Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Revised Determinations of Prudency and Proposed Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Islands of Kauai and Niihau, Hawaii

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17

RIN 1018-AG71

Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Revised Determinations of Prudency and Proposed Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Islands of Kauai and Niihau, Hawaii

AGENCY:

Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION:

Revised proposed rule and notice of determinations of whether designation of critical habitat is prudent.

SUMMARY:

We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), originally determined that designation of critical habitat was prudent, and proposed designation of critical habitat for 76 plants from the islands of Kauai and Niihau on November 7, 2000. We incorporate those 76 prudency determinations here. In this proposal we have revised the proposed designations to incorporate new information, and/or address comments and new information received during the comment periods.

In the November 7, 2000, proposal we did not propose critical habitat for three species of loulu palms,

Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii, P. napaliensis

, and

P. viscosa.

We determined that critical habitat designