Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Final Designations or Nondesignations of Critical Habitat for 101 Plant Species From the Island of Oahu, HI

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17

RIN 1018-AI24

Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Final Designations or Nondesignations of Critical Habitat for 101 Plant Species From the Island of Oahu, HI

AGENCY:

Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION:

Final rule.

SUMMARY:

We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), designate critical habitat pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act), for 99 of the 101 species known historically from the Hawaiian island of Oahu. A total of approximately 22,274 hectares (ha) (55,040 acres (ac)) of land on Oahu fall within the boundaries of the 303 critical habitat units designated for the 99 species. This critical habitat designation requires the Service to consult under section 7 of the Act with regard to actions carried out, funded, or authorized by a Federal agency. Section 4 of the Act requires us to consider economic and other relevant impacts when specifying any particular area as critical habitat. This rule also determines that designating critical habitat would not be prudent for two species (

Cyrtandra crenata

and

Pritchardia kaalae

). We solicited data and comments from the public on all aspects of the proposed rule, including data on economic and other impacts of the designation.

DATES:

This rule becomes effective on July 17, 2003.

ADDRESSES:

Comments and materials received, as well as supporting documentation, used in the preparation of this final rule will be available for public inspection, by appointment, during normal business hours at U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Office, 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 3-122, PO Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850-0001.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

Paul Henson, Field Supervisor, Pacific Islands Office at the above address (telephone 808/541-3441; facsimile 808/541-3470).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Disclaimer

Designation of critical habitat provides little additional protection to species. In 30 years of implementing the ESA, the Service has found that the designation of statutory critical habitat provides little additional protection to most listed species, while consuming significant amounts of scarce conservation resources. The present system for designating critical habitat has evolved since its original statutory prescription into a process that provides little real conservation benefit, is driven by litigation rather than biology, forces decisions to be made before complete scientific information is available, consumes enormous agency resources that would otherwise be applied to actions of much greater conservation benefit, and imposes huge social and economic costs. The Service believes that rational public policy demands serious attention to this issue in order to allow our limited resources to be applied to those actions that provide the greatest benefit to the species most in need of protection.

Role of Critical Habitat in Actual Practice of Administering and Implementing the Act

While attention to and protection of habitat is paramount to successful conservation actions, we have consistently found that, in most circumstances, the designation of critical habitat is of little additional value for most listed species, yet it consumes large amounts of conservation resources. [Sidle (1987. Env. Manage.11(4):429-437) stated, “Because the ESA can protect species with and without critical habitat designation, critical habitat designation may be redundant to the other consultation requirements of section 7.”] Currently, only 306 species or 25% of the 1,211 listed species in the U.S. under the jurisdiction of the Service have designated critical habitat. We address the habitat needs of all 1,211 listed species through conservation mechanisms such as listing, section 7 consultations, the Section 4 recovery planning process, the Section 9 protective prohibitions of unauthorized take, Section 6 funding to the States, and the Section 10 incidental take permit process. The Service believes that it is these measures that may make the difference between extinction and survival for many species.

Procedural and Resource Difficulties in Designating Critical Habitat

With a budget consistently inadequate to fund all of the petition review, listing, and critical habitat designation duties required of us by statute, we have in the past prioritized our efforts and focused our limited resources on adding species in need of protection to the lists of threatened or endangered species. We have been inundated with lawsuits for our failure to designate critical habitat, and we face a growing number of lawsuits challenging critical habitat determinations once they are made. These lawsuits have subjected the Service to an ever-increasing series of court orders and court-approved settlement agreements, compliance with which now consumes nearly the entire listing program budget. This leaves the Service with little ability to prioritize its activities to direct scarce listing resources to the listing program actions with the most biologically urgent species conservation needs.

The consequence of the critical habitat litigation activity is that limited listing funds are used to defend active lawsuits, to respond to Notices of Intent (NOIs) to sue relative to critical habitat, and to comply with the growing number of adverse court orders. As a result, listing petition responses, the Service's own proposals to list critically imperiled species, and final listing determinations on existing proposals are significantly delayed. Litigation over critical habitat issues for species already listed and receiving the Act's full protection has precluded or delayed many listing actions nationwide.

The accelerated schedules of court ordered designations have left the Service with almost no ability to provide for adequate public participation or ensure a defect-free rulemaking process before making decisions on listing and critical habitat proposals due to the risks associated with noncompliance with judicially-imposed deadlines. This in turn fosters a second round of litigation in which those who fear adverse impacts from critical habitat designations challenge those designations. The cycle of litigation appears endless, is very expensive, and in the final analysis provides relatively little additional protection to listed species.

The costs resulting from the designation include legal costs, the cost of preparation and publication of the designation, the analysis of the economic effects and the cost of requesting and responding to public comment, and in some cases the costs of compliance with NEPA, all are part of the cost of critical habitat designation. None of these costs result in any benefit to the species that is not already afforded by the protections of the Act enumerated earlier, and they directly reduce the funds available for direct and tangible conservation actions.

Background

In the List of Endangered and Threatened Plants (50 CFR 17.12(h)),

there are 101 plant species that, at the time of listing, were reported from the island of Oahu and are at issue in this final rule. These species and their distribution by island are identified in Table 1 in the

Federal Register

notice proposing this critical habitat designation (67 FR 37107-37272; chart page 37108).

Fifty-seven of these species are endemic to the island of Oahu, while 44 species are reported from one or more other islands, as well as Oahu. Each of these species is described in more detail below in the section “Discussion of Plant Taxa.” Although we considered designating critical habitat on Oahu for each of the 101 plant species, for the reasons described below, the final designation includes critical habitat for 99 of 101 plant species. We have designated critical habitat on other islands (Kauai, Niihau, Maui, and Molokai) for species that are also reported from Oahu. Critical habitat may be designated for the species that are also reported from the island of Hawaii in a subsequent rulemaking.

The Island of Oahu

The island of Oahu was formed from the remnants of two large shield volcanoes, the younger Koolau volcano to the east and the older Waianae volcano to the west (60 FR 51398; Service 1995a, 1996b). Their original shield volcano shape has been lost as a result of extensive erosion, and today these volcanoes are called mountains or ranges and consist of long, narrow ridges. The Koolau Mountains were built by eruptions that took place primarily along a northwest-trending rift zone and formed a range now approximately 60 kilometers (km) (37 miles (mi)) long (Service 1996b). Median annual rainfall for the Koolau Mountains varies from 100 to 710 centimeters (cm) (40 to 280 inches (in)), most of which is received at higher elevations along the entire length of the windward (northeastern) side (Service 1996b).

The Waianae Mountains were built by eruptions that took place primarily along three rift zones. The two principal rift zones run in a northwestward and south-southeastward direction from the summit, and a lesser one runs to the northeast. The range is approximately 32 km (20 mi) long. The caldera lies between the north side of Makaha Valley and the head of Nanakuli Valley (MacDonald

et al.

1983). The Waianae Mountains are in the rain shadow of the parallel Koolau Mountains and receive much less rainfall, except for Mt. Kaala, the highest point on Oahu at an elevation of 1,225 meters (m) (4,020 feet (ft)) (Wagner

et al.

1999). The median annual rainfall for the Waianae Mountains varies from 51 to 190 cm (20 to 75 in), with only the small summit area of Mt. Kaala receiving the highest amount (Service 1995a).

Discussion of the Plant Taxa

Species Endemic to Oahu

Abutilon sandwicense

­ (No common name (NCN))

Abutilon sandwicense

, a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a shrub that grows to 3 m (5 ft) tall and is covered with short glandular hairs. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the green or reddish-brown tipped petals that extend beyond the sepals (Bates 1999).

Abutilon sandwicense

has been observed flowering in winter and spring. By summer, most plants have flowered, and the fruits have usually dried up by fall. Fruit capsules develop within six weeks. Although seedlings are often initially abundant, few plants appear to survive to maturity for unknown reasons (56 FR 55770). Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors.

Historically,

Abutilon sandwicense

was known from nearly the entire length of the Waianae Mountains, from Makaleha Valley to Nanakuli Valley. This species is now known from Huliwai Gulch, Kaawa Gulch, Kaimuhole Gulch, Palikea Gulch, Makaha Valley, Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge, Makaleha Valley, Manuwai Gulch, Halona subdistrict, Mikilua subdistrict, Alaiheihe Gulch, and Nanakuli Valley on Federal, State, private, city, and county lands. The 30 known occurrences contain an estimated 253 to 263 individuals (Bates 1999; Hawaii Heritage Program (HINHP) Database 2001).

Abutilon sandwicense

typically grows on steep slopes or gulches in dry to mesic lowland forest between 149 and 875 m (489 and 2,870 ft) elevation. Associated native species include

Antidesma pulvinatum

(hame),

Diospyros sandwicensis

(lama),

Elaeocarpus bifidus

(kalia),

Eugenia reinwardtiana

(nioi),

Hibiscus arnottianus

(kokio keokeo),

Metrosideros polymorpha

(ohia),

Myrsine lanaiensis

(kolea),

Nestegis sandwicensis

(olopua),

Pipturus albidus

(mamaki),

Pisonia

sp. (papala kepau),

Pittosporum

sp. (hoawa),

Pleomele

sp. (hala pepe),

Psydrax odorata

(alahee),

Rauvolfia sandwicensis

(hao),

Reynoldsia sandwicensis

(ohe), and

Sapindus oahuensis

(lonomea) (Bates 1999; HINHP Database 2001; Environmental Division of the U.S. Army (EDA),

in litt

. 2001).

The major threats to

Abutilon sandwicense

are competition from the nonnative plant species

Ageratina riparia

(hamakua pamakani),

Aleurites moluccana

(kukui),

Clidemia hirta

(Koster's curse),

Ficus microcarpa

(Chinese banyan),

Grevillea robusta

(silk oak),

Hyptis pectinata

(Comb hyptis),

Ipomoea

sp. (morning glory),

Kalanchoe pinnata

(air plant),

Leucaena leucocephala

(koa haole),

Melia azedarach

(chinaberry),

Melinis minutiflora

(molasses grass),

Montanoa hibiscifolia

(tree daisy),

Oplismenus hirtellus

(basketgrass),

Panicum maximum

(Guinea grass),

Passiflora suberosa

(huehue haole),

Pimenta dioica

(allspice),

Psidium cattleianum

(strawberry guava),

Psidium guajava

(guava),

Rivina humilis

(coral berry),

Schinus terebinthifolius

(Christmasberry),

Syzygium cumini

(Java plum), and/or

Toona ciliata

(Australian red cedar); fire; damage from the black twig borer (

Xylosandrus compactus

) and Chinese rose beetle (

Adoretus sinicus

); habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs (

Sus scrofa

) and goats (

Capra hircus

); and trampling by feral cattle (

Bos taurus

) (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).

Alsinidendron obovatum

(NCN)

Alsinidendron obovatum

, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a branching subshrub growing to 3 ft (1 m) tall with thick, somewhat fleshy leaves. This species and

Alsinidendron trinerve

can be distinguished from other members of the genus by their shrubby habit and fleshy purple sepals surrounding the capsule. This species differs from

A. trinerve

in having a more crowded inflorescence (flowering part of plant) with shorter peduncles (flower stalks) and sepals with a rounded tip (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Alsinidendron obovatum

generally flowers after about two years of growth. Plants flower and fruit year round, but flowering is usually heavier in winter and spring depending on the level of precipitation. Plants survive three to six years, unless there are drought conditions. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (56 FR 55770).

Historically,

Alsinidendron obovatum

was known from the northern and southern ends of the Waianae Range. This species remains in Keawapilau

Gulch, Kahanakaiki Gulch, Makaleha, Kapuna Gulch, and Pahole Gulch on Federal and State lands. The 6 known occurrences contain about 8 to 10 individuals (EDA Database 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Wagner

et al.

1999).

Alsinidendron obovatum

typically grows on ridges and slopes in lowland diverse mesic forest dominated by

Acacia koa

(koa) and

Metrosideros polymorpha

between 476 and 943 m (1,561 and 3,093 ft) elevation. Associated native species include

Alyxia oliviformis

(maile),

Antidesma platyphyllum

(hame),

Bidens torta

(kookoolau),

Cibotium chamissoi

(hapuu),

Coprosma sp.

(pilo),

Hedyotis terminalis

(manono),

Ilex anomala

(kawau),

Machaerina

sp. (uki),

Peperomia

sp. (ala ala wai nui),

Perrottetia sandwicensis

(olomea),

Pipturus

sp. (mamaki),

Psydrax odorata

, or the endangered

Cyanea longiflora

(haha) (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001).

The major threats to

Alsinidendron obovatum

are competition from the aggressive nonnative plant species

Blechnum appendiculatum

(NCN),

Clidemia hirta

,

Grevillea robusta

,

Melinus minutiflora

,

Paspalum conjugatum

(Hilo grass),

Psidium cattleianum

,

Rubus argutus

(prickly Florida blackberry),

Schinus terebinthifolius

, and/or

Stachytarpheta dichotoma

(owi); habitat degradation by feral pigs; trampling by humans; rockslides; and the small number of occurrences and individuals, which make the species highly vulnerable to extinction from random environmental events (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).

Alsinidendron trinerve (NCN)

Alsinidendron trinerve

, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is very similar in appearance to

A. obovatum

but differs in that it has a more open inflorescence with peduncles more than 2 cm (0.8 in) long and sepals with an acute tip (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Alsinidendron trinerve

flowers and fruits throughout the year with the possible exception of fall (56 FR 55770). Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors.

Historically,

Alsinidendron trinerve

was known from the north-central and southern Waianae Mountains. This species is known to be in Makaleha Gulch, on Mt. Kaala and Puu Kalena on Federal and State lands. The 13 known occurrences total between 18 and 34 individuals (EDA Database 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Alsinidendron trinerve

typically grows on slopes in wet forest or the wetter portions of diverse mesic forest dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha

and

Ilex anomala

or

Metrosideros polymorpha

montane wet forest between 833 and 1,233 m (2,732 and 4,044 ft) elevation. Associated native species include

Broussaisia arguta

(kanawao),

Coprosma ochracea

(pilo),

Diplazium sandwichianum

(hoio),

Gunnera

sp. (apeape),

Hedyotis

sp. (NCN),

Machaerina

sp.,

Nothoperanema rubiginosa

,

Peperomia

sp.,

Perrottetia sandwicensis

,

Phyllostegia

sp. (NCN),

Pipturus albidus

, or

Vaccinium

sp. (ohelo) (HINHP Database 2001; Wagner

et al.

1999; EDA,

in litt.

2001).

The major threats to

Alsinidendron trinerve

are competition from the aggressive nonnative plant species

Buddleia asiatica

(butterfly bush),

Clidemia hirta

,

Kalanchoe pinnata

, and

Rubus argutus

; habitat degradation by feral pigs; trampling by humans along trails; and the small number of extant individuals, which makes the species highly vulnerable to extinction from random environmental events (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).

Chamaesyce celastroides

var.

kaenana

(Akoko)

Chamaesyce celastroides

var.

kaenana

, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a low-growing or upright shrub to 5 ft (1.5 m) tall with milky sap. Its leaves fall off during the dry season, are mostly hairless, and are arranged in two opposite rows along the stem. This species is distinguished from other members of the genus in the area in which it grows in that it is a woody shrub rather than an herb or small subshrub (Koutnik and Huft 1999).

Chamaesyce celastroides

var.

kaenana

has been observed flowering and fruiting throughout the year, probably in response to precipitation. Fruits mature in three to four weeks and plants live from five to 10 years. No additional information is available on flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (56 FR 55770).

Historically,

Chamaesyce celastroides

var.

kaenana

was known from the northwestern end of the Waianae Mountains as well as from one collection from the southeastern end of the Koolau Mountains. This taxon remains at Kaena Point, Keawaula, Alau Gulch, Waianae Kai, and Kahanahaiki on State land and land under Federal jurisdiction. The 15 known occurrences contain 569 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Koutnik and Huft 1999).

