, there were an estimated 500 to 700 individuals (Medeiros and St. John 1988, pp. 214-220). Currently,

G. hanaense

occurs in “Big Bog” and “Mid Camp Bog” in the montane wet ecosystem on the northeast rift of Haleakala, with the same number of estimated individuals (Welton 2008, in litt.; Welton 2010a, in litt.; Welton 2010b, in litt.).

Geranium hillebrandii

(nohoanu), a short-lived perennial shrub in the geranium family (Geraniaceae), is found on Maui (Aedo and Munoz Garmendia 1997; p. 725; Wagner

et al.

1999e, pp. 732-733; Wagner and Herbst 2003, p. 28). Little is known of the historical locations of

G. hillebrandii,

other than the type collection made in the 1800s at Eke Crater, in the west Maui mountains (Hillebrand 1888, p. 56). Currently, 4 occurrences total over 10,000 individuals, with the largest 2 occurrences in the west Maui bogs, from Puu Kukui to East Bog and Kahoolewa ridge. A third occurrence is at Eke Crater and the surrounding area, and the fourth occurrence is at Lihau (HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010h, in litt.). These occurrences are found in the montane wet and montane mesic ecosystems on west Maui (TNC 2007).

Geranium multiflorum

(nohoanu), a short-lived perennial shrub in the geranium family (Geraniaceae), is known from east Maui (Wagner

et al.

1999e, pp. 733-734). At the time we

designated critical habitat in 2003, there were 13 occurrences. Due to the inaccessibility of the plants, and the difficulty in determining the number of individuals (because of the plant's multi-branched form), the total number of individuals of this species was not known; however, it was assumed to not exceed 3,000 (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently,

G. multiflorum

is found in nine occurrences on east Maui, from Koolau Gap to Kalapawili Ridge, in the subalpine, montane mesic, montane wet, and dry cliff ecosystems. It is estimated there may be as many as 500 to 1,000 individuals (Bily

et al.

2003, pp. 4-5; TNC 2007; Perlman 2009h, in litt.; Wood 2009h, in litt.; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.; HNP 2012, in litt.). One hundred and fifty plants have been outplanted at eight locations within Haleakala National Park (NPS 2012, in litt.).

Gouania hillebrandii

(NCN), a short-lived perennial shrub in the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae), is known from Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe (Wagner

et al.

1999z, p. 1,095). At the time we designated critical habitat in 1984 on Maui, there was one occurrence (49 FR 44753, November 9, 1984). Currently, on Molokai, there is 1 occurrence of about 50 individuals at Puu Kolekole in the lowland mesic ecosystem (USFWS 1990, pp. 4-10; TNC 2007; PEPP 2008, p. 61; Perlman 2008f, in litt.; Wood 2009i, in litt.). On west Maui, there are fewer than 1,000 individuals in the lowland dry ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010i, in litt.). This species was last observed on Lanai and Kahoolawe in the 1800s (HBMP 2010).

Gouania vitifolia

(NCN), a short-lived perennial climbing shrub or woody vine in the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae), is known from Oahu, Maui, and the island of Hawaii (Wagner

et al.

1999z, p. 1,097). At the time we designated critical habitat on Maui and Hawaii in 2003 and Oahu in 2012,

G. vitifolia

was only known from one occurrence on the island of Hawaii and two occurrences on Oahu (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003; 77 FR 57648, September 18, 2012). Currently, botanists are searching potentially suitable habitat in the wet cliff ecosystem on west Maui where

G. vitifolia

was last seen in the 1800s (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010z, in litt.).

Hesperomannia arborescens

(NCN), a short-lived perennial shrubby tree in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), is known from Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui (Wagner

et al.

1999m, p. 325). At the time we designated critical habitat on Molokai and Maui in 2003 and on Oahu in 2012,

H. arborescens

was known from 1 occurrence on Molokai, 4 occurrences on west Maui, and 19 occurrences on Oahu (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 77 FR 57648, September 18, 2012). However, no critical habitat was designated for this species on Maui in 2003 (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently, there are five or six occurrences on Molokai and Maui totaling 122 to 125 individuals. On Molokai, there are 30 individuals between Wailau and Pelekunu in the wet cliff ecosystem. Historically, this species was also reported from the montane wet ecosystem (HBMP 2010). On west Maui, 4 or 5 occurrences totaling 92 to 95 individuals are found in the lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems, in Honokohau (30 individuals), Waihee (approximately 60 individuals), Kapilau Ridge (1 individual), and Lanilili (1 individual). There is some question regarding the identification of three individuals in Iao Valley (HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010i, in litt.). This species has not been observed since 1940 on Lanai, in the wet cliff ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010). The results of a recent research study indicate that the plants on Oahu may be genetically distinct from plants on Molokai, Maui, and Lanai (Ching-Harbin 2003, p. 81; Morden and Harbin 2013).

Hesperomannia arbuscula

(NCN), a short-lived perennial tree or shrub in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), is known from Oahu and west Maui (Wagner

et al.

1999m, p. 325). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003 on Maui and in 2012 on Oahu, eight occurrences were found on west Maui, and five occurrences were known from Oahu (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 77 FR 57648, September 18, 2012). Currently, on west Maui, there are three individuals in Iao Valley, in the lowland wet ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010aa, in litt.). This species was last observed in the 1990s in the wet cliff, dry cliff, and lowland dry ecosystems on west Maui (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010). The results of a recent research study indicate that the plants on west Maui may be

H. arborescens;

if a taxonomic change should be required, we will address that change in a future rulemaking (Ching-Harbin 2003, p. 81; Morden and Harbin 2013).

Hibiscus arnottianus

ssp.

immaculatus

(kokio keokeo), a long-lived perennial tree in the mallow family (Malvaceae), is endemic to east Molokai (Bates 1999, pp. 882-883). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this subspecies was known from three occurrences on east Molokai (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently,

H. arnottianus

ssp.

immaculatus

is found in 5 occurrences, totaling fewer than 100 individuals, from Waiehu to Papalaua in the coastal and wet cliff ecosystems (Perlman 2002b, in litt.; TNC 2007; NTBG 2009j; Wood 2009j, in litt.; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010u, in litt.).

Hibiscus brackenridgei

(mao hau hele) is a short-lived perennial shrub or small tree in the mallow family (Malvaceae). This species is known from the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, Hawaii, and possibly Kahoolawe. There are three subspecies:

H. brackenridgei

ssp.

brackenridgei

(Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii),

H. brackenridgei

ssp.

mokuleianus

(Kauai and Oahu), and

H. brackenridgei

ssp.

molokaiana

(Molokai and Oahu) (Wilson 1993, p. 278; Bates 1999, pp. 885-886). At the time we designated critical habitat on Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii in 2003 and on Oahu in 2012,

H. brackenridgei

ssp.

brackenridgei

was known from 2 occurrences on Lanai, 5 occurrences on Maui, and 4 occurrences on Hawaii, and

H. brackenridgei

ssp.

mokuleianus

was known from 7 occurrences totaling between 47 and 50 individuals on Oahu.

Hibiscus brackenridgei

ssp.

molokaiana

was reported from one occurrence on Oahu and had not been seen on Molokai since 1920 (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003; 77 FR 57648, September 18, 2012). No critical habitat was designated for this species on Lanai in 2003 (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003). Currently,

H. brackenridgei

ssp.

brackenridgei

is extant on the islands of Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Lanai, there are two individuals near Keomuku Road, and one individual at Kaena, both in the lowland dry ecosystem. Historically, this subspecies was also known from Lanai's coastal ecosystem (TNC 2007; Oppenheimer 2010t, in litt.). On west Maui, there are a few individuals in Kaonohue Gulch in the lowland dry ecosystem. On east Maui, there is 1 occurrence of about 10 individuals at Keokea, in the lowland dry ecosystem (TNC 2007; PEPP 2008, pp. 64-65; PEPP 2009, pp. 76-78; Oppenheimer 2010t, in litt.; 2010u, in litt.; 2010bb, in litt; PEPP 2011, p. 118). Historically, on Molokai,

Hibiscus brackenridgei

ssp.

molokaiana

was found in the coastal ecosystem at Kihaapilani (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010).

Huperzia mannii

(wawaeiole), is a short-lived perennial fern ally in the hanging fir-moss family (Lycopodiaceae) that is typically epiphytic on native plants such as

Metrosideros polymorpha

or

Acacia koa

. This species is known

from Kauai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii (Palmer 2003, p. 256). At the time we designated critical habitat on Kauai and Maui in 2003, this species was known from Maui and the island of Hawaii (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). No critical habitat was designated for this species on Hawaii in 2003 (68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003). Currently, on Maui there are 6 occurrences totaling 97 to 100 individuals. On west Maui, 14 to 17 individuals of

H. mannii

occur in the West Maui NAR, in the montane mesic ecosystem. This species also occurred historically in the lowland wet and montane wet ecosystems (HBMP 2010). On east Maui, 2 individuals are reported north of Waikamoi Preserve in the montane wet ecosystem; 10 individuals occur at Kipahulu in the lowland wet ecosystem; approximately 40 individuals occur at Cable Ridge in the lowland mesic ecosystem; approximately 30 individuals occur at Kaapahu in the lowland mesic ecosystem; and 1 individual was observed at Manawainui (Kipahulu FR) in the montane mesic ecosystem (HNP 2004, pp. 5-7; HNP 2006, p. 3; TNC 2007; Welton and Haus 2008, pp. 12-13; Perlman 2009i, in litt., 2009j, in litt.; Wood 2009k, in litt.; HBMP 2010; Welton 2010a, in litt.). Sixty-seven plants have been outplanted at eight locations within Haleakala National Park (NPS 2012, in litt.).

Ischaemum byrone

(Hilo ischaemum) is a short-lived stoloniferous (creeping along the ground with rooting from nodes) perennial in the grass family (Poaceae) known from Kauai, Oahu (historical), Molokai, east Maui, and Hawaii island (O'Connor 1999, pp. 1,556-1,557). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003 and 2012,

I. byrone

was known from two occurrences on Kauai (2 individuals, last observed in 1993); two occurrences on Molokai (100 to 1,000 individuals, last observed in 1994), six occurrences on Maui (fewer than 2,000 individuals), and six occurrences on Hawaii Island (unknown numbers, last observed in 1997) (68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003; Pratt 2009, in litt.; Wood 2009, in litt.). In 2004,

I. byrone

was re-observed on Hawaii Island (unknown number of individuals) (HBMP 2010). Currently,

I. byrone

is known from six occurrences on Molokai and Maui, possibly totaling several thousand individuals (HBMP 2010). On Molokai,

I. byrone

is found in the coastal ecosystem from Wailau to Waiehu (approximately 200 individuals) (TNC 2007; Oppenheimer 2009e, in litt,; HBMP 2010). On east Maui, there are an unknown number of individuals at Pauwalu Point; 20 individuals in scattered patches at Mokuhuki islet; many individuals at Keawaiki Bay; and an unknown number of individuals at Kalahu Point, and at Waiohonu Stream and Muolea Point, all in the coastal ecosystem. These occurrences may total several thousands of individuals, depending on rainfall (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.); however, exact numbers of individuals are difficult to determine because of its growth habit. Overall, the numbers of individuals have decreased from the more than 5,000 reported in 2010 to possibly several thousand individuals in 2015, with the highest numbers occurring along the northeast coast of Maui (Service 2010, in litt.). Current threats to this species are significant and include grazing by feral ungulates and deer, competition with nonnative plants, drought, hurricanes, and human use of coastal areas. Potential effects of climate change include sea level rise. In addition, the recently established nonnative plant,

Polypogon interruptus

(ditch polypogon), occupies the same coastal habitat as

I. byrone

on Molokai and Maui and is observed to displace

I. byrone

(Warshauer

et al.

2009, in litt.). Fortini

et al.

(2013, p. 78) conducted a landscape-based assessment of climate change vulnerability for

I. byrone

and concluded that this species is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Furthermore, this study identified this species as one that will have no overlapping area between its current and future climate envelope (areas that contain the full range of climate conditions under which the species is known to occur) by 2100. To be considered for delisting, threats to this species must be managed or controlled (

e.g.,

by fencing) and the species must be represented in an

ex situ

(at other than the plant's natural location, such as a nursery or arboretum) collection. In addition, a minimum of 8 to 10 self-sustaining populations (over a period of at least 5 years), consisting of all size classes, should be documented on the islands of Maui, Molokai, and if possible, at least one other island where it now occurs or occurred historically. The delisting goals for this species have not been met, and no separate occurrences total more than 300 mature individuals. In addition, all threats are not being sufficiently managed throughout all of the occurrences. Therefore, designation of unoccupied habitat (in addition to occupied habitat) is essential to the conservation of

I. byrone

as it remains in danger of extinction throughout its range, and the species will require the expansion or reestablishment of populations in areas presently unoccupied by the species to withstand ongoing and future threats and to meet recovery goals.

Isodendrion pyrifolium

(wahine noho kula), a short-lived perennial shrub in the violet family (Violaceae), is known from Niihau, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii (Wagner

et al.

1999aa, p. 1,331). At the time we designated critical habitat on Molokai, and Maui in 2003, and on Oahu in 2012,

I. pyrifolium

was known from a single occurrence on the island of Hawaii (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003; 77 FR 57648, September 18, 2012). Currently, there are no extant occurrences on Lanai, Molokai, or Maui. Historically,

I. pyrifolium

was found on Molokai in the lowland mesic ecosystem, and on west Maui in the lowland wet, dry cliff, and wet cliff ecosystems. We have no habitat information for the historical occurrences on Lanai (TNC 2007; PEPP 2008, p. 103; HBMP 2010).

Kadua cordata

ssp.

remyi

(formerly

Hedyotis schlechtendahliana

var.

remyi

) (kopa), is a short-lived perennial subshrub in the coffee family (Rubiaceae), and is known from Lanai (Wagner

et al.

1999a, pp. 1,150-1,152). In 2003, this subspecies was known from eight individuals; however, no critical habitat was designated for this subspecies on Lanai (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003). Currently, two wild and three out-planted individuals are reported from Kaiholena-Hulopoe ridge, in the lowland wet ecosystem. Historically, this species also occurred in the lowland mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007; PEPP 2009, pp. 5, 82; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010cc, in litt.).

Kadua coriacea

(kioele) is a short-lived perennial shrub in the coffee family (Rubiaceae), and is known from Oahu, Maui, and the island of Hawaii (Wagner

et al.

1999a, p. 1,141). At the time we designated critical habitat on Maui in 2003 and on Oahu in 2012, this species was known from one individual in the lowland dry ecosystem at Lihau, on west Maui, and four occurrences on the island of Hawaii (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 77 FR 57648, September 18, 2012). However, no critical habitat was designated for this species on Hawaii in 2003 (68 FR 39264, July 2, 2003). In 2008, the only known individual on Maui was burned during a wildfire and died (PEPP 2008, p. 67).

Kadua laxiflora

(formerly

Hedyotis mannii

) (pilo) is a short-lived perennial subshrub in the coffee family

(Rubiaceae), and is known from Molokai, Lanai, and west Maui (Wagner

et al.

1999a, p. 1,148). At the time we designated critical habitat on Maui in 2003, this species was known from a total of five occurrences on Lanai (two occurrences), Molokai (one occurrence), and west Maui (two occurrences) (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). However, no critical habitat was designated for this species on Lanai or Molokai in 2003 (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently, on Lanai, there are two individuals at Hauola Gulch in the montane wet ecosystem. There are historical reports from the lowland mesic, lowland wet, and wet cliff ecosystems on this island. On west Maui, there are four individuals at Kauaula Valley, in the wet cliff ecosystem. Historically, this species was also reported from the lowland wet and dry cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007; Perlman 2008g, in litt.; Oppenheimer 2009f, in litt.; PEPP 2009, pp. 3, 14, 24, 82-83; HBMP 2010). There are no extant individuals on Molokai, although there are historical reports from the lowland mesic and montane mesic ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010).

Kanaloa kahoolawensis

(kohe malama malama o kanaloa), a short-lived perennial shrub in the pea family (Fabaceae), occurs only on Kahoolawe (Lorence and Wood 1994, p. 137). Soil cores suggest

K. kahoolawensis

was quite widespread in lowland dry areas throughout the main Hawaiian Islands during the early Pleistocene (Burney

et al.

