Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designation of Critical Habitat for 60 Plant Species from the Islands of Maui and Kahoolawe, HI

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17

RIN 1018-AH70

Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designation of Critical Habitat for 60 Plant Species from the Islands of Maui and Kahoolawe, HI

AGENCY:

Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION:

Final rule.

SUMMARY:

We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), designate critical habitat pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act), for 60 of 70 listed plant species known historically from the Hawaiian islands of Maui and Kahoolawe. A total of approximately 37,717 hectares (ha) (93,200 acres (ac)) of land on the island of Maui and 1,180 ha (2,915 ac) of land on the island of Kahoolawe fall within the boundaries of the 139 critical habitat units designated for the 60 species. This critical habitat designation requires the Service to consult under section 7 of the Act with regard to actions carried out, funded, or authorized by a Federal agency. Section 4 of the Act requires us to consider economic and other relevant impacts when specifying any particular area as critical habitat. We solicited data and comments from the public on all aspects of the proposed rule, including data on economic and other impacts of the designation.

DATES:

This rule becomes effective on June 13, 2003.

ADDRESSES:

Comments and materials received, as well as supporting documentation, used in the preparation of this final rule will be available for public inspection, by appointment, during normal business hours at U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Office, 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 3-122, P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850-0001.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

Paul Henson, Field Supervisor, Pacific Islands Office at the above address (telephone 808/541-3441; facsimile 808/541-3470).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

In the List of Endangered and Threatened Plants (50 CFR 17.12(h)), there are 70 plant species that, at the time of listing, were reported from the islands of Maui and/or Kahoolawe (Table 1).

Table 1.—Summary of Island Distribution of 70 Species From Maui and Kahoolawe

Species (common name)

Island distribution

Kauai

Oahu

Molokai

Lanai

Maui

Hawaii

NW Isles, Kahoolawe, Niihau

Acaena exigua

(liliwai)

H

H

Adenophorus periens

(pendent kihi fern)

C

C

C

R

R

C

Alectryon macrococcus

(mahoe)

C

C

C

C

Argyroxiphium sandwicense

ssp.

macrocephalum

(ahinahina)

C

Asplenium fragile

var.

insulare

(NCN)

C

C

Bidens micrantha

ssp.

kalealaha

(kookoolau)

H

C

Bonamia menziesii

(NCN)

C

C

H

C

C

C

Brighamia rockii

(pua ala)

C

H

H

Cenchrus agrimonioides

(kamanomano)

C

H

C

R

NW Isles (H)

Centaurium sebaeoides

(awiwi)

C

C

C

C

C

Clermontia lindseyana

(oha wai)

C

C

Clermontia oblongifolia

ssp. mauiensis (oha wai)

C

C

Clermontia peleana

(oha wai)

H

C

Clermontia samuelii

(oha wai)

C

Colubrina oppositifolia

(kauila)

C

C

C

Ctenitis squamigera

(pauoa)

H

C

C

C

C

H

Cyanea copelandii

ssp.

haleakalaensis

(haha)

C

Cyanea glabra

(haha)

C

Cyanea grimesiana

ssp.

grimesiana

(haha)

C

C

C

C

Cyanea hamatiflora

ssp.

hamatiflora

(haha)

C

Cyanea lobata

(haha)

H

C

Cyanea mceldowneyi

(haha)

C

Cyrtandra munroi

(haiwale)

C

C

Delissea undulata

(NCN)

C

H

C

Ni (H)

Diellia erecta

(asplenium-leaved diellia)

H

H

C

H

C

C

Diplazium molokaiense

(NCN)

H

H

H

H

C

Dubautia plantaginea

ssp.

humilis

(naenae)

C

Flueggea neowawraea

(mehamehame)

C

C

H

C

C

Geranium arboreum

(nohoanu)

C

Geranium multiflorum

(nohoanu)

C

Gouania vitifolia

(NCN)

C

H

C

Hedyotis coriacea

(kioele)

H

C

C

Hedyotis mannii

(pilo)

C

C

C

Hesperomannia arborescens

(NCN)

C

C

H

C

Hesperomannia arbuscula

(NCN)

C

C

Hibiscus brackenridgei

(mao hau hele)

H

C

H

C

C

C

Ka (R)

Ischaemum byrone

(Hilo ischaemum)

C

H

C

C

C

Isodendrion pyrifolium

(wahine noho kula)

H

H

H

H

C

Ni (H)

Kanaloa kahoolawensis

(kohe malama malama o kanaloa)

Ka (C)

Lipochaeta kamolensis

(nehe)

C

Lysimachia lydgatei

(NCN)

H

C

Mariscus pennatiformis

(NCN)

H

H

C

H

NW Isles (C)

Melicope adscendens

(alani)

C

Melicope balloui

(alani)

C

Melicope knudsenii

(alani)

C

C

Melicope mucronulata

(alani)

C

C

Melicope ovalis

(alani)

C

Neraudia sericea

(NCN)

C

H

C

Ka (H)

Nototrichium humile

(kului)

C

H

Peucedanum sandwicense

(makou)

C

C

C

C

Phlegmariurus mannii

(wawaeiole)

H

C

C

Phyllostegia mannii

(NCN)

C

H

Phyllostegia mollis

(NCN)

C

H

C

Phyllostegia parviflora

(NCN)

C

H

H

Plantago princeps

(laukahi kuahiwi)

C

C

C

C

H

Platanthera holochila

(NCN)

C

H

C

C

Pteris lidgatei

(NCN)

C

H

C

Remya mauiensis

(NCN)

C

Sanicula purpurea

(NCN)

C

C

Schiedea haleakalensis

(NCN)

C

Schiedea hookeri

(NCN)

C

H

Schiedea nuttallii

(NCN)

C

C

C

R

Sesbania tomentosa

(ohai)

C

C

C

H

C

C

Ni (H), Ka (C), NW Isles (C)

Solanum incompletum

(popolo ku mai)

H

H

H

H

C

Spermolepis hawaiiensis

(NCN)

C

C

C

C

C

C

Tetramolopium arenarium

(NCN)

H

C

Tetramolopium capillare

(pamakani)

C

Tetramolopium remyi

(NCN)

C

H

Vigna o-wahuensis

(NCN)

H

C

C

C

C

Ni (H), Ka (C)

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

(ae)

C

C

H

C

C

Key:

C (Current)—population last observed within the past 30 years

H (Historical)—population not seen for more than 30 years

R (Reported)—reported from undocumented observations

NCN—no common name

Eighteen of these species are endemic to the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe, while 42 species are reported from one or more other islands, as well as Maui and/or Kahoolawe. Each of these species is described in more detail below in the section, “Discussion of Plant Taxa.” Although we considered designating critical habitat on Maui and Kahoolawe for each of the 70 plant species, for the reasons described below, the final designation includes critical habitat for 60 of 70 plant species. Species that also occur on other islands may have critical habitat designated on other islands in previous or subsequent rulemakings.

The Islands of Maui and Kahoolawe

Maui, the second largest island in Hawaii at 1,888 square kilometers (sq km) (729 square miles (sq mi)) in area, was formed from the remnants of two large shield volcanoes, the older West Maui volcano (1.3 million years) on the west and the larger, but much younger, Haleakala volcano on the east. Stream erosion has cut deep valleys and ridges into the originally shield-shaped West Maui volcano. The highest point on West Maui is Puu Kukui at 1,764 meters (m) (5,787 feet (ft)) elevation, which has an average rainfall of 1,020 centimeters (cm) (400 inches (in)) per year, making it the second wettest spot in Hawaii (Department of Geography 1998). Having erupted just 200 years ago, East Maui's Haleakala crater, reaching 3,055 m (10,023 ft) in elevation, has retained its classic shield shape and lacks the diverse vegetation typical of the older and more eroded West Maui mountain. Rainfall on the slopes of Haleakala is about 89 cm (35 in) per year, with its windward (northeastern) slope receiving the most precipitation. However, Haleakala's crater is a dry cinder desert because it is above the level at which precipitation develops and is sheltered from moisture-laden winds (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999).

The island of Kahoolawe measures about 17.7 km (11 mi) long by 11.3 km (7 mi) wide, comprising some 11,655 ha (28,800 ac). Located in the lee of

Haleakala, the island lies approximately 11 km (6.7 mi) from East Maui. The highest point is the rim of an extinct volcano at 450 m (1,477 ft) above sea level. The estimated annual precipitation is approximately 50 cm (20 in), with most of it falling from November through March. In addition to the low precipitation, Kahoolawe is the windiest of the Hawaiian Islands (Gon

et al.

1992).

Discussion of Plant Taxa

Species Endemic to Maui or Kahoolawe

Argyroxiphium sandwicense

ssp.

macrocephalum

(Ahinahina)

Argyroxiphium sandwicense

ssp.

macrocephalum,

a long-lived perennial and a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is called the Haleakala silversword. It is a distinctive, globe-shaped rosette plant with a dense covering of silver hairs. This subspecies is distinguished from

A. sandwicense

ssp.

sandwicense

by the shape and ratio of the dimensions of the inflorescence (flowering part of plant), the number of ray florets per head, and the combination of its longer, three-angled leaves; its silvery leaf hairs, which completely hide the leaf surface; and its longer achenes (dry fruits) (Carr 1985, 1999a).

This monocarpic (flowers only once, at the end of its lifetime) plant matures from seed to its final stage in approximately 15 to 50 years. The plant remains a compact rosette until it sends up an erect, central flowering stalk, sets seed, and dies. Flowering occurs from June to September, with annual numbers of flowering plants varying dramatically from year to year. Reliable counts of flowering plants were made in 1935 (217 flowered) and in 1941 (815 flowered). Numbers recorded flowering in recent years have ranged from zero in 1970 to 6,632 in 1991. The environmental stimulus for synchronous flowering is as yet unknown. An apparent relationship of the 1991 mass flowering event to stratospheric alteration by the eruption of Pinatubo Volcano in the Philippines has been considered. Investigations are underway by R. Pharis of the University of Calgary and L.L. Loope of the U.S. Geological Survey—Biological Resources Division (USGS-BRD) to explore whether enhanced flowering is related to increased UV-B radiation caused by temporary reduction of stratospheric ozone. Flying insects, especially native bees, moths, flies, bugs, and wasps, many of which are pollinators, are attracted in large numbers to the giant, aromatic inflorescences.

Argyroxiphium sandwicense

ssp.

macrocephalum

cannot fertilize itself and is reliant on insect pollinators for reproduction. Rarely, hybrids between

A. sandwicense

ssp.

macrocephalum

and

Dubautia menziesii

(naenae) have been observed. Primarily found within Haleakala Crater, especially on Puu o Pele and Puu o Maui cinder cones, these hybrid individuals can flower for several years before dying (Carr 1985; Loope and Crivellone 1986; Loope and Medeiros, in press; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Currently,

Argyroxiphium sandwicense

ssp.

macrocephalum

occupies all of its historic range, a 1,000 ha (2,500 ac) area at 2,100 to 3,000 m (6,890 to 9,840 ft) elevation in the crater and outer slopes of Haleakala Volcano, within Haleakala National Park and The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii's (TNCH) Waikamoi Preserve. There are a total of 7 occurrences on Federal and privately owned land, with a total of 39,025 to 44,025 individual plants (Geographic Decision Systems International (GDSI) 2001; Hawaii Natural Heritage Program (HINHP) Database 2001; Loope and Crivellone 1986; Service 1997; TNCH 1998; 57 FR 20772).

The habitat of this species consists primarily of lava flows and otherwise barren, unstable slopes of recent (less than several thousand years old) volcanic cinder cones or in

Deschampsia nubigena

(hair grass) grasslands at elevations between 1,508 and 3,053 m (4,947 and 10,016 ft). Mean annual precipitation is approximately 75 to 250 cm (29.6 to 98.4 in). The substrate has almost no soil development and is subject to frequent formation of ice at night and extreme heating during cloudless days. This species is found in alpine dry shrubland with native species, including

Agrostis sandwicensis

(bent grass),

Dubautia menziesii, Leptecophylla tameiameiae

(pukiawe),

Silene struthioloides

(catchfly),

Tetramolopium humile

(NCN), or

Trisetum glomeratum

(pili uka) (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; Robert Hobdy, Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW), pers. comm., 2001).

The threats to this species are loss of pollinators caused by the nonnative Argentine ant (

Iridomyrmex humilis

) and yellow jackets (

Vespula pennsylvanica

); native seed-eating and herbivorous insects such as the tephritid fly (

Trupanea cratericola

); limited natural range, which makes it vulnerable to extinction due to catastrophic events, such as a natural disaster; competition from the nonnative plant species

Verbascum thapsus

(mullein); and human impacts (trampling and site degradation). Although goats (

Capra hircus

) and cattle (

Bos taurus

) have been removed from the park, they remain a potential threat (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Clermontia samuelii

(Oha wai)

Clermontia samuelii,

a short-lived perennial in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a terrestrial shrub with elliptical leaves which are sometimes broader at the tips.

C. s.

ssp.

hanaensis

is differentiated from

C. s.

ssp.

samuelii

by the greenish white to white flowers; longer, narrower leaves with the broadest point near the base of the leaves; and fewer hairs on the lower surface of the leaves. This species is separated from other members of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the size of the flowers and the hypanthium (base of flower) (Lammers 1999; Service 2001).

Little is known about the life history of

Clermontia samuelii.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307).

Historically,

Clermontia samuelii

has been reported from Haleakala and from Keanae Valley on the windward side to Manawainui on the leeward (southeastern) side of Haleakala. Currently,

C. samuelii

is known from Papanalahoa Point, Kuhiwa Valley, the ridge north of Palike Stream, Kawaipapa, and Mokulehua Gulch. There are 7 occurrences with 309 individual plants on State and Federal lands within Haleakala National Park, Hanawi Natural Area Reserve (NAR), Hana Forest Reserve, and within the East Maui Watershed Partnership (GDSI 2001, HINHP Database 2001, Medeiros and Loope 1989, Service 2001, Warshauer 1998, 64 FR 48307, R. Hobdy, DOFAW,

in litt.

2000, Ken Wood, National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG),

in litt.

2000).

Clermontia samuelii

is found at elevations between 723 and 2,244 m (2,372 and 7,362 ft).

Clermontia samuelii

ssp.

hanaensis

is found in wet

Metrosideros polymorpha

(ohia) and

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

(uluhe) forest containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Adenophorus tamariscinus

(wahine no mauna);

Broussaisia arguta

(kanawao);

Carex alligata

(NCN);

Cheirodendron trigynum

(olapa);

Cibotium

spp. (hapuu);

Diplazium sandwichianum

(hoio);

Dubautia

spp. (naenae);

Hedyotis hillebrandii

(manono);

Hedyotis terminalis

(manono);

Melicope clusiifolia

(kolokolo mokihana);

Melicope

spp. (alani);

Peperomia obovatilimba

(ala ala wai nui);

Psychotria mariniana

(kopiko);

Tetraplasandra oahuensis

(ohe mauka); or

Vaccinium

spp. (ohelo). In addition,

Clermontia samuelii

ssp.

samuelii

is found in wet

Metrosideros polymorpha

and

M. polymorpha-Cheirodendron trigynum

forest containing one or more of the following native plant species:

Broussaisia arguta

;

Carex alligata

;

Cibotium

spp.;

Clermontia arborescens

ssp.

waihiae

(oha wai nui);

Clermontia

spp. (oha wai);

Diplazium sandwichianum

;

Dubautia

spp.;

Hedyotis hillebrandii

;

Hedyotis

spp. (NCN);

Melicope

spp.;

Rubus hawaiensis

(akala); or

Vaccinium

spp. (HINHP Database 2001; Service 2001; 64 FR 48307; R. Hobdy pers. comm., 2001; K. Wood,

in litt.

2000).