Chamaesyce celastroides

var.

kaenana

typically grows in coastal dry shrubland on windward talus slopes, leeward rocky cliffs, open grassy slopes, or on vegetated cliff faces between sea level and 862 m (0 and 2,827 ft) elevation. Associated native species include

Artemisia australis

(ahinahina),

Boerhavia

sp. (alena),

Chamaesyce celastroides

var.

amplectans

(akoko),

Dodonaea viscosa

(aalii),

Gossypium tomentosum

(mao),

Heteropogon contortus

(pili grass),

Jacquemontia ovalifolia

ssp.

sandwicensis

(pauohiiaka),

Lipochaeta lobata

(nehe),

Myoporum sandwicense

(naio),

Plumbago zeylanica

(iliee),

Psilotum nudum

(moa),

Psydrax odorata

,

Santalum

sp. (iliahi),

Sida fallax

(ilima), or

Waltheria indica

(uhaloa) ( HINHP Database 2001; EDA,

in litt.

2001).

The major threats to

Chamaesyce celastroides

var.

kaenana

are competition from the nonnative plant species

Acacia confusa

(Formosan koa),

Grevillea robusta

,

Hyptis pectinata

,

Leucaena leucocephala

,

Melinis repens

(natal redtop),

Panicum maximum

,

Pluchea carolinensis

(sourbush), and/or

Schinus terebinthifolius

; fire; and effects of recreational activities (Service 1998b; 56 FR 5577).

Chamaesyce deppeana

(Akoko)

Chamaesyce deppeana

, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an erect subshrub up to 1.2 m (4 ft) tall with fuzzy branches. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the following combination of characters: Leaves arranged in two rows on opposite sides of the branches, leaves glabrous, leaf apex notched, leaf margin toothed, and cyathia (flower cluster) width (Koutnik and Huft 1999).

Chamaesyce deppeana

has been observed in flower in May and September. No further information is available on flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Chamaesyce deppeana

was known only from southern Oahu. Because the few collections that were made were collected prior to the 20th century, it was thought to be extinct. In 1986, Joel Lau and Sam Gon of The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii (TNCH) rediscovered

C. deppeana

on State land in the southern Koolau Mountains of Oahu in Nuuanu Pali Wayside State Park near the Pali Lookout, a popular tourist attraction. About 50 individuals grow near there (HINHP Database 2001; Koutnik and Huft 1999).

The habitat of the only known occurrence of

Chamaesyce deppeana

is windward-facing ridge crests, cliff faces, and mixed native cliffs with such plant species as

Bidens sandvicensis

(kookoolau) or

Metrosideros polymorpha

between 274 and 661 m (899 and 2,168 ft) elevation (HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to the single known occurrence of

Chamaesyce deppeana

are competition for water, space, light, and nutrients with the nonnative plant species

Casuarina equisetifolia

(common ironwood),

Paspalum conjugatum

, and

Schinus terebinthifolius

; and extinction due to naturally caused events because of the limited number of individuals and restricted range. Fire and impact by humans threaten the species as well (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).

Chamaesyce herbstii

(Akoko)

Chamaesyce herbstii

, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small tree ranging from 3 to 8 m (10 to 26 ft) tall with thin, leathery leaves arranged in pairs on the same plane. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the length of the flowering stalk and the color of the angular fruits (Koutnik and Huft 1999).

Chamaesyce herbstii

has been observed in flower year-round in January, May, July, September, and October. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Chamaesyce herbstii

was known from scattered occurrences in the northern and central Waianae Mountains on the island of Oahu. Currently, this species is known from 4 occurrences with between 162 and 164 individuals in the central and northern Waianae Mountains, South Ekahanui Gulch, Pahole (Kukuiula) Gulch, Kapuna Gulch, and West Makaleha-Central Makaleha. These occurrences are found on private and State lands (Geographic Decision Systems International (GDSI) 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Chamaesyce herbstii

typically grows in shaded gulch bottoms and slopes in mesic

Acacia koa

-

Metrosideros polymorpha

lowland forests or diverse mesic forests at elevations between 435 and 886 m (1,427 and 2,906 ft). Associated plant species include

Antidesma platyphyllum

,

Coprosma

sp.,

Diplazium sandwichianum

,

Hedyotis

sp.,

Hibiscus arnottianus

var.

arnottianus

(kokio keokeo),

Melicope

sp. (alani),

Morinda trimera

(noni),

Pipturus albidus

,

Pouteria sandwicensis

(alaa),

Pteralyxia

sp. (kaulu),

Urera glabra

(opuhe), or

Xylosma

sp. (maua) (HINHP Database 2001; EDA,

in litt

. 2001).

The primary threats to

Chamaesyce herbstii

are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; competition with nonnative plant species such as

Clidemia hirta

,

Grevillea robusta

,

Passiflora suberosa

,

Psidium cattleianum

, and

Schinus terebinthifolius

; potential fire; a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (such as hurricanes) and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining occurrences (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).

Chamaesyce kuwaleana

(Akoko)

Chamaesyce kuwaleana

, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an erect shrub 20 to 90 cm (8 to 36 in) tall with leaves arranged in two rows along the stem. This species is distinguished from other species of the genus in its habitat by its stalked, oval to rounded leaves with untoothed margins and by the bent stalk supporting the small fruit capsule (Koutnik and Huft 1999).

Chamaesyce kuwaleana

bears fruit in spring and early summer and has usually finished fruiting by fall. No further information is available on flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (56 FR 55770).

Historically,

Chamaesyce kuwaleana

was known from the central Waianae Mountains and Moku Manu Island off the eastern coast of Oahu. This species is currently known only from Kauaopuu Peak, Mauna Kuwale, Waianae Kai-Lualualei Ridge, Puu Kailio, and Kauaopuu in the Waianae Mountains, on Federal and State lands. The 5 occurrences contain around 2,000 individuals (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Koutnik and Huft 1999).

Chamaesyce kuwaleana

typically grows in thin guano soil on basaltic rock, on arid, exposed volcanic cliffs, on dry or mesic rocky ridges, or on sparsely vegetated slopes between sea level and 596 m (0 to 1,955 ft) elevation. Associated native species include

Artemisia

sp. (hinahina),

Bidens

sp. (kookoolau),

Carex

sp. (NCN),

Chamaesyce

sp. (akoko),

Dodonaea viscosa

,

Heteropogon contortus

,

Plectranthus parviflorus

(ala ala wai nui),

Schiedea

sp. (NCN), or

Sida fallax

(HINHP Database 2001; Koutnik and Huft 1999; Service 1998b).

The major threats to

Chamaesyce kuwaleana

are competition from the nonnative plant species

Cenchrus ciliaris

(buffelgrass),

Kalanchoe pinnata

,

Leucaena leucocephala

,

Melinis repens

,

Opuntia

sp. (prickly pear), and

Schinus terebinthifolius

; fire; two-spotted leafhoppers (

Saphonia rufofascia

); and the small number of occurrences, which makes the species highly vulnerable to extinction from random environmental events (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).

Chamaesyce rockii

(Akoko)

Chamaesyce rockii

, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is usually a compact shrub or sometimes a small tree typically ranging from 0.5 to 2 m (1.6 to 6.6 ft) tall, but in protected sites it has been known to reach 4 m (13 ft) in height. This species differs from others in the genus in that it has large, red, capsular fruit (Koutnik and Huft 1999).

Chamaesyce rockii

has been observed fruiting in February. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Chamaesyce rockii

was known historically from scattered occurrences along the Koolau Mountains on the island of Oahu. Today, 20 occurrences are located in Waikakalaua Gulch, Kaukonahua-Kahana summit area, Punaluu-Kaluanui, Peahinaia Trail Laie-Kaipapau-Kawai Nui junction area, Puu Keahiakahoe, Halawa Trail, summit ridge between Aiea Ridge Trail and Waimano Trail, Ewa Forest Reserve, Halemano Gulch, Kawaiiki-Opaeula Ridge, Puu Kainapuaa, Kawai Iki Stream, Maakua Gulch, and Kaipapau-Loloa Ridge, on State, Federal, and private lands. Currently the total number of plants is estimated to be between 641 and 773 (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Chamaesyce rockii

typically grows on gulch slopes, gulch bottoms, and ridge crests in wet

Metrosideros polymorpha

-

Dicranopteris linearis

(uluhe) forest and shrubland between 208 and 871 m (682 and 2,857 ft) in elevation. Associated plant species include

Bidens

sp.,

Antidesma platyphyllum

,

Broussaisia arguta

,

Cibotium

sp. (hapuu),

Coprosma longifolia

(pilo),

Diplopterygium pinnatum

(uluhe lau nui),

Dubautia laxa

(naenae pua melemele),

Hedyotis terminalis

,

Machaerina

sp.,

Melicope

spp.,

Myrsine juddii

(kolea),

Psychotria

spp. (kopiko), and

Wikstroemia

sp. (akia) (HINHP Database 2001).

The primary threats to

Chamaesyce rockii

are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; trail clearing;

potential impacts from military activities; and competition with nonnative plant species such as

Clidemia hirta

,

Leptospermum scoparium

(tea tree),

Paspalum conjugatum

,

Psidium cattleianum

, and

Pterolepis glomerata

(NCN) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).

Cyanea acuminata

(Haha)

Cyanea acuminata

, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched shrub 0.3 to 2 m (1 to 6.6 ft) tall with inversely lance-shaped to narrowly egg-shaped or elliptic leaves. This species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the color of the petals and fruit and the length of the calyx (the outer of two series of floral leaves) lobes, flowering stalk, and leaf stalks (Lammers 1999).

Cyanea acuminata

has been observed fruiting in February and November. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Cyanea acuminata

was known from 31 scattered occurrences in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Currently, fewer than 200 plants are known from 20 occurrences on private, city, county, State, and Federal lands on Puu o Kona, near South Kaukonahua Stream, in Halemano Gulch, Kawai Iki Gulch, near Poamoho Stream, on Schofield-Waikane Trail, Helemano-Punaluu summit ridge, Konahuanui, in Kamana Nui Valley, Pukele, in Makaua Gulch, on Niu-Waimanalo summit ridge, Waahila Ridge, Kaipapau, Puu Keahia Kahoe, Kaala, Kaluanui, Pia Gulch, Makaleha, and Maakua Gulch (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Cyanea acuminata

typically grows on slopes, ridges, or stream banks between 216 and 1,208 m (708 and 3,962 ft) elevation. The plants are found in

Metrosideros polymorpha

-

Dicranopteris linearis

,

Acacia koa

-

M. polymorpha

wet or mesic forest or shrubland, or

Diospyros sandwicensis-M

.

polymorpha

lowland mesic forest with one or more of the following associated native species:

Antidesma

sp. (hame),

Broussaisia argutas

,

Chamaesyce

sp.,

Charpentiera

sp. (papala),

Cyrtandra

spp. (hai wale),

Diplazium sandwichianum

,

Dryopteris sandwicensis

(palapalaia),

Dubautia laxa

,

Freycinetia arborea

(ieie),

Hibiscus

sp. (aloalo),

Hedyotis

sp.,

Ilex anomala

,

Labordia

sp. (kamakahala),

Machaerina

sp.,

Melicope

spp.,

Perrottetia sandwicensis

,

Phyllostegia

sp.,

Pipturus albidus

,

Pisonia

sp.,

Psychotria

sp.,

Sadleria

sp. (amau),

Syzygium sandwicensis

,

Touchardia latifolia

(olona), or

Wikstroemia

sp. (ohia ha) (HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999).

The major threats to

Cyanea acuminata

are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; potential predation by rats (

Rattus rattus

); competition with the nonnative plant species

Ageratina adenophora

(Maui pamakani),

Aleurites moluccana

,

Clidemia hirta

,

Cordyline fruticosa

(ti),

Dioscorea

sp. (yam),

Erigeron karvinskianus

(daisy fleabane),

Musa

sp. (banana),

Passiflora suberosa

,

Rubus argutus

, and

Schinus terebinthifolius

; a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).

Cyanea crispa

(NCN)

Cyanea crispa

, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched shrub with leaves clustered at the ends of succulent stems. It is distinguished from other species in this endemic Hawaiian genus by its leaf shape, distinct calyx lobes, and the length of the flowers and stalks of flower clusters (Lammers 1999).

Cyanea crispa

was observed in flower in April 1930. It was more recently observed fruiting in June and September. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).

Historically,

Cyanea crispa

was known from scattered locations throughout the upper elevations of the Koolau Mountains of Oahu from Kaipapau Valley to Waialae Iki Ridge. This species is now known from Federal, State, city, county, and private lands in Hidden Valley, Palolo Valley, Kapakahi Gulch, Moanalua Valley, Wailupe, Koolau Summit Trail, Kawaipapa Gulch, Maakua Gulch, Kaipapa Gulch, Maunawili, and Pia Valley. There are a total of 11 occurrences containing a total of 56 individual plants (EDA Database 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Cyanea crispa

is found in habitats ranging from steep, open mesic forests to gentle slopes or moist gullies of closed wet forests and stream banks, at elevations between 56 and 959 m (184 and 3,146 ft ). Associated native plant species include

Antidesma platyphylla

,

Boehmeria grandis

(akolea),

Broussaisia argutus

,

Christella cyatheoides

(kikawaio),

Cibotium chamissoi

,

Cyrtandra

spp.,

Diospyros

sp. (lama),

Dubautia

sp. (naenae),

Metrosideros polymorpha

,

Perrottetia sandwicensis

,

Pipturus albidus

,

Pisonia umbellifera

(papala kepau),

Psychotria

sp., or

Touchardia latifolia

(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).

The major threats to

Cyanea crispa

are habitat alteration and predation by feral pigs; competition with the nonnative plant species

Arthrostemma ciliatum

(NCN),

Clidemia hirta

,

Psidium cattleianum

,

Psidium guajava

,

Pterolepis glomerata

,

Rubus rosifolius

(thimbleberry),

Schinus terebinthifolius

,

Setaria palmifolia

(palm grass), and

Zingiber zerumbet

(awapuhi); and extinction due to naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals, their limited gene pool, and restricted distribution (Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).

Cyanea grimesiana

ssp.

obatae

(Haha)

Cyanea grimesiana

ssp.

obatae

, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a shrub, usually unbranched, growing from 1 to 3.2 m (3.3 to 10.5 ft) tall with wide, deeply lobed leaves. This subspecies can be distinguished from the other two by its short, narrow calyx lobes that are not fused or overlapping (Lammers 1999).

Cyanea grimesiana

ssp.

obatae

flowers and fruits year round, depending on rainfall. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (59 FR 32932).

Historically,

Cyanea grimesiana

ssp.

obatae

was known from the southern Waianae Mountains from Puu Hapapa to Kaaikukai. This taxon is known to be extant in Kaluaa Gulch, Ekahanui Gulch, North Palawai Gulch, and Pahole Gulch. The occurrences are on State and private lands. A total of 8 occurrences are known that contain 16 individuals (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999).

Cyanea grimesiana

ssp.

obatae

typically grows on steep, moist, shaded slopes in diverse mesic to wet lowland forests between 404 and 1,075 m (1,325 and 3,528 ft) elevation. Associated native species include

Acacia koa

,

Antidesma platyphyllum

,

Chamaesyce

sp.,

Charpentiera obovata

(papala),

Cibotium chamissoi

,

Claoxylon sandwicense

(poola),

Coprosma

sp.,

Cyanea membranacea

(haha),

Cyrtandra waianaeensis

(hahala),

Diplazium sandwichianum

,

Dryopteris unidentata

(akole),

Dubautia

sp.,

Freycinetia arborea

,

Hedyotis acuminata

(au),

Hedyotis terminalis

,

Metrosideros polymorpha

,

Myrsine lessertiana

(kolea lau nui),

Nothocestrum

sp. (aiea),

Perrottetia sandwicensis

,

Pipturus albidus

,

Pisonia umbellifera

,

Pouteria sandwicensis

,

Psychotria hathewayi

(kopiko),

Rumex

sp. (sorrel),

Selaginella arbuscula

(lepelepe a moa), and

Streblus pendulinus

(aiai) (HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999; EDA,

in litt.

2001).