2001, p. 632; Athens 2002

et al.,

p. 74). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003,

K. kahoolawensis

was known from two individuals on the Aleale sea stack on the south central coast of Kahoolawe (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently,

K. kahoolawensis

is known from the same location with one surviving individual, in the coastal ecosystem (TNC 2007; NTBG 2008; HBMP 2010).

Kokia cookei

(Cooke's kokio), a short-lived perennial small tree in the mallow family (Malvaceae), is known from Molokai, historically in the lowland dry ecosystem (Bates 1999, p. 890; TNC 2007; HBMP 2010). At the time

K. cookei

was listed in 1979, there were no individuals remaining in the wild, and one individual in an arboretum on Oahu; no critical habitat was designated for this species on Molokai (44 FR 62470, October 30, 1979; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently, one individual is in cultivation at Waimea Arboretum, and there are propagules at the Volcano Rare Plant Facility, Lyon Arboretum, Amy Greenwell Ethnobotanical Garden, Leeward Community College, Hoolawa Farms, and Maui Nui Botanical Garden (Orr 2007, in litt.; Seidman 2007, in litt.).

Labordia tinifolia

var.

lanaiensis

(kamakahala), a short-lived perennial shrub or small tree in the logania family (Loganiaceae), is known from Lanai (Wagner

et al.

1999z, pp. 861-862). In 2003, this variety was known from one occurrence totaling three to eight individuals along the summit of Lanaihale; however, no critical habitat was designated for this species on Lanai (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003). Currently,

L. tinifolia

var.

lanaiensis

is found in one occurrence of at least five individuals in Awehi Gulch in the wet cliff ecosystem. This variety was historically also found in the lowland mesic, lowland wet, and montane wet ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010t, in litt.; Oppenheimer 2010d, in litt.).

Labordia triflora

(kamakahala), a short-lived perennial shrub or small tree in the logania family (Loganiaceae), is known from east Molokai (Wagner

et al.

1999z, p. 423). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this species was known from 10 individuals (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently, 4 occurrences totaling 20 individuals are reported from Kua, Wawaia, Kumueli, and Manawai Gulch, in the lowland mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007; PEPP 2007, p. 48; PEPP 2008, p. 85; HBMP 2010).

Lysimachia lydgatei

(NCN), a short-lived perennial shrub in the primrose family (Primulaceae), is known from west Maui (Wagner

et al.

1999bb, p. 1,082). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there were four occurrences (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently, there are 2 occurrences totaling approximately 30 individuals. Both occurrences are found at Puehuehunui, in the montane mesic and wet cliff ecosystems (Perlman 1997, in litt.; TNC 2007; Wood 2009l, in litt.; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010dd, in litt.). This species is also historically known from the lowland dry ecosystem on west Maui (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010).

Lysimachia maxima

(NCN), a short-lived perennial shrub in the primrose family (Primulaceae), is known from Molokai (Wagner

et al.

1999bb, p. 1,083). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this species was known from one occurrence (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently,

L. maxima

is known from 2 occurrences totaling 28 individuals on east Molokai. There are 20 individuals near Ohialele, and 8 individuals in 2 distinct patches in east Kawela Gulch, in the lowland wet and montane wet ecosystems (PEPP 2007, p. 48; TNC 2007; PEPP 2008, p. 85; HBMP 2010).

Marsilea villosa

(ihi ihi), a short-lived perennial fern in the marsilea family (Marsileaceae), is known from Niihau, Oahu, and Molokai (Palmer 2003, pp. 180-182). At the time we designated critical habitat on Molokai in 2003 and on Oahu in 2012, this species was found in four occurrences on Molokai, and in five to six occurrences on Oahu (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 77 FR 57648, September 18, 2012). No critical habitat was designated for this species on Molokai in 2003 (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently,

M. villosa

is known from eight occurrences on Molokai, totaling possibly thousands of individuals in areas that flood periodically, such as small depressions and flood plains with clay soils. There is one small occurrence at Kamakaipo, and seven occurrences between Kaa and Ilio Point, covering areas from 20 square (sq) ft (6 sq m) to over 2 ac (0.8 ha), all in the coastal ecosystem (Perlman 2006b, in litt.; TNC 2007; Bakutis 2009b, in litt.; Wood 2009m, in litt.; Chau 2010, in litt.; Garnett 2010b in litt.; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010u, in litt.).

Melanthera kamolensis

(formerly

Lipochaeta kamolensis

) (nehe) is a short-lived perennial herb in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), and is known from east Maui (Wagner

et al.

1990a, p. 337). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this species was known from one occurrence (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently, a single occurrence of

M. kamolensis

is found in Kamole Gulch, totaling between 30 and 40 individuals, in the lowland dry ecosystem. A second occurrence just west of Kamole appears to be a hybrid swarm (hybrids between parent species, and subsequently formed progeny from crosses among hybrids and crosses of hybrids to parental species) of

M. kamolensis

and

M. rockii,

with approximately 100 individuals (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; Medeiros 2010, in litt.).

Melicope adscendens

(alani), a short-lived perennial sprawling shrub in the rue family (Rutaceae), is known from Maui (Stone

et al.

1999, p. 1,183). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there were 16 occurrences (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently,

M. adscendens

is known from 2 occurrences totaling 33 individuals at Auwahi, in the lowland dry and montane mesic ecosystems on east Maui (TNC 2007; PEPP 2009, p. 85; Buckman 2010, in litt.; HBMP 2010). Historically, this species has not been observed below 3,200 ft (975 m) (Wagner

et al.

1999, p. 1,183).

Melicope balloui

(alani), a short-lived perennial tree or shrub in the rue family (Rutaceae), is known from east Maui (Stone

et al.

1999, pp. 1,183-1,184). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there were 3 occurrences totaling 50 individuals (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently, there are approximately 50 individuals near Palikea Stream, in the lowland wet ecosystem, and a few individuals at Puuokakae in the montane wet ecosystem (TNC 2007; Wood 2009n, in litt.; HBMP 2010). The status and taxonomic certainty of the occurrence within Haleakala National Park is in question (NPS 2012, in litt.).

Melicope knudsenii

(alani), a long-lived perennial tree in the rue family (Rutaceae), is known from Kauai and Maui (Stone

et al.

1999, pp. 1,192-1,193). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there were 10 occurrences on Kauai and 4 occurrences on Maui (68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently, on east Maui, there are two individuals at Auwahi, in the montane dry ecosystem (TNC 20007; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.).

Melicope mucronulata

(alani), a long-lived perennial tree in the rue family (Rutaceae), is known from Molokai and east Maui (Stone

et al.

1999, p. 1,196). At the time we designated critical habitat on Molokai and Maui in 2003, there were two occurrences on Molokai and two occurrences on east Maui (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently, there are two occurrences on Molokai, one individual at Kupaia Gulch, and three individuals at Onini Gulch, in the lowland mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007; PEPP 2008, p. 69; PEPP 2009, p. 86; HBMP 2010;). This species was historically also found in the montane mesic ecosystem on Molokai (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010). The occurrence status of

M. mucronulata

in the lowland dry and montane dry ecosystems on east Maui is unknown.

Melicope munroi

(alani), a short-lived perennial shrub in the rue family (Rutaceae), is known from Lanai and Molokai (Stone

et al.

1999, p. 1,196). In 2003, there were two occurrences on Lanai; however, no critical habitat was designated for this species on Lanai or Molokai (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently, on Lanai,

M. munroi

is known from at least 2 occurrences of fewer than 40 individuals on the Lanaihale summit and the ridge of Waialala Gulch, in the montane wet and wet cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010t, in litt.). This species has not been seen on Molokai since 1910, where it was last observed in the lowland mesic ecosystem (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003).

Melicope ovalis

(alani), a long-lived perennial tree in the rue family (Rutaceae), is known from east Maui (Stone

et al.

1999, p. 1,198). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there were two occurrences (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently, there are approximately 50 individuals in 4 occurrences in the lowland wet ecosystem in Keanae Valley, and in the montane wet and wet cliff ecosystems at Kipahulu Valley and Palikea Stream (TNC 2007; Bily

et al.

2008 p. 45; Wood 2009o, in litt.; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.; Welton 2010a, in litt.). Forty-five individuals were outplanted in nine locations within Haleakala National Park (NPS 2012, in litt.).

Melicope reflexa

(alani), a short-lived perennial sprawling shrub in the rue family (Rutaceae), is endemic to east Molokai (Stone

et al.

1999, p. 1,203). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there were three occurrences (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently, there are two occurrences totaling at least six individuals. There are at least five individuals at Puuohelo and one individual at Puniuohua in the lowland wet ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010ee, in litt.). Historically, this species was also found in the lowland mesic and montane wet ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010u, in litt.; Wood 2010b, in litt.).

Mucuna sloanei

var.

persericea

(sea bean), a short-lived perennial vine in the pea family (Fabaceae), is found on Maui (Wilmot-Dear 1990, pp. 27-29; Wagner

et al.

2005a-

Flora of the Hawaiian Islands database

). In her revision of

Mucuna

in the Pacific Islands, Wilmot-Dear recognized this variety from Maui based on leaf indumentum (covering of fine hairs or bristles) (Wilmot-Dear 1990, p. 29). At the time of Wilmot-Dear's publication,

M. sloanei

var.

persericea

ranged from Makawao to Wailua Iki, on the windward slopes of the east Maui mountains (Wagner

et al.

2005a-

Flora of the Hawaiian Islands database

). Currently, there are possibly a few hundred individuals in five occurrences: Ulalena Hill, north of Kawaipapa Gulch, lower Nahiku, Koki Beach, and Piinau Road, all in the lowland wet ecosystem on east Maui (Duvall 2010, in litt.; Hobdy 2010, in litt.).

Myrsine vaccinioides

(kolea), a short-lived perennial shrub in the myrsine family (Myrsinaceae), is found on Maui (Wagner

et al.

1999f, p. 946; HBMP 2010). This species was historically known from shrubby bogs near Violet Lake on west Maui (Wagner

et al.

1999f, p. 946). In 2005, three occurrences of a few hundred individuals were reported at Eke, Puu Kukui and near Violet Lake (Oppenheimer 2006c, in litt.). Currently, there are estimated to be several hundred, but fewer than 1,000, individuals scattered in the summit area of the west Maui mountains at Eke Crater, Puu Kukui, Honokowai-Honolua, and Kahoolewa, in the montane wet ecosystem (Oppenheimer 2010i, in litt.).

Neraudia sericea

(NCN), a short-lived perennial shrub in the nettle family (Urticaceae), is known from Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe (Wagner

et al.

1999cc, p. 1,304). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003,

N. sericea

was known from Molokai and Maui (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently, this species is found only on east Maui at Kahikinui, where there are fewer than five individuals in the montane mesic ecosystem. This species has not been observed in the lowland dry ecosystem on east Maui since the early 1900s. Historically,

N. sericea

was found in the lowland dry and dry cliff ecosystems on Lanai, the lowland mesic and montane mesic ecosystems on Molokai, the lowland dry and dry cliff ecosystems on west Maui, and the lowland dry ecosystem on Kahoolawe (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; Medeiros 2010, in litt.).

Nototrichium humile

(kului), a short-lived perennial trailing shrub in the amaranth family (Amaranthaceae), is known from Oahu and east Maui (Wagner

et al.

1999dd, pp. 193-194). At the time we designated critical habitat on Maui in 2003 and Oahu in 2012,

N. humile

was only known from 12 occurrences on Oahu (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 77 FR 57648, September 18, 2012). This species has not been seen on Maui since 1976, when one individual was reported from the lowland dry ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010).

Peperomia subpetiolata

(alaala wai nui), a short-lived perennial herb in the pepper family (Piperaceae), is found on Maui (Wagner

et al.

1999g, p. 1035; HBMP 2010). Historically,

P. subpetiolata

was known only from the lower Waikamoi (Kula pipeline) area on the windward side of Haleakala on east Maui (Wagner

et al.

1999g, p. 1,035; HBMP 2010). In 2001, it was estimated that 40 individuals occurred just west of the Makawao-Koolau FR boundary, in the montane wet ecosystem.

Peperomia cookiana

and

P. hirtipetiola

also occur in this area, and are known to hybridize with

P. subpetiolata

(NTBG 2009g, p. 2; Oppenheimer 2010j, in litt.). In 2007, 20 to 30 hybrid plants were observed at Maile Trail, and at three areas near the

Waikamoi Flume road (NTBG 2009g, p. 2). Based on the 2007 and 2010 surveys, all known plants are now considered to be hybrids mostly between

P. subpetiolata

and

P. cookiana,

with a smaller number of hybrids between

P. subpetiolata

and

P. hirtipetiola

(NTBG 2009g, p. 2; Lau 2011, in litt.).

Peperomia subpetiolata

is recognized as a valid species, and botanists continue to search for plants in its previously known locations as well as in new locations with potentially suitable habitat (NTBG 2009g, p. 2; PEPP 2010, p. 96; Lau 2011, pers. comm.).

Peucedanum sandwicense

(makou), a short-lived perennial herb in the parsley family (Apiaceae), is known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Keopuka islet off the coast of east Maui (Constance and Affolter 1999, p. 208). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003,

P. sandwicense

was known from 15 occurrences on Kauai, 5 occurrences on Molokai, 3 occurrences on Maui; and, in 2012 from 2 occurrences on Oahu (68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 77 FR 57648, September 18, 2012). Currently,

P. sandwicense

is known from 6 occurrences totaling over 45 individuals on Molokai and east Maui. On Molokai, there are 3 occurrences totaling 32 to 37 individuals, at Mokapu islet (25 individuals), Lepau Point (2 individuals), and Kalaupapa Trail (5 to 10 individuals), all in the coastal ecosystem. There is a report of an individual found near the lowland wet ecosystem, but this plant has not been relocated since 1989 (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; NTBG 2010a, in litt. ; NTBG 2010b, in litt.). On east Maui,

P. sandwicense

occurs on Keopuku islet (15 individuals), Pauwalu Point (an unknown number of individuals), and Honolulu Nui (an unknown number of individuals), in the coastal ecosystem. Historically, this species was found on west Maui in the lowland wet ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; NTBG 2010a, in litt.; NTBG 2010b, in litt.).

Phyllostegia bracteata

(NCN), a short-lived perennial herb in the mint family (Lamiaceae), is found on Maui (Wagner

et al.

1999h, pp. 814-815). Historically, this species was known from the east Maui mountains at Ukulele, Puu Nianiau, Waikamoi Gulch, Koolau Gap, Kipahulu, Nahiku-Kuhiwa trail, Waihoi Valley, and Manawainui; and from the west Maui mountains at Puu Kukui and Hanakaoo (HBMP 2010). This species appears to be short-lived, ephemeral, and disturbance-dependent, in the lowland wet, montane mesic, montane wet, subalpine, and wet cliff ecosystems (NTBG 2009h, p. 1). There have been several reported sightings of

P. bracteata

between 1981 and 2001, at Waihoi Crater Bog, Waikamoi Preserve, Waikamoi flume, and Kipahulu on east Maui, and at Pohakea Gulch on west Maui; however, none of these individuals were extant as of 2009 (PEPP 2009, pp. 89-90). In 2009, one individual was found at Kipahulu, near Delta Camp, on east Maui, but was not relocated on a follow-up survey during that same year (NTBG 2009h, p. 3). Botanists continue to search for

P. bracteata

in previously reported locations, as well as in other areas with potentially suitable habitat (NTBG 2009h, p. 3; PEPP 2009, pp. 89-90).

Phyllostegia haliakalae

(NCN), a short-lived perennial vine in the mint family (Lamiaceae), is known from Molokai, Lanai, and east Maui (Wagner 1999, p. 269). The type specimen was collected by Wawra in 1869 or 1870, in a dry ravine at the foot of Haleakala. An individual was found in flower on the eastern slope of Haleakala, in the wet cliff ecosystem, in 2009; however, this plant has died (TNC 2007; Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.). Collections were made before the plant died, and propagules outplanted in the Puu Mahoe Arboretum (three plants) and Olinda Rare Plant Facility (four plants) (Oppenheimer 2011b, in litt.). In addition, this species has been outplanted in the lowland wet, montane wet, and montane mesic ecosystems of Haleakala National Park (HNP 2012, in litt.). Botanists continue to search in areas with potentially suitable habitat for wild individuals of this plant (Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.).