Threats to

Clermontia samuelii

ssp.

hanaensis

include habitat degradation and destruction by feral pigs (

Sus scrofa

) and competition with nonnative plant species such as

Hedychium coronarium

(white ginger),

Hedychium gardnerianum

(kahili ginger),

Juncus

spp. (NCN),

Paspalum urvillei

(vasey grass),

Paspalum conjugatum

(Hilo grass), or

Tibouchina herbacea

(glorybush). In addition, two extremely invasive nonnative plant species,

Miconia calvescens

(velvet tree) and

Clidemia hirta

(Koster's curse), are found in nearby areas and may invade this habitat if not controlled. The habitat of

Clermontia samuelii

ssp.

samuelii

was extensively damaged by pigs in the past, and pigs are still a major threat to the populations on State-owned lands. The occurrence within the National Park has been fenced, and pigs have been eradicated. However, due to the large populations of pigs in adjacent areas, the park occurrences must constantly be monitored to prevent further ingress. Competition with nonnative plant species such as

Holcus lanatus

(velvet grass) and

Juncus planifolius

(NCN) is also a major threat to this subspecies. In addition, rats (mainly black rats (

Rattus rattus

)) and slugs (mainly

Milax gagetes

) are known to eat leaves, stems, and fruits of other members of this genus and therefore are a potential threat to both subspecies (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307; K. Wood,

in litt.

2000).

Cyanea copelandii

ssp.

haleakalaensis

(Haha)

Cyanea copelandii

ssp.

haleakalaensis,

a short-lived perennial member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a vine-like shrub with sprawling stems and tan latex (sap). This subspecies is differentiated from

C. c.

ssp.

copelandii

by its shorter elliptical leaves. The species differs from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the vine-like stems and the yellowish flowers that appear red caused by the covering of hairs (Lammers 1999; Service 2001).

Little is known about the life history of

Cyanea copelandii

ssp.

haleakalaensis.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307).

Historically,

Cyanea copelandii

ssp.

haleakalaensis

was reported from the windward side of Haleakala and from Waikamoi to Kipahulu Valley. Currently, this species is known from 5 occurrences with a total of 204 individuals on Federal and privately owned land within the East Maui Watershed Partnership in Haiku Uka, the ridge above Kuhiwa Valley, and Kipahulu Valley within Haleakala National Park and Hanawi Natural Area Reserve (NAR) (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999; Service 2001; Warshauer 1998; 64 FR 48307).

Cyanea copelandii

ssp.

haleakalaensis

is found on stream banks or wet scree (a sloping mass of rocks at the base of a cliff) slopes or in forest understory in montane wet or mesic forests dominated by

Acacia koa

(koa) and

Metrosideros polymorpha

at elevations between 616 and 1,411 m (2,021 and 4,630 ft). Associated species include

Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium

spp.,

Hedyotis acuminata

(au),

Perrottetia sandwicensis

(olomea), and

Psychotria hawaiiensis

(kopiko ula) (HINHP Database 2001; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001; Service 2001; 64 FR 48307).

The major threats to this species are habitat degradation and destruction by feral pigs; competition with several nonnative plant species; rats; slugs; human activities; and potential extinction caused by random environmental events due to small occurrence sizes (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307).

Cyanea glabra

(Haha)

Cyanea glabra,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a short-lived, perennial shrub, with the leaves of juvenile plants deeply pinnately lobed, while those of the adult plants are more or less entire and elliptical. This species is differentiated from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the size of the flower and the pinnately lobed juvenile leaves (Lammers 1999; Service 2001).

Little is known about the life history of

Cyanea glabra.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307).

Historically,

Cyanea glabra

has been reported from West Maui and on Haleakala, East Maui. Currently, this species is known from a single occurrence of 12 individual plants on privately owned land in Kauaula Valley (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; 64 FR 48307).

Cyanea glabra

is found on soil and rock stream banks in wet lowland forests dominated by

Acacia koa

and

Metrosideros polymorpha,

at elevations between 413 and 1,572 m (1,355 and 5,156 ft). Associated native plants include

Boehmeria grandis

(akolea),

Cheirodendron trigynum, Christella cyatheoides

(kikawaio),

Cibotium

spp.,

Clermontia kakeana

(ohai wai),

Coprosma

spp. (pilo),

Diplazium

spp. (NCN),

Dodonaea viscosa

(aalii),

Dubautia plantaginea

(naenae),

Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus albidus

(mamaki),

Psychotria

spp. (kopiko),

Sadleria

spp. (amau),

Touchardia latifolia

(olona), and

Xylosma hawaiiense

(maua) (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307; Joel Lau, HINHP, pers. comm., 2001; HINHP Database 2001; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).

The threats to this species are slugs; habitat degradation and destruction by feral pigs; flooding; competition with several nonnative plant species; rats; the two-spotted leafhopper (

Saphonia rufofascia

); and extinction caused by random environmental events caused by the small number of individuals in the only remaining occurrence (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307).

Cyanea hamatiflora

ssp.

hamatiflora

(Haha)

Cyanea hamatiflora

ssp.

hamatiflora,

a short-lived perennial member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a palm-like tree with tan colored latex. This subspecies is differentiated from the other listed subspecies (

C. hamatiflora

ssp.

carlsonii

) by its longer calyx lobes and shorter individual flower stalks. This species is separated from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by fewer flowers per inflorescence and narrower leaves (Lammers 1999; Service 2001).

Little is known about the life history of

Cyanea hamatiflora

ssp.

hamatiflora.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307).

Historically,

Cyanea hamatiflora

ssp.

hamatiflora

was known from the windward side of Haleakala, stretching from Puu o Kakae to Manawainui. Currently, this species is known from 9

occurrences with a total of 12 individuals within the East Maui Watershed Partnership in Honomanu, Wailuaiki, Kipahulu Valley, Koukouai, and Puu Ahulili, on Federal (Haleakala National Park) and privately owned lands (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 2001; Warshauer 1998; 64 FR 48307).

Typical habitat for this species is montane wet forest dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha,

with a

Cibotium

spp. and/or native shrub understory, or closed

Acacia koa-M. polymorpha

wet forest, containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Athyrium microphyllum

(akolea),

Broussaisia arguta

,

Cheirodendron trigynum

,

Cyanea aculeatiflora

(haha),

Cyanea kunthiana

(haha),

Dicranopteris linearis

,

Diplazium sandwichianum, Melicope

spp.,

Myrsine

spp. (kolea), or

Vaccinium

spp.; and at elevations between 767 and 1,553 m (2,515 and 5,095 ft) (HINHP Database 2001; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001; Service 2001; 64 FR 48307).

The threats to this species are habitat degradation and destruction by feral pigs; landslides; competition with the nonnative plant

Ageratina adenophora

(Maui pamakani); rats; and slugs (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307).

Cyanea mceldowneyi

(Haha)

Cyanea mceldowneyi,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a short-lived, unbranched perennial shrub with rough to prickly stems. This species is distinguished from other species of

Cyanea

by the combination of a densely armed trunk; long (4 cm (1.6 in)), white corollas; and leaf blade size and shape (Lammers 1999; Service 2001).

Little is known about the life history of

Cyanea mceldowneyi.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Historically,

Cyanea mceldowneyi

was known from rainforest west of Waikamoi to Honomanu on northwestern Haleakala. Currently, this species is known from 11 occurrences with a total of 36 individuals on State (Makawao Forest Reserve and Hanawi NAR) and privately owned lands within the East Maui Watershed Partnership at Kahakapao Gulch, Opana Gulch, Waikamoi, Puohokamoa, Makapipi, and the flats above Kuhiwa Valley (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999; Service 1997; Warshauer 1998; 57 FR 20772).

The habitat of this species is montane wet and mesic forest with mixed

Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa

containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Broussaisia arguta

,

Cheirodendron trigynum, Cibotium

spp.,

Clermontia arborescens

, Cyrtandra spp. (haiwale),

Dicranopteris linearis

,

Diplazium sandwichianum

,

Hedyotis

spp., or

Melicope clusiifolia

, at elevations between 779 and 1,357 m (2,555 and 4,453 ft) (R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001, Service 1997, 57 FR 20772).

The threats to this species are habitat degradation and physical destruction by feral pigs, small number of occurrences and individuals, human activities, and competition with nonnative plant species, especially

Setaria palmifolia

(palmgrass) (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Dubautia plantaginea

ssp.

humilis

(Naenae)

Dubautia plantaginea

ssp.

humilis

, a short-lived perennial of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a dwarf shrub less than 80 cm (30 in) tall with hairless or strigillose (bulbous-based hairs, all pointing in the same direction) stems. This species differs from other Hawaiian members of the genus by the number of veins in the leaves and by the close resemblance of the leaves to the genus

Plantago

. The subspecies

humilis

differs from the other two subspecies (

D. plantaginea

ssp.

magnifolia

and

D

.

plantaginea

ssp.

plantaginea

) by having fewer heads per inflorescence, but more florets per head (Carr 1985; Carr 1999b; Service 2001).

Little is known about the life history of

Dubautia plantaginea

ssp.

humilis

. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307).

Dubautia plantaginea

ssp.

humilis

has only been reported from Iao Valley on West Maui. The two occurrences with 60 to 65 individuals in total are on privately owned land (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 2001; 64 FR 48307).

The typical habitat of the species is wet, barren, steep, rocky, wind-blown cliffs containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Bidens

spp. (kookoolau),

Carex

spp. (NCN),

Eragrostis variabilis

(kawelu),

Hedyotis formosa

(NCN),

Lysimachia remyi

(NCN),

Metrosideros polymorpha

,

Pipturus albidus

,

Plantago princeps

(laukahi kuahiwi), or

Pritchardia

spp. (loulu), at elevations between 266 and 1,593 m (873 and 5,226 ft) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 2001; 64 FR 48307; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).

Threats to

Dubautia plantaginea

ssp.

humilis

include landslides and competition from nonnative plant species. Random environmental events, such as landslides, are a threat because of the limited number of individuals and occurrences and their narrow distribution (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307).

Geranium arboreum

(Nohoanu)

Geranium arboreum,

a long-lived perennial member of the geranium family (Geraniaceae), is a many branched, spreading, woody shrub about 1.8 to 3.7 m (6 to 12 ft) tall. This species can be distinguished from other

Geranium species

by its red petals with the upper three petals erect and the lower two reflexed, causing the flower to appear curved (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Geranium arboreum

is the only species in its genus that appears to be adapted to bird-pollination. Native honeycreepers appear to be a major pollination vector.

Geranium arboreum

from the southwest area of Haleakala in the Kula Forest Reserve produce seeds that are larger and fuller than seeds from the northwest extension of its distribution. Native honeycreepers are reasonably abundant in both areas. Little else is known about the life history of

Geranium arboreum.

Flowering cycles, other pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Funk 1982, 1988; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

The original range and abundance of the species is unknown, but late 19th and early 20th century collections indicate that it once grew on the southern slopes of Haleakala and that its distribution on the northern slopes extended beyond its presently known range. Currently, there are 12 occurrences totaling 158 individuals, within the East Maui Watershed Partnership on State (Kula and Kahikinui Forest Reserves), private, and federally owned or leased (Haleakala National Park) lands. These occurrences are found in Kahua, Kanahau, Waiohuli, Kaipoioi Gulch, Hapapa Gulch, Keauaiwi Gulch, Kalialinui, and south of Puu Luau and east of Puu Nianiau (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; Warshauer 1998; 57 FR 20772).

Geranium arboreum

grows in steep, damp, and shaded narrow canyons and gulches, steep banks, and intermittent streams in

Sophora chrysophylla

(mamane) subalpine dry shrubland or

Metrosideros polymorpha

montane forest containing one or more of the

following associated native plant species:

Dryopteris wallichiana

(io nui);

Dodonaea viscosa; Leptecophylla tameiameiae

;

Rubus hawaiiensis

; or

Vaccinium reticulatum

(ohelo ai), at elevations between 1,451 and 2,184 m (4,760 and 7,164 ft) (R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

The greatest immediate threat to the survival of this species is encroachment and competition from naturalized, nonnative vegetation, chiefly grasses and trees. Soil disturbance, caused by trampling cattle and rooting by feral pigs, also is a major threat as it destroys plants and facilitates the encroachment of competing species of naturalized plants. Other less important threats include browsing by cattle; fires; and pollen from nonnative pine trees, which at certain times of the year completely covers the stigmas of the geraniums, precluding any fertilization by its own pollen. The small number of individual plants increases the potential for extinction from random environmental events, and the limited gene pool may depress reproductive vigor (Funk 1982, 1988; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Geranium multiflorum

(Nohoanu)

Geranium multiflorum,

a long-lived member of the geranium family (Geraniaceae), is a perennial many-branched shrub 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) tall. Flowers are in clusters of 25 to 50 and have 5 white petals that are 10 to 15 millimeters (mm) (0.4 to 0.6 in) long with purple veins or bases. This species is distinguished from others of the genus by its white, regularly symmetrical flowers and by the shape and pattern of teeth on its leaf margins (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Geranium multiflorum.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Historically,

Geranium multiflorum

was known from Ukulele, Waieleele, and Waianapanapa on East Maui. This species is now known from Federal (Haleakala National Park), State (Hanawi NAR and Koolau Forest Reserve), and private lands within the East Maui Watershed Partnership in Haiku Ula, Kalialinui, Koolau Gap, between East Waiuaki and Kopiliula Streams, near Puu Alaea along Kalapawili Ridge, Kipahulu Valley, Waiakekeehia, and Haleakala Crater. The 13 known occurrences extend over a distance of about 10.5 by 5.5 km (6.5 by 3.5 mi). Due to the inaccessibility of the occurrences, and the difficulty in determining the number of individuals (caused by the plant's multi-branched form), the total number of individuals of this species is not known; however, it probably does not exceed 3,000 plants (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001; Service 1997; Warshauer 1998; 57 FR 20772).

Geranium multiflorum

is found in wet or mesic

Metrosideros polymorpha

montane forest or alpine mesic forest,

Leptecophylla tameiameiae

shrubland,

Sophora chrysophylla

subalpine dry forest, open sedge swamps, fog-swept lava flows, or montane grasslands containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Coprosma montana

(pilo);

Dryopteris glabra

(hohui);

Dryopteris wallichiana; Hedyotis

spp.;

Rubus hawaiiensis;

Sadleria cyatheoides;

or

Vaccinium

spp. (amau), at elevations between 1,499 and 2,710 m (4,918 and 8,890 ft) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; Wagner

et al.

1999; 57 FR 20772).

The major threat to

Geranium multiflorum

is competition with encroaching nonnative plant species, particularly

Rubus argutus

(prickly Florida blackberry). A potential threat is habitat destruction by feral pigs and goats in unfenced areas (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Kanaloa kahoolawensis

(Kohe malama malama o kanaloa)

Kanaloa kahoolawensis,

a short-lived perennial member of the legume family (Fabaceae), is a densely branched shrub 0.75 to 1 m (2.5 to 3.5 ft) tall. The leaves are divided into three pairs of leaflets, with a leaf nectary (nectar-bearing gland) at the joint between each pair of leaflets. One to three inflorescences are found in the leaf axils (joint between leaf and stem), developing with the flush of new leaves. The inflorescence is a globose head with 20 to 54 white flowers. No other species of legume in Hawaii bears any resemblance to this species, which is why it is the only one in this genus (Lorence and Wood 1994; Service 2001).

Little is known about the life history of

Kanaloa kahoolawensis.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307).

Kanaloa kahoolawensis

was unknown to science until its discovery by Steve Perlman and Ken Wood of NTBG in 1992 on a steep rocky spire on the coast of Kahoolawe. The only known location of

K. kahoolawensis

is this rocky stack on the southern coast of Kahoolawe, in an area which is owned by the State of Hawaii. While there are no previous records of the plant, pollen core studies on Oahu revealed a legume pollen that could not be identified but is most likely this species. The pollen cores indicate that this previously unidentified species was a codominant with

Dodonaea viscosa

and

Pritchardia

spp. from before 1210 B.C. to 1565 A.D., at which point

K. kahoolawensis

disappeared from the pollen record and

D. viscosa

and

Pritchardia

spp. declined dramatically. Only one occurrence with two living individuals is known (Athens

et al.