The major threats to

Cyanea grimesiana

ssp.

obatae

are habitat degradation by feral pigs; competition from nonnative plant species such as

Ageratina riparia

,

Aleurites moluccana

,

Blechnum appendiculatum

,

Buddleia asiatica

,

Clidemia hirta

,

Christella parasitica

(NCN),

Lantana camara

(lantana),

Morella faya

(firetree),

Paspalum conjugatum

,

Passiflora suberosa

,

Psidium cattleianum

,

Rubus rosifolius

,

Schinus terebinthifolius

,

Setaria palmifolia

, and

Toona ciliata

; predation of seeds or fruits by introduced slugs; and extinction caused by naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of extant individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 59 FR 32932).

Cyanea humboltiana

(Haha)

Cyanea humboltiana

, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched shrub 1 to 2 m (3.2 to 6.6 ft) tall with woody stems and inversely egg-shaped to broadly elliptic leaves. The leaf edges are hardened and have shallow, ascending, rounded teeth. This species differs from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the downward bending flowering stalk and the length of the flowering stalk (Lammers 1999).

Cyanea humboltiana

has been observed in flower from September through January. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Cyanea humboltiana

was known historically from 17 occurrences from the central portion to the southern end of the Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Currently, between 133 and 239 plants are known from 9 occurrences at Konahuanui summit, Moanalua-Kaneohe summit, Wailupe summit, Poamoho Trail, Opaeula Gulch, Maakua Gulch, Kaluanui, and Lulumahu Gulch. These occurrences are on Federal, private, State, city, and county lands (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Cyanea humboltiana

is usually found in wet

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

lowland shrubland between 261 and 959 m (856 and 3,146 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include

Acacia koa, Bobea elatior

(ahakea),

Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium chamissoi, Dubautia laxa, Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex anomala, Machaerina angustifolia

(uki),

Melicope

sp.,

Phyllostegia

sp.,

Psychotria mariniana

(kopiko),

Sadleria

sp.,

Scaevola mollis

(naupaka kuahiwi),

Syzygium sandwicensis, Wikstroemia

sp., and ferns (HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to

Cyanea humboltiana

are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential predation by rats; competition with the nonnative plant species

Axonopus fissifolius

(narrow-leaved carpet grass),

Clidemia hirta, Erigeron karvinskianus, Psidium cattleianum,

and

Pterolepis glomerata,

and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining occurrences. The Konahuanui summit occurrence is also threatened by trampling by hikers (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).

Cyanea koolauensis

(Haha)

Cyanea koolauensis,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched shrub 1 to 1.5 m (3.5 to 5 ft) tall with woody stems and linear to narrowly elliptic leaves with a whitish underside. The leaf edges are hardened with shallow, ascending, rounded teeth.

Cyanea koolauensis

is distinguished from other species in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the leaf shape and width; the whitish green lower leaf surface; and the lengths of the leaf stalks, calyx lobes, and hypanthium (base of flower) (Lammers 1999).

Cyanea koolauensis

has been observed in flower and fruit during the months of May through August. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Cyanea koolauensis

was known historically from 27 scattered occurrences throughout the Koolau Mountains on Oahu. Currently, 42 occurrences totaling fewer than 80 plants are known from the Waimea-Malaekahana Ridge to Hawaii Loa Ridge in the Koolau Mountains. These occurrences are on private, city, county, State, and Federal lands (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Cyanea koolauensis

is usually found on slopes, stream banks, and ridge crests in wet

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

forest or shrubland at elevations between 163 and 959 m (535 and 3,146 ft). Associated native plant species include

Acacia koa, Antidesma platyphyllum, Bidens

sp.,

Bobea elatior, Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium

sp.,

Diplopterygium pinnatum, Dubautia

sp.,

Hedyotis

sp.,

Machaerina

sp.,

Melicope

sp.,

Pittosporum

sp.,

Pritchardia martii

(loulu hiwa),

Psychotria mariniana, Sadleria

sp.,

Scaevola

sp. (naupaka),

Syzygium sandwicensis,

or

Wikstroemia

sp. (HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999).

The major threats to

Cyanea koolauensis

are habitat destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; trail clearing; potential predation by rats; competition with the aggressive nonnative plant species

Clidemia hirta, Heliocarpus popayanensis

(moho),

Psidium cattleianum,

and

Pterolepis glomerata;

trampling by hikers; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).

Cyanea longiflora

(Haha)

Cyanea longiflora,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched shrub 1 to 3 m (3.5 to 10 ft) long with woody stems and elliptic or inversely lance-shaped leaves. Mature leaves have smooth or hardened leaf edges with shallow, ascending, rounded teeth.

Cyanea longiflora

differs from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the fused calyx lobes (Lammers 1999).

Cyanea longiflora

has been observed in flower in February, April, and May and in fruit in August. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Cyanea longiflora

was known historically from five occurrences in the Waianae Mountains and six occurrences in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Currently, 4 occurrences with less than 217 individuals of this species are known on State, Federal, city, county, and private lands on Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge, Makaha Valley, Kapuna Gulch, and Pahole Gulch in the Waianae Mountains (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).

Cyanea longiflora

is usually found on steep slopes, bases of cliffs, or ridge

crests in mesic

Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha

lowland forest usually between 221 and 1,191 m (725 and 3,906 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include

Antidesma

sp.,

Cibotium

sp.,

Coprosma

sp.,

Dicranopteris linearis, Psychotria

sp.,

Schiedea

sp., or

Syzygium sandwicensis

(HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999).

The major threats to

Cyanea longiflora

are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; potential predation by rats; competition with the nonnative plant species

Psidium cattleianum

and

Rubus arguta

; potential fire; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining, widely dispersed occurrences (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).

Cyanea pinnatifida

(Haha)

Cyanea pinnatifida

, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a shrub, usually unbranched, growing from 0.8 to 3.0 m (2.6 to 10 ft) tall, with deeply lobed leaves. This species differs from other members of the genus on Oahu by its leaves, which are deeply cut into two to six lobes per side. The only other member of the genus on Oahu with lobed leaves has 9 to 12 lobes per side (Lammers 1999).

Cyanea pinnatifida

has been observed flowering in August. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Cyanea pinnatifida

was known from the central Waianae Mountains. The last known wild individual died in August 2001 (HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999; Trae Menard, TNCH, pers. comm., 2001). Currently, this species is known only from individuals under propagation at the University of Hawaii's Lyon Arboretum and the National Tropical Botanical Garden (G. Koob, pers. comm., 2002).

Cyanea pinnatifida

typically grows on steep, wet, rocky slopes in diverse mesic forest between 450 and 881 m (1,476 and 2,890 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include

Canavalia

sp. (awikiwiki),

Diplazium sandwichianum, Pipturus albidus, Pisonia sandwicensis

(aulu),

Pisonia umbellifera, Psychotria

sp.,

Strongylodon ruber

(nunuiiwi), and native ferns (HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999).

The major threats to

Cyanea pinnatifida

are competition from the nonnative plant species

Aleurites moluccana, Blechnum appendiculatum, Clidemia hirta, Passiflora suberosa, Psidium cattleianum, Psidium guajava

, and

Toona ciliata

; habitat degradation by feral pigs; predation by slugs; and trampling by humans on or near trails (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).

Cyanea st-johnii

(Haha)

Cyanea st-johnii

, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched shrub with a woody stem 30 to 60 cm (12 to 24 in) long and lance-shaped to inversely lance-shaped leaves. The leaf edges are thickened, are smoothly toothed, and curl under. This species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the length of the leaves, the distinctly curled leaf margins, and the petal color (Lammers 1999).

Cyanea st-johnii

has been observed in flower in July through September. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Cyanea st-johnii

was known historically from 11 occurrences in the central and southern Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Currently, 57 plants are known from 7 occurrences at Waimano Trail summit to Aiea Trail summit, the summit ridge crest between Manana and Kipapa Trails, between the summit of Aiea and Halawa trails, Summit Trail south of Poamoho Cabin, and Wailupe-Waimanalo summit ridge. These occurrences are found on city, county, private, and State lands, as well as lands under Federal jurisdiction (GDSI Database 2000; HINHP Database 2001).

Cyanea st-johnii

typically grows on wet, windswept slopes and ridges between 415 and 959 m (1,361 and 3,146 ft) elevation in

Metrosideros polymorpha

mixed lowland shrubland or

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

lowland shrubland. Associated native plant species include

Alyxia oliviformis, Antidesma

sp.,

Bidens macrocarpa

(kookoolau),

Broussaisia arguta, Chamaesyce clusiifolia

(akoko),

Cibotium

sp.,

Dubautia laxa, Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis

sp.,

Labordia

sp.,

Machaerina angustifolia, Melicope

sp.,

Psychotria

sp.,

Sadleria pallida

(amau),

Scaevola mollis

, or

Syzygium sandwicensis

(HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to

Cyanea st-johnii

are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential predation by rats; predation by slugs and snails; competition with the nonnative plant species

Andropogon virginicus

(broomsedge),

Axonopus fissifolius, Clidemia hirta

, and

Sacciolepis indica

(Glenwood grass); and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining occurrences and individuals. The plants between the summit of Aiea and Halawa Trail are also threatened by trampling by hikers (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).

Cyanea superba

(NCN)

Cyanea superba,

of member the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is morphologically very different from its closest relatives. It grows to 6 m (20 ft) tall and has a terminal rosette of large leaves; each rosette is 50 to 100 cm long (20 to 40 in) and 10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 in) wide atop a single, unbranched trunk (Lammers 1999).

The flowering season of

Cyanea superba

varies from year to year depending on precipitation. It ranges from late August to early October. Generally, flowering is at its peak in early to mid-September. Fruits have been known to mature in two to five months, depending on climatic conditions (Service 1998b). Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors.

Historically,

Cyanea superba

was collected from the gulches of Makaleha on Mt. Kaala in the Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Currently, there are no natural occurrences and an outplanted population of 140 individuals on State and Federal lands in the Waianae Mountains (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; K. Kawela, pers. comm., 2003, M. Keir, pers. comm., 2001).

Cyanea superba

grows in the understory on sloping terrain on well drained rocky substrate within mesic forest between 232 and 872 m (761 and 2,860 ft) in elevation with one or more of the following associated native species:

Diospyros

sp.,

Hedyotis terminalis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pisonia brunoniana

(papala kepau),

Psychotria

sp., and

Xylosma

sp. (HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to

Cyanea superba

are degradation of its habitat due to competition with the nonnative plant species

Aleurites moluccana, Melinis minutiflora, Psidium cattleianum,

and

Schinus terebinthifolius

; wildfires generated in the nearby military firing range; habitat degradation by feral pigs;

a restricted range that makes it vulnerable to any local environmental disturbance or single incident that could destroy a significant percentage of the known individuals; and the limited gene pool that may depress reproductive vigor (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 46235).

Cyanea truncata

(Haha)

Cyanea truncata,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched or sparsely branched shrub covered with small sharp prickles. Its oval leaves are wider above the middle and lined with hardened teeth along the margins.

Cyanea truncata

is distinguished from other members of this genus by the length of the flower cluster stalk and the size of the flowers and flower lobes (Lammers 1999).

Cyanea truncata

was observed in flower in December 1919 and November 1980, the last time the species was observed at that population before feral pigs extirpated it. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).

Historically,

Cyanea truncata

was known from Punaluu, Waikane, and Waiahole in the northern Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Two occurrences are currently known to exist in Hanaimoa Gulch on State and private lands (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Cyanea truncata

typically grows on windward slopes and stream banks in mesic to wet forests at elevations between 54 and 705 m (177 and 2,312 ft). Associated native plant species include

Cibotium chamissoi, Cyrtandra calpidicarpa

(haiwale),

Cyrtandra laxiflora

(haiwale),

Cyrtandra propinqua

(haiwale),

Diospyros sandwicensis, Hibiscus arnottianus, Metrosideros polymorpha, Neraudia melastomifolia

(maaloa),

Pipturus albidus,

or

Pisonia umbellifera

(HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999; Service 1998b).

The major threats to

Cyanea truncata

are habitat degradation and predation by feral pigs; competition with the invasive nonnative plant species

Christella parasitica, Clidemia hirta, Cordyline fruticosa, Oplismenus hirtellus,

and

Psidium cattleianum

; predation by rats and slugs; and extinction due to naturally caused events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).

Cyrtandra crenata

(Haiwale)

Cyrtandra crenata,

a member of the African violet family (Gesneriaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a shrub 1 to 2 m (3 to 7 ft) tall with few branches and leaves arranged in whorls of three, which are tufted at the end of branches.

Cyrtandra crenata

is distinguished from other species in the genus by the combination of its three-leaf arrangement, bilaterally symmetrical calyx, and brownish, hemispherical glands (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Cyrtandra crenata

has been observed in flower in June. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).

Historically,

Cyrtandra crenata

was known from Waikane Valley along the Waikane-Schofield Trail in the Koolau Mountains and was last observed in 1947 (HINHP Database 2001).

Cyrtandra crenata

typically grows on steep slopes, in ravines, or gulches in mesic to wet forests between elevations of 328 and 779 m (1,076 and 2,555 ft) with associated native plant species such as

Dicranopteris linearis, Machaerina angustifolia,

and

Metrosideros polymorpha

(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; Wagner

et al.

1999).

The primary threat to

Cyrtandra crenata

is extinction due to naturally caused events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the species' restricted range. No individuals are known to be extant at this time (Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).

Cyrtandra dentata

(Haiwale)

Cyrtandra dentata

, a member of the African violet family (Gesneriaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a sparingly branched shrub ranging from 1.5 to 5 m (5 to 16 ft) tall with papery textured leaves. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the number and arrangement of the flowers, the length of the bracts and flower stalks, and the shape of the leaves (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Cyrtandra dentata

has been observed in flower and fruit in May and November. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Cyrtandra dentata

was historically known from six occurrences in the Waianae Mountains and three occurrences in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Currently, this species is found only in Pahole Gulch, Kapuna Valley, Ekahanui Gulch, Keawapilau Gulch, Kahanahaiki, Kawai Iki Gulch, Opaeula Stream, and Makaleha Valley on Federal, State, city, and county lands (within TNCH's Honouliuli Preserve). The 11 known occurrences total 136 individuals (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Cyrtandra dentata

typically grows in gulches, slopes, stream banks, or ravines in mesic or wet forest with associated native plant species such as

Acacia koa, Metrosideros polymorpha, Pipturus albidus, Pisonia sandwicensis, Pisonia umbellifera, Pouteria sandwicensis, Syzygium sandwicensis,

or

Urera glabra,

at elevations between 255 and 953 m (836 and 3,126 ft) (HINHP Database 2001; Wagner

et al.

1999; EDA,

in litt.

2001).

The major threats to

Cyrtandra dentata

are competition with the nonnative plant species

Aleurites moluccana, Belchnum appendiculatum, Christella parasitica, Clidemia hirta, Psidium cattleianum, Psidium guajava,

and

Schinus terebinthifolius;

potential predation by rats; potential fire; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (such as landslides/hurricanes/flooding) and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of extant occurrences and individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).

Cyrtandra polyantha

(Haiwale)

Cyrtandra polyantha

, a member of the African violet family (Gesneriaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched or few-branched shrub 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) in height with leathery, elliptic, unequal leaves.

Cyrtandra polyantha

is distinguished from other species in the genus by the texture and hairiness of the leaf surfaces and the length, shape, and degree of cleft of the calyx. This species differs from

C. crenata

by the lack of short-stalked glands and by its leathery leaves, opposite leaf arrangement, and radially symmetrical calyx (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Nothing is known about the flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors for

Cyrtandra polyantha

(Service 1998b).

Historically,

Cyrtandra polyantha

was known from the Kalihi region and from Kulepeamoa Ridge above Niu Valley on the leeward (southwest) side of the southern Koolau Mountains. Currently, one occurrence with three individuals is extant on the summit ridge between Kuliouou and Waimanalo on State and private lands (HINHP Database 2001).

Cyrtandra polyantha

grows on ridges in

Metrosideros polymorpha

mesic or

wet forests at elevations between 331 and 762 m (1,086 and 2,499 ft).

Cyrtandra polyantha

probably grows in association with

Broussaisia arguta, Coprosma foliosa

(pilo),

Dicranopteris linearis, Machaerina angustifolia,

and

Psychotria

sp. (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).