Phyllostegia haliakalae

was last reported from the lowland mesic ecosystem on Molokai in 1928, and from the dry cliff and wet cliff ecosystems on Lanai in the early 1900s (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010). Currently no individuals are known in the wild on Maui, Molokai, or Lanai; however, over 100 individuals have been outplanted (HNP 2012, in litt).

Phyllostegia hispida

(NCN), a short-lived perennial vine in the mint family (Lamiaceae), is known from Molokai (Wagner

et. al.

1999h, pp. 817-818). Until an individual was rediscovered in 1996,

P. hispida

was thought to be extinct in the wild. This individual died in 1998, and

P. hispida

was thought to be extirpated, until another plant was found in 2005. Propagules were taken and propagated; however, the wild individual died. This sequence of events occurred again in 2006 and 2007 (74 FR 11319, March 17, 2009). At the time we listed

P. hispida

in 2009, no critical habitat was designated for this species on Molokai (74 FR 11319, March 17, 2009). Currently

P. hispida

is known from 4 occurrences totaling 25 individuals in the montane wet and wet cliff ecosystems on Molokai (TNC 2007; PEPP 2009, pp. 7, 15, 90-93). Historically, this species also occurred in the lowland wet ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010).

Phyllostegia mannii

(NCN), a short-lived perennial vine in the mint family (Lamiaceae), is known from Molokai and Maui (Wagner

et al.

1999h, pp. 820-821). At the time we designated critical habitat on Molokai and Maui in 2003, this species was only known from one individual on east Molokai. It had not been observed on Maui for over 70 years (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently, on Molokai, there are three individuals in Hanalilolilo, in the montane wet ecosystem. Historically,

P. mannii

occurred in Molokai's lowland mesic and lowland wet ecosystems, and the montane wet and montane mesic ecosystems on east Maui (TNC 2007; Perlman 2009k, in litt.; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010u, in litt.; Wood 2010c, in litt.).

Phyllostegia pilosa

(NCN), a short-lived perennial vine in the mint family (Lamiaceae), is known from east Maui (Wagner 1999, p. 274). There are two occurrences totaling seven individuals west of Puu o Kakae on east Maui, in the montane wet ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010). The individuals identified as

P. pilosa

on Molokai, at Kamoku Flats (montane wet ecosystem) and at Mooloa (lowland mesic ecosystem), have not been observed since the early 1900s (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010).

Pittosporum halophilum

(hoawa), a short-lived perennial shrub or small tree in the pittosporum family (Pittosporaceae), is found on Molokai (Wood 2005, pp. 2, 41). This species was reported from Huelo islet, Mokapu Island, Okala Island, and Kukaiwaa peninsula. On Huelo islet, there were two individuals in 1994, and in 2001, only one individual remained (Wood

et al.

2001, p. 12; Wood

et al.

2002, pp. 18-19). The current status of this species on Huelo islet is unknown. On Mokapu Island, there were 15 individuals in the coastal ecosystem in 2001, and in 2005, 10 individuals remained. On Okala Island, there were two individuals in 2005, and one individual on the sea cliff at Kukaiwaa peninsula (Wainene) (Wood 2005, pp. 2, 41). As of 2010, there were three occurrences totaling five individuals: three individuals on Mokapu Island, one individual on Okala Island, and one individual on Kukaiwaa peninsula (Bakutis 2010, in litt.; Hobdy 2010, in litt.; Perlman 2010, in litt.). At least 17

individuals have been outplanted at 3 sites on the coastline of the nearby Kalaupapa peninsula (Garnett 2010a, in litt.).

Plantago princeps

(laukahi kuahiwi), a short-lived perennial shrub or herb in the plantain family (Plantaginaceae), is known from the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii (Wagner

et al.

1999ee, pp. 1,054-1,055). Wagner

et al.

recognize four varieties of

P. princeps: P. princeps

var.

anomala

(Kauai and Oahu),

P. princeps

var.

laxiflora

(Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii),

P. princeps

var.

longibracteata

(Kauai and Oahu), and

P. princeps

var.

princeps

(Oahu) (Wagner

et al.

1999ee, pp. 1,054-1,055). At the time we designated critical habitat on Kauai, Molokai, and Maui, in 2003, and on Oahu in 2012, there was one known occurrence of

P. princeps

var.

laxiflora

on Molokai and eight occurrences on Maui (68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 77 FR 57648, September 18, 2012). Currently,

P. princeps

var.

laxiflora

is known from 6 occurrences totaling approximately 70 individuals on Maui (Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt.). On east Maui, there are 3 occurrences totaling 41 to 46 individuals in the dry cliff and wet cliff ecosystems, at Waikau (1 individual), Kaupo Gap (about 30 individuals), and Palikea (10 to 15 individuals). On west Maui, there are 3 occurrences totaling 15 individuals in the wet cliff ecosystem, in Kauaula Valley, Nakalaloa Stream, and in Iao Valley (TNC 2007; Oppenheimer 2009g, in litt.; HBMP 2010). Almost 500 individuals have been outplanted at 43 sites within Haleakala National Park (NPS 2012, in litt.). On Molokai, this species was found in the lowland wet and montane mesic ecosystems as recently as 1987 (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010u, in litt.).

Platanthera holochila

(NCN), a short-lived perennial herb in the orchid family (Orchidaceae), is known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui (Wagner

et al.

1999ff, p. 1,474). At the time we designated critical habitat on Kauai, Maui in 2003, and on Oahu in 2012, there were two known occurrences on Kauai, one occurrence on Molokai, and six occurrences on Maui (68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 77 FR 57648, September 18, 2012). No critical habitat was designated for this species on Molokai in 2003 (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently, there are 4 known occurrences totaling 44 individuals on Molokai and west Maui. On Molokai, there is 1 occurrence at Hanalilolilo totaling 24 individuals in the montane wet ecosystem. There are 3 occurrences on west Maui, at Waihee Valley in the wet cliff ecosystem (12 individuals), Waihee Valley in the wet cliff ecosystem (6 individuals), and Pohakea Gulch in the montane wet ecosystem (2 individuals). Historically, this species was also found in the montane wet ecosystem on east Maui (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010u, in litt.).

Pleomele fernaldii

(hala pepe), a long-lived perennial tree in the asparagus family (Asparagaceae), is found only on the island of Lanai (Wagner

et al.

1999i, p. 1,352; Wagner and Herbst 2003, p. 67). Historically known throughout Lanai, this species is currently found in the lowland dry, lowland mesic, lowland wet, dry cliff, and wet cliff ecosystems, from Hulopaa and Kanoa gulches southeast to Waiakeakua and Puhielelu (St. John 1947, pp. 39-42 cited in St. John 1985, pp. 171, 177-179; HBMP 2006; PEPP 2008, p. 75; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010d, in litt.). Currently, there are several hundred to perhaps as many as 1,000 individuals. The number of individuals has decreased by about one-half in the past 10 years (there were more than 2,000 individuals in 1999), with very little recruitment observed recently (Oppenheimer 2008d, in litt.).

Portulaca sclerocarpa

(poe), a short-lived perennial herb in the purslane family (Portulacaceae), is known from a single collection from Poopoo islet off the south coast of Lanai, and from the island of Hawaii (Wagner

et al.

1999gg, p. 1,074). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there was 1 known occurrence on Poopoo islet and 24 occurrences on Hawaii Island (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003). Currently, on Lanai, this species is only known from an unknown number of individuals in the coastal ecosystem on Poopoo islet (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010).

Pteris lidgatei

(NCN), a short-lived perennial terrestrial fern in the maidenhair fern family (Adiantaceae), is known from Oahu, Molokai, and Maui (Palmer 2003, p. 229). At the time we designated critical habitat on Molokai and Maui in 2003, and on Oahu in 2012, this species was known from two occurrences on Maui and five occurrences on Oahu (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 77 FR 57648, September 18, 2012). Currently,

P. lidgatei

is known from four occurrences totaling over nine individuals on Molokai and Maui. On Molokai, there are six to eight individuals in Kumueli Gulch in the montane wet ecosystem. Historically, this species was also found in Molokai's wet cliff ecosystem. On west Maui,

P. lidgatei

is known from a single individual at Kauaula Valley in the wet cliff ecosystem, an unknown number of individuals in both the upper Kauaula Valley in the lowland wet ecosystem and upper Kahakuloa Stream in the wet cliff ecosystem (PEPP 2007, pp. 54-55; TNC 2007; PEPP 2009, p. 103; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010i, in litt.; Oppenheimer 2010u, in litt.).

Remya mauiensis

(Maui remya), a short-lived perennial shrub in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), is known from west Maui (Wagner

et al.

1999m, p. 353). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there were 5 known occurrences totaling 21 individuals (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently,

R. mauiensis

is found in 6 occurrences totaling approximately 500 individuals at Kauaula (lowland mesic ecosystem), Puehuehunui (lowland mesic and montane mesic ecosystems), Ukumehame (wet cliff ecosystem), Papalaua (montane mesic ecosystem), Pohakea (lowland dry ecosystem), and Manawainui (lowland dry ecosystem) (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010ff, in litt.). Historically, this species also occurred in Maui's lowland wet ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010).

Sanicula purpurea

(NCN), a short-lived perennial herb in the parsley family (Apiaceae), is known from bogs and surrounding wet forest on Oahu and west Maui (Constance and Affolter 1999, p. 210). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003 (Maui) and 2012 (Oahu), this species was known from seven occurrences on west Maui and five occurrences on Oahu (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 77 FR 57648, September 18, 2012). Currently, on west Maui, as many as 50 individuals are found in 4 known occurrences in bogs in the montane wet ecosystem (TNC 2007; Perlman 2007d, in litt.; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010gg, in litt.; Wood 2010d, in litt.).

Santalum haleakalae

var.

lanaiense

(iliahi, Lanai sandalwood) is a long-lived perennial tree in the sandalwood family (Santalaceae). Currently,

S. haleakalae

var.

lanaiense

is known from Molokai, Lanai, and Maui, in 26 occurrences totaling fewer than 100 individuals (Wagner

et al.

1999c, pp. 1,221-1,222; HBMP 2010; Harbaugh

et al.

2010, pp. 834-835). On Molokai, there are more than 12 individuals in 4 occurrences from Kikiakala to Kamoku Flats and Puu Kokekole, with the largest concentration at Kumueli Gulch, in the montane mesic and lowland mesic ecosystems (Harbaugh

et al.

2010, pp. 834-835). On Lanai, there are approximately 10 occurrences totaling 30 to 40 individuals: Kanepuu, in the

lowland mesic ecosystem (5 individuals); the headwaters of Waiopae Gulch in the lowland wet ecosystem (3 individuals); the windward side of Hauola on the upper side of Waiopae Gulch in the lowland mesic ecosystem (1 individual); the drainage to the north of Puhielelu Ridge and exclosure, in the headwaters of Lopa Gulch in the lowland mesic ecosystem (3 individuals); 6 occurrences near Lanaihale in the montane wet ecosystem (21 individuals); and the mountains east of Lanai City in the lowland wet ecosystem (a few individuals) (HBMP 2008; Harbaugh

et al.

2010, pp. 834-835; HBMP 2010; Wood 2010a, in litt.). On west Maui, there are eight single-individual occurrences: Hanaulaiki Gulch in the lowland dry ecosystem; Kauaula and Puehuehunui Gulches in the lowland mesic, montane mesic, and wet cliff ecosystems; Kahanahaiki Gulch and Honokowai Gulch in the lowland wet ecosystem; Wakihuli in the wet cliff ecosystem; and Manawainui Gulch in the montane mesic and lowland dry ecosystems (HBMP 2010; Harbaugh

et al.

2010, pp. 834-835; Wood 2010a, in litt.). On east Maui, there are 4 occurrences (10 individuals) in Auwahi, in the montane mesic, montane dry, and lowland dry ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; Harbaugh

et al.

2010, pp. 834-835).

Schenkia sebaeoides

(formerly

Centaurium sebaeoides

) (awiwi) is a short-lived annual herb in the gentian family (Gentianaceae) known from the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and west Maui (Wagner

et al.

1990b, p. 725; 68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003). At the time we designated critical habitat on Kauai, Molokai, and Maui in 2003, and on Oahu in 2012, the species was reported from one occurrence on Lanai, three occurrences on Kauai, two occurrences on Molokai, three occurrences on Maui, and two occurrences on Oahu (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 77 FR 57648, September 18, 2012). No critical habitat was designated for this species on Lanai in 2003 (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003). Currently, on Lanai, Molokai, and Maui, there are at least eight occurrences, with the highest number of individuals on Molokai. The annual number of individuals on each island varies widely depending upon rainfall (;Oppenheimer 2009i, in litt.; HBMP 2010). On Lanai, there is 1 occurrence totaling between 20 and 30 individuals, in the lowland dry ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010). On Molokai, there are 2 or more occurrences containing thousands of individuals in the coastal ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010). On west Maui, there are 5 occurrences, totaling several thousand individuals, along the north coast from Haewa Point to Puu Kahulanapa, in the coastal ecosystem (Oppenheimer 2010i, in litt.).

Schiedea haleakalensis

(NCN), a short-lived perennial shrub in the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is known from east Maui (Wagner

et al.

1999j, pp. 512-514). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this species was known from two occurrences in Haleakala National Park (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently,

S. haleakalensis

is found in 2 occurrences totaling fewer than 50 individuals, at Leleiwi Pali and Kaupo Gap in the subalpine and dry cliff ecosystems, within Haleakala National Park (Welton 2010a, in litt.). One hundred forty-three individuals have been outplanted at 11 sites within Haleakala National Park (NPS 2012, in litt.).

Schiedea jacobii

(NCN), a short-lived perennial herb or subshrub in the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), occurs only on Maui (Wagner

et al.

1999j, p. 284). Discovered in 1992, the single occurrence consisted of nine individuals along wet cliffs between Hanawi Stream and Kuhiwa drainage (in Hanawi NAR), in the montane wet ecosystem on east Maui (Wagner

et al.

1999j, p. 286). By 1995, only four plants could be relocated in this location. It appeared that the other five known individuals had been destroyed by a landslide (Wagner

et al.

1999j, p. 286). In 2004, one seedling was observed in the same location, and in 2010, no individuals were relocated (Perlman 2010, in litt.). The State of Hawaii plans to outplant propagated individuals in a fenced area in Hanawi Natural Area Reserve in 2011 (Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt.; Perlman 2010, in litt.).

Schiedea laui

(NCN), a short-lived perennial herb or subshrub in the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is found only on Molokai (Wagner

et al.

2005b, pp. 90-92). In 1998, when this species was first observed, there were 19 individuals located in a cave along a narrow stream corridor at the base of a waterfall in the Kamakou Preserve, in the montane wet ecosystem (Wagner

et al.

2005b, pp. 90-92). By 2000, only 9 individuals with a few immature plants and seedlings were relocated, and in 2006, 13 plants were seen (Wagner

et al.

2005b, pp. 90-92; PEPP 2007, p. 57). Currently, there are 24 to 34 individuals in the same location in Kamakou Preserve (Bakutis 2010, in litt.).

Schiedea lydgatei

(NCN), a short-lived perennial subshrub in the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is known from east Molokai (Wagner

et al.

1999j, p. 516). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this species was known from four occurrences totaling more than 1,000 individuals (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently, there are over 200 individuals between Kawela and Makolelau gulches, in the lowland mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007; PEPP 2009, p. 109; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010u, in litt.).

Schiedea salicaria

(NCN), a short-lived perennial shrub in the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), occurs on Maui (Wagner

et al.

1999j, pp. 519-520). It is historically known from a small area on west Maui, from Lahaina to Waikapu. Currently, this species is found in three occurrences: Kaunoahua gulch (500 to 1,000 individuals), Puu Hona (about 50 individuals), and Waikapu Stream (3 to 5 individuals), in the lowland dry ecosystem on west Maui (TNC 2007; Oppenheimer 2010k, in litt.; Oppenheimer 2010l, in litt.). Hybrids and hybrid swarms between

S. salicaria

and

S. menziesii

are known on the western side of west Maui (Wagner

et al.