1992; Athens and Ward 1993; Lorence and Wood 1994; Service 2001; 64 FR 48307; Paul Higashino, Kahoolawe Island Reserve Commission (KIRC), pers. comm., 2000).

The only known habitat is steep rocky talus slopes in mixed coastal shrubland at elevations between 0 and 305 m (0 and 1,000 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Bidens mauiensis

(kookoolau);

Capparis sandwichiana

(maiapilo);

Melanthera lavarum

(nehe);

Portulaca molokiniensis

(ihi);

Senna gaudichaudii

(kolomona); or

Sida fallax

(ilima) (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to

Kanaloa kahoolawensis

are landslides and competition with the nonnative plant species

Emilia fosbergii

(pualele) and

Nicotiana glauca

(tree tobacco). Goats played a major role in the destruction of vegetation on Kahoolawe before they were removed, and

K. kahoolawensis

probably survived only because the rocky stack is almost completely separated from the island and inaccessible to goats. Rats are a potential threat to

K. kahoolawensis,

because the species has seeds similar in appearance and presentation to the seeds of the federally endangered

Caesalpinia kavaiensis

(uhiuhi), which are eaten by rats. Rats may have been the cause of the decline of this species over 400 years ago. Trampling and habitat degradation from introduced cats and native seabirds are also potential threats. Random environmental events and reduced reproductive vigor are also threats to this species, because only two individuals are known (Cuddihy and Stone 1990; Lorence and Wood 1994; Service 2001; 64 FR 48307; P. Higashino, pers. comm., 2000).

Lipochaeta kamolensis

(Nehe)

Lipochaeta kamolensis,

a short-lived perennial herb of the aster family (Asteraceae), has trailing or climbing stems that are woody at the base and reach a length of 0.3 to 3 m (1 to 10 ft). This species is distinguished from others of the genus by the simple leaves, which are pinnately lobed or cut, and by

the size of the flower heads (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Lipochaeta kamolensis

has been observed flowering from December through February, as well as in April. The growing season coincides with the wet season between November and April to May. Plants are deciduous and appear to be metabolically inactive during the dry season. Little else is known about the life history of

L. kamolensis.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are otherwise unknown (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Historically,

Lipochaeta kamolensis

was known from Kamole Gulch, west of Kepuni Gulch, and 7.2 km (11.8 mi) southeast of Ulupalakua Ranch Office. This species still occurs in Kamole Gulch, on State-owned (Department of Hawaiian Home Lands (DHHL)) land. The only known occurrence, which extends over an area of about 40 ha (100 ac), is estimated to contain fewer than 500 individuals (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; Wagner

et al.

1999; 57 FR 20772; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Lipochaeta kamolensis

typically grows in gulches or on gentle slopes outside gulches in dry shrubland at elevations between 40 and 602 m (132 and 1,974 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Dodonaea viscosa; Ipomoea indica

(koali awa); or

Plumbago zeylanica

(iliee) (Service 1997; Wagner

et al.

1999; 57 FR 20772; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001; K. Wood,

in litt. 1999).

The major threats to

Lipochaeta kamolensis

are habitat destruction, predation by cattle and goats, competition with nonnative plants such as

Lantana camara

(lantana), fire, and the one occurrence being subject to extinction by random environmental events (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Melicope adscendens

(Alani)

Melicope adscendens,

a long-lived perennial of the rue family (Rutaceae), is a sprawling shrub with long, slender branches covered with gray hairs when young, which become hairless when older.

Melicope adscendens

is distinguished from other species of the genus by its growth habit, the distinct follicles (chambers) of its fruit, and the persistent (remaining attached) sepals and petals (Stone

et al.

1999).

Melicope adscendens

fruits have been collected in March and July. Little else is known about the life history of

M. adscendens.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1997; 59 FR 62346).

Melicope adscendens

has been found only on the southwestern slope of Haleakala; two plants, separated by an unspecified distance, were found by Forbes in 1920. Today, there are 16 occurrences on State (Kanaio NAR) and privately owned lands at Puu Ouli and on the border of the Hana and Makawao Districts (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 59 FR 62346).

This species typically grows on aa lava (a particular type of lava flow with very sharp edges) with pockets of soil in

Nestegis sandwicensis

(olopua)-

Pleomele auwahiensis

(hala pepe)-

Dodonaea viscosa

lowland mesic forest or open dry forest containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Alphitonia ponderosa

(kauila);

Chamaesyce celastroides

var.

lorifolia

(akoko);

Leptecophylla tameiameiae; Osteomeles anthyllidifolia

(ulei);

Pouteria sandwicensis

(alaa);

Santalum ellipticum

(iliahialoe); or

Xylosma hawaiiense

(maua) at elevations between 761 and 1,209 m (2,497 and 3,967 ft) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 59 FR 62346; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Major threats are habitat damage and trampling by cattle; competition with nonnative plant species, including

Bocconia frutescens

(NCN),

Lantana camara,

and

Pennisetum clandestinum

(kikuyu grass); and reduced reproductive vigor or extinction from random environmental events caused by the small number of individuals and narrow distribution. Potential threats include habitat degradation and damage to plants by axis deer (

Axis axis

), feral goats, feral pigs, black twig borer (

Xylosandrus compactus

), fire, and ranch activities (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 59 FR 62346).

Melicope balloui

(Alani)

Melicope balloui,

a long-lived perennial of the rue family (Rutaceae), is a small tree or shrub. New growth has yellowish brown woolly hairs and waxy scales; plant parts later become nearly hairless.

Melicope balloui

is distinguished from other species of the genus by the partially fused carpels of its four-lobed capsule (dry fruit) and usually persistent sepals and petals (Stone

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Melicope balloui.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1997; 59 FR 62346).

Melicope balloui

has been found only on the northern and southeastern slopes of Haleakala. There are 3 known occurrences with a total of approximately 50 individuals on private and federally owned (Haleakala National Park) lands within the East Maui Watershed Partnership at Puu O Kakae and Palikea Stream (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 59 FR 62346; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Melicope balloui

typically grows in mesic to wet forest between 781 and 1,596 m (2,561 and 5,267 ft) in elevation and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Acacia koa; Cibotium chamissoi

(hapuu);

Cibotium glaucum

(hapuu);

Diplazium sandwichianum; Melicope clusiifolia; Metrosideros polymorpha;

or

Sadleria pallida

(amau) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 59 FR 62346; J. Lau, Hawaii Natural Heritage Program, pers. comm., 2001).

Major threats are habitat degradation and damage to plants by feral pigs and axis deer and reduced reproductive vigor or extinction caused by random environmental events caused by the small number of existing occurrences and individuals. Potential threats include competition with nonnative plant species such as

Clidemia hirta, Paspalum conjugatum, Paspalum urvillei,

and

Psidium cattleianum

(strawberry guava); susceptibility to black twig borer; and predation by rats (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 59 FR 62346).

Melicope ovalis

(Alani)

Melicope ovalis,

a long-lived perennial of the rue family (Rutaceae), is a tree growing up to 5 m (16 ft) tall. New growth has fine, short, brownish hairs, but soon becomes hairless. Leaves are opposite, leathery, and broadly elliptic. Bruised foliage has an anise odor similar to that of

M. anisata

(mokihana).

Melicope ovalis

is distinguished from other species of the genus by the almost entirely fused carpels of its capsule, its nonpersistent sepals and petals, and its well-developed petioles (leaf stems) (Stone

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Melicope ovalis.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1997; 59 FR 62346).

Melicope ovalis

has been found only on the eastern and southeastern slopes of Haleakala. There are two occurrences with approximately 200 individuals,

found on federally owned land along Palikea Stream in Haleakala National Park within the East Maui Watershed Partnership (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 59 FR 62346; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

This species typically grows in

Acacia koa

and

Metrosideros polymorpha

-dominated montane wet forests along streams at elevations between 753 and 1,537 m (2,469 and 5,042 ft). Associated plant species include:

Broussaisia arguta; Cheirodendron trigynum; Dicranopteris linearis; Dubautia plantaginea; Hedyotis hillebrandii; Labordia hedyosmifolia

(kamakahala);

Machaerina angustifolia

(uki);

Perrottetia sandwicensis;

or

Wikstroemia oahuensis

(akia) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 59 FR 62346; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).

Major threats to the only known population are habitat degradation and damage to plants by feral pigs and reduced reproductive vigor and/or extinction caused by random environmental events. Competition with introduced plants such as

Clidemia hirta, Paspalum conjugatum, Psidium cattleianum

and

Rubus rosifolius

(thimbleberry); seed predation by rats; and susceptibility to black twig borer are also threats to this species. Habitat degradation and damage to plants by feral goats and axis deer are potential threats if the integrity of the fence currently surrounding the occurrence is compromised (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 59 FR 62346; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Remya mauiensis

(NCN)

Remya mauiensis

is a short-lived perennial member of the aster family (Asteraceae). The genus

Remya

is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. This species is a small perennial shrub, about 90 cm (3 ft) tall, with many slender, sprawling, or scandent (climbing) to weakly erect branches. It is distinguished from the other two members of the genus by its hairy stems and foliage, leaf shape, and length of the petiole (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Remya mauiensis.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1997; 56 FR 1450).

Remya mauiensis

was collected twice on West Maui by William Hillebrand between 1851 and 1871, and again in 1920 by Charles Forbes, also on West Maui. It was thought to be extinct until its rediscovery in 1971 by L.E. Bishop, W. Gagne, and S. Montgomery on the slopes of Manawainui Gulch, West Maui. Currently,

R. mauiensis

is known from five occurrences on State-owned land within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership at Paupau, Kokuula, Kanaulaiki, and Maunawainui Gulch in the Panaewa section of the West Maui NAR, the West Maui Forest Reserve, and the Manawainui Plant Sanctuary. Because of the sprawling habit of this species, and the often dense growth of the surrounding vegetation, it is difficult to determine the exact number of individuals; however, there is an estimated total of 21 individuals (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 56 FR 1450).

Remya mauiensis

grows chiefly on steep, north or northeast-facing slopes in mixed mesophytic forests or

Metrosideros polymorpha

montane wet forests containing one or more of the following associated native species:

Alyxia oliviformis

(maile);

Diospyros sandwicensis

(lama);

Diplazium sandwichianum; Dodonaea viscosa; Leptecophylla tameiameiae; Lysimachia remyi; Melicope

spp.;

Microlepia strigosa

(palapalai);

Myrsine lessertiana

(kolea lau nui);

Nestegis sandwicensis; Pleomele auwahiensis; Psychotria mariniana; Wikstroemia

spp. (akia); or

Xylosma hawaiiense

at elevations between 400 and 1,228 m (1,312 and 4,029 ft) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 56 FR 1450; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).

This species is threatened by extinction caused by random catastrophic environmental events by virtue of the extremely small size of the occurrences coupled with their limited distribution. The limited gene pool may depress reproductive vigor, or a single environmental disturbance could destroy a significant percentage of the known individuals. However, the primary threat to this species is the loss and degradation of its habitat caused by the introduction of nonnative plants, such as

Adiantum hispidulum

(rough maidenhair fern), Rubus rosifolius,

Schinus terebinthifolius

(Christmas berry), or

Tibouchina herbacea;

human activities; and feral goats and pigs (Service 1997; 56 FR 1450).

Schiedea haleakalensis

(NCN)

Schiedea haleakalensis,

a short-lived perennial of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a hairless shrub, with slightly fleshy, narrow leaves and a single vein. Flowers are in clusters at the ends of the branches. This species differs from other species of the genus on East Maui by its crowded, hairless inflorescence composed of bisexual flowers (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Schiedea haleakalensis

is gynodioecious (individuals either have only female flowers or only bisexual flowers) and so likely requires cross-pollination by small insects. Small, short-flighted flies and moths have been observed visiting flowers. Fruits and seeds have been observed from August through September. Little else is known about the life history of

S. haleakalensis.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Due to the lack of early collections or sightings, the historical range of

Schiedea haleakalensis

is unknown. This species is known only from Leleiwi Pali and Kaupo Gap in Haleakala National Park within the East Maui Watershed Partnership. The two occurrences are estimated to contain a total of 100 to 200 individuals, which together extend over a total area of 11 ha (28 ac) (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Schiedea haleakalensis

typically grows in rock cracks on sheer cliffs adjacent to barren lava and subalpine shrublands and grasslands with cinder, weathered volcanic ash, or in bare lava substrate with little or no soil development and periodic freezing temperatures, and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Artemisia mauiensis

(hinahina),

Bidens micrantha

(kookoolau),

Dubautia menziesii, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Vaccinium reticulatum,

or

Viola chamissoniana

(pamakani) at elevations between 1,678 and 2,434 m (5,505 and 7,986 ft) (HINHP Database 2001, Service 1997, 57 FR 20772 R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).

The greatest threats to

Schiedea haleakalensis

are fire and other catastrophic events that could severely impact the species due the small number and restricted distribution of remaining individuals and occurrences (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Tetramolopium capillare

(Pamakani)

Tetramolopium capillare,

a short-lived perennial of the sunflower family (Asteraceae), is a sprawling shrub with stems measuring 50 to 80 cm (20 to 31 in) long and covered with many glands when young.

Tetramolopium capillare

differs from other species of the genus by its very firm leaves with edges rolled under, its solitary flower heads, the color of its disk florets, and its shorter pappus. It differs from

T. remyi,

with which it sometimes grows, by its more sprawling habit and the shorter stalks of its smaller flower heads (Lowrey 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Tetramolopium capillare.

Flowering

cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Lowrey 1999).

Historically,

Tetramolopium capillare

is known from Lahaina Luna to Wailuku on West Maui. Currently, 5 known occurrences with a total of 166 individuals are known from State (West Maui Forest Reserve) and privately owned lands within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership, south of Kanaha Stream, Kauaula, Ulaula, and Koia (GDSI 2001; Lowrey 1999; Service 1997; 59 FR 49860).

Tetramolopium capillare

typically grows on rocky substrates in

Heteropogon contortus

(pili grass) lowland dry forest containing

Dodonaea viscosa

or

Myoporum sandwicense

(naio); or in

Metrosideros polymorpha-Leptecophylla tameiameiae montane mesic

or wet shrubland and wet cliff faces containing one or more of the following associated plant species:

Dodonaea viscosa, Leptecophylla tameiameiaem

or

Metrosideros polymorpha,

at elevations between 131 and 1,432 m (430 and 4,698 ft) (Service 1997; 59 FR 49860; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to

Tetramolopium capillare

are fires; competition from nonnative plant species, particularly

Lantana camara, Leucaena leucocephala

(koa haole), or

Melinus repens

(natal redtop); and reduced reproductive vigor and/or extinction from random environmental events caused by the small number of existing occurrences and individuals (Service 1997; 59 FR 49860).

Multi-Island Species

Acaena exigua

(Liliwai)

Acaena exigua

is a small perennial rosette herb in the rose family (Rosaceae) with narrow, fern-like, divided leaves. It is easily hidden among the other low, tufted bog plants with which it grows. It is distinguished from other Hawaiian rose family members by its lack of petals and by the urn-shaped, constricted base of the flower, that encloses the fruit (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Acaena exigua.

Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Historically,

Acaena exigua

was known from Puu Kukui on West Maui and from Mount Waialeale on Kauai. On Maui,

A. exigua

was last seen by Hank Oppenheimer and Steve Perlman in 1999 within the Puu Kukui Watershed Management Area. It has not been seen in the wild since March 2000 (Hank Oppenheimer, Maui Pineapple Company Limited, pers. comm., 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Acaena exigua

is known only from montane bogs characterized by a thick peat substrate overlying an impervious clay substrate, with hummocks of sedges and grasses, stunted trees, and shrubs at elevations between 1,178 and 1,764 m (3,865 and 5,787 ft). Associated native species include the sedges and grasses

Carex montis-eeke

(NCN),

Deschampsia nubigena, Dichanthelium cynodon

(NCN),

Dichanthelium hillebrandianum

(NCN),

Dichanthelium isachnoides

(NCN),

Oreobolus furcatus (NCN),

or

Rhynchospora chinensis

(kuolohia), and the shrubs

Lagenifera maviensis

(howaiaulu),

Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine

spp.,

Vaccinium

spp., or

Viola maviensis

(pamakani) (R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

The reason for the disappearance of this species is not known. The main current threats to

Acaena exigua,

if it exists, are believed to include small occurrence size; human impacts (collecting and site degradation); consumption of vegetative or floral parts by nonnative slugs and rats; predation and habitat disturbance by feral pigs; and competition with nonnative plant species (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Adenophorus periens

(Pendent kihi fern)

Adenophorus periens,

a member of the grammitis family (Grammitidaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small, pendent, epiphytic (not rooted in the ground) fern. This species differs from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by having hairs along the pinna (leaflet) margins, by the pinnae being at right angles to the midrib axis, by the placement of the sori (spore-bearing structures) on the pinnae, and by the degree of dissection of each pinna (Linney 1989).

Little is known about the life history of

Adenophorus periens,

which seems to grow only in closed canopy dense forest with high humidity. Its breeding system is unknown, but outbreeding is very likely to be the predominant mode of reproduction. Spores are dispersed by wind, possibly by water, and perhaps on the feet of birds or insects. Spores lack a thick resistant coat which may indicate their longevity is brief, probably measured in days at most. Due to the weak differences between the seasons, there seems to be no evidence of seasonality in growth or reproduction. Additional information on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is not known (Linney 1989).

Historically,

Adenophorus periens

was reported from Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, it is known from Kauai, Molokai, and Hawaii. On Maui, it has not been seen in the wild since 1929 (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plant species associated with

Adenophorus periens

on the island of Maui (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Nothing is known of the threats to

Adenophorus periens

on the island of Maui (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Alectryon macrococcus

(Mahoe)

Alectryon macrococcus,

a long-lived perennial member of the soapberry family (Sapindaceae), consists of two varieties,

macrococcus

and

auwahiensis,

both trees with reddish-brown branches and leaves with one to five pairs of sometimes asymmetrical egg-shaped leaflets. The underside of the leaf has dense brown hairs, persistent in A. macrococcus var. auwahiensis but only on leaves of young

A. macrococcus

var.

macrococcus.

The only member of its genus found in Hawaii, this species is distinguished from other Hawaiian members of its family by being a tree with a hard fruit 2.5 cm (1 in) or more in diameter (Service 1997; Wagner

et al.

1999; 57 FR 20772).

Alectryon macrococcus

is a relatively slow-growing, long-lived tree that grows in xeric to mesic sites and is adapted to periodic drought. Little else is known about the life history of

A. macrococcus.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, and specific environmental requirements are unknown (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Historically and currently,

Alectryon macrococcus

var.

macrococcus is

known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. On Maui, 10 occurrences with a total of 10 individuals are found along the Honokowai Ditch Trail, Launiupoko Valley, and Iao Valley on privately owned land within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership. Currently,

A. macrococcus

var.

auwahiensis

is known from 3 occurrences with 22 individuals on leeward East Maui in Auwahi in the Hana District and on the ridge east of Pahihi Gulch on private and State-owned (Kahikinui Forest Reserve) lands (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001;

Medeiros

et al.

1986; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

The habitat of

Alectryon macrococcus

var.

macrococcus

on Maui is mesic forests with

Antidesma platyphyllum

(hame),

Antidesma pulvinatum

(hame),

Bobea sandwicensis

(ahakea),

Nestegis sandwicensis, Pittosporum confertiflorum

(hoawa),

Pittosporum glabrum

(hoawa),

Pouteria sandwicensis,

or

Xylosma

spp. (maua) at elevations between 1,017 and 3,562 m (1,168 and 3,337 ft). The habitat of

Alectryon macrococcus

var.

auwahiensis

is mesic to wetter mesic and upper dryland forest containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Alphitonia ponderosa; Diospyros sandwicensis; Dodonaea viscosa; Osteomeles anthyllidifolia; Pleomele auwahiensis; Pouteria sandwicensis; Santalum ellipticum; Streblus pendulinus

(aiai); or

Xylosma hawaiiense,

at elevations between 333 and 1,210 m (1,092 and 3,969 ft) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

The threats to

Alectryon macrococcus

var.

macrococcus

on Maui include feral goats and pigs; nonnative plant species, such as

Melinus minutiflora

(molasses grass),

Pennisetum clandestinum, Psidium cattleianum,

or

Schinus terebinthifolius;

damage from the black twig borer; seed predation by rats and mice (

Mus musculus

); fire; seed predation by insects (probably the endemic microlepidopteran

Prays

cf.

fulvocanella

); loss of pollinators; depressed reproductive vigor; and caused by the very small remaining number of individuals and their limited distribution, the likelihood that a single natural or human-caused environmental disturbance could easily be catastrophic. The threats to

A. macrococcus

var.

auwahiensis

on Maui are damage from the black twig borer; seed predation by rats and mice; habitat degradation by feral pigs, deer, and escaped cattle; seed predation by insects (probably

Prays

cf.

fulvocanella

); nonnative plant species; loss of pollinators; depressed reproductive vigor; and caused by the very small remaining number of individuals and their limited distribution, the likelihood that a single natural or human-caused environmental disturbance could be catastrophic (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Asplenium fragile

var.

insulare

(NCN)

Asplenium fragile

var.

insulare,

a short-lived perennial member of the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), is a fern with a short sub-erect stem with a dull gray or brown main axis with two greenish ridges. This species is most similar to

A. macraei.

The two can be distinguished by the size and shape of the pinnae and the number of sori (spore-bearing structures) per pinna (Wagner and Wagner 1992).

Little life history information is available for

Asplenium fragile

var.

insulare.

Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are largely unknown. Researchers have collected information on species composition, extent of cover, and age-class structure in six sub-populations at Pohakuloa Training Area on the island of Hawaii in order to describe the populations. No gametophytes (gamete-producing life stage) were found, and the age-class structure of the sub-populations sampled was determined to be 100 percent reproductive adults because all the sporophytes (spore-producing life stage) had sori on some fronds (Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025).

Asplenium fragile

var.

insulare

was known historically and currently from East Maui and the island of Hawaii. Currently, on Maui there are two occurrences with 18 individuals found in Kalialinui within the East Maui Watershed Partnership on private and federally (Haleakala National Park) owned lands (GDSI 2001; Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025).

On Maui,

Asplenium fragile

var.

insulare

is found in streamside hollows and grottos in gulches that occur in mesic to dry subalpine shrubland dominated by

Leptecophylla tameiameiae

and

Sadleria cyatheoides,

with scattered

Metrosideros polymorpha,

between 1,682 and 2,407 m (5,518 and 7,896 ft). Associated native plant species include

Dryopteris wallichiana

and

Grammitis hookeri

(makue lau lii) (Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).

The primary threat to

Asplenium fragile

var.

insulare

on the island of Maui is the risk of extinction caused by random naturally occurring events due to the small number of existing individuals (Service 1998a; Shaw 1992; 59 FR 49025).

Bidens micrantha

ssp.

kalealaha

(Kookoolau)

Bidens micrantha

ssp.

kalealaha,

a short-lived member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is an erect perennial herb. This subspecies can be distinguished by the shape of the seeds, the density of the flower clusters, the numbers of ray and disk florets per head, differences in leaf surfaces, and other characteristics (Ganders and Nagata 1999; 57 FR 20772).

Bidens micrantha

is known to hybridize with other native

Bidens,

such as

B. mauiensis

and

B. menziesii,

and possibly

B. conjuncta.

Little else is known about the life history of

B. micrantha

ssp.

kalealaha.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, and specific environmental requirements are unknown (Ganders and Nagata 1999; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Historically,

Bidens micrantha

ssp.

kalealaha

was known from Lanai, the south slope of Haleakala on East Maui, and from one location on West Maui. Currently, this species remains only on East Maui in Kahua, Nakula, and Haleakala Crater and Kaupo Gap, on State (Kahikinui Forest Reserve) and Federal (Haleakala National Park) lands within the East Maui Watershed Partnership. There are a total of 4 occurrences with less than a total of 2,000 individuals (Ganders and Nagata 1999; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

The habitat of

Bidens micrantha

ssp.

kalealaha

on Maui is blocky lava flows with little or no soil development; deep pit craters; sheer rock walls in open canopy

Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa

forest; montane shrubland;

Sophora chrysophylla

forests or cliff faces, and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Coprosma montana

(pilo);

Dodonaea viscosa; Dubautia platyphylla

(naenae);

Leptecophylla tameiameiae; Santalum haleakalae

(iliahi); or

Vaccinium reticulatum.

In addition, the habitat of

Bidens micrantha

ssp.

kalealaha

is at elevations between 1,317 and 2,565 m (4,321 and 8,414 ft) (Ganders and Nagata 1999; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).

The threats to this species on Maui are habitat destruction by feral goats, pigs, and cattle; competition from a variety of invasive plant species; and fire (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Bonamia menziesii

(NCN)

Bonamia menziesii,

a short-lived perennial member of the morning-glory family (Convolvulaceae), is a vine with twining branches that are fuzzy when young. This species is the only member of the genus that is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and differs from other genera in the family by its two styles, longer stems and petioles, and rounder leaves (Austin 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Bonamia menziesii.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Historically,

Bonamia menziesii

was known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, one location on West Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, this species is known from Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Maui, there are six occurrences containing a total of eight individuals on State (Kanaio NAR) and privately owned lands within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership at Honokawai, Keokea, Haunauhane, and Kanaio (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Bonamia menziesii

on Maui is found on a lava in mixed open dry forest,

Erythrina sandwicensis

(wiliwili) lowland dry forest, or in mesic mixed

Metrosideros polymorpha

forest containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Acacia koaia

(koaia);

Achyranthes splendens

(Maui hinahina ewa);

Alphitonia ponderosa; Alyxia oliviformis; Diospyros sandwicensis; Dodonaea viscosa; Lipochaeta rockii

(nehe);

Myoporum sandwicense; Nestegis sandwicensis; Nothocestrum latifolium

(aiea);

Nototrichium

spp. (kului);

Pleomele auwahiensis; Pouteria sandwicensis; Osteomeles anthyllidifolia; Reynoldsia sandwicensis

(ohe);

Santalum ellipticum; Sicyos

spp. (anunu);

Sida fallax;

or

Xylosma hawaiiense,

at elevations between 184 and 906 m (604 and 2,971 ft) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

The primary threats to this species on Maui are habitat degradation and possible predation by feral pigs, goats, axis deer, and cattle; competition with a variety of nonnative plant species, particularly

Bocconia frutescens

or

Lantana camara;

and an nonnative beetle (

Physomerus grossipes

) (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Brighamia rockii

(Pua ala)

Brighamia rockii,

a long-lived perennial member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), grows as an unbranched stem-succulent with a thickened stem that tapers from the base. This species is a member of a unique endemic Hawaiian genus with only one other species, found on Kauai, from which it differs by the color of its petals, its longer calyx (fused sepals) lobes, and its shorter flower stalks (Lammers 1999).

Observations of

Brighamia rockii

have provided the following information: The reproductive system is protandrous, meaning male flower parts are produced before female parts, in this case, separated by several days; only five percent of the flowers produce pollen; very few fruits are produced per inflorescence; there are 20 to 60 seeds per capsule; and plants in cultivation have been known to flower at nine months of age. This species has been observed in flower during August. Little else is known about the life history of

B. rockii.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325).

Historically,

Brighamia rockii

ranged along the northern coast of East Molokai and may possibly have grown on Lanai and Maui. Currently, it is only extant on Molokai (HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999; Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325; K. Wood,

in litt.

2000).

Brighamia rockii

occurs in rock crevices on steep sea cliffs, often within the spray zone, in coastal dry to mesic forests and shrublands between 0 and 195 m (0 and 640 ft). Associated plant species include

Diospyros sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata

(alahee),

Osteomeles anthyllidifolia,

and

Scaevola taccada

(naupaka kahakai) (Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325; J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001).

Nothing is known of the threats to

Brighamia rockii

on the island of Maui (Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325).

Cenchrus agrimonioides

(Kamanomano, =sandbur, agrimony)

Cenchrus agrimonioides

is a short-lived perennial member of the grass family (Poaceae) with leaf blades that are flat or folded and have a prominent midrib. There are two varieties,

C. agrimonioides

var.

laysanensis

and

C. agrimonioides

var.

agrimonioides.

They differ from each other in that var.

agrimonioides

has smaller burs, shorter stems, and narrower leaves. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the cylindrical to lance-shaped bur and the arrangement and position of the bristles (O'Connor 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Cenchrus agrimonioides.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown. This species has been observed to produce fruit year-round (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).

Historically,

Cenchrus agrimonioides

var.

agrimonioides

was known from Oahu, Lanai, the south slope of Haleakala and Ulupalakua on Maui, and (in an undocumented report) the island of Hawaii. Historically,

C. agrimonioides

var.

laysanensis

was known from Laysan, Kure, and Midway, all within what is now the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge, but has not been seen since 1973. This variety was never known from Maui. Currently,

C. agrimonioides

var.

agrimonioides

is known from Oahu and Maui. On Maui, this variety is known from one occurrence on State-owned land (Kanaio NAR) at Ukumehame and Kanaio, East Maui, containing an unknown number of individuals (Corn 1980; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).

Cenchrus agrimonioides

var.

agrimonioides

is found in mid-elevation dry forest or

Pleomele-Diospyros

forest associated with

Alyxia oliviformis, Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia,

or

Santalum ellipticum

at elevations between 471 and 1,091 m (1,544 and 3,579 ft) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 61 FR 53108; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to the only known occurrence of

Cenchrus agrimonioides

var.

agrimonioides

on Maui are competition with nonnative plant species, browsing and habitat degradation by goats and cattle and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor caused by the small number of existing individuals (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).

Centaurium sebaeoides

(Awiwi)

Centaurium sebaeoides

is an annual herb in the gentian family (Gentianaceae) with fleshy leaves and stalkless flowers. This species is distinguished from

C. erythraea

(bitter herb), which is naturalized in Hawaii, by its fleshy leaves and the unbranched arrangement of the flower cluster (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Centaurium sebaeoides

has been observed flowering in April. Flowering may be induced by heavy rainfall. Occurrences are found in dry areas, and plants are more likely to be found following heavy rains. Little else is known about the life history of this plant. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999; 56 FR 55770).

Historically and currently,

Centaurium sebaeoides

is known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. On Maui, there are 3 occurrences of this species, with a total of more than 50 individuals, on State and privately owned lands at Kahakuloa Head, Lahoole, and Kupaa Gulch (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; Wagner

et al.

1999; 56 FR 55770).

This species typically grows in volcanic or clay soils or on cliffs in windward coastal areas at elevations between 0 and 194 m (0 and 636 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Bidens mauiensis; Lycium sandwicense

(ohelo kai);

Lysimachia mauritiana

(kolokolo kuahiwi);

Melanthera integrifolia

(nehe);

Panicum torridum

(kakonakona);

Scaevola taccada;

or

Schiedea globosa

(NCN) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; Wagner

et al.

1999; 56 FR 55770; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to this species on Maui are habitat degradation by feral goats and cattle, competition from the nonnative plant species

Leucaena leucocephala,

trampling by humans on or near trails, and fire (Service 1999; 56 FR 55770).