The primary threats to

Cyrtandra polyantha

are habitat degradation by feral pigs; competition with the invasive plant species

Ageratina adenophora, Clidemia hirta, Erigeron karvinskianus,

and

Melinus minutiflora;

extinction due to naturally caused events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals and their restricted distribution (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).

Cyrtandra subumbellata

(Haiwale)

Cyrtandra submumbellata

, a member of the African violet family (Gesneriaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a shrub 2 to 3 m (6.6 to 10 ft) tall. Papery in texture, the leaves are almost circular to egg-shaped. It is distinguished from other species in the genus by its leaf shape and texture, the number of flowers per cluster, and the length of bracts, flower stem, calyx lobes, floral tube, and styles (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Cyrtandra submumbellata

has been observed in fruit in September. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Cyrtandra submumbellata

was known from the Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Currently, there are 5 occurrences containing 12 individuals in the central Koolau Mountains at Schofield-Waikane Trail, Puu Ohulehule, and in Kaukonahua drainage on Federal, private, and State lands (EDA Database 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Cyrtandra submumbellata

typically grows on moist, forested slopes or gulch bottoms dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha

or in mixed

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis-Acacia koa

wet forests between 345 and 790 m (1,132 and 2,591 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include

Boehmeria grandis, Broussaisia arguta, Dryopteris

sp. (palapalai), and

Machaerina

sp. (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; Wagner

et al.

1999).

The primary threats to

Cyrtandra submumbellata

are competition with the nonnative plant species

Clidemia hirta,

impacts from military activities, predation by rats, fire, and risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of extant occurrences and individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).

Cyrtandra viridiflora

(Haiwale)

Cyrtandra viridiflora,

a member of the African violet family (Gesneriaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small shrub 0.5 to 2 m (1.6 to 6.6 ft) tall. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the leaves, which are thick, fleshy, heart-shaped, and densely hairy on both surfaces (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Cyrtandra viridiflora

has been observed in flower and fruit from May through September. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Cyrtandra viridiflora

was known from scattered occurrences in the Koolau Mountains on the island of Oahu. Fifty-two plants are known from 23 occurrences at Puu Kainapuaa, Maakua-Kaipapau Ridge, Kawai Nui Drainage, Opaeula Gulch, and Kawai Nui-Laie Divide (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Cyrtandra viridiflora

is usually found on wind-blown ridge tops in cloud-covered wet forest or shrubland at elevations between 443 and 867 m (1,453 and 2,844 ft). Associated native plant species include

Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron platyphyllum

(olapa),

Dicranopteris linearis, Diplopterygium pinnatum, Dubautia

sp.,

Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis

sp.,

Ilex anomala, Machaerina

sp.,

Melicope

sp.,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Metrosideros rugosa

(lehua papa),

Psychotria

sp., or

Syzygium sandwicensis

(HINHP Database 2001; Wagner

et al.

1999; EDA,

in litt.

2001).

The major threats to

Cyrtandra viridiflora

are habitat degradation or destruction by feral pigs, impacts from military activities, predation by rats, competition with the nonnative plant species

Clidemia hirta

and

Psidium catteianum,

and risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining occurrences and individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).

Delissea subcordata

(Oha)

Delissea subcordata,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a branched or unbranched shrub 1 to 3 m (3.5 to 10 ft) tall. This species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the shape and size of the leaves, the length of the calyx lobes and corolla, and the hairless condition of the anthers (Lammers 1999).

Fertile plants of

Delissea subcordata

have been observed in July. An examination of herbarium specimens shows that this plant flowers throughout the year. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Delissea subcordata

was known from scattered occurrences in the Waianae and Koolau Mountains of Oahu. A specimen collected by Mann and Brigham in the 1860s and labeled from the island of Kauai is believed to have been mislabeled.

Delissea subcordata

is now known from 21 occurrences at South Huliwai Gulch, Palikea Gulch, Kaluaa Gulch, South Mohiakea Gulch, Kahanahaiki Valley, Kapuhi Gulch, South Ekahanui Gulch, Waikoekoe Gulch, Pahole Gulch, Kaawa Gulch, North Palawai Gulch, Kealia land section, Kapuna Gulch, Keawapilau Gulch, North Huliwai Gulch, Kuaokala, and Kolekole. This species is found on private, Federal, and State lands. The total number of plants is estimated to be fewer than 70 (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Delissea subcordata

typically grows on moderate to steep gulch slopes in mixed mesic forests between 162 and 1,025 m (531 and 3,362 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include

Acacia koa, Alyxia oliviformis, Antidesma

sp.,

Bobea

sp. (ahakea),

Chamaesyce multiformis

(akoko),

Charpentiera obovata, Claoxylon sandwicense, Diospyros hillebrandii

(lama),

Diospyros sandwicensis, Hedyotis acuminata, Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine lanaiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pisonia

sp.,

Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria hathewayi, Psydrax odorata,

or

Streblus pendulinus

(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).

The major threats to

Delissea subcordata

are habitat degradation and/or destruction by pigs and goats; impacts from military activities, including road construction and housing development; predation by rats and slugs; competition with the nonnative plant species

Blechnum appendiculatum, Clidemia hirta, Grevillea robusta, Lantana camara, Melinus minutiflora, Oplismenus hirtellus, Passiflora suberosa, Pimenta dioica, Psidium cattleianum, Schinus terebinthifolius, Syzygium cumini,

and

Toona ciliata;

fire; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of

remaining individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).

Diellia falcata

(NCN)

Diellia falcata

, in the polypody family (Polypodiaceae) and a short-lived perennial fern, grows from a rhizome (underground stem) 1 to 5 cm (0.4 to 2 in) long and 0.5 to 2 cm (0.2 to 0.8 in) in diameter. The rhizome is covered with small black or maroon scales. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the color and texture of its leaf stalk, the venation pattern of its fronds, the color of its scales, its rounded and reduced lower pinnae (leaflets), and its separate sori (spore clusters) arranged on marginal projections (Service 1998b; Wagner 1952).

Diellia falcata

hybridizes with

Diellia unisora

. It has been observed with fronds bearing sori (spores) year-round. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Diellia falcata

was known from almost the entire length of the Waianae Mountains, from Manini Gulch to Palehua Iki, as well as from the Koolau Mountains of Oahu, from Kaipapau Valley to Aiea Gulch. This species remains in Waieli Gulch, Ekahanui Gulch, Makaleha Valley, Makaha Valley, Palikea Gulch, Makua Valley, Kaimuhole Gulch, Kuaokala-Manini Gulch, Pahole Gulch, Puu Ku Makalii, Kapuna Gulch, Mohiakea Gulch, Waianae Kai, Pualii Gulch, Napepeiauolelo Gulch, Kahanahaiki Valley, Nanakuli-Lualualei Ridge, Makua, Kamaileunu Ridge, Kaluaa Gulch, and Huliwai Gulch on Federal, State, city, county, and private lands. The 30 known occurrences contain fewer than 6,000 individuals (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Diellia falcata

is a terrestrial fern that typically grows in deep shade or open understory on moderate to moderately steep slopes and gulch bottoms in diverse mesic forest between 224 and 953 m (735 and 3,126 ft) elevation. Associated native species include

Acacia koa, Alyxia oliviformis, Antidesma

sp.,

Asplenium kaulfussii

(kuau),

Carex meyenii

(NCN),

Charpentiera

sp.,

Claoxylon sandwicense, Coprosma foliosa, Diospyros hillebrandii, Diplazium sandwichianum, Doodia kunthiana

(okupukupu),

Dryopteris unidentata, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis terminalis, Hibiscus

sp.,

Melicope

sp.,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine lanaiensis, Nephrolepis exaltata

(kupukupu),

Nestegis sandwicensis, Nothocestrum

sp.,

Pipturus

sp.,

Pisonia sandwicensis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria

sp.,

Psydrax odorata, Sapindus oahuensis, Selaginella arbuscula, Sophora chrysophylla

(mamane), or

Xylosma

sp. (HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to

Diellia falcata

are habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs; competition from the nonnative plant species

Aleurites moluccana, Ageratina riparia, Blechnum appendiculatum, Christella parasitica, Clidemia hirta, Grevillea robusta, Heliocarpus popayanensis, Kalanchoe pinnata, Lantana camara, Melinus minutiflora, Paspalum conjugatum, Passiflora ligularis

(sweet granadilla),

Passiflora suberosa, Pimenta dioica, Psidium cattleianum, Psidium guajava, Rubus argutus, Schefflera actinophylla

(octopus tree),

Schinus terebinthifolius, Syzygium cumini,

and

Toona ciliata;

and fire (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).

Diellia unisora

(NCN)

Diellia unisora,

a short-lived perennial in the polypody fern family (Polypodiaceae), grows from a slender, erect rhizome to reach 0.5 to 3 cm (0.2 to 1.2 in) in height and 0.5 to 1 cm (0.2 to 0.4 in) in diameter. The rhizome is covered with the bases of the leaf stalks and a few small black scales. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by a rhizome completely covered by the persisting bases of the leaf stalks and few, very small scales; by sori mostly confined to the upper pinnae margins; and by delicate fronds gradually and symmetrically narrowing toward the apex (Wagner 1952).

Diellia unisora

hybridizes with

Diellia falcata

. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Diellia unisora

was known from steep, grassy, rocky slopes on the western side of the Waianae Mountains of Oahu. This species is known to be extant in the southern Waianae Mountains at South Ekahanui Gulch, Palawai Gulch, and the Pualii-Napepeiauolelo Ridge. The 4 known occurrences, which are on State and private lands, contain fewer than 800 individuals (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Diellia unisora

is a terrestrial fern that typically grows on moderate to steep slopes or gulch bottoms in deep shade or open understory, mesic forest between 382 and 953 m (1,253 and 3,126 ft) elevation. Associated native species include

Acacia koa, Alyxia oliviformis, Antidesma

sp.,

Bidens torta, Carex meyenii, Chamaesyce multiformis, Coprosma

sp.,

Dodonaea viscosa, Doryopteris unidentata, Eragrostis grandis

(lovegrass),

Hedyotis schlechtendahliana

(kopa),

Hedyotis terminalis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine lessertiana, Rumex

sp.,

Psychotria

sp., or

Selaginella arbuscula

(HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 32932).

The major threats to

Diellia unisora

are habitat degradation by feral pigs and competition from the nonnative plant species

Ageratina riparia, Blechnum appendiculatum, Clidemia hirta, Melinis minutiflora, Passiflora suberosa, Psidium cattleianum, Schefflera actinophylla,

and

Schinus terebinthifolius

(HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 32932).

Dubautia herbstobatae

(Naenae)

Dubautia herbstobatae,

a member of the aster family (Asteraceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small, spreading shrub to 50 cm (20 in) tall.

Dubautia herbstobatae

is distinguished from other species on Oahu in this endemic genus by the outer bracts of the flower heads being fused, forming a cup surrounding the florets, and by one large vein showing in each leaf (Carr 1999).

Dubautia herbstobatae

is likely out-crossing and possibly self-incompatible (

i.e.

, pollen from the same plant will not produce seed). Flowering usually occurs in May and June. Pollination is almost certainly achieved by insect activity, and fruit dispersal is probably quite localized (Service 1998b). Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors.

Dubautia herbstobatae

is known to be extant in 12 occurrences in the northern Waianae Mountains, on Ohikilolo and Kamaileunu Ridges, Keaau, and Waianae Kai on State lands and land under Federal jurisdiction. Fewer than 100 individuals are known from these locations (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Dubautia herbstobatae

typically grows on rock outcrops, ridges, moderate slopes, or vertical cliffs in dry or mesic shrubland at elevations between 266 and 978 m (872 and 3,208 ft). Associated native species include

Artemisia australis, Bidens torta, Carex meyenii, Chamaesyce celastroides

(akoko),

Dodonaea viscosa, Eragrostis variabilis

(kawelu),

Metrosideros polymorpha,

and

Schiedea mannii

(NCN) (HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR 55770; EDA,

in litt.

2001).

The major threats to

Dubautia herbstobatae

are habitat degradation by

feral goats and pigs; competition from the nonnative plant species

Ageratina riparia, Bromus mollis

(soft chess),

Grevillea robusta, Leucaena leucocephala, Melinis minutiflora, Melinis repens,

and

Schinus terebinthifolis;

fire; visitation and possible trampling by humans; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events due to the small number of remaining individuals (56 FR 55770).

Eragrostis fosbergii

(Fosberg's love grass)

Eragrostis fosbergii,

a member of the grass family (Poaceae), is a short-lived perennial species with stout, tufted culms (stems), which are 61 to 102 cm (24 to 40 in) long and usually arise from an abruptly bent woody base. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by its stiffly ascending flowering stalk and the long hairs on the margins of the glumes (floral bracts) and occasionally on the margins of the lemmas (floral bracts) (O'Connor 1999).

No information is available on flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Eragrostis fosbergii

was known only from the Waianae Mountains of Oahu, from the slopes of Mount Kaala, and in Waianae Kai and its associated ridges. Only four individuals are known to remain in Waianae Kai and on Kumaipo Trail in four occurrences on Federal and State lands (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Eragrostis fosbergii

typically grows on ridge crests or moderate slopes in dry and mesic forests between 578 and 941 m (1,896 and 3,086 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include

Acacia koa, Alyxia oliviformis, Bidens

sp.,

Chamaesyce

sp.,

Dodonaea viscosa, Doodia

sp. (oku pukupulauii),

Eragrostis grandis, Melicope

sp.,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Nephrolepis exaltata, Psydrax odorata,

or

Sphenomeris

sp. (palaa) (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).

The major threats to

Eragrostis fosbergii

are degradation of habitat by feral pigs and goats; competition with nonnative plant species such as

Grevillea robusta, Psidium cattleianum,

and

Schinus terebinthifolis;

trampling by hikers; hybridization with

Eragrostis grandis;

and a threat of extinction from random environmental events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining occurrences and individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; G. Koob, pers. comm., 2001).

Gardenia mannii

(Nanu)

Gardenia mannii

, a short-lived perennial member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a tree 5 to 15 m (16 to 50 ft) tall. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the shape and number of the calyx spurs (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Gardenia mannii

has been observed in flower and fruit in June and September. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Gardenia mannii

was known from 7 widely scattered occurrences in the Waianae Mountains and 39 occurrences distributed along almost the entire length of the Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Currently, there are 49 occurrences of

Gardenia mannii

at Haleauau Gulch, Peahinaia Ridge, Kaunala Gulch and Kaunala-Waimea Ridge, Castle Trail, Halawa Valley and Halawa-Kalauao Ridge, Moanalua Valley, Makaua-Kahana Ridge, Poamoho and Halemano Gulches, Kaluaa and Maunauna Gulches, Waimano Trail, Kawailoa Trail, Puu Hapapa and Waieli Gulch, Wiliwilinui Ridge, Koloa Stream, Waialae Nui-Kapakahi Ridge, Manaiki Valley, Laie Trail, Malaekahana-Waimea Summit Ridge, Haleauau Gulch, Schofield-Waikane Trail, Kaukonahua Gulch, Kapakahi Gulch, Manana Trail, Peahinaia Trail and Opaeula Stream, Kamana Nui Stream, Pukele, Hanaimoa Gulch, Papali Gulch, Kawai Nui, and Kaipapau Gulch. The 49 extant occurrences are on private, State, and Federal lands. The existing occurrences total between 69 and 80 plants (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Gardenia mannii

is usually found on moderate to moderately steep gulch slopes, ridge crests, in gulch bottoms, and on stream banks in mesic or wet forests between 82 and 1,050 m (269 and 3,444 ft) in elevation. Associated native plant species include

Acacia koa, Alyxia oliviformis, Antidesma platyphyllum, Bobea

sp.,

Boehmeria grandis, Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron

sp. (NCN),

Cibotium

sp.,

Coprosma foliosa, Dicranopteris linearis, Elaeocarpus

sp.,

Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis acuminata, Ilex anomala, Melicope

sp.,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Perottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus

sp.,

Pisonia

sp.,

Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria mariniana, Syzygium sandwicensis,

and

Thelypteris

sp. (HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to

Gardenia mannii

are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; competition with nonnative plant species such as

Clidemia hirta, Leptospermum scoparium, Passiflora suberosa, Psidium cattleianum, Psidium guajava, Rubus argutus,

and

Toona ciliata;

fire; and risk of extinction from random environmental events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the widely dispersed, small number of remaining individuals. The Kapakahi Gulch occurrence is also threatened by the black twig borer (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).