2005b, p. 138). However, according to Weller (2012, in litt.) the hybridization process is natural when

S. salicaria

and

S. menziesii

co-occur and because of the dynamics in this hybrid zone, traits of

S. salicaria

prevail and replace those of

S. menziesii.

Weller (2012, in litt.) notes that populations of both species will likely remain distinct because the two species do not overlap throughout much of their range.

Schiedea sarmentosa

(NCN), a short-lived perennial herb in the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is endemic to Molokai (Wagner

et al.

2005b, pp. 116-119). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this species was known from five occurrences with an estimated total of over 1,000 individuals (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently,

S. sarmentosa

is known from three occurrences from Onini Gulch to Makolelau, with as many as several thousand individuals, in the lowland mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007; Perlman 2009l, in litt.; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010hh, in litt.; Perlman 2010, in litt.; Wood 2010e, in litt.).

Sesbania tomentosa

(ohai) is a short-lived perennial shrub or small tree in the pea family (Fabaceae) (Geesink

et al.

1999, pp. 704-705). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003,

S. tomentosa

was known from 1 occurrence on Kauai, 9 occurrences on Molokai, 7 occurrences on Maui, several thousand individuals on Nihoa Island, “in great abundance” on Necker Island, 31 occurrences on Hawaii Island; and, in 2012, from 3 occurrences on Oahu (68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003; 68 FR

12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 28054, May 22, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003; 77 FR 57648, September 18, 2012). Historically widespread throughout the Hawaiian Islands and the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI), this species now occurs in larger numbers only on Nihoa and Necker (NWHI, approximately 5,500 individuals), with relatively few occurrences persisting on the eight main Hawaiian islands. Currently, on the eight main Hawaiian Islands,

S. tomentosa

is known from Kauai, Molokai, Maui, Kahoolawe, Oahu, and Hawaii (possibly totaling as many as 2,000 individuals). The number of individuals at any one location varies widely, depending on rainfall (TNC 2007; NTBG 2009k). On Molokai, there is one occurrence on the northwest shore from Moomomi to Nenehanaupo (35 individuals), and about 1,000 or more individuals on the south coast scattered from Kamiloloa to the Kawela plain, in the coastal and lowland dry ecosystems. Historically, this species also occurred in Molokai's lowland mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007; Cole 2008, in litt.; NTBG 2009k). On west Maui, there are 3 occurrences totaling 80 individuals from Nakalele Point to Mokolea Point, in the coastal ecosystem. Historically, this species also occurred in the lowland dry ecosystem on west Maui (TNC 2007; NTBG 2009k; Oppenheimer 2009h, in litt.). On east Maui, there is one occurrence of 10 individuals in the lowland dry ecosystem (TNC 2007; Cole 2008, in litt.; Oppenheimer 2009h, in litt.; Oppenheimer 2010i, in litt.). On Kahoolawe, about 300 individuals occur in the coastal ecosystem on Puu Koae islet.

Sesbania tomentosa

has not been seen in the coastal and lowland dry ecosystems on Lanai for over 50 years (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010). Current threats to this species are significant and include herbivory by feral ungulates, deer, nonnative insects (borers and scale), and slugs, seed predation by rats, fire, drought, and low fruit set resulting from lack of pollinators or self-incompatibility, and low seedling recruitment. Herbivory by the nonnative gray bird grasshopper,

Schistocerca nitens,

is a threat to occurrences on Nihoa (Latchininsky 2008, 15 pp.). Fortini

et al.

(2013, p. 89) conducted a landscape-based assessment of climate change vulnerability for

S. tomentosa,

and concluded that this species is moderately vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. To be considered for delisting, threats to

S. tomentosa

must be managed or controlled, and there must be a minimum of 8 to 10 self-sustaining populations consisting of all size classes, over a period of 5 years, that should be documented on 2 to 3 of the eight main Hawaiian islands where it now occurs or occurred historically. These goals have not been met, as currently no population on the main Hawaiian Islands is considered sufficiently large and self-sustaining; in addition, all threats are not being sufficiently managed throughout all of the occurrences, even at the more remote occurrences on the NWHI. Designation of unoccupied habitat (in addition to occupied habitat) is essential to the conservation of

S. tomentosa

as it remains in danger of extinction throughout its range, therefore it requires sufficient habitat to persist in the face of ongoing and future threats, and for the expansion or reestablishment of multiple, self-sustaining populations in areas presently not occupied by the species to meet recovery goals.

Silene alexandri

(NCN), a short-lived perennial subshrub in the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is known from Molokai (Wagner

et al.

1999j, p. 522). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003,

S. alexandri

was extirpated in the wild, but individuals remained in cultivation (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently,

S. alexandri

is known from 1 occurrence of 25 individuals near Kawela Gulch, in the lowland mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; PEPP 2009, p. 111; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010u, in litt.).

Silene lanceolata

(NCN), a short-lived perennial subshrub in the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and the island of Hawaii (Wagner

et al.

1999j, p. 523). At the time we designated critical habitat on Molokai in 2003 and on Oahu in 2012,

S. lanceolata

was known from Molokai, Oahu, and the island of Hawaii (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003; 77 FR 57648, September 18, 2012). However, no critical habitat was designated for this species on Lanai, Kauai, or Hawaii in 2003 (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003). Currently, on Molokai, there are 2 occurrences totaling approximately 200 individuals at Kapuaokoolau and along cliffs between Kawela and Makolelau, in the lowland mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010u, in litt.). This species has not been observed in the lowland dry ecosystem on Lanai since the 1930s (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010).

Solanum incompletum

(popolo ku mai), a short-lived perennial shrub in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), is reported from Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii (Symon 1999, pp. 1,270-1,271). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this species was only known from one occurrence on the island of Hawaii (68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003). Currently, there are no known occurrences on Lanai, Molokai, or Maui (HBMP 2008; PEPP 2009, p. 112; HBMP 2010). Historically, this species occurred in the lowland dry, lowland mesic, and dry cliff ecosystems on Lanai, and in the lowland dry and lowland mesic ecosystems on east Maui. It is unclear when and where this plant was collected on Molokai (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010).

Spermolepis hawaiiensis

(NCN), an annual herb in the parsley family (Apiaceae), is known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and the island of Hawaii (Constance and Affolter 1999, p. 212). At the time we designated critical habitat on Kauai, Molokai, and Maui in 2003, and on Oahu in 2012,

S. hawaiiensis

was known from 3 occurrences on Lanai, 2 occurrences on Kauai, 1 occurrence on Molokai, 5 occurrences on Maui, 30 occurrences on Hawaii Island, and 4 occurrences on Oahu (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 77 FR 57648, September 18, 2012). No critical habitat was designated for this species on Hawaii Island in 2003 (68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003). Currently in Maui Nui there are nine occurrences totaling possible a several thousand individuals. On Lanai, there are 3 occurrences at Makiki Ridge, Kahewai Gulch to Puhialelu Ridge, and Kapoho Gulch, totaling between 500 and 600 individuals in the lowland dry and lowland mesic ecosystems. On Molokai, there are thousands of individuals at Makolelau and Kapuaokoolau, in the lowland mesic and montane mesic ecosystems (Perlman 2007e, in litt.; TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010u, in litt.). On east Maui, there is one occurrence at Kanaio, with possibly 1,000 individuals, in the lowland dry ecosystem. On west Maui, there are at least 3 occurrences that may total over 1,000 individuals at Puu Hipa, Olowalu, and Ukumehame in the lowland dry ecosystem. A recent (2010) fire at Olowalu burned at least 50 individuals (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt. 2010i, in litt.). Because of this species' annual growth habit (grows, blooms, seeds, and dies within 1 year), larger numbers of individuals (as compared to long-lived perennials) are required to ensure long-term

persistence as reproduction is dependent on the longevity of the seedbank. Overall, the numbers of individuals have declined from the approximately 13,000 wild individuals reported in 2010 to approximately 6,000 wild individuals reported in 2015 (Service 2010, in litt.; Service 2015, in litt.). Current threats to this species are herbivory by feral pigs, goats, sheep, deer, and mouflon; competition with nonnative plants; fire; erosion; landslides; rockslides; and drought (Service 1999, in litt; Service 2015, in litt.). Fortini

et al.