Clermontia lindseyana

(Oha wai)

Clermontia lindseyana,

a short-lived perennial member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a small, branched tree that grows 2.5 to 6 m (8.2 to 20 ft) tall.

Clermontia lindseyana

is either terrestrial or epiphytic.

Clermontia lindseyana

is easily distinguished from the other species within this genus by several characters: Much larger leaves and flowers; petals similar to sepals; and spreading floral lobes. Rock (1962) commented on the leaves being conspicuously hairy beneath (Cuddihy

et al.

1983; Lammers 1999).

This species has been observed in fruit from June to October and in flower from February to August. Little else is known about the life history of

Clermontia lindseyana.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).

Historically,

Clermontia lindseyana

was known from Maui and the island of Hawaii. The two Maui occurrences are located in Waiopai and Wailaulau Gulches in the Kahikinui and Kula Forest Reserves on State and private lands, and are estimated to total about 330 individuals (GDSI 2001, HINHP Database 2001, Service 1996a, 59 FR 10305; Arthur Medeiros, USGS-BRD,

in litt.

2000).

On Maui,

Clermontia lindseyana

grows in

Acacia koa

mesic forest containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Coprosma

spp.;

Cyrtandra

spp.;

Ilex anomala

(kawau);

Myrsine

spp.; or native fern species, at elevations between 1,142 and 1,870 m (3,747 and 6,134 ft) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).

The threats to

Clermontia lindseyana

are trampling and grazing by cattle, trampling and browsing by goats, and trampling and rooting by pigs; competition with the nonnative plant

Pennisetum clandestinum;

and consumption of berries, flowers, and vegetation by black rats (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).

Clermontia oblongifolia

ssp.

mauiensis

(Oha wai)

Clermontia oblongifolia

ssp.

mauiensis,

a short-lived perennial member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a shrub or tree with oblong to lance-shaped leaves with petioles.

Clermontia oblongifolia

is distinguished from other members of the genus by its calyx and corolla, which are similar in color and are each fused into a curved tube that falls off as the flower ages. The species is also distinguished by the leaf shape, the male floral parts, the shape of the flower buds, and the lengths of the leaf and flower stalks, the flower, and the smooth green basal portion of the flower (the hypanthium).

Clermontia oblongifolia

ssp.

mauiensis

is reported from Maui and Lanai, while ssp.

oblongifolia

is only known from Oahu and ssp.

brevipes

is only known from Molokai (Lammers 1988, 1999; 57 FR 20772).

Clermontia oblongifolia

ssp.

mauiensis

is known to flower from November to July. Little else is known about the life history of this species. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Rock 1919; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Historically,

Clermontia oblongifolia

ssp.

mauiensis

was known from Lanai and Honomanu Valley on Haleakala, East Maui. Currently, it is known from Lanai and West Maui. This species is currently known from one occurrence with an unknown number of individuals, at Kaulalewelewe on privately owned land within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

This plant typically grows on the sides of ridges and ridge tops in

Metrosideros polymorpha

-dominated montane wet forests at elevations between 414 and 1,764 m (1,358 and 5,787 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Cheirodendron

spp. (NCN);

Clermontia

spp.;

Coprosma

spp.;

Dicranopteris linearis; Hedyotis

spp.;

Ilex anomala; Melicope

spp.; or

Myrsine

spp. (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).

The only known population of this species on Maui is vulnerable to extinction from a natural or human-caused environmental disturbance caused by its small size; depressed reproductive vigor; competition with the nonnative plant species

Tibouchina herbacea;

and habitat degradation by feral pigs (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Clermontia peleana

(Oha wai)

Clermontia peleana,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an epiphytic shrub or tree that grows on native trees and tree ferns. Two subspecies are recognized:

C. peleana

ssp.

singuliflora

(with greenish-white petals) and

C. peleana

ssp.

peleana

(with blackish-purple petals). This species can be separated from other Hawaiian members of the genus by its epiphytic growth, small triangular green calyx lobes, and single-lipped flowers (Lammers 1999).

Clermontia peleana

has been observed in flower during June and November, and in fruit during November. Little else is known about the life history of

C. peleana.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).

Clermontia peleana

ssp.

singuliflora

was formerly found on the island of Hawaii and on East Maui, but has not been seen in either place since the early 1900s (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996a; Wagner

et al.

1999; 59 FR 10305; Lyman Perry, DOFAW, pers. comm., 2000).

Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plant species associated with

Clermontia peleana

on the island of Maui (R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001; Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305) or of the threats to

Clermontia peleana

on the island of Maui (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).

Colubrina oppositifolia

(Kauila)

Colubrina oppositifolia,

a member of the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae), is a long-lived tree with extremely hard, red wood. This species is readily distinguished from the other species in Hawaii by the opposite leaf position, dull leaf surface, and entire leaf margins (Wagner

et al.

1999).

This species has been observed in fruit and flower in September and June, and in flower during December and January. Little else is known about the

life history of

Colubrina oppositifolia

. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).

Historically and currently,

Colubrina oppositifolia

is known from Oahu, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently on Maui, there are two occurrences containing one individual each on privately owned land in Honokawai in Lahaina District and in Auwahi in Hana District (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996a; Warshauer 1998; 59 FR 10305).

The habitat of this species is lowland dry and mesic forest dominated by

Diospyros sandwicensis,

at elevations between 192 and 929 m (630 and 3,047 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Bidens micrantha

ssp.

micrantha

(kookoolau);

Canavalia

spp. (awikiwiki);

Dodonaea viscosa; Freycinetia arborea

(ieie);

Metrosideros polymorpha; Microlepia strigosa; Pleomele auwahiensis; Psydrax odorata; Reynoldsia sandwicensis;

or

Wikstroemia

spp. (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).

The threats to this species on Maui are habitat destruction by feral pigs, competition with the nonnative plants

Lantana camara

and

Schinus terebinthifolius,

the black twig borer, Chinese rose beetle (

Adoretus sinicus

), fire; and its small number of occurrences and limited distribution (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).

Ctenitis squamigera

(Pauoa)

Ctenitis squamigera

is a short-lived perennial of the woodfern family (Dryopteridaceae).

Ctenitis squamigera

can be readily distinguished from other Hawaiian species of

Ctenitis

by the dense covering of tan-colored scales on its frond (Degener and Degener 1957; Wagner and Wagner 1992).

Little is known about the life history of

Ctenitis squamigera.

Its reproduction cycles, dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025).

Historically,

Ctenitis squamigera

was recorded from the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. It is currently found on Oahu, Lanai, Molokai, and Maui. On Maui, there are 12 occurrences with 41 individuals on State (West Maui Forest Reserve) and privately owned lands at Honolua, Kahana, Honokawai, Wahikuli, Kapilau Ridge, Paupau, and Hukoula within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025; J. Lau

in litt.

2000; J. Lau, pers. comm., 2000; H. Oppenheimer,

in litt.

2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2000).

This species is found in the forest understory of

Metrosideros polymorpha

montane wet forest or diverse mesic forest at elevations between 74 and 1,593 m (243 and 5,226 ft) and containing one or more of the following native plant species:

Alyxia oliviformis; Antidesma

spp. (hame);

Bobea

spp. (ahakea);

Canavalia

spp.;

Coprosma

spp.;

Dicranopteris linearis; Doodia

spp. (okupukupu lauii);

Dryopteris

spp. (NCN);

Freycinetia arborea; Hedyotis terminalis; Hibiscus kokio

ssp.

kokio

(kokio);

Myrsine

spp.;

Peperomia

spp. (ala ala wainui);

Pittosporum

spp. (hoawa);

Pleomele

spp. (hala pepe);

Pritchardia

spp.;

Psychotria

spp.;

Remya mauiensis; Sadleria

spp.;

Schiedea pubescens

var.

pubescens

(NCN); or

Xylosma

spp. (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001; H. Oppenheimer, pers. comm., 2000).

The primary threats to

Ctenitis squamigera

are habitat degradation by feral pigs, goats, and axis deer; competition with nonnative plant species, especially

Psidium cattleianum

and

Schinus terebinthifolius;

fire; and extinction from naturally occurring events caused by the small number of existing occurrences and individuals (Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025).

Cyanea grimesiana

ssp.

grimesiana

(Haha)

Cyanea grimesiana

ssp.

grimesiana,

a short-lived member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a perennial shrub with pinnately divided leaves. This species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the pinnately lobed leaf margins and the width of the leaf blades. This subspecies is distinguished from the other two subspecies by the shape and size of the calyx lobes, which overlap at the base (Lammers 1990).

On Molokai, flowering plants have been reported in July and August. Little else is known about the life history of

Cyanea grimesiana

ssp.

grimesiana.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).

Historically and currently,

Cyanea grimesiana

ssp.

grimesiana

is known from Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and scattered locations on Maui. Currently on Maui, there are two occurrences with a total of five individuals on privately owned land in Iao Valley and Kapilau Ridge (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).

This species is typically found on rocky or steep slopes of stream banks in wet forest gulch bottoms often dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha

at elevations between 312 and 1,617 m (1,024 and 5,305 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Antidesma

spp.;

Bobea

spp.;

Myrsine

spp.;

Nestegis sandwicensis; Psychotria

spp.; or

Xylosma

spp. (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).

The threats to this species on Maui are habitat degradation and/or destruction caused by axis deer, goats, and pigs; competition with various nonnative plants; random naturally occurring events that could cause extinction caused by the small number of existing individuals; trampling by hikers; landslides; rats; and slugs (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).

Cyanea lobata

(Haha)

Cyanea lobata,

a short-lived member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a sparingly branched perennial shrub with smooth to somewhat rough stems and oblong, irregularly lobed leaves. This species is distinguished from other species of

Cyanea

by the size of the flower and the irregularly lobed leaves with petioles (Lammers 1990).

Cyanea lobata

is known to flower from August to February, even in individuals as small as 50 cm (20 in) in height. Little else is known about the life history of

Cyanea lobata.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Degener 1936; Rock 1919; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Historically,

Cyanea lobata

was known from Lanai and West Maui. It is no longer extant on Lanai. On Maui, there are currently 5 occurrences with a total of 12 individuals on privately owned land within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership at Kaulalewelewe, Honolowai, Honokohau, and Waikapu (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

This species has been seen and collected on steep stream banks in deep shade in wet forest at elevations between 204 and 1,530 m (669 and 5,020 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Antidesma

spp.;

Athyrium

spp. (akolea);

Clermontia kakeana; Cyrtandra

spp.;

Freycinetia arborea; Metrosideros polymorpha; Morinda trimera

(noni

kuahiwi);

Peperomia

spp.;

Pipturus albidus; Pleomele

spp.;

Psychotria

spp.;

Touchardia latifolia;

or

Xylosma

spp. (HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).

The threats to this species on Maui are habitat degradation by feral pigs, depressed reproductive vigor, and natural or human-caused environmental disturbance that could easily be catastrophic caused by the small number of remaining individuals and the limited and scattered distribution of the species (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Cyrtandra munroi

(Haiwale)

Cyrtandra munroi,

a short-lived perennial and member of the African violet family (Gesneriaceae), is a shrub with opposite, elliptic to almost circular leaves that are sparsely to moderately hairy on the upper surface and covered with velvety, rust-colored hairs underneath. This species is distinguished from other species of the genus by the broad opposite leaves, the length of the flower cluster stalks, the size of the flowers, and the amount of hair on various parts of the plant (Wagner

et al.

1999).

The reproductive biology of some species of

Cyrtandra

has been studied, but not on

C. munroi

specifically. Studies of other members of the genus suggest that a specific pollinator may be necessary for successful pollination. Seed dispersal may be via birds that eat the fruits. Flowering time, longevity of plants and seeds, specific environmental requirements, and other limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995b; 57 FR 20772).

Cyrtandra munroi

was historically and is currently known from Lanai and West Maui. Currently on Maui, there are 5 occurrences with a total of approximately 1,000 individuals on private and State (West Maui Forest Reserve) owned lands within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership in Kahanaiki Gulch, Pulepule Gulch, Honokahua Gulch, along Makamakaole Stream, and Hahakea (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1995b; Wagner

et al.

1999; 57 FR 20772).

The habitat of this species is rich, moist to wet, moderately steep talus slopes in lowland wet

Metrosideros polymorpha

forest at elevations between 390 and 1,108 m (1,280 and 3,635 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Alyxia oliviformis; Bobea

spp.;

Clermontia

spp.;

Coprosma

spp.;

Cyrtandra

spp.;

Diospyros

spp. (lama);

Freycinetia arborea; Hedyotis acuminata; Melicope

spp.;

Myrsine

spp.;

Perrottetia sandwicensis; Pipturus

spp. (mamaki);

Pittosporum

spp.;

Pouteria sandwicensis; Psychotria

spp.;

Sadleria

spp.;

Scaevola

spp. (naupaka);

Sicyos

spp.;

Strongylodon ruber

(nuku iiwi);

Xylosma

spp.; or

Zanthoxylum kauense

(ae) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1995b; 57 FR 20772; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).

The threats to this species on Maui are from competition with the nonnative plant species

Melinis minutiflora, Paspalum conjugatum, Pluchea carolinensis

(sourbush),

Psidium cattleianum,

and

Rubus rosifolius;

loss of appropriate pollinators; a very small number of extant individuals which can cause depressed reproductive vigor; and the effects of random environmental events that could easily be catastrophic caused by the small number of occurrences on Maui (Service 1995b; 57 FR 20772).

Delissea undulata

(NCN)

Delissea undulata,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched, palm-like, woody-stemmed tree with a dense cluster of leaves at the tip of the stem. One or two knob-like structures often occur on the back of the flower tube. Three subspecies, all but the last of which are considered extinct, may be separated on the basis of leaf shape and margin characters: In

D. undulata

var.

kauaiensis,

the leaf blades are oval and flat-margined with sharp teeth; in

D. undulata

var.

niihauensis,

the leaf blades are heart shaped and flat-margined with shallow, rounded teeth; and in

D. undulata

var.

undulata,

the leaf blades are elliptic to lance-shaped and wavy-margined with small, sharply pointed teeth. This species is separated from the other closely related members of the genus by its large flowers and berries and broad leaf bases.

Delissea undulata

ssp.

undulata

is the only subspecies known from Maui (Lammers 1990).

Delissea undulata

var.

undulata

has been observed in fruit and flower during December. Little else is known about the life history of

D. undulata

var.

undulata.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996a; 61 FR 53124).

Delissea undulata

var.

undulata

was known from southwestern Maui, western Hawaii, and Niihau. Currently it occurs on Kauai and the island of Hawaii (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996a; 61 FR 53124; Linda Pratt, USGS-BRD, pers. comm., 2001; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plant species associated with

Delissea undulata

var.

undulata

on the island of Maui (Service 1996a; 61 FR 53124; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001) or of the threats to

Delissea undulata

var.

undulata

on the island of Maui (Service 1996a; 61 FR 53124).

Diellia erecta

(Asplenium-leaved diellia)

Diellia erecta,

a short-lived perennial fern in the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), grows in tufts of three to nine lance-shaped fronds emerging from a rhizome covered with brown to dark gray scales. This species differs from other members of the genus in having brown or dark gray scales usually more than 2 cm (0.8 in) in length, fused or separate sori along both margins, shiny black midribs that have a hardened surface, and veins that do not usually encircle the sori (Degener and Greenwell 1950; Smith 1934; Wagner 1952).

Little is known about the life history of

Diellia erecta.

Reproduction cycles, dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Historically,

Diellia erecta

was known on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, it is known from Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Maui, there are 5 known occurrences with a total of 35 individual plants on State (West Maui Forest Reserve, Manawainui Plant Sanctuary, and Department of Hawaiian Home Lands) and privately owned lands within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership in Iao Valley, Hanaulaiki, Manawainui Gulch, near Polipoli in Kamaole, and west of Waiopai Gulch (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

This species is found in steep slopes or gulch sides in deep shade in

Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha

low-to mid-elevation mesic forests between 338 and 1,744 m (1,109 and 5,722 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Coprosma

spp.;

Dodonaea viscosa; Dryopteris unidentata

(akole);

Leptecophylla tameiameiae; Melicope

spp.;

Myrsine

spp.;

Osteomeles anthyllidifolia;

or

Psychotria

spp. (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to

Diellia erecta

on Maui are habitat degradation by pigs, goats, and cattle; competition with nonnative plant species, including

Blechnum occidentale

(NCN); and random naturally occurring events that could cause extinction and/or reduced reproductive vigor caused by the small number of existing individuals (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Diplazium molokaiense

(NCN)

Diplazium molokaiense,

a short-lived perennial member of the woodfern family (Dryopteridaceae), has a short prostrate rhizome and green or straw-colored leaf stalks with thin-textured fronds. This species can be distinguished from other species of

Diplazium

in the Hawaiian Islands by a combination of characteristics, including venation pattern, the length and arrangement of the sori, frond shape, and the degree of dissection of the frond (Wagner and Wagner 1992).

Little is known about the life history of

Diplazium molokaiense.

Reproductive cycles, dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025).

Historically,

Diplazium molokaiense

was found on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and East and West Maui. Currently, this species is only known from Maui. Four occurrences with a total of 23 individuals are found on State (Kula and Kahikinui Forest Reserves) and privately owned lands within the East Maui Watershed Partnership near Polipoli in Kamaole, between Kahakapao Gulch and Puu O Kakae, Honomanu, and Waiopai Gulch (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998a; Warshauer 1998; 59 FR 49025).

This species occurs near water courses, often in proximity to waterfalls, in lowland or montane mesic

Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa

forest at elevations between 273 and 1,917 m (896 and 6,289 ft) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).

The primary threats on Maui are habitat degradation by feral goats, cattle, pigs, and axis deer; competition with nonnative plant species; decreased reproductive vigor; and extinction from randomly occurring natural events caused by the small number of occurrences and individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025).

Flueggea neowawraea

(Mehamehame)

Flueggea neowawraea,

a long-lived perennial member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), is a large tree with white oblong pores covering its scaly, pale brown bark. This species is the only member of the genus found in Hawaii and can be distinguished from similar Hawaiian species in the family by its hairless whitish lower leaf surfaces and round fruits (Hayden 1999; Linney 1982; Neal 1965; Service 1999).

Individual trees of

Flueggea neowawraea

bear only male or female flowers, and must be cross-pollinated from a different tree to produce viable seed. Little else is known about the life history of

F. neowawraea.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Hayden 1999; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Historically,

Flueggea neowawraea

was known from the islands of Oahu, Kauai, Molokai, and Hawaii. Currently, occurrences are known from Kauai, Oahu, East Maui, and Hawaii. On Maui, there are four occurrences on State (DHHL) and privately owned lands at Auwahi, and above Lualailua and Alena (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; Mahealani Kaiaokamalie, Ulupalakua Ranch,

in litt.

2000).

Flueggea neowawraea

occurs in dry or mesic forest at elevations between 633 and 971 m (2,078 and 3,186 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Alectryon macrococcus; Antidesma pulvinatum; Bobea timonioides

(ahakea);

Charpentiera

spp. (papala);

Diplazium sandwichianum; Diospyros

spp.;

Myrsine lanaiensis

(kolea);

Nesoluma polynesicum

(keahi);

Nestegis sandwicensis; Pleomele auwahiensis; Pleomele

spp.;

Pouteria sandwicensis; Psydrax odorata; Rauvolfia sandwicensis

(hao); or

Tetraplasandra

spp. (oheohe) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).

The threats to the populations on Maui are the black twig borer; habitat degradation by feral pigs, goats, deer, and cattle; competition with nonnative plant species; depressed reproductive vigor; the risk of extinction from a random environmental event caused by the small number of individuals; and predation of the fruit by rats (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Gouania vitifolia

(NCN)

Gouania vitifolia,

a member of the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a climbing shrub with tendriled flowering branches. This species differs from other members of its genus by having flowering branches with a tendril and coarsely wavy to toothed leaf margins (Wagner

et al.

1999).

In winter and late spring, the main vine of

Gouania vitifolia

produces new young side shoots which soon die. Plants have been observed flowering from late November to January, but flowering probably depends on precipitation. Little else is known about the life history of

G. vitifolia.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998b; 59 FR 32932).

Historically,

Gouania vitifolia

was known from West Maui, the Kau District of the island of Hawaii, and Oahu. The species currently occurs on Oahu and on the island of Hawaii (GDSI 2001; Service 1998b; 59 FR 32932; Jon Giffin, DOFAW,

in litt.

2000).

On Maui,

Gouania vitifolia

typically grows on the sides of ridges and gulches in dry to mesic forests at elevations between 155 and 1,326 m (509 and 4,350 ft). Associated plant species include:

Bidens

spp.;

Carex meyenii

(NCN);

Chamaesyce

spp. (akoko);

Diospyros sandwicensis; Dodonaea viscosa; Erythrina sandwicensis; Hedyotis

spp.;

Hibiscus

spp.;

Melicope

spp.;

Nestegis sandwicensis; Pipturus albidus; Psychotria

spp.; or

Urera glabra

(opuhe) (Service 1998b; 59 FR 32932; J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001).

Nothing is known of the threats to

Gouania vitifolia

on the island of Maui (Service 1998b; 59 FR 32932).

Hedyotis coriacea

(Kioele)

Hedyotis coriacea,

a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a small, short-lived perennial shrub with leathery leaves which are generally elliptic to oblong in shape, 3 to 8 cm (1.2 to 3.1 in) long and usually 1.5 to 3 cm (0.6 to 1.2 in) wide. This species is distinguished from others of the genus by its small, triangular calyx lobes, which do not enlarge in fruit, and the combination of capsules which are longer than wide and flower buds which are square in cross-section (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Hedyotis coriacea.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Historically,

Hedyotis coriacea

was known from Oahu and the island of Hawaii. Considered extinct on all islands in recent years, this species was discovered in 1990 by Steve Perlman in the State-owned Lihau section of the West Maui NAR and in 1991 on the 1859 lava flow in the Pohakuloa Training Area, island of Hawaii. Currently, only a single individual is known from West Maui on State-owned

land within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Hedyotis coriacea

is found on steep, rocky slopes in dry lowland

Dodonaea viscosa

-dominated shrublands at elevations between 110 and 937 m (361 and 3,074 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Bidens menziesii

(kookoolau);

Gouania hillebrandii

(NCN);

Melanthera lavarum; Myoporum sandwicense; Schiedea menziesii

(NCN); or

Sida fallax

(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).

The single remaining individual of

Hedyotis coriacea

on Maui is threatened by extinction from a random naturally occurring event (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Hedyotis mannii

(Pilo)

Hedyotis mannii,

a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a short-lived perennial plant with smooth, usually erect stems 30 to 60 cm (1 to 2 ft) long, which are woody at the base and four-angled or winged. This species' growth habit; its quadrangular or winged stems; the shape, size, and texture of its leaves; and its dry capsule, which opens when mature, separate it from other species of the genus (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Hedyotis mannii.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325).

Currently and historically,

Hedyotis mannii

is known from Lanai, West Maui, and Molokai. On Maui, there is a single occurrence of approximately 20 individuals located on private land in Kauaula Valley (GDSI 2001; Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325; K. Wood,

in litt.

2000).

The occurrence on Maui is found on basalt cliffs along stream banks in

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

montane wet forest at elevations between 340 and 1,593 m (1,115 and 5,226 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Boehmeria grandis; Carex meyenii; Cyanea

spp. (haha);

Cyrtandra grayi

(haiwale);

Cyrtandra hawaiensis

(haiwale);

Cyrtandra platyphylla

(ilihia);

Hedyotis acuminata; Isachne distichophylla

(ohe);

Machaerina

spp. (uki);

Phyllostegia

spp. (NCN);

Pipturus albidus; Psychotria spp.; Touchardia latifolia;

or

Urera glabra

(Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001; K. Wood,

in litt.

2000).

Hedyotis mannii

on Maui is threatened by landslides; competition with the nonnative plant species

Ageratina adenophora, Buddleia asiatica

(butterfly bush),

Clidemia hirta, Pluchea carolinensis

(sourbush), and

Rubus rosifolius;

and the low number of individuals which makes it extremely vulnerable to extinction by random naturally occurring events (Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325; K. Wood,

in litt.

2000).

Hesperomannia arborescens

(NCN)

Hesperomannia arborescens,

a long-lived perennial of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a small shrubby tree that usually stands 1.5 to 5 m (5 to 16 ft) tall. This member of an endemic Hawaiian genus differs from other

Hesperomannia

species in having the following combination of characteristics: Erect to ascending flower heads; thick flower head stalks; and usually hairless and relatively narrow leaves (Wagner

et al.

1999).

This species has been observed in flower from April through June and in fruit during March and June. Little else is known about the life history of

Hesperomannia arborescens.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).

Hesperomannia arborescens

was formerly known from Oahu, Molokai, and Lanai. This species is now known from Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. There are four occurrences with a total of six individuals on State (Kahukuloa section of the West Maui NAR) and privately owned lands in Honokohau and Lanilii within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).

Hesperomannia arborescens

is found on slopes or ridges in lowland mesic or wet forest at elevations between 346 and 1,422 m (1,135 and 4,665 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Antidesma

spp.;

Bobea

spp.;

Cheirodendron

spp.;

Clermontia

spp.;

Cibotium

spp.;

Coprosma

spp.;

Dicranopteris linearis; Freycinetia arborea; Isachne distichophylla; Machaerina

spp.;

Melicope

spp.;

Metrosideros polymorpha; Myrsine sandwicensis

(kolea);

Pipturus

spp.;

Psychotria

spp.; or

Sadleria

spp. (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to

Hesperomannia arborescens

on Maui are habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats; competition with nonnative plant species; impact by humans; and extinction caused by random environmental events or reduced reproductive vigor caused by the small number of remaining individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).

Hesperomannia arbuscula

(NCN)

Hesperomannia arbuscula,

a long-lived perennial member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a small shrubby tree, 2 to 3.3 m (7 to 11 ft) tall. This species can be distinguished from other members of the genus by the erect flower heads and the leaves, usually hairy beneath, which are one to two times as long as wide (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Hesperomannia arbuscula

usually flowers in the spring, depending on precipitation. Seeds mature in about 6 weeks and trees live about 10 to 15 years. Little else is known about the life history of

H. arbuscula.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).

Historically and currently,

Hesperomannia arbuscula

is known from Oahu and West Maui. On Maui, there are 8 occurrences with a total of 37 individuals, on privately owned land along Waihee Stream and Nakalaloa within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Hesperomannia arbuscula

typically grows on steep forested slopes and ridges in mesic forest dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha

or

Diospyros sandwicensis

at elevations between 354 and 1,453 m (1,161 and 4,767 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Alyxia oliviformis; Bidens

spp.;

Cheirodendron

spp.;

Clermontia

spp.;

Cyanea spp.; Psychotria

spp.; or

Tetraplasandra

spp. (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770; R. Hobdy and J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to

Hesperomannia arbuscula

on Maui are habitat degradation by feral pigs, competition from nonnative plant species, trampling by humans, and extinction from naturally occurring random events caused by the small number of occurrences (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).

Hibiscus brackenridgei

(Mao hau hele)

Hibiscus brackenridgei,

a short-lived perennial member of the mallow family (Malvaceae), is a sprawling to erect

shrub or small tree. This species differs from other members of the genus in having the following combination of characteristics: Yellow petals; a calyx consisting of triangular lobes with raised veins and a single midrib; bracts attached below the calyx, and thin stipules (leaf bracts) that fall off, leaving an elliptical scar. Two subspecies are currently recognized,

Hibiscus brackenridgei

ssp.

brackenridgei

and

H. brackenridgei

ssp.

mokuleianus

(Bates 1990).

Hibiscus brackenridgei

is known to flower continuously from early February through late May, and intermittently at other times of year. Intermittent flowering may possibly be tied to day length. Little else is known about the life history of

H. brackenridgei.

Pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Historically,

Hibiscus brackenridgei

was known from the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, Molokai, Kahoolawe, and Hawaii. Currently,

H. brackenridgei

ssp.

mokuleianus

is known from Oahu and from undocumented observations on Kauai.

Hibiscus brackenridgei

ssp.

brackenridgei

is currently known from Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Maui,

H. brackenridgei

ssp.

brackenridgei

is found in 5 occurrences, containing 40 individuals, on State (Lihau section of West Maui NAR and DHHL) and privately owned lands at Lihau, Kaonohua, Keokea, and near Puu O Kali (Bates 1990; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Hibiscus brackenridgei

ssp.

brackenridgei

occurs in lowland dry forest sometimes with

Erythrina sandwicensis

as the dominant tree at elevations between 43 and 771 m (141 and 2,530 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Achyranthes

spp. (NCN);

Chamaesyce celastroides

var.

lorifolia; Chenopodium

spp. (aheahea);

Diospyros

spp.;

Dodonaea viscosa; Melanthera lavarum; Myoporum sandwicense; Nototrichium

spp.; annual

Panicum

spp.;

Psydrax odorata; Schiedea salicaria

(NCN); or

Sida fallax

(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).

The primary threats to

Hibiscus brackenridgei

ssp.

brackenridgei

on Maui and Kahoolawe are habitat degradation and possible predation by pigs, goats, cattle, axis deer, and rats; competition with nonnative plant species; fire; and extinction caused by random environmental events or reduced reproductive vigor caused by small occurrence size and the limited number of individuals (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Ischaemum byrone

(Hilo ischaemum)

Ischaemum byrone,

a short-lived member of the grass family (Poaceae), is a perennial species with creeping underground and erect stems.

Ischaemum byrone

can be distinguished from other Hawaiian grasses by its tough outer flower bracts; dissimilar basic flower units, which are awned (slender bristle) and two-flowered; and a two-or three-tiered-branching inflorescence (O'Connor 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Ischaemum byrone.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).

Historically,

Ischaemum byrone

was reported from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, East Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, this species is found on Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Maui, there are 6 occurrences with less than 2,000 individuals found on State and privately owned lands at Keopuka Rock, Paupalu Point, Moku Huki, west of Kalahu Point, between Keakulikuli Point and Pukaulua Point, and Kauiki Head (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).

Ischaemum byrone

grows in close proximity to the ocean, among rocks or on basalt cliffs in windward coastal dry shrubland at elevations between 0 and 190 m (0 and 623 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Bidens

spp.

Fimbristylis cymosa

(mauu akiaki) or

Scaevola taccada

(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).

The most serious threat to

Ischaemum byrone

is the invasion of nonnative plant species, particularly

Digitaria ciliaris

(Henry's crabgrass),

Ardisia elliptica

(shoebutton ardisia), and

Casuarina equisetifolia

(ironwood). Additionally, fire may pose a threat in areas infested with nonnative grasses, provided enough fuel is present. Other potential threats include grazing and browsing by goats and axis deer. Disturbance incurred from these ungulates further promotes the introduction and establishment of nonnative weeds. Some occurrences are also threatened by residential development (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).

Isodendrion pyrifolium

(Wahine noho kula)

Isodendrion pyrifolium,

a short-lived perennial of the violet family (Violaceae), is a small, branched shrub with elliptic to lance-shaped leaf blades. The papery-textured blade has moderately hairy veins. Below the petiole are oval, hairy stipules.

Isodendrion pyrifolium

is distinguished from other species in the genus by its smaller, green-yellow flowers and hairy stipules and leaf veins (Wagner

et al.

1999).

During periods of drought, this species will drop all but the newest leaves. After sufficient rains, the plants produce flowers with seeds ripening one to two months later. Little else is known about the life history of

Isodendrion pyrifolium.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).

Isodendrion pyrifolium

is known historically from six of the Hawaiian Islands: Niihau, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, it is only found on the island of Hawaii (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305; Marie Bruegmann, Service, pers. comm., 2000).

On Maui,

Isodendrion pyrifolium

occured in dry shrubland at elevations between 54 and 557 m (177 and 1,827 ft) with one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Capparis sandwichiana; Dodonaea viscosa; Myoporum sandwicense;

or

Psydrax odorata

(Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305; R. Hobdy and J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001).

Nothing is known of the threats to

Isodendrion pyrifolium

on the island of Maui (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).

Lysimachia lydgatei (NCN)

Lysimachia lydgatei,

a short-lived perennial member of the primrose family (Primulaceae), is a sprawling, branched shrub with stems from 1 to 1.3 m (3 to 4 ft) long. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the dense hairs on both the upper and lower surfaces of mature leaves (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Lysimachia lydgatei.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Lysimachia lydgatei

was known historically from a gulch behind

Lahaina on West Maui and from Oahu. Currently, it is found only on Maui on State (Lihau section of West Maui NAR and the West Maui Forest Reserve) and privately owned lands at Helu, Lihau, east of Halepohaku, and Ulaula within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership. The 4 Maui occurrences number approximately 240 individuals (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; Wagner

et al.

1999; 57 FR 20772).

Lysimachia lydgatei

typically grows on the sides of steep ridges in

Metrosideros polymorpha

-

Dicranopteris linearis

-dominated wet to mesic shrubland or

Metrosideros polymorpha

-

Cheirodendron

spp. montane forest at elevations between 829 and 1,432 m (2,720 and 4,698 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Astelia

spp. (painiu);

Broussaisia arguta;

Coprosma

spp.;

Dodonaea viscosa; Eurya sandwicensis

(anini);

Ilex anomala; Leptecophylla tameiameiae;

Lycopodium

spp. (wawae iole);

Ochrosia

spp. (holei);

Vaccinium

spp.; or mat ferns such as

Dicranopteris

spp. (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).

The greatest threats to

Lysimachia lydgatei

are extinction from a random environmental event caused by the small number of occurrences; competition with nonnative plant species such as

Rubus argutus;

and fire (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Mariscus pennatiformis

(NCN)

Mariscus pennatiformis,

a short-lived member of the sedge family (Cyperaceae), is a perennial plant with a woody root system covered with brown scales.

Mariscus pennatiformis

is divided into two subspecies, ssp.

bryanii

and ssp.

pennatiformis,

which are distinguished by the length and width of the spikelets; color, length, and width of the glume; and by the shape and length of the fruit. This species differs from other members of the genus by its three-sided, slightly concave, smooth stems; the length and number of spikelets; the leaf width; and the length and diameter of stems (Koyama 1990).

Mariscus pennatiformis

is known to flower from November to December after heavy rainfall. Little else is known about the life history of

M. pennatiformis.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Historically,

Mariscus pennatiformis

was known from Kauai, Oahu, East Maui (Keanae Valley, Hana, and Nahiku), the island of Hawaii, and from Laysan in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands.

Mariscus pennatiformis

ssp.

bryanii

is only known from Laysan Island.

Mariscus pennatiformis

ssp.

pennatiformis

is currently found only on East Maui. Two occurrences of approximately 30 individuals are found on State-owned land near the mouth of Hanawi Stream (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

On Maui,

Mariscus pennatiformis

ssp.

pennatiformis

is found on cliffs with brown soil and talus within reach of ocean spray in

Pandanus tectorius

(hala) coastal wet forests at elevations between 0 and 188 m (0 and 615 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Cyperus laevigatus

(makaloa);

Eragrostis

spp. (NCN);

Ipomoea

spp. (morning glory);

Lysimachia mauritiana;

or

Sadleria pallida

(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Threats to

Mariscus pennatiformis

ssp.

pennatiformis

on Maui include grazing and habitat destruction caused by ungulates; competition with nonnative plant species; and extinction from random naturally occurring events (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Melicope knudsenii

(Alani)

Melicope knudsenii,

a long-lived perennial member of the rue family (Rutaceae), is a tree with smooth gray bark and yellowish brown to olive-brown hairs on the tips of the branches. The species is distinguished from

M. haupuensis

and other members of the genus by the distinct carpels (chambers) present in the fruit, a hairless endocarp (fruit wall), a larger number of flowers per cluster, and the distribution of hairs on the underside of the leaves (Stone

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Melicope knudsenii.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995a; 59 FR 9304).

Historically and currently,

Melicope knudsenii

is known from the southeastern slope of Haleakala on Maui and from Kauai. Currently on Maui, there are four occurrences on State (DHHL) and privately owned lands from Puu Mahoe to east of Puu Ouli (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1995a; 59 FR 9304).

Melicope knudsenii

grows in

Nestegis sandwicensis-Pleomele

sp. mixed open dry forests at elevations between 648 and 1,331 m (2,125 and 4,367 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Alphitonia ponderosa; Dodonaea viscosa; Osteomeles anthyllidifolia; Santalum ellipticum;

or

Xylosma hawaiiense

(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1995a; 59 FR 9304; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).

Threats to

Melicope knudsenii

include habitat degradation by nonnative animals, such as goats, cattle, and pigs; reduced reproductive vigor; fire; natural aging and death; and invasive plant species, such as

Pennisetum clandestinum

(Service 1995a; 59 FR 9304).

Melicope mucronulata

(Alani)

Melicope mucronulata,

a long-lived perennial of the rue family (Rutaceae), is a small tree up to 4 m (13 ft) tall with oval to elliptic-oval leaves, 8 to 16 cm (3 to 6.5 in) long and 3.5 to 6.5 cm (1.5 to 2.5 in) wide. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the growth habit, the number of flowers in each flower cluster, the size and shape of the fruit, and the degree of hairiness of the leaves and fruit walls (Stone

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Melicope mucronulata.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

First discovered in 1920 in Kanaio, East Maui,

Melicope mucronulata

was not relocated until 1983 when it was reported from privately owned land with an unknown number of plants in Auwahi. This species was also found two years later on East Molokai (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; Stone

et al.

1999; 57 FR 20772).

Melicope mucronulata

typically grows on gentle south-facing slopes in lowland dry to mesic forest at elevations between 625 and 1,331 m (2,050 and 4,367 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated species:

Antidesma pulvinatum; Dodonaea viscosa; Melicope hawaiensis

(alani);

Nestegis sandwicensis;

Pleomele auwahiensis;

Pouteria sandwicensis;

and

Streblus pendulinus

(Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001).

The major threat to the continued existence of the only known occurrence of

Melicope mucronulata

on Maui is the risk of extinction from a random environmental event. Habitat degradation by goats and pigs, predation by goats, and competition with nonnative plant species, particularly

Melinis minutiflora,

also pose immediate threats to this species (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Neraudia sericea

(NCN)

Neraudia sericea,

a short-lived perennial member of the nettle family (Urticaceae), is a 3 to 5 m (10 to 16 ft) tall shrub with densely hairy branches. The lower leaf surface is densely covered with irregularly curved, silky gray to white hairs along the veins. The male flowers may be stalkless or have short stalks.

Neraudia sericea

differs from the other four species of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the density, length, color, and posture of the hairs on the lower leaf surface and by its mostly entire leaf margins (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Neraudia sericea.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Neraudia sericea

was known historically from Molokai, Lanai, Olowalu Valley on West Maui, the southern slopes of Haleakala on East Maui, and from Kahoolawe. Currently, this species is known from Molokai and Maui. On Maui, five occurrences are found on State (DHHL) and privately owned lands in Pohakea Gulch (West Maui) and in Manawainui and Kamole Gulches (East Maui) (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; M. Kaiaokamalie,

in litt.

2000).

Neraudia sericea

generally occurs in dry to mesic

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa-Leptecophylla tameiameiae

shrubland or forest or

Acacia koa

forest at elevations between 198 and 1,658 m (650 and 5,439 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Bobea

spp.;

Coprosma

spp.;

Cyrtandra oxybapha

(haiwale);

Cyrtandra

spp.;

Diospyros

spp.;

Hedyotis

spp.;

Sida fallax;

or

Urera glabra

(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; Wagner

et al.

1999; 59 FR 56333; M. Bruegmann,

in litt.

1995; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).

The primary threats to

Neraudia sericea

on Maui are habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats; competition with the nonnative plant species

Cymbopogon refractus

(barbwire grass),

Eragrostis

spp. (love grass),

Holcus lanatus, Melinus minutiflora,

and

Pennisetum clandestinum;

and a risk of extinction caused by random environmental events (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Nototrichium humile

(Kului)

Nototrichium humile,

a member of the amaranth family (Amaranthaceae), is an upright to trailing shrub with branched stems to 1.5 m (5 ft) long. This species is distinguished from the only other species in the genus by its inflorescence, a slender spike 4 mm (0.2 in) in diameter or less, which is covered with short hairs (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Nototrichium humile

has been observed flowering after heavy rain, but flowering is generally heaviest in the spring and summer. Fruits mature a few weeks after flowering. In cultivation, this species is known to live for more than a decade. Little else is known about the life history of

N. humile.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).

Historically,

Nototrichium humile

was known from Oahu and Maui. It currently occurs only on Oahu. On Maui,

N. humile

was last seen in the wild by Robert Hobdy in 1979 in Pohakea Gulch (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).

On Maui,

Nototrichium humile

occurred on old cinder cones in dry shrubland at elevations between 338 and 734 m (1,110 and 2,407 ft) with one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Dodonaea viscosa; Erythrina sandwicensis; Heteropogon contortus;

and

N. sandwicense

(kului) (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770; J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001).

Nothing is known of the threats to

Nototrichium humile

on the island of Maui (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).

Peucedanum sandwicense

(Makou)

Peucedanum sandwicense,

a member of the parsley family (Apiaceae), is a short-lived, parsley-scented, sprawling herb. Hollow stems arise from a short, vertical, perennial stem with several fleshy roots. This species is the only member of the genus in the Hawaiian Islands. It is distinguished from other Hawaiian members of the family by being a slightly succulent perennial herb and having broad basal leaflets, white flowers, and by its floral bracts, the size and shape of its fruit, and the oil glands in the fruit wall (Constance and Affolter 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Peucedanum sandwicense.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995a; 59 FR 9304).

Historically and currently,

Peucedanum sandwicense

is known from Molokai, Maui, and Kauai. Discoveries in 1990 extended the known distribution of this species to the island of Oahu. Currently on Maui, there are 3 occurrences on State and privately owned lands at Keopuka Islet, near Pauwalu Point, and east of Hanawi Stream, with a total of 32 individuals (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1995a; 59 FR 9304).

This species grows on sparsely vegetated steep to vertical cliff habitats with little soil in mesic or coastal communities at elevations between 0 and 1,132 m (0 and 3,714 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native species:

Artemisia australis; Bidens

spp.;

Carex

spp.;

Chamaesyce

spp.;

Diospyros sandwicensis; Eragrostis

spp.;

Hedyotis littoralis; Lysimachia mauritiana; Metrosideros polymorpha; Peperomia

spp.;

Pandanus tectorius

(hala);

Scaevola taccada;

or

Schiedea globosa

(NCN) (Constance and Affolter 1999; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1995a; 59 FR 9304; R. Hobdy and J. Lau pers. comms., 2001).

Competition with introduced plants is the major threat to

Peucedanum sandwicense

on Keopuka Rock. Additionally, small occurrence sizes also make the species subject to extinction caused by random environmental events (Service 1995a; 59 FR 9304).

Phlegmariurus mannii

(Wawae iole)

Phlegmariurus

(=

Huperzia,

=

Lycopodium

)

mannii,

a short-lived perennial member of the clubmoss family (Lycopodiaceae), is a hanging epiphyte with clustered, delicate red stems and forked reproductive spikes. These traits distinguish it from others in the genus in Hawaii (Degener and Degener 1959; Holub 1991; St. John 1981; Wagner and Wagner 1992).

Little is known about the life history of

Phlegmariurus mannii.

Reproductive cycles, dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Historically,

Phlegmariurus mannii

was known from Kauai, West Maui (Haelaau and Hanaula), and the island of Hawaii. Currently, this species is found on Maui and Hawaii. On Maui, this species is now known on State (Lihau section of West Maui NAR, Makawao Forest Reserve, DHHL, and Kipahulu Forest Reserve), Federal and privately owned lands in Honokohau, Lihau, Puu Okakae, Manawainui, Healani Stream, Puu Ahulili, and Kaapahu within the East Maui Watershed Partnership and the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership. There are 7 occurrences with a total of 22 individuals on Maui (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

On Maui,

Phlegmariurus mannii

typically grows as an epiphyte on

Metrosideros polymorpha, Dodonaea viscosa

and

Acacia koa

trees in moist, protected gulches or mossy tussocks in mesic to wet montane

Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa

forests at elevations between 446 and 1,688 m (1,464 and 5,539 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Astelia menziesiana

(kaluaha);

Athyrium

spp.;

Cheirodendron trigynum; Christella

spp. (NCN);

Coprosma

spp.;

Cyanea

spp.;

Cyrtandra

spp.;

Ilex anomala; Leptecophylla tameiameiae; Machaerina

spp.;

Sadleria

spp.; or

Vaccinium

spp. (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).

The primary threats to this species are habitat alteration by goats, cattle and pigs, and the impacts of nonnative plant species. Additionally, small occurrence sizes also make the species subject to extinction caused by random environmental events (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Phyllostegia mannii

(NCN)

Phyllostegia mannii,

a non-aromatic member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is a climbing vine with many-branched, four-sided, hairy stems. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by its hairiness; its thin, narrow leaves, which are not pinnately divided; and the usually six flowers per false whorl in a terminal inflorescence (Wagner

et al.

1999).

This species has been observed with fruit in July. Little else is known about the life history of

Phyllostegia mannii.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325).

Historically,

Phyllostegia mannii

was found from Hanalilolilo to Ohialele on East Molokai and at Ukulele on East Maui. It has not been seen on Maui for over 70 years. This species is now known only from Molokai (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325).

On Maui,

Phyllostegia mannii

occured on gentle slopes and the steep sides of gulches in mesic to wet forest dominated by

Acacia koa

and/or

Metrosideros polymorpha

at elevations between 1,069 and 1,615 m (3,506 and 5,297 ft) with one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Alyxia oliviformis; Cheirodendron trigynum; Dicranopteris linearis; Diplazium sandwichianum; Melicope

spp.; or

Myrsine lessertiana

(Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325; J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001).

Nothing is known of the threats to

Phyllostegia mannii

on the island of Maui (Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325).

Phyllostegia mollis

(NCN)

Phyllostegia mollis,

a short-lived member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), grows as a nearly erect, densely hairy, nonaromatic, perennial herb. Characteristics concerning the kind and amount of hair, the number of flowers in a cluster, and details of other plant parts separate this species from other members of the genus (Wagner

et al.

1990).

Individual

Phyllostegia mollis

plants live for approximately 5 years. The species is known to flower in late winter and spring. Little else is known about the life history of

P. mollis.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).

Historically,

Phyllostegia mollis

was known from Oahu, Molokai, and East Maui. Currently, this species is only known from Oahu and Maui. On East Maui, a single occurrence with an unknown number of individuals remains on State (on the border of Kahikinui Forest Reserve and DHHL) land in Waiopai Gulch (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; Wagner

et al.

1999; 56 FR 55770).

Phyllostegia mollis

typically grows on steep slopes and in gulches in mesic forests dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha

and/or

Acacia koa

at elevations between 1,144 and 1,970 m (3,754 and 6,463 ft). Associated native plant species include

Alyxia oliviformis, Cheirodendron trigynum, Diplazium sandwichianum, Melicope

spp., and

Myrsine lessertiana

(Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770; J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to

Phyllostegia mollis

are competition from the nonnative plant species

Rubus

spp. and

Schinus terebinthifolius,

and a risk of extinction of the only known occurrence of this species on Maui caused by random environmental events (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).