Hedyotis degeneri

(NCN)

Hedyotis degeneri,

a short-lived perennial member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a prostrate shrub with four-sided stems and peeling, corky bark. This species can be distinguished from others in the genus on Oahu by its low-growing habit, the peeling corky layers on older stems, and the short, crowded, leafy shoots growing in the leaf axils; two varieties within the species are recognized:

Hedyotis degeneri

var.

coprosmifolia

and

Hedyotis degeneri

var.

degeneri

(Wagner

et al.

1999).

This species has been observed in flower in June, July, and November, and in fruit in July. No further information is available on flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Hedyotis degeneri

is known from Mt. Kaala in the northern Waianae Mountains. Variety

coprosmifolia

has not been collected since the 1980s, and no current occurrences are known. Four occurrences, totaling 60 individuals, of variety

degeneri

are known from Makaleha, Pahole Gulch, Kahanahaiki, and Alaiheihe Gulch on Federal, State, city, and county lands (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Wagner

et al.

1999).

Hedyotis degeneri

typically grows on ridge crests in diverse mesic forest between 349 and 1,083 m (1,145 and 3,552 ft) elevation. Associated native species include

Alyxia oliviformis, Carex meyenii Chamaesyce multiformis, Cocculus

sp. (huehue),

Dicranopteris linearis, Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Gahnia

sp. (NCN),

Hedyotis terminalis, Leptecophylla tameiameiae

(pukiawe),

Lobelia yuccoides

(panaunau),

Lysimachia hillebrandii

(kolokolo kuahiwi),

Metrosideros polymorpha, Pleomele

sp.,

Psychotria hathewayi, Psydrax odorata,

or

Wikstroemia oahuensis

(akia) (HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to

Hedyotis degeneri

are habitat destruction by feral pigs; competition from the nonnative plant species

Ageratina adenophora, Blechnum appendiculatum, Clidemia hirta, Grevillea robusta, Melinis minutiflora, Psidium cattleianum, Psidium guajava, Rubus argutus, Schinus terebinthifolius,

and

Toona ciliata;

and a threat of extinction from random environmental events and/or decreased reproductive vigor due to the small number of extant individuals and occurrences (HINHP Database 2001).

Hedyotis parvula

(NCN)

Hedyotis parvula,

a short-lived perennial member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a small, many-branched shrub, either upright or sprawling, with stems usually no more than 30 cm (1 ft) in length. Closely spaced, overlapping leaves that are uniform in size along the stem distinguish this species from other members of the genus on Oahu (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Hedyotis parvula

has been observed flowering in both winter and summer. The plant is found in dry areas and flowering may be induced by rain. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Hedyotis parvula

was known from the central and southern Waianae Mountains, from Makaleha Valley to Nanakuli Valley. Currently, this species is known from five locations on Federal, State, city, and county lands at Makaleha Ridge, Makua-Keaau Ridge, Lualualei-Nananakuli Ridge, Ohikilolo Ridge, and Halona. Seven occurrences totaling between 116 and 131 individuals are known (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Wagner

et al.

1999).

Hedyotis parvula

typically grows on and at the base of cliff faces, rock outcrops, and ledges in mesic habitat at elevations between 331 and 1,160 m (1,086 and 3,805 ft). Associated native species include

Bidens

sp.,

Carex

sp.,

Chamaesyce

sp.,

Dodonaea viscosa, Eragrostis

sp. (kawelu),

Metrosideros polymorpha, Metrosideros tremuloides

(lehua ahihi),

Plectranthus parviflorus, Psydrax odorata,

or

Rumex

sp. (HINHP Database 2001; Wagner

et al.

1999; 56 FR 55770).

The major threats to

Hedyotis parvula

are habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs; competition from the nonnative plant species

Ageratina riparia, Melinis minutiflora, Morella faya,

and

Schinus terebinthifolius;

and a threat of extinction from random environmental events and/or decreased reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals and occurrences (HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR 55770).

Labordia cyrtandrae

(Kamakahala)

Labordia cyrtandrae,

a short-lived perennial member of the logania family (Loganiaceae), is a shrub 0.7 to 2 m (2.3 to 6.6 ft) tall. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by its fleshy, hairy, cylindrical stem that flattens upon drying, the shape and length of the floral bracts, and the length of the corolla tube and lobes (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Labordia cyrtandrae

has been observed flowering from May through June, fruiting from July through August, and is sporadically fertile year-round. The flowers are functionally unisexual, and male and female flowers are on separate plants. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Labordia cyrtandrae

was known from both the Waianae and Koolau Mountains of Oahu. In the Koolau Mountains, this species extended from Kawailoa Trail to Waialae Iki, almost the entire length of the mountain range. This species currently is known only from 20 individuals in 10 occurrences in Haleauau Gulch, Mohiakea Gulch, Kaala, and Makaleha. These occurrences are on State, city, county, and private lands (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Labordia cyrtandrae

typically grows in shady gulches, slopes, and glens in mesic to wet forests and shrublands dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha, Diplopterygium pinnatum,

and/or

Acacia koa

between the elevations of 212 and 1,233 m (695 and 4,044 ft). Associated native plant species include

Antidesma

sp.,

Artemisia australis, Bidens torta, Boehmeria grandis, Broussaisia arguta, Chamaesyce

sp.,

Coprosma

sp.,

Cyrtandra

sp.,

Dicranopteris linearis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Dubautia plantaginea

(naenae),

Lysimachia hillebrandii, Peperomia membranacea

(ala ala wai nui),

Perrottetia sandwicensis, Phyllostegia

sp.,

Pipturus albidus, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria

sp., or

Rumex

sp. (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).

The major threats to

Labordia cyrtandrae

are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; competition with the nonnative plant species

Axonopus fissifolius, Clidemia hirta, Juncus planifolius

(NCN),

Psidium cattleianum, Rubus argutus, Setaria parviflora

(yellow foxtail), and

Schinus terebinthifolius;

fire; and risk of extinction from random environmental events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals and occurrences (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).

Lepidium arbuscula

(Anaunau)

Lepidium arbuscula,

a short-lived perennial member of the mustard family (Brassicaceae), is a gnarled shrub 0.6 to 1.2 m (2 to 4 ft) tall. The species is distinguished from others in the genus by its height (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Lepidium arbuscula

has been observed in flower in February. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Lepidium arbuscula

was known from 10 occurrences in the Waianae Mountains on Oahu. Currently, there are a total of approximately 1,000 individuals known from 12 occurrences on Federal, State, city, and county lands at Kamaileunu Ridge, Lualualei-Nanakuli Ridge, Kapuhi Gulch, northwest of Puu Kaua, Manini Gulch, Mohiakea Gulch, Ohikilolo Ridge, Makua-Keaau Ridge, the ridge between the Paahoa and Halona subdistricts, northwest of Puu Ku Makalii, and Halona subdistrict (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Lepidium arbuscula

generally grows on exposed ridge tops and cliff faces in mesic and dry vegetation communities between 131 and 978 m (430 and 3,208 ft) elevation. This species is typically associated with native plant species such as

Artemisia australis, Bidens

sp.,

Carex meyenii, Carex wahuensis

(NCN),

Chamaesyce multiformis, Dodonaea viscosa, Dryopteris unidentata, Dubautia

sp.,

Eragrostis

sp.,

Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Lysimachia hillebrandii, Metrosideros polymorpha, Peperomia

sp.,

Psydrax odorata, Rumex albescens

(huahuako),

Schiedea ligustrina

(NCN),

Sida fallax,

or

Sophora chrysophylla

(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).

The primary threats to

Lepidium arbuscula

are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral goats, potential impacts from military activities, competition with nonnative plants, and fire. The occurrence at the head of Kapuhi Gulch is also threatened by its proximity to a road (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).

Lipochaeta lobata

var.

leptophylla

(Nehe)

Lipochaeta lobata

var.

leptophylla,

a member of the aster family (Asteraceae),

is a low, somewhat woody, short-lived perennial herb with arched or nearly prostrate stems that may be up to 150 cm (59 in) long. Aside from being a coastal species, this species is the only member of its genus on Oahu with four-parted disk florets. This variety has narrower leaves, spaced more closely along the stem, than those of

Lipochaeta lobata

var.

lobata,

the only other variety of the species (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Flowering of

Lipochaeta lobata

var.

leptophylla

is probably rain-induced. Occurrences may consist of fewer distinct individuals than it appears because many plants are connected underground by the roots and are probably clones. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Lipochaeta lobata

var.

leptophylla

was known from the southern Waianae Mountains of Oahu, from Kolekole Pass to Lualualei. Currently, there are a total of 147 individuals found in 4 occurrences on State, Federal, city, and county lands at Lualualei-Nanakuli Ridge, Kauhiuhi, Puu Hapapa, Mikilua, and Kamaileunu Ridge, (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Wagner

et al.

1999).

Lipochaeta lobata

var.

leptophylla

typically grows on cliffs, ridges, and slopes in dry or mesic shrubland at elevations between 256 and 978 m (840 and 3,208 ft). Associated native species include

Artemisia australis, Bidens

sp.,

Carex meyenii, Diospyros

sp.,

Dodonaea viscosa, Eragrostis

sp.,

Melanthera tenuis

(nehe),

Peperomia

sp.,

Psydrax odorata,

and

Stenogyne

sp. (NCN) (HINHP Database 2001; EDA,

in litt.

2001).

The major threats to

Lipochaeta lobata

var.

leptophylla

include competition from nonnative plant species such as

Ageratina adenophora, Ageratina riparia, Erigeron karvinskianus, Grevillea robusta, Kalanchoe pinnata, Lantana camara, Leucaena leucocephala, Melinis minutiflora, Passiflora suberosa,

and

Schinus terebinthifolius;

habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats; fire; and a threat of extinction from random environmental events and/or decreased reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals and occurrences (HINHP Database 2001).

Lipochaeta tenuifolia

(Nehe)

Lipochaeta tenuifolia,

a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a low growing, somewhat woody, short-lived perennial herb with short, more or less erect branches. Its five-parted disk florets and its deeply cut, stalkless leaves separate this species from other members of the genus (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Lipochaeta tenuifolia

has been observed flowering in April. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Lipochaeta tenuifolia

occurs in the northern half of the Waianae Mountains of Oahu, from Kaluakauila Gulch to Kamaileunu Ridge and east to Mt. Kaala, and northwest, southwest, southeast, and north of Puu Ku Makalii on State, Federal, city, and county lands. The 41 known occurrences contain between 759 and 1,174 individuals (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Lipochaeta tenuifolia

typically grows on ridgetops and bluffs in open areas, protected pockets of dry to mesic forests and shrublands, and forests dominated by Diospyros sandwicensis at elevations between 67 and 978 m (220 and 3,208 ft). Associated native species include

Artemisia australis, Bidens

sp.,

Carex meyenii, Diospyros

sp.,

Dodonaea viscosa, Doryopteris

sp. (kumu niu),

Dubautia

sp.,

Eragrostis

sp.,

Myoporum sandwicense, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia

(ulei),

Psydrax odorata, Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Rumex

sp.,

Santalum

sp.,

Sapindus oahuensis,

or

Schiedea

sp. (HINHP Database 2001; Wagner

et al.

1999).

The major threats to

Lipochaeta tenuifolia

are habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs; competition for light and space from nonnative plant species including

Ageratina riparia, Aleurites moluccana, Blechnum appendiculatum, Coffea arabica

(coffee),

Grevillea robusta, Hyptis pectinata, Lantana camara, Leucaena leucocephala, Melinis minutiflora, Panicum maximum, Psidium cattleianum, Rivina humilis, Schinus terebinithifolius,

or

Toona ciliata;

and fire (HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR 55770).

Lobelia gaudichaudii

ssp.

koolauensis

(NCN)

Lobelia gaudichaudii

ssp.

koolauensis,

a short-lived perennial member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is an unbranched, woody shrub 0.3 to 1 m (1 to 3.5 ft) tall. The species is distinguished from others in the genus by the length of the stem, the length and color of the corolla, the leaf width, the length of the floral bracts, and the length of the calyx lobes. The subspecies

koolauensis

is distinguished by the greenish or yellowish white petals and the branched flowering stalks (Lammers 1990; 61 FR 53089).

Lobelia gaudichaudii

ssp.

koolauensis

has been observed in flower in September and in fruit in December. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Lobelia gaudichaudii

ssp.

koolauensis

was known from only two occurrences in the central Koolau Mountains on Oahu. Currently, this subspecies is known from five occurrences in the central Koolau Mountains, on Federal, State, and private lands at Waimano-Waiawa Ridge, Waimano, the plateau above Sacred Falls, and Kaukonahua Gulch. The total number of plants is estimated to be fewer than 270 (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Lobelia gaudichaudii

ssp.

koolauensis

typically grows on moderate to steep slopes in

Metrosideros polymorpha

lowland wet shrublands and bogs at elevations between 383 and 867 m (1,256 and 2,844 ft). Associated native plant species include

Bidens

sp.,

Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium

sp.,

Dicanthelium koolauense

(NCN),

Isachne distichophylla

(ohe),

Machaerina angustifolia, Melicope

sp.,

Sadleria pallida, Scaevola

sp., or

Vaccinium dentatum

(ohelo) (HINHP Database 2001; EDA,

in litt.

2001).

The primary threats to

Lobelia gaudichaudii

ssp.

koolauensis

are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; competition with the nonnative plant species

Axonopus fissifolius, Clidemia hirta, Pterolepis glomerata,

and

Sacciolepis indica;

trampling by hikers; landslides; and risk of extinction from random environmental events and/or reduced reproductive vigor of the few remaining individuals (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).

Lobelia monostachya

(NCN)

Lobelia monostachya,

a short-lived perennial member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a prostrate woody shrub with stems 15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 in) long. The species is distinguished from others in the genus by its narrow, linear leaves without stalks and its short pink flowers (Lammers 1999).

This species has been observed in flower in May and June. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific

environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Lobelia monostachya

was known only from the Koolau Mountains and had not been seen since its original discovery in the 1800s in Niu Valley, and in the 1920s in Manoa Valley. In 1994, Joel Lau discovered one individual in a previously unknown location in Wailupe Valley on State and private lands. Currently, one occurrence with a total of three plants is known (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Lobelia monostachya

occurs on steep, sparsely vegetated cliffs in mesic shrubland between 44 and 614 m (144 and 2,014 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include

Artemisia australis, Carex meyenii, Eragrostis

sp., or

Psilotum nudum

(HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to

Lobelia monostachya

are predation by rats; competition with the nonnative plants

Ageratum riparia, Kalanchoe pinnata, Melinis minutiflora,

and

Schinus terebinthifolius;

and risk of extinction from random environmental events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the low number of individuals in the only known occurrence (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).

Lobelia oahuensis

(NCN)

Lobelia oahuensis,

a short-lived perennial member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a stout, erect, unbranched shrub 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) tall.

Lobelia oahuensis

differs from other members of the genus in having the following combination of characters: Erect stems 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) long, dense rosettes of leaves at the end of stems, lower leaf surfaces covered with coarse grayish or greenish hairs, and flowers 42 to 45 millimeters (mm) (1.7 to 1.8 in) long (Lammers 1999).