(2013, p. 89) conducted a landscape-based assessment of climate change vulnerability for

S. hawaiiensis

and concluded that this species has moderately low vulnerability to the impacts of climate change. Since

S. hawaiiensis

is an annual plant, to be considered for delisting, a minimum of 5 to 7 naturally reproducing populations of at least 500 individuals each must be stable or increasing in numbers on islands where it now occurs or occurred historically. These goals have not been met and threats are not being sufficiently managed. Designation of unoccupied habitat (in addition to occupied habitat) is essential to the conservation of

S. hawaiiensis

as it remains in danger of extinction throughout its range, therefore sufficient habitat is required to allow the species to persist in the face of ongoing and future threats, and for the expansion or reestablishment of multiple, self-sustaining populations in areas presently not occupied by the species to meet recovery goals.

Stenogyne bifida

(NCN), a short-lived climbing perennial herb in the mint family (Lamiaceae), is known from Molokai (Weller and Sakai 1999, p. 835). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there were five known occurrences (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently,

S. bifida

is known from one individual in Kawela Gulch, in the montane wet ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; PEPP 2009, p. 113; Tangalin 2009, in litt.; HBMP 2010). The status of the plants in the montane mesic ecosystem, farther west, is unknown (Oppenheimer 2009i, in litt.). Historically, this species was also found in Molokai's lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane mesic, and wet cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010).

Stenogyne kauaulaensis

(NCN), a short-lived perennial vine in the mint family (Lamiaceae), occurs on Maui. This recently described (2008) plant is found only along the southeastern rim of Kauaula Valley, in the montane mesic ecosystem on west Maui (TNC 2007; Wood and Oppenheimer 2008, pp. 544-545). At the time

S. kauaulaensis

was described, the authors reported a total of 15 individuals in one occurrence. However, one of the authors reports that due to the clonal (genetic duplicate) growth habit of this species, botanists believe it is currently represented by only three genetically distinct individuals (Oppenheimer 2010k, in litt.).

Tetramolopium capillare

(pamakani), a short-lived perennial sprawling shrub in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), is known from west Maui (Lowrey 1999, p. 363). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this species was known from five occurrences (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Although

Tetramolopium capillare

was last observed in the wet cliff (Kauaula) and dry cliff (Ukumehame) ecosystems in 2001, and in the lowland dry ecosystem (Ukumehame) in 1995, these plants are no longer extant (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010i, in litt.). Currently, there are no known occurrences on west Maui (PEPP 2009, p. 113).

Tetramolopium lepidotum

ssp.

lepidotum

(NCN), a short-lived perennial shrub in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), is known from Oahu and Lanai (Lowrey 1999, p. 376). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2012, this subspecies was only known from three occurrences on Oahu (77 FR 57648, September 18, 2012). Currently,

T. lepidotum

ssp.

lepidotum

is only found on Oahu. This subspecies was last observed in the lowland dry ecosystem on Lanai in the early 1900s (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; PEPP 2009, pp. 113-114; HBMP 2010).

Tetramolopium remyi

(NCN), a short-lived perennial shrub in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), is known from Lanai and west Maui (Lowrey 1999, pp. 367-368). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there was one occurrence on Lanai totaling approximately 150 individuals, and there were an unknown number of individuals in the Kuia area on west Maui (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently, there is one known individual on Lanai at Awehi, in the lowland dry ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2010ii, in litt.; Perlman 2008h, in litt.). There are an unknown number of individuals in the Kuia area on west Maui in the lowland dry ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2010).

Tetramolopium rockii

(NCN), a short-lived perennial shrub in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), is endemic to the island of Molokai (Lowrey 1999, p. 368). There are two varieties:

T. rockii

var.

calcisabulorum

and

T. rockii

var.

rockii

(Lowrey 1999, p. 368). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003,

T. rockii

was known from four occurrences totaling thousands of individuals (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003).

Tetramolopium rockii

var.

calcisabulorum

was reported from Kaiehu Point to Kapalauoa, intergrading with var.

rockii. Tetramolopium rockii

var.

rockii

occurred from Kalawao to Kahinaakalani, Kaiehu point to Kapalauoa, and Moomomi to Kahinaakalani. Currently, numbers fluctuate considerably from year to year but remain in the thousands, and occurrences are found along the northwest shore of Molokai, from Kaa Gulch to Kahinaakalani, and on Kalaupapa peninsula from Alau to Makalii, in the coastal ecosystem (Canfield 1990, p. 20; Perlman 2006c, in litt.; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; NTBG 2009l; HBMP 2010; Wood 2010f, in litt.).

Vigna o-wahuensis

(NCN), a twining, short-lived perennial herb in the pea family (Fabaceae), is known from all of the main Hawaiian Islands except Kauai (Geesink

et al.

1999, pp. 720-721). At the time we designated critical habitat on Maui and Hawaii in 2003 and Oahu in 2012,

V. o-wahuensis

was known from 6 occurrences totaling approximately 30 individuals on Lanai, Molokai, Maui, and Kahoolawe, and the island of Hawaii (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003; 77 FR 57648, September 18, 2012). However, no critical habitat was designated for this species on Lanai or Molokai in 2003 (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently, there are 22 individuals in 3 occurrences on Molokai, Maui, and Kahoolawe. On Molokai, 2 occurrences totaling 12 individuals are known from Makakupaia and Makolelau, in the lowland mesic ecosystem. On east Maui, there are approximately 10 individuals at Kanaio Beach in the coastal ecosystem. On Kahoolawe, there is one individual in the lowland dry ecosystem. Historically,

V. o-wahuensis

was found in the lowland dry and lowland mesic ecosystems on Lanai, and in the coastal ecosystem on Kahoolawe (Perlman 2005, in litt.; TNC 2007; HBMP 2010; Wood 2010g, in litt.).

Viola lanaiensis

(NCN), a short-lived perennial subshrub in the violet family (Violaceae), is known from Lanai (Wagner

et al.

1999aa, pp. 1,334-1,336). In 2003, there were 2 known occurrences totaling fewer than 80 individuals; however, no critical habitat was designated for this species on Lanai (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003).

Currently, 6 individuals are found in Awehi Gulch, in the wet cliff ecosystem on Lanai. Historically, this species was also reported in the montane wet and dry cliff ecosystems on Lanai (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; PEPP 2008, p. 84; PEPP 2009, p. 117; HBMP 2010). A new population of over 140 individuals of

V. lanaiensis

was recently discovered on Helu Peak, west Maui, in the montane mesic ecosystem (Havran

et al.

2012. This information extends the known range for

V. lanaiensis

to the island of Maui. However, we will reevaluate the listing status of this species in a future proposed rulemaking.

Wikstroemia villosa

(akia), a short-lived perennial shrub or tree in the akia family (Thymelaeaceae), is found on Maui (Peterson 1999, pp. 1,290-1,291). Historically known from the lowland wet, montane wet, and montane mesic ecosystems on east and west Maui, this species is currently known from a recent discovery (2007) of one individual on the windward side of Haleakala (on east Maui), in the montane wet ecosystem (Peterson 1999, p. 1,291; TNC 2007; HBMP 2010). As of 2010, there was one individual and one seedling at the same location (Oppenheimer 2010m, in litt.). In addition, three individuals have been outplanted in Waikamoi Preserve (Oppenheimer 2010m, in litt.).

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

(ae), a long-lived perennial tree in the rue family (Rutaceae), is known from Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii (Stone

et al.

1999, pp. 1,214-1,215). At the time we designated critical habitat on Kauai, Molokai, and Maui in 2003,

Z. hawaiiense

was known from 3 occurrences on Kauai, 5 individuals on Molokai, 9 occurrences on Maui, and 186 occurrences on the island of Hawaii (68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003). No critical habitat was designated for this species on Hawaii in 2003 (68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003). Currently, on Molokai and Maui, this species is known from 5 or 6 occurrences totaling 14 individuals. On Molokai, there are two mature individuals in the lowland wet ecosystem, one individual above Kamalo in the montane wet ecosystem, and one individual in Makolelau Gulch in the lowland mesic ecosystem. On west Maui, there are seven individuals at Puehuehunui in the montane mesic and lowland mesic ecosystems. On east Maui, at Auwahi, there are three individuals in the montane dry and lowland dry ecosystems. Historically, this species also occurred in Maui's subalpine and montane mesic ecosystems (Perlman 2001, in

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