Phyllostegia parviflora

(NCN)

Phyllostegia parviflora,

a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is a perennial herb. The species is distinguished from others of the genus by the egg-shaped to broadly egg-shaped leaves, leaf stalks usually 6 to 13.5 cm (2.4 to 5.3 in) long, and the lower corolla lip 6 to 9 mm (0.24 to 0.36 in) long.

Phyllostegia parviflora

var.

glabriuscula

has fewer glandular hairs in the inflorescence, less pubescent leaves, and usually unbranched inflorescences compared with

P. parviflora

var.

parviflora. Phyllostegia parviflora

var.

lydgatei

has shorter leaf stalks, spreading hairs on the leaf stalks, and fewer gland-tipped hairs in the inflorescence. At the time of listing of this species, only two varieties were recognized,

glabriuscula

and

parviflora.

Subsequent to the final rule listing this species in 1996, Wagner's (1999) taxonomic treatment of this group reorganized

P. parviflora

var.

lydgatei

as distinct from

P. parviflora

var.

parviflora.

Wagner's (1999) treatment is cited in the revised edition of the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii as the basis for recognizing

P. parviflora

var.

lydgatei

(Wagner

et al.

1999). This name change will be addressed in a future

Federal Register

notice.

Historically

Phyllostegia parviflora

was known from three islands, Oahu, Hawaii, and Maui. This species is now known only from two occurrences on Oahu (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).

Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plant species associated with

Phyllostegia parviflora

on the island of Maui (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001) or of the threats to

Phyllostegia parviflora

on the island of Maui (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).

Plantago princeps

(Laukahi kuahiwi)

Plantago princeps,

a short-lived member of the plantain family (Plantaginaceae), is a small shrub or robust perennial herb. This species differs from other native members of the genus in Hawaii by its large branched stems, flowers at nearly right angles to the axis of the flower cluster, and fruits that break open at a point two-thirds from the base. The four varieties, vars.

anomala, laxiflora, longibracteata,

and

princeps,

are distinguished by the branching and pubescence of the stems; the size, pubescence, and venation of the leaves; the density of the inflorescence; and the orientation of the flowers (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Individuals of this species have been observed in fruit from April through September. Little else is known about the life history of

Plantago princeps.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Plantago princeps

was historically found on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. It is no longer extant on the island of Hawaii. Only one of the four varieties is on Maui;

Plantago princeps

var.

laxiflora

is known from Molokai

and Maui. On Maui, there are 8 occurrences of

P. princeps

var.

laxiflora,

with a total of 118 individuals, on Federal (Haleakala National Park) and privately owned lands within the East Maui Watershed Partnership. This variety is found at Kahoolewa Ridge, Nakalaloa Stream, Iao Valley near the Needle, Hanakauhi, the west side of Kaupo Gap, and Palikea Stream (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

On Maui,

Plantago princeps

var.

laxiflora

is typically found on basalt cliffs that are windblown with little vegetation in

Metrosideros polymorpha

lowland wet forest; or

Acacia koa-M. polymorpha

montane wet forest; or

M. polymorpha

montane wet shrubland at elevations between 281 and 2,539 m (922 and 8,329 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Bidens micrantha

ssp.

kalealaha; Chamaesyce celastroides; Cyanea

spp.; or

Dryopteris

spp. and various other ferns, such as

Dubautia menziesii, Dubautia plantaginea

ssp.

humilis, Eragrostis variabilis, Hedyotis formosa, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Melicope ovalis, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus albidus,

or

Touchardia latifolia

(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).

The primary threats to

Plantago princeps

var. laxiflora on Maui are herbivory and habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats and competition with various nonnative plant species (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Platanthera holochila

(NCN)

Platanthera holochila,

a short-lived, perennial member of the orchid family (Orchidaceae), is an erect, deciduous herb. The stems arise from underground tubers, the pale green leaves are lance- to egg-shaped and the greenish-yellow flowers occur in open spikes. This is the only species of this genus that occurs on the Hawaiian Islands. It is distinguished from other Hawaiian orchids by its underground tubers that lack roots at the nodes or pseudo bulbs, and the shape and length of its dorsal sepal (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Platanthera holochila.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).

Historically,

Platanthera holochila

was known from Maui, Oahu, Molokai, and Kauai. Currently,

P. holochila

is extant on Kauai, Molokai, and Maui. On Maui, 5 occurrences with 22 individuals are reported on State (West Maui Forest Reserve) and privately owned lands within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership and the East Maui Watershed Partnership from Kapaloa Stream, Waihee River, the border of Lahaina and Wailuku Districts and Koolau Gap (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).

Platanthera holochila

is found in

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

montane wet forest or

M. polymorpha

mixed montane bog or mesic scrubby

M. polymorpha

forest at elevations between 536 and 2,314 m (1,759 and 7,592 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Broussaisia arguta; Cibotium

spp.;

Clermontia

spp.;

Coprosma ernodeoides

(kukae nene);

Deschampsia nubigena; Dubautia scabra

(naenae);

Gahnia gahniiformis

(NCN);

Leptecophylla tameiameiae; Lycopodiella cernua

(wawae iole);

Luzula hawaiiensis

(wood rush);

Oreobolus furcatus; Polypodium pellucidum

(ae);

Sadleria

spp.;

Scaevola chamissoniana

(naupaka kuahiwi);

Sisyrinchium acre

(mauu laili);

Vaccinium reticulatum;

or

Wikstroemia

spp. (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).

The primary threats to

Platanthera holochila

on Maui are habitat degradation and destruction by feral pigs; landslides; competition with nonnative plant species; and a risk of extinction on Maui from naturally occurring events and reduced reproductive vigor caused by the small number of remaining occurrences and individuals. Predation by slugs may also be a potential threat to this species (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).

Pteris lidgatei

(NCN)

Pteris lidgatei,

a short-lived member of the maidenhair fern family (Adiantaceae), is a coarse perennial herb, 0.5 to 1 m (1.6 to 3.3 ft) tall.

Pteris lidgatei

can be distinguished from other species of

Pteris

on the Hawaiian Islands by the thick, brittle texture of its fronds and the tendency of the sori along the leaf margins to be broken into short segments instead of being fused into continuous marginal sori (Wagner 1949; Wagner and Wagner 1992).

Little is known about the life history of

Pteris lidgatei.

Reproductive cycles, dispersal agents, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025).

Historically,

Pteris lidgatei

was found on Oahu, Molokai, and at Waihee on West Maui. Currently, this species is known from Oahu and Maui. Two occurrences with approximately 20 individuals occur on Maui on State (Kahakuloa section of the West Maui NAR) and privately owned lands within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership north of Eke Crater and at Kauala (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025).

This species grows on steep stream banks in wet

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

montane forest at elevations between 201 and 1,717 m (659 and 5,633 ft) and containing one or more of the following native plant species:

Christella cyatheoides; Cibotium chamissoi; Dicranopteris linearis; Elaphoglossum crassifolium

(hoe a Maui);

Sadleria squarrosa

(apuu); or

Sphenomeris chinensis

(palaa) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).

The primary threats to

Pteris lidgatei

on Maui are the nonnative plants

Ageratina adenophora, Clidemia hirta,

and

Tibouchina herbacea;

habitat destruction by feral pigs; and a risk of extinction caused by random environmental events (Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025).

Sanicula purpurea

(NCN)

Sanicula purpurea,

a short-lived member of the parsley family (Apiaceae), is a stout perennial herb, 8 to 36 cm (3 to 14 in) tall, arising from a massive perennial stem. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the number of flowers per cluster and by the color of the petals (Constance and Affolter 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Sanicula purpurea

. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).

Historically and currently,

Sanicula purpurea

is known from Oahu and West Maui. On Maui, 7 occurrences totaling 200 individuals are currently known on State (Kahakuloa and Honokawai sections of the West Maui NAR) and private lands within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership north of Eke Crater and east of Kahakuloa Stream, south of Eke Crater, near Violet Lake, the ridge west of Puu Kukui, and Kahoolewa Ridge east of Puu Kukui (GSDI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).

This species typically grows in open

Metrosideros polymorpha

mixed montane bogs at elevations between 1,195 and 1,764 m (3,921 and 5,787 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated plant species:

Argyroxiphium caliginis

(eke silversword);

Argyroxiphium grayanum

(green sword);

Gahnia beecheyi

(NCN);

Geranium hillebrandii

(nohoanu);

Lagenifera maviensis

;

Leptecophylla tameiameiae

;

Lycopodium

spp.;

Machaerina

spp.;

Myrsine vaccinioides

(kolea);

Oreobolus furcatus

;

Plantago pachyphylla

(laukahi kuahiwi); or

Viola maviensis

(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 61 FR 53108; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).

Habitat degradation by feral pigs, a risk of extinction caused by random environmental events and reduced reproductive vigor caused by the small number of existing occurrences, and slugs are the major threats to

Sanicula purpurea

(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).

Schiedea hookeri

(NCN)

Schiedea hookeri

, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a sprawling or clumped perennial herb. This species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by its open, hairy, and sometimes sticky inflorescence, and by the size of the capsules (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Based on field and greenhouse observations,

Schiedea hookeri

is hermaphroditic, which means that each individual has both male and female reproductive organs. Mature fruits have been observed in June and August.

Schiedea hookeri

appears to be an outcrossing species. Under greenhouse conditions, flowers do not set fruit unless pollinated. In the field, the species is presumed to be pollinated by insects, although none have been observed. A related species,

S. lydgatei

on Molokai, is apparently pollinated by native, night-flying moths. A series of self-pollinations, intra-population crosses, and crosses among populations have demonstrated that

S. hookeri

experiences moderately strong inbreeding depression. These results indicate that reductions in population size could result in inbreeding depression among progeny, with negative consequences for the long-term persistence of this species. Individuals of

S. hookeri

appear to be long-lived, but there is no evidence of reproduction from seed under field conditions. Seedlings of

Schiedea

occurring in mesic or wet sites are apparently consumed by introduced slugs and snails, which have been observed feeding on

S. membranacea,

another mesic forest species that occurs on Kauai. In contrast to mesic forest species,

Schiedea

occurring in dry areas produce abundant seedlings following winter rains, presumably because the drier sites have fewer nonnative predators.

Schiedea hookeri

differs considerably through its range in potential for clonal growth. Plants from Kaluakauila Gulch are upright and show little potential for clonal spread. In contrast, clonal growth has been detected for individuals at Kaluaa Gulch, where the growth form is decumbent and plants apparently root at the nodes. Little else is known about the life history of

Schiedea hookeri

. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are otherwise unknown (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; Weller and Sakai, unpublished data; 61 FR 53108).

Historically,

Schiedea hookeri

was known from the Waianae Mountains of Oahu and from a single fragmentary collection from Haleakala on Maui that may represent

S. menziesii

rather than

S. hookeri

. Currently, this species is known only from Oahu (Environmental Division of the Army (EDA) Database 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).

Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of, or native plant species associated with,

Schiedea hookeri

on the island of Maui (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001), and nothing is known of the threats to

Schiedea hookeri

on the island of Maui (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).

Schiedea nuttallii

(NCN)

Schiedea nuttallii

, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a generally hairless, erect subshrub. This long-lived perennial species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by its habit, length of the stem internodes, length of the inflorescence, number of flowers per inflorescence, and smaller leaves, flowers, and seeds (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Schiedea nuttallii

. Based on field and greenhouse observations, it is hermaphroditic. Plants on Oahu have been under observation for 10 years, and they appear to be long-lived.

Schiedea nuttallii

appears to be an outcrossing species. Under greenhouse conditions, plants fail to set seed unless hand-pollinated, suggesting that this species requires insects for pollination. Fruits and flowers are abundant in the wet season but can be found throughout the year. Little else is known about the life history of

S. nuttallii

. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are otherwise unknown (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).

Historically,

Schiedea nuttallii

was known from Kauai and Oahu and was reported from Maui. Currently, it is found on Kauai, Oahu, and Molokai (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).

Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of, or native plant species associated with,

Schiedea nuttallii

on the island of Maui (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001), and nothing is known of the threats to

Schiedea nuttallii

on the island of Maui (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).

Sesbania tomentosa

(Ohai)

Sesbania tomentosa

, a short-lived perennial member of the pea family (Fabaceae), is typically a sprawling shrub, but may also be a small tree. Each compound leaf consists of 18 to 38 oblong to elliptic leaflets which are usually sparsely to densely covered with silky hairs. The flowers are salmon colored, tinged with yellow, orange-red, scarlet or, rarely, pure yellow.

Sesbania tomentosa

is the only endemic Hawaiian species in the genus, differing from the naturalized

S. sesban

by the color of the flowers, the longer petals and calyx, and the number of seeds per pod (Geesink

et al.

1999).

The pollination biology of

Sesbania tomentosa

has been studied by David Hopper, University of Hawaii at Manoa. His findings suggest that although many insects visit

Sesbania

flowers, the majority of successful pollination is accomplished by native bees of the genus

Hylaeus,

and that populations at Kaena Point on Oahu are probably pollinator-limited. Flowering at Kaena Point is highest during the winter-spring rains, and gradually declines throughout the rest of the year. Other aspects of the life history of

S. tomentosa

are unknown (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Historically,

Sesbania tomentosa

occurred on all eight of the main Hawaiian Islands and on the northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Nihoa and Necker. Currently,

S. tomentosa

occurs on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Kahoolawe, Maui, Hawaii, Nihoa, and Necker. On Maui,

S. tomentosa

is known from 7 occurrences with a total of 83 individuals. The occurrences are located on State-owned and/or State-leased land (Lihau section of West Maui NAR, Hana Forest Reserve, and Kanaio Training Area), under Federal jusisdiction (Kanaio National Guard Training Area) and on privately owned land within the East Maui Watershed Partnership and West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership at Poelua Bay, Mokolea Point, between Kahakuloa Head and Puu Kahulianapa, Mahinanui, Olowalu, and Pimoe, south of Puu Puou. Off the south central coast of Kahoolawe, approximately 100 individuals of

S. tomentosa

are found on a small islet, Puu Koae, a State-

owned seabird sanctuary (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; R. Hobdy

in litt.

2000).

Sesbania tomentosa

is found on windswept slopes, sea cliffs, and cinder cones in

Scaevola taccada

coastal dry shrublands at elevations between 0 and 608 m (0 and 1,993 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Bidens

spp.;

Diospyros sandwicensis

; stunted

Dodonaea viscosa

;

Jacquemontia ovalifolia

ssp.

sandwicensis

(pauohiiaka);

Melanthera integrifolia

; or

Sida fallax

(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).

The primary threats to

Sesbania tomentosa

on Maui are habitat degradation caused by competition with various nonnative plant species such as

Lantana camara, Waltheria indica

(uhaloa), and various grass species; grazing and trampling by feral cattle; lack of adequate pollination; seed predation by rats, mice and, potentially, nonnative insects; fire; and destruction by off-road vehicles and other human disturbances. Threats to

S. tomentosa

on Kahoolawe include habitat degradation caused by competition with various nonnative plant species, erosion, and trampling by cats and seabirds (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; P. Higashino, pers. comm., 2000).

Solanum incompletum

(Popolo ku mai)

Solanum incompletum,

a short-lived perennial member of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), is a woody shrub. Its stems and lower leaf surfaces are covered with prominent reddish prickles or sometimes with yellow fuzzy hairs on young plant parts and lower leaf surfaces. This species differs from other native members of the genus by being generally prickly and having loosely clustered white flowers, curved anthers about 2 mm (0.08 in) long, and berries 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in) in diameter (Symon 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Solanum incompletum

. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Historically,

Solanum incompletum

was

This text is long and has been trimmed here. Open the source document for the complete record.