This species has been observed in flower during November. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Lobelia oahuensis

was known from Kahana Ridge, Kipapa Gulch, and the southeastern Koolau Mountains of Oahu. The 12 current occurrences totaling 42 individuals are located on private, State, and Federal lands. These occurrences are on Mt. Olympus, Konahuanui summit, Waikakalaua-Waikane Ridge, Puu o Kona, the summit area between Aiea and Halawa Valley, Puu Keahiakahoe and the summit ridge south of Puu Keahiakahoe, Waialae Nui-Waimanalo and Kapakahi-Waimanalo, Puu Kalena, and Eleao (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Lobelia oahuensis

grows on steep slopes between elevations of 415 and 959 m (1,361 and 3,146 ft) on summit cliffs in cloudswept wet forests or in lowland wet shrubland that is frequently exposed to heavy wind and rain. Associated native plant species include

Bidens

sp.,

Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron trigynum

(olapa),

Cibotium

sp.,

Dicranopteris linearis, Dubautia laxa, Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis

sp.,

Labordia hosakana

(kamakahala),

Lycopodiella cernua

(wawae iole),

Machaerina angustifolia, Melicope

sp.,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Peperomia

sp.,

Phyllostegia

sp.,

Sadleria squarrosa

(apuu),

Scaevola

sp.,

Syzygium sandwicensis, Vaccinium

sp., or

Wikstroemia

sp. (HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999; Service 1998b).

The primary threats to

Lobelia oahuensis

are competition with the nonnative plant species

Clidemia hirta, Erigeron karvinskianus, Paspalum conjugatum, Rubus argutus,

and

Rubus rosifolius,

and habitat degradation by feral pigs (HINHP Database 2001).

Melicope lydgatei

(Alani)

Melicope lydgatei,

a long-lived perennial member of the citrus family (Rutaceae), is a small shrub that has leaves arranged oppositely or in threes. The species' leaf arrangement, the amount of fusion of the fruit sections, and the hairless exocarp (outermost layer of the fruit wall) and endocarp (innermost layer) distinguish it from other species in the genus (Wagner

et al.

1999).

This species has been observed in flower in May and in fruit from June to July. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Melicope lydgatei

was formerly known throughout the Koolau Mountains of Oahu from Hauula to Kahana, Kipapa Gulch to Waimano, and Kalihi Valley to Wailupe Valley. Eighteen occurrences remain within its historical range on State and private lands along Poamoho Trail, Peahinaia Trail, and Manana Trail (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Melicope lydgatei

typically grows in association with

Acacia koa, Bobea elatior, Dicranopteris linearis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Psychotria

sp., or

Syzygium sandwicensis

on ridges in mesic and wet forests at elevations between 349 and 671 m (1,145 and 2,201 ft) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; EDA,

in litt.

2001).

The primary threat to

Melicope lydgatei

is a threat of extinction due to random environmental events and/or reduced reproductive vigor because of the small number of occurrences remaining (59 FR 14482).

Melicope saint-johnii

(Alani)

Melicope saint-johnii,

a long-lived perennial member of the rue family (Rutaceae), is a slender tree 3 to 6 m (10 to 20 ft) tall. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the combination of the hairless exocarp, hairy endocarp, densely hairy petals, and sparsely hairy to smooth sepals (Stone

et al.

1999).

No information exists on flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Melicope saint-johnii

was known from both the Waianae and Koolau Mountains at Makaha to Mauna Kapu in the Waianae Mountains and Papali Gulch in Hauula, Manoa-Aihualama, Wailupe, and Niu Valley in the Koolau Mountains. Today 6 occurrences of this species are found on Federal and private lands from the region between Puu Kaua and Puu Kanehoa to Mauna Kapu in the southern Waianae Mountains, with a total of fewer than 170 individuals (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Melicope saint-johnii

typically grows on mesic forested ridges and gulch bottoms between the elevation of 240 and 953 m (787 and 3,126 ft). Associated native plant species include

Alyxia oliviformis, Artemisia australis, Bidens torta, Carex wahuensis, Coprosma longifolia, Eragrostis

sp.,

Hedyotis schlechtendahliana, Labordia kaalae

(kamakahala),

Lysimachia hillebrandii, Metrosideros polymorpha, Panicum beechyi

(panic grass),

Pipturus albidus, Pittosporum

sp.,

Pleomele halapepe

(hala pepe),

Psychotria hathewayi,

or

Rumex albescens

(HINHP Database 2001).

The primary threats to

Melicope saint-johnii

are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral goats and pigs; potential predation by the black twig borer; potential fire; competition with nonnative plant species such as

Ageratina adenophora, Ageratina riparia, Clidemia hirta, Grevillea robusta, Lantana camara, Melinis minutiflora, Morella faya, Passiflora suberosa, Passiflora

sp.,

Psidium cattleianum,

and

Schinus terebinthifolius;

and risk of extinction due to naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor because of the few individuals remaining and their restricted distribution (HINHP

Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).

Myrsine juddii

(Kolea)

Myrsine juddii,

short-lived perennial a member of the myrsine family (Myrsinaceae), is a many branched shrub ranging from 1 to 2 m (3.5 to 6.6 ft) tall. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the hairiness of the lower leaf surface and the shape of the leaf base. In addition, the hairy leaves distinguish this species from all other species of

Myrsine

on Oahu (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Myrsine juddii

has been reported from only three occurrences in the central Koolau Mountains: the North Kaukonahua-Kahana Summit divide, Peahinaia Trail, and Puu Kainapuaa to Poamoho Trail. These occurrences are found on State and Federal lands. The total number of individuals is thought to be around 5,000 (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Myrsine juddii

typically grows on ridge crests and gulch slopes in wet forests and shrublands dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha

or a mixture of

Metrosideros polymorpha

and

Dicranopteris linearis

at elevations between 384 and 867 m (1,260 and 2,844 ft). Associated native plant species include

Cheirodendron platyphyllum, Cheirodendron trigynum, Machaerina

sp.,

Melicope clusiifolia

(kolokolo mokihana),

Psychotria mariniana,

and

Syzygium sandwicensis

(GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089; EDA,

in litt.

2001).

The primary threats to

Myrsine juddii

are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; competition with nonnative plant species such as

Clidemia hirta

and

Psidium cattleianum;

and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of extant occurrences (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).

Neraudia angulata

(NCN)

Neraudia angulata,

a short-lived perennial member of the nettle family (Urticaceae), is an erect shrub up to 3 m (10 ft) tall. This species is distinguished from other species in its genus by the conspicuously angled, ridged, fleshy calyx in the female flower. There are two varieties,

N. angulata

var.

angulata

and

N. angulata

var.

dentata,

that differ in the types of leaf hairs on the lower surface of the leaves and the type of leaf margin (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Neraudia angulata

flowers and fruits from early spring to summer. Fruits mature in about one month. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Neraudia angulata

was known from almost the entire length of the Waianae Mountains, from Kaluakauila Gulch nearly to Puu Manawahua. This species is currently known from Kaluakauila Gulch along Makua-Keaau Ridge to Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge, on Federal, State, city, county, and private lands. The 27 known occurrences are estimated to comprise approximately 51 individuals (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Neraudia angulata

var.

angulata

typically grows on slopes, ledges, or gulches in lowland mesic or dry forest between 189 and 978 m (620 and 3,208 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include

Artemisia australis, Bidens

sp.,

Carex meyenii, Diospyros

sp.,

Dodonaea viscosa, Hibiscus

sp.,

Nestegis sandwicensis, Pisonia sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata,

or

Sida fallax. Neraudia angulata

var.

dentata

typically grows on cliffs, rock embankments, gulches, and slopes in mesic or dry forests between 110 and 978 m (361 and 3,208 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include

Alyxia oliviformis, Antidesma pulvinatum, Artemisia australis, Bidens torta, Canavalia

sp.,

Carex

sp.,

Charpentiera

sp.,

Diospyros hillebrandii, Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Eragrostis

sp.,

Hibiscus

sp.,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine lanaiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pisonia

sp.,

Psydrax odorata, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Sapindus oahuensis, Sida fallax,

or

Streblus pendulinus

(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770; EDA,

in litt.

2001).

The major threats to

Neraudia angulata

var.

angulata

are habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs; potential impacts from military activities; competition from the nonnative plant species

Ageratina riparia, Melinis minutiflora, Passiflora

sp.,

Psidium cattleianum,

and

Schinus terebinthifolius;

fire; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events due to the small number of extant individuals. The major threats to

Neraudia angulata

var.

dentata

are habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats; fire; competition with the nonnative plant species

Ageratina adenophora, Ageratina riparia, Aleurites moluccana, Blechnum appendiculatum, Erigeron karvinskianus, Leucaena leucocephala, Melinis

sp.,

Montanoa hibiscifolia, Oplismenus hirtellus, Passiflora suberosa, Pimenta dioica, Psidium guajava, Schefflera actinophylla, Schinus terebinthifolius, Syzygium cumini,

and

Tecoma castanifolia

(yellow elder); and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events due to the small number of extant individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).

Phyllostegia hirsuta

(NCN)

Phyllostegia hirsuta,

a short-lived perennial member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is an erect subshrub or vine with stems densely covered with coarse or stiff hairs. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the texture, hairiness, size of the leaves, and the length of the upper bracts (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Phyllostegia hirsuta

has been observed in flower in February and in fruit in June. Cultivated material flowered in July. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Phyllostegia hirsuta

was known from widespread locations in the Waianae and Koolau Mountains on Oahu. Currently, this species is found in 26 occurrences with a total of between 214 and 227 individuals from the ridge between Makaha and Waianae Kai to the south fork of North Palawai Gulch in the Waianae Mountains and from Kawainui Gulch in Kawailoa Training Area to south Kaukonahua drainage in the Koolau Mountains. These occurrences are on Federal, State, city, county, and private lands (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Phyllostegia hirsuta

is usually found on steep, shaded slopes, cliffs, ridges, gullies, and stream banks in mesic or wet forests dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha

or a mixture of

Metrosideros polymorpha

and

Dicranopteris linearis

between 195 and 1,202 m (640 and 3,943 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include

Antidesma platyphyllum, Astelia

sp. (painiu),

Brousaissia arguta, Chamaesyce multiformis, Cibotium

sp.,

Claoxylon sandwicense, Clermontia kekeana

(oha wai),

Coprosma longifolia, Cyanea membranacea, Cyrtandra waianaeensis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Dryopteris unidentata, Dubautia laxa, Dubautia sherffiana

(naenae),

Elaeocarpus bifidus, Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis schlechtendahliana, Hedyotis terminalis, Hibiscus

sp.,

Ilex anomala, Labordia kaalae, Liparis hawaiiensis

(awapuhiakanaloa),

Lysimachia

hillebrandii, Machaerina angustifolia, Melicope

sp.,

Myrsine lessertiana, Myrsine sandwicensis

(kolea lau nui),

Neraudia

sp. (NCN),

Nothocestrum

sp.,

Perottetia sandwicensis, Phyllostegia grandiflora

(kapana),

Pipturus

sp.,

Pisonia

sp.,

Pleomele

sp.,

Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria

sp.,

Rumex albescens, Scaevola gaudichaudiana

(naupaka kuahiwi),

Streblus pendulinus, Zanthoxylum kauaense

(ae), or native ferns (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).

The primary threats to

Phyllostegia hirsuta

are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; rockslides; predation by rats; and competition with

Adiantum raddianum, Athyrium

sp. (NCN),

Axonopus fissifolius, Blechnum appendiculatum, Buddleia asiatica, Clidemia hirta, Drymaria cordata

(pipili),

Lantana camara, Melinis minutiflora, Passiflora suberosa, Paspalum conjugatum, Physalis peruviana

(poha),

Pimenta dioica, Psidium cattleianum, Rubus argutus, Rubus rosifolius,

or

Schinus terebinthifolius

(HINHP Database 2001).

Phyllostegia kaalaensis

(NCN)

Phyllostegia kaalaensis,

a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is a short-lived perennial herb. The egg-shaped leaves are 5 to 13 cm (2 to 5 in) long. The species is distinguished from others of the genus by the spreading, pointed teeth on the leaf edges and by the hairs along the margins of the calyx and bracts (Wagner

et al.

1999).

No information is available on flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Phyllostegia kaalaensis

was formerly known from only six scattered locations in the Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Currently, this species is known from 7 occurrences containing a total of fewer than 45 plants, in Waianae Kai, Pahole Gulch, central Ekahanui Gulch, Ekahanui Gulch, and Palikea Gulch. These occurrences are on State and private lands (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Phyllostegia kaalaensis

is found on gulch slopes and bottoms and on almost vertical rock faces in mesic forest or

Sapindus oahuensis

forest between 374 and 796 m (1,227 and 2,611 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include

Antidesma platyphyllum, Claoxylon sandwicense, Diplazium sandwichianum, Freycinetia arborea, Hibiscus

sp.,

Myrsine lanaiensis, Myrsine lessertiana, Neraudia melastomifolia, Pipturus albidus, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria hathewayi, Streblus pendulinus,

or

Urera glabra

(HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to

Phyllostegia kaalaensis

are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs and goats; fire; trail clearing; competition with the nonnative plant species

Ageratina adenophora, Aleurites moluccana, Blechnum appendiculatum, Buddleia asiatica, Christella parasitica, Clidemia hirta, Cordyline fruticosa, Lantana camara, Oplismenus hirtellus, Passiflora edulis

(passion fruit),

Passiflora ligularis, Passiflora suberosa, Psidium cattleianum, Psidium guajava, Rubus rosifolius, Schinus terebinthifolius,

and

Toona ciliata;

and risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of occurrences and individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).

Pritchardia kaalae

(Loulu)

Pritchardia kaalae,

a long-lived perennial member of the palm family (Arecaceae), is a single-stemmed palm up to 5 m (16 ft) tall. The waxy, hairless leaves are thin and papery or thick and leathery. Sometimes small points, dots, or linear, rusty scales are scattered on the lower leaf surface.

Pritchardia kaalae

is distinguished from other members of the genus by the hairless or scaly leaves (Read and Hodel 1999).

Pritchardia kaalae

plants have been observed in fruit in April, August, and October and may fruit throughout the year. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Pritchardia kaalae

was known from scattered occurrences in the central and north-central Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Currently, 6 occurrences are known from Manuwai Gulch, East Makaleha, Kaumokunui Gulch, Waianae Kai-Haleauau summit divide, Makua-Keaau Ridge and Makaha Valley, totaling about 200 individuals. These occurrences are located on Federal, State, city, and county lands (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Pritchardia kaalae

is typically found on steep slopes and gulches in mesic forest or shrubland between elevations of 421 and 1,123 m (1,381 and 3,683 ft). Associated native plant species include

Bidens

sp.,

Dodonaea viscosa, Dubautia

sp.,

Eragrostis

sp.,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Metrosideros tremuloides, Myrsine

sp.,

Pipturus

sp., or

Tetraplasandra

sp. (ohe ohe) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089; EDA,

in litt.

2001).

Major threats to

Pritchardia kaalae

are habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats; fruit predation by rats; potential impacts from military activities; competition with the nonnative plant species

Ageratina adenophora, Rubus argutus,

and

Schinus terebinthifolius;

potential fire; and risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of occurrences (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).

Sanicula mariversa

(NCN)

Sanicula mariversa,

a short-lived perennial member of the parsley family (Apiaceae), is an upright herb, 40 to 70 cm (16 to 28 in) tall, that produces a caudex (a single branched stem from a sturdy base) growing just beneath the surface of the soil. The larger size of the plant and basal leaves, the color of the flower petals, and the hooked prickles on the fruit separate this species from others of the genus in Hawaii (Constance and Affolter 1999).

Sanicula mariversa

is known to flower from February through May, and fruits can be found until August. Dry fruits remain on the plant for a long time and may persist beyond August. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Sanicula mariversa

was known from the central Waianae Mountains from Makua-Keaau Ridge to Kaluaa-Lualualei Summit Ridge. This species is now extant on Ohikilolo Ridge, Keaau-Makaha Ridge, Kamaileunu Ridge, and northwest of Puu Kanehoa on Federal, State, city, and county lands. The 4 known occurrences contain approximately 170 individuals (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Sanicula mariversa

typically grows on well-drained, dry slopes and rock faces in mesic shrublands and open grassy areas at elevations between 582 and 978 m (1,909 and 3,208 ft). Associated native species include

Bidens torta, Carex meyenii, Doryopteris

sp.,

Eragrostis

sp.,

Metrosideros polymorpha,

or

Metrosideros tremuloides

(HINHP Database 2001; EDA,

in litt.

2001).

The major threats to

Sanicula mariversa

are habitat degradation by feral goats; fire; erosion; competition from the nonnative plant species

Ageratina riparia, Erigeron karvinskianus, Melinus minutiflora, Schinus terebinthifolius,

and

Stachytarpheta dichotoma;

trampling by humans on or near trails; and the risk of extinction due to the small number of occurrences (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).

Schiedea kaalae

(NCN)

Schiedea kaalae,

a short-lived perennial member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), has a short woody caudex less than 20 cm (8 in) long. This species can be distinguished from other members of its genus by its very short stems and its thick leaves with one conspicuous vein (Wagner

et al.

1999).

This plant has been observed in flower from March through June. Based on field and greenhouse observations,

Schiedea kaalae

has bisexual flowers. A series of experimental self-pollinations, within-population crosses, and crosses among occurrences has demonstrated that

Schiedea kaalae

experiences moderately strong inbreeding depression. These results indicate that reductions in population size could result in expression of inbreeding depression among progeny, with potentially deleterious consequences for the long-term persistence of this species. Consistent with the evidence for inbreeding depression,

Schiedea kaalae

appears to be an out-crossing species. Under greenhouse conditions, flowers do not set seed unless hand-pollinated. In the field, this species was observed being visited by the introduced syrphid fly,

Simosyrphus grandicornis.

The fly did not appear to be foraging for nectar but may have been feeding on pollen. Individuals of

Schiedea kaalae

appear to be long-lived, but there is no evidence of regeneration from seed under field conditions. Seedlings of

Schiedea kaalae,

like those of other

Schiedea

species in mesic or wet sites, are apparently consumed by introduced slugs and snails, which have been observed feeding on

Schiedea membranacea,

a mesic forest species from Kauai. In contrast,

Schiedea

occurring in dry areas produce abundant seedlings following winter rains, presumably because dry areas have fewer nonnative predators. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b; Weller and Sakai, unpublished data).

Historically,

Schiedea kaalae

was known from the north-central and south-central Waianae Mountains and the northern Koolau Mountains of Oahu. This species remains on State and private lands at Pahole Gulch, Kaluaa Gulch, Puu Kaua, Palawai Gulch, Maakua Gulch, Huliwai Gulch, and Makaua Stream. The 7 known occurrences contain only 49 individuals (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Schiedea kaalae

typically grows in deep shade on steep slopes, cliffs, and stream banks in diverse mesic and wet forests at elevations between 64 and 869 m (210 and 2,850 ft). Associated native species include

Alyxia oliviformis, Athyrium arnottii

(hoio),

Athyrium sandwichianum, Boehmeria grandis, Charpentiera sp., Claoxylon sandwicense, Cyrtandra calpidicarpa, Cyrtandra laxiflora, Diospyros hillebrandii, Dryopteris unidentata, Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis acuminata, Nothocestrum longifolium

(aiea),

Pipturus albidus, Pisonia sandwicensis, Pisonia umbellifera, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria hathewayi, Selaginella arbuscula,

or

Xylosma hawaiiense

(maua) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).

The major threats to

Schiedea kaalae

are habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats; competition from the nonnative plant species

Ageratina adenophora, Ageratina riparia, Blechnum appendiculatum, Christella parasitica, Clidemia hirta, Cordyline fruticosa, Melinus minutiflora, Morella faya, Oplismenus hirtellus, Passiflora suberosa, Psidium cattleianum, Psidium guajava, Rubus rosifolius,

and

Schinus terebinthifolius;

fire; predation by introduced slugs and snails; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).

Schiedea kealiae

(Ma oli oli)

Schiedea kealiae,

a short-lived perennial member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a subshrub with weakly ascending to sprawling stems that form loose clumps. The species is distinguished from others of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the length of the sepals and nectaries and by the stalkless glands found only on the flowering stalk (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Schiedea kealiae

has been observed in flower in December. A series of self-pollinations, within-population crosses, and crosses among occurrences has demonstrated that many related

Schiedea

species experience moderately strong inbreeding depression. These results indicate that reductions in population size could result in expression of inbreeding depression among progeny, with potentially deleterious consequences for the long-term persistence of the species. Individuals of

Schiedea kealiae

appear to be long-lived; however, there is no evidence of regeneration from seed under field conditions. Seedlings of

Schiedea

species occurring in mesic or wet sites are apparently consumed by introduced slugs and snails, which have been observed feeding on

Schiedea membranacea,

a mesic forest species from Kauai. In contrast,

Schiedea

occurring in dry areas produce abundant seedlings following winter rains, presumably because dry areas have fewer nonnative predators. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b; Weller and Sakai, unpublished data).

Historically,

Schiedea kealiae

was known from the northern Waianae Mountains and one collection from the Palikea area, near the southern end of the same mountain range. Currently, 4 occurrences totaling between 265 and 315 plants are located on the cliffs above Dillingham Airfield and Camp Erdman and at Kaena Point at the northern end of the Waianae Mountains. These occurrences are on private and State lands, as well as State lands under Federal jurisdiction (Army 2001b; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Schiedea kealiae

is usually found on steep slopes and cliff faces and bases in dry remnant

Erythrina sandwicensis

forest at elevations between 46 and 341 m (151 and 1,118 ft). Associated native plant species include

Bidens

sp.,

Hibiscus arnottianus, Lepidium bidentatum

(anaunau),

Lipochaeta remyi

(nehe),

Myoporum sandwicense, Plumbago zeylanica, Psydrax odorata, Sicyos

sp. (anunu), or

Sida fallax

(HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to

Schiedea kealiae

are competition with the nonnative plant species

Leucaena leucocephala, Panicum maximum,

and

Schinus terebinthifolius;

predation by introduced slugs and snails; lack of a pollinator; and risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing occurrences. The Kaena Point occurrence is additionally threatened by naturally occurring rock slides and fire (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).

Silene perlmanii

(NCN)

Silene perlmanii,

a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a short-lived perennial plant with stems that are woody at the base. It usually is much branched from the base and often forms clumps. It is the only species of the genus on Oahu and can be distinguished from other

Silene

species by its white petals and a calyx that is

more than 19 mm (0.7 in) long and densely covered with short hairs (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Silene perlmanii

flowers in the spring, depending on climatic conditions. Flowers last for one day. Fruits develop in a few weeks. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Silene perlmanii

was discovered in the 1980s and was known from a few individuals in two occurrences in the southern Waianae Mountains on Federal and privately owned lands. The occurrences were about 1.6 km (1 mi) apart at Palikea and Palawai Gulch. Since December of 1997, no individuals are known to be extant in the wild. Currently, this species is known only from individuals under propagation at the National Tropical Botanical Garden (G. Koob, pers. comm. 2002; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).

Silene perlmanii

typically grew on steep rocky slopes in

Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha

lowland mesic forest at elevations between 493 and 919 m (1,617 and 3,014 ft) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).

The major threats to

Silene perlmanii

are competition from the nonnative plant species

Ageratina adenophora, Erigeron karvinskianus, Melinis minutiflora, Morella faya, Passiflora suberosa,

and

Schinus terebinthifolius;

habitat degradation by feral pigs; and the risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals believed to be extinct (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).

Stenogyne kanehoana

(NCN)

Stenogyne kanehoana

is a climbing vine in the mint family (Lamiaceae) with stems weakly four-angled, hairy, and 1 to 2 m (3 to 6 ft) long.

Stenogyne kanehoana

is distinguished from the only other member of the genus occurring on Oahu,

S. kaalae,

primarily by the size and color of its flowers. The flowers of

S. kanehoana

are large, white to yellow, and tipped in pink, while those of

S. kaalae

are small and deep purple (Weller and Sakai 1999).

Stenogyne kanehoana

generally flowers from February through March, but flowering depends on precipitation, and flowers have been noted from January to as late as April. Fruits mature within six weeks. The lifespan of this species appears to be about seven to 12 years. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Stenogyne kanehoana

was known from the east ridge of Puu Kanehoa in the Waianae Mountains, near the summit of the ridge connecting Puu Kanehoa with Puu Hapapa to the north and Puu Kaua to the south, a distance totaling approximately 2.8 km (1.7 mi). This population consisting of two plants near the summit of Puu Kanehoa on privately owned land was found dead recently. An additional occurrence in Kaluaa Gulch was discovered in 2000 by Joan Yoshioka of TNCH. This occurrence consists of one to six individual plants and is located on privately owned land (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 57 FR 20592).

The remnant occurrence of

Stenogyne kanehoana

is found in lowland mesic forest between 559 and 1,168 m (1,834 and 3,831 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include

Acacia koa, Alyxia oliviformis, Bidens

sp.,

Chamaesyce

sp.,

Cibotium

sp.,

Freycinetia arborea, Metrosideros polymorpha, Psychotria

sp., or

Scaevola

sp. (HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to

Stenogyne kanehoana

are habitat degradation and competition for space, water, light, and nutrients by the nonnative species

Clidemia hirta, Paspalum conjugatum, Passiflora suberosa, Psidium cattleianum,

and

Schinus terebinthifolius.

The extremely small number of individual plants and their restricted distribution increases the potential for extinction from naturally occurring events. Other potential threats that have been suggested include fire and deforestation, but, at present, these probably are not serious threats to the species. Habitat degradation by feral pigs, predation by the two spotted leafhopper, and trampling by hikers are also thought to be threats to this species (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 57 FR 20592).

Tetramolopium filiforme

(NCN)

Tetramolopium filiforme,

a short-lived perennial member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a dwarf shrub from 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 in) tall with complexly branched stems. This species is distinguished from the other extant species on Oahu by its separate male and female flowers both on the same plant and its inflorescence of one to four heads (Lowrey 1999).

In cultivation,

Tetramolopium filiforme

germinates in about three weeks. Fifteen weeks after germination, the plants are approximately 9 cm (3.5 in) high and produce their first buds. The first blossoms are noted about 18 weeks after germination. During growth, an inflorescence forms at the apex of each shoot while new shoots develop laterally.

Tetramolopium filiforme

is relatively short-lived, usually living fewer than five years. In the wild, it usually flowers in the late winter or spring but flowering can also be induced by heavy rainfall. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Tetramolopium filiforme

was known from the northern Waianae Mountains, from Ohikilolo Ridge, Keaau Valley, and Makaha Valley. This species remains in Keaau Valley, Kahanahaiki Valley, Makua-Keaau Ridge, Lualualei, Waianae Kai, and Puu Kawiwi on Federal, State, city, and county lands. The 21 known occurrences are estimated to contain approximately 253 individuals (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Tetramolopium filiforme

typically grows on dry cliff faces and ridges in dry and mesic forests at elevations of 247 to 978 m (810 to 3,208 ft). Associated native species include

Artemisia australis, Bidens torta, Carex meyenii, Dodonaea viscosa, Peperomia tetraphylla

(ala ala wai nui),

Schiedea

sp., or

Sida fallax

(HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to

Tetramolopium filiforme

are habitat degradation by feral goats; competition from the nonnative plant species

Acacia confusa, Ageratina riparia, Erigeron karvinskianus, Kalanchoe pinnata, Lantana camara, Leucaena leucocephala, Melinis minutiflora, Melinis repens,

and

Schinus terebinthifolius;

fire; potential impacts from military activities; trampling or collection by humans on or near trails; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining occurrences (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).

Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa

(Oheohe)

Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa,

a long-lived perennial member of the ginseng family (Araliaceae), is a tree 2.5 to 10 m (8 to 33 ft) tall with 7 to 21 leathery, oval to elliptic leaflets per leaf.

Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa

is distinguished from all other species in the genus in that its ovary appears placed fully above the base of the flower (Lowrey 1999).

This species has been observed in flower in November 1991 and in fruit in May, September, and November. Little else is known about its flowering cycles,

pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa

was historically known from Punaluu, Waikakalaua Gulch, Mount Olympus, and the region between Niu and Wailupe, all in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu. This species was also sighted in the Waianae Range at Palikea in 1954. Currently, 30 occurrences are scattered along the summit ridges of the Koolau Mountains from the region of Paumalu at the northern extreme to Kuliouou and Waimanalo at the southeasternmost point, on Federal, State, city, and county lands. Fewer than 100 individuals are known (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa

is typically found on windswept summit ridges, on slopes, or in gullies in wet or sometimes mesic lowland forests and shrublands between elevations of 93 and 959 m (305 and 3,146 ft). Associated native plant species include

Acacia koa, Antidesma platyphyllum, Bidens

sp.,

Bobea elatior, Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron

sp.,

Cibotium chamissoi, Cibotium

spp.,

Cyanea humboltiana, Dicranopteris linearis, Diplopterygium pinnatum, Dubautia laxa, Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis fosbergii

(manono),

Hedyotis terminalis, Labordia

sp.,

Lobelia hypoleuca

(kuhiaikamoowahie),

Machaerina angustifolia, Melicope

spp.,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine fosbergii

(kolea),

Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria

spp.,

Sadleria

spp.,

Syzygium sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra oahuensis

(ohe mauka), or

Wikstroemia

sp. (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).

The major threats to

Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa

are competition with the nonnative plant species

Aleurites moluccana, Araucaria columnaris

(Norfolk Island pine),

Ardisia elliptica

(shoebutton ardisia),

Axonopus fissifolius, Clidemia hirta, Erigeron karvinskianus, Eucalyptus

sp. (gum tree),

Paspalum conjugatum, Psidium cattleianum, Pterolepis glomerata, Sacciolepis indica, and Setaria palmifolia;

the two-spotted leafhopper; habitat degradation by feral pigs; and reduced reproductive vigor due to the species' limited gene pool as a consequence of the small number of extant individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).

Trematolobelia singularis

(NCN)

Trematolobelia singularis,

a short-lived perennial member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is an unbranched shrub with stems 0.6 to 1.5 m (2 to 5 ft) long. This species differs from others of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the unbranched, erect flowering stalk (Lammers 1999).

This species has been observed in flower in October and has wind dispersed seeds. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Trematolobelia singularis

has been reported only from the southern Koolau Mountains. Approximately 165 plants are known from 3 occurrences at Moanalua-Tripler Ridge summit to Puu Keahiakahoe, Konahuanui, and Puu Lanipo. These occurrences are found on State and private lands (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

This species usually grows on steep, windswept cliff faces or slopes in

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

lowland wet shrubland from 545 to 953 m (1,788 to 3,126 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include

Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium

sp.,

Dubautia laxa, Eugenia

sp. (nioi),

Melicope

sp.,

Sadleria

sp., or

Wikstroemia

sp. (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).

The major threats to

Trematolobelia singularis

are habitat degradation by feral pigs, potential predation by rats and slugs, competition with the aggressive nonnative plant species

Clidemia hirta,

and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of extant occurrences (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).

Urera kaalae

(Opuhe)

Urera kaalae

, a long-lived perennial member of the nettle family (Urticaceae), is a small tree or shrub 3 to 7 m (10 to 23 ft) tall. This species can be distinguished from the other Hawaiian species of the genus by its heart-shaped leaves (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Urera kaalae

has been observed flowering in the spring. It is difficult to predict when seeds will be produced and they are often sterile. This may be an indication of pollinator limitation. The plants are fast-growing. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Urera kaalae

was known from the central to southern windward Waianae Mountains, from Waianae Uka to Kupehau Gulch. This species now occurs only in North and South Ekahanui, Pualii Gulch, Halona Gulch, Kaluaa Gulch, North and South Palawai, Puu Hapapa, Napepeiauolelo Gulch, and Waianae Kai on Federal, State, and private lands. The 12 known occurrences contain approximately 41 individuals (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Urera kaalae

typically grows on slopes and in gulches in diverse mesic forest at elevations of 439 to 1,074 m (1,440 to 3,523 ft). Associated native species include

Alyxia oliviformis, Antidesma platyphyllum, Asplenium kaulfusii, Athyrium

sp.,

Canavalia

sp.,

Charpentiera

sp.,

Chamaesyce

sp.,

Claoxylon sandwicense, Diospyros hillebrandii, Doryopteris

sp.,

Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis acuminata, Hibiscus

sp.,

Nestegis sandwicensis, Pipturus albidus, Pleomele

sp.,

Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria

sp.,

Senna gaudichaudii

(kolomona),

Streblus pendulinus, Urera glabra,

or

Xylosma hawaiiense

(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; Wagner

et al.

1999; 61 FR 53089).

The major threats to

Urera kaalae

are habitat degradation by feral pigs; competition from the nonnative plant species

Buddleia asiatica, Christella parasitica, Clidemia hirta, Heliocarpus popayaensis, Melinis minutiflora, Morella faya, Passiflora suberosa, Pimenta dioica, Psidium cattleianum, Psidium guajava, Rubus rosifolius,

and

Schinus terebinthifolius;

fire; rockslides; and a risk of extinction from naturally-occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).

Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana

(Pamakani)

Viola chamissoniana

ssp.

chamissoniana,

a short-lived perennial member of the violet family (Violaceae), is a branched shrub up to 90 cm (3 ft) tall. This subspecies can be distinguished from the other members of the genus in the Waianae Mountains by the small size of its leaves (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Viola chamissoniana

ssp.

chamissoniana

has been observed in fruit and flower in April, August, and October. No further information is available on flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Viola chamissoniana

ssp.

chamissoniana

was known from the central and southern Waianae Mountains and Makaleha Valley. This taxon now occurs on Kamaileunu Ridge,

Palikea Ridge (between Nanakuli and Lualualei), Puu Hapapa, Makua-Keaau Ridge, Halona, and Puu Kumakalii on Federal, State, city, and county lands. The 15 known occurrences contain 59 individuals (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Viola chamissoniana

ssp.

chamissoniana

typically grows on dry cliffs, rocky ledges, and steep slopes in mesic shrubland and cliff vegetation at elevations of 414 to 1,149 m (1,358 to 3,769 ft). Associated native species include

Artemisia australis, Bidens torta, Carex meyenii, Chamaesyce

sp.,

Dodonaea viscosa, Dubautia

sp.,

Eragrostis

sp.,

Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Lipochaeta tenuis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Peperomia

sp.,

Rumex

sp.,

Schiedea

sp., or

Sida fallax

(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).

The major threats to

Viola chamissoniana

ssp.

chamissoniana

are habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs; competition from the nonnative plant species

Ageratina adenophora, Ageratina riparia, Erigeron karvinskianus, Melinis minutiflora, Morella faya, and Schinus terebinthifolius;

fire; landslides; and a risk of extinction from naturally-occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).

Viola oahuensis

(NCN)

Viola oahuensis,

a short-lived perennial member of the violet family (Violaceae), is usually an erect, unbranched subshrub 6 to 40 cm (2.4 to 16 in) tall. This species is distinguished from other Hawaiian members of the genus by the shape of the stipules (leaf bracts), the length of the leaf stalks, and the length and papery texture of the leaves (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Viola oahuensis

has been observed flowering in August and September. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Viola oahuensis

was known from 17 occurrences in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu, scattered over about a 37 km (23 mi) distance from Puu Kainapuaa to Palolo. The 18 extant occurrences, which total fewer than 200 individuals, are now found from the Kawainui-Koloa summit divide to the Waimalu-Koolaupoko divide on Federal, State, and private lands (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Viola oahuensis

is generally found on exposed, windswept ridges of moderate to steep slope in wet

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

shrublands and

Metrosideros polymorpha

mixed montane bogs in the cloud zone from 415 to 959 m (1,361 to 3,146 ft) elevation. This species typically grows among wind-stunted

Antidesma

sp.,

Bidens macrocarpa, Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium

sp.,

Dubautia laxa, Hedyotis terminalis, Labordia

sp.,

Machaerina

sp.,

Melicope

sp.,

Sadleria

sp.,

Syzygium sandwicensis, Vaccinium

sp., or

Wikstroemia

sp. (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).

The primary threats to

Viola oahuensis

are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; competition with the nonnative plants

Axonopus fissifolius, Clidemia hirta, Paspalum conjugatum, Psidium cattleianum,

and

Pterolepis

sp. (NCN); and risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of occurrences (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).

Multi-Island Species

Adenophorus periens

(Pendent kihi fern)

Adenophorus periens,

a member of the grammitis family (Grammitidaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small, pendent, epiphytic (not rooted on the ground) fern. This species differs from other species in this endemic Hawaiian genus by having hairs along the pinna margins, by the pinnae being at right angles to the midrib axis, by the placement of the sori on the pinnae, and by the degree of dissection of each pinna (Linney 1989).

Little is known about the life history of

Adenophorus periens,

which seems to grow only in closed canopy dense forest with high humidity. Its breeding system is unknown, but outbreeding is very likely to be the predominant mode of reproduction. Spores are dispersed by wind, possibly by water, and perhaps on the feet of birds or insects. Spores lack a thick resistant coat, which may indicate their longevity is brief, probably measured in days at most. Due to the weak differences between the seasons in the habitats where this species is found, there seems to be no evidence of seasonality in growth or reproduction. Additional information on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is not available (Linney 1989).

Historically,

Adenophorus periens

was known from Kauai, the Koolau Mountains of Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, it is known from several locations on Kauai, Molokai, and Hawaii. This species is no longer extant on the island of Oahu. It was collected in 1909 on the west ridge of Palolo Crater and the west ridge of Palolo Valley (HINHP Database 2001).

Adenophorus periens

grows epiphytically on trees in Metrosideros

polymorpha

and

Metrosideros rugosa

wet forests between 309 and 867 m (1,014 and 2,844 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include

Cheirodendron

spp.,

Cibotium

sp.,

Dicranopteris linearis, Hedyotis terminalis, Machaerina angustifolia,

or

Syzygium sandwicensis

(HINHP Database 2001).

Nothing is known of the threats to

Adenophorus periens

on Oahu because the species was last collected there in 1909 (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Alectryon macrococcus

(Mahoe)

Alectryon macrococcus,

a member of the soapberry family (Sapindaceae), consists of two varieties,

macrococcus

and

auwahiensis,

both trees with reddish-brown branches and leaves with one to five pairs of sometimes asymmetrical egg-shaped leaflets. On leaves of young

A. macrococcus

var.

macrococcus

plants, the underside of the leaf has dense brown hairs.

Alectryon macrococcus

var.

auwahiensis

is only found on the island of Maui. The only member of its genus found in Hawaii, this species is distinguished from other Hawaiian members of its family by being a tree with a hard fruit 2.5 cm (1 in) or more in diameter (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Alectryon macrococcus

is a relatively slow-growing, long lived tree that grows in xeric to mesic sites and is adapted to periodic drought. Little else is known about the life history of this species. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, and specific environmental requirements are unknown (Service 1997).

Currently and historically,

Alectryon macrococcus

var.

macrococcus

occurs on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. On Oahu, there are a total of 82 occurrences containing around 300 individuals. These occurrences are found in Kapuna Gulch, Huliwai Gulch, Kaluaa Gulch, Ekahanui Gulch, Manuwai Gulch, Mohiakea Gulch, Makua Valley, Puu Ku Makalii, Nanakuli-Lualualei Ridge, Palikea Gulch, Makaha, Pahole Gulch, Makaleha Valley, Waianae Kai, Waieli Gulch, Kaluakauila Gulch, Kaaua Gulch, Puu Hapapa, Mikilua subdistrict, Kaaawa Gulch, and Napepeiauolelo

Gulch on Federal, State, city, county, and private lands (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Wagner

et al.

1999; EDA,

in litt.

2001).

Alectryon macrococcus

var.

macrococcus

grows on slopes or ridges, or in gulches, within mesic lowland forests between elevations of 367 and 941 m (1,204 and 3,086 ft). Associated native plant species include

Alyxia oliviformis, Antidesma platyphyllum, Canavalia

sp.,

Charpentiera

sp.,

Claoxylon sandwicense, Diospyros hillebrandii, Diospyros sandwicensis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hibiscus arnottianus, Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine lanaiensis, Neraudia

sp.,

Nestegis sandwicensis, Pipturus albidus, Pisonia sandwicensis, Pisonia umbellifera, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria hathewayi, Psydrax odorata, Streblus pendulinus

, or

Xylosma

sp. (HINHP Database 2001).

The threats to

Alectryon macrococcus

var.

macrococcus

on Oahu are habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs; competition with the nonnative plant species

Aleurites moluccana, Blechnum appendiculatum, Buddleia asiatica, Christella parasitica, Clidemia hirta, Heliocarpos popayanensis, Lanatana camara, Melinus minutiflora, Oplismenus hirtellus, Passiflora suberosa, Pennisetum clandestinum

(kikuyu grass),

Psidium cattleianum, Psidium guajava, Rubus rosifolius, Schinus terebinthifolius, Syzygium cumini

, and

Toona ciliata

; damage from the black twig borer; seed predation by rats, mice (

Mus domesticus

), and insects; fire; depressed reproductive vigor; loss of pollinators; and, due to the very small remaining number of individuals and their limited distribution, a single natural or human-caused environmental disturbance, which could easily be catastrophic (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Bonamia menziesii

(NCN)

Bonamia menziesii

, a member of the morning-glory family (Convolvulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a vine with twining branches that are fuzzy when young. This species is the only member of the genus that is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and differs from other genera in the family by its two styles, longer stems and petioles, and rounder leaves (Austin 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Bonamia menziesii.

Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1999).

Historically,

Bonamia menziesii

was known from Kauai, the Waianae Mountains of Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, this species is extant on Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. There are 18 total occurrences on Oahu, containing a total of fewer than 100 plants. These occurrences are found in Niu Valley, Makaleha Valley, Makua-Keaau Ridge, Wailupe, Waialae Nui-Kapakahi Ridge and Kapakahi Gulch, Kaluakauila Gulch, Keawaula, Hawaii Loa Ridge and Kului Gulch, Nanakuli Valley, Kuaokala, Halona, Waialae Iki, Kapuna Gulch, Mikilua, Waianae Kai, and Alaiheihe Gulch on Federal, State, and private lands (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Bonamia menziesii

is found on Oahu on steep slopes or level ground in dry or mesic forest in open or closed canopy at elevations between 31 and 809 m (102 and 2,654 ft). Associated native species include

Acacia koa, Alyxia oliviformis, Dianella sandwicensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Erythrina sandwicensis, ,Hedyotis terminalis, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Melicope

sp.,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Myoporum sandwicense, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pisonia

sp.,

Pittosporum

sp.,

Pleomele

sp.,

Pouteria sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Sapindus oahuensis, Sicyos

sp.,

Sida fallax

, or

Waltheria indica

(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999).

The primary threats to

Bonamia menziesii

on Oahu are habitat degradation and possible predation by wild and feral pigs, goats, and cattle; competition with the nonnative plant species

Aleurites moluccana, Grevillea robusta, Hyptis pectinata, Kalanchoe pinnata, Lantana camara, Leucaena leucocephala, Melia azedarach, Montanoa hibiscifolia, Panicum maximum, Passiflora suberosa, Pennisetum setaceum

(fountain grass),

Pimenta dioica, Psidium cattleianum, Rivina humilis, Schinus terebinthifolius, Syzygium cumini

, and

Toona ciliata

; fire; and nonnative insect (

Physomerus grossipes

); and potential impacts from military activities (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Cenchrus agrimonioides

(Kamanomano)

Cenchrus agrimonioides

, a member of the grass family (Poaceae) and a short-lived perennial, has leaf blades that are flat or folded and that have a prominent midrib. There are two varieties,

C. agrimonioides

var.

laysanensis

and

C. agrimonioides

var.

agrimonioides.

They differ from each other in that var.

agrimonioides

has smaller burs, shorter stems, and narrower leaves. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the cylindrical to lance-shaped bur and the arrangement and position of the bristles (O'Conner 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Cenchrus agrimonioides.

Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors, except that this species has been observed to produce fruit year-round (Service 1999; 65 FR 53108).

Historically,

Cenchrus agrimonioides

var.

agrimonioides

was known from the Waianae Mountains of Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and an undocumented account from the island of Hawaii.

Cenchrus agrimonioides

var.

laysanensis

was historically and currently only known from the Northwest Hawaiian Islands. Currently,

Cenchrus agrimonioides

var.

agrimonioides

is known from Oahu and Maui; on Oahu from a total of 7 occurrences containing between 113 and 118 individuals. These occurrences are found in Pahole Gulch, on Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge, in or near Kahanahaiki Gulch, in east Makaleha, Puu Kaua, Huliwai Gulch, and in Pualii drainage, on Federal, State, city, county, and private lands (EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).

Cenchrus agrimonioides

var.

agrimonioides

on Oahu is usually found on dry upper slopes or ridges in lowland mixed mesic forest at elevations between 357 and 890 m (1,171 and 2,919 ft). Associated native plant species include

Acacia koa, Alyxia oliviformis, Bobea

sp.,

Carex wahuensis, Chamaesyce multiformis, Coprosma foliosa, Diospyros sandwicensis, Eragrostis variabilis, Gahnia beecheyi

(NCN),

Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Metrosideros polymorpha, Nestegis sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata

, or

Psychotria

sp. (HINHP Database 2001; EDA,

in litt.

2001).

The major threats to

Cenchrus agrimonioides

var.

agrimonioides

on Oahu are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; competition with the nonnative plant species

Ageratina riparia, Blechnum appendiculatum, Casuarina

sp.,

Clidemia hirta, Grevillea robusta, Paspalum conjugatum, Passiflora suberosa, Psidium cattleianum, Rubus argutus

, and

Schinus terebinthifolius

; trampling and fire from military activities; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).

Centaurium sebaeoides

(Awiwi)

Centaurium sebaeoides

, a member of the gentian family (Gentianaceae), is an annual herb with fleshy leaves and stalkless flowers. This species is distinguished from

C. erythraea

(bitter herb), which is naturalized in Hawaii, by its fleshy leaves and the unbranched arrangement of the flower cluster (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Centaurium sebaeoides

has been observed flowering in April. Flowering may be induced by heavy rainfall. Occurrences are found in dry areas, and plants are more likely to be found following heavy rains. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (56 FR 55770).

Historically and currently,

Centaurium sebaeoides

is known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. Currently on Oahu, 2 occurrences of this species remain with a total of between 60 and 80 individuals at Kaena Point and Koko Head on State, city, and county lands (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; Wagner

et al.

1999).

Centaurium sebaeoides

typically grows in volcanic or clay soils or on cliffs in arid coastal areas or on coral plains below 368 m (1,207 ft) elevation. Associated native species include

Artemisia

sp.,

Bidens

sp.,

Jacquemontia ovalifolia, Lipochaeta succulenta

(nehe), or

Lysimachia

sp. (kolokolo kuahiwi) (HINHP Database 2001; Wagner

et al.

1999; 56 FR 55770).

The major threats to

Centaurium sebaeoides

on Oahu are habitat degradation by feral goats and cattle, competition from the nonnative plant species

Leucaena leucocephala

, trampling by humans on or near trails, fire, and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events due to the small number of existing occurrences and individuals (56 FR 55770; Service 1999).

Colubrina oppositifolia

(Kauila)

Colubrina oppositifolia

, a member of the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) and a long-lived perennial, is a tree with extremely hard red wood. This species is readily distinguished from the other species in Hawaii by its opposite leaf position, dull leaf surface, and entire leaf margins (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Colubrina oppositifolia

has been observed in flower during January, June, September, and December and in fruit during January, June, and September. Little else is known about its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (HINHP Database 2001).

Historically and currently,

Colubrina oppositifolia

was known from Oahu, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, there is a total of 5 occurrences containing 61 individuals on Oahu. These occurrences are found in Kaumokunui Gulch, Makaleha Valley, and Manuwai Gulch on State and private lands (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Colubrina oppositifolia

is found in lowland dry and mesic forests dominated by

Diospyros sandwicensis

at elevations between 277 and 761 m (909 and 2,496 ft). Associated native species include

Alyxia oliviformis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata, Reynoldsia sandwicensis

, or

Sapindus oahuensis

(HINHP Database 2001).

The threats to this species on Oahu are habitat destruction by feral pigs and goats; competition with the nonnative plant species

Aleurites moluccana, Lantana camara, Pennisetum setaceum, Psidium cattleianum, Schinus terebinthifolius

,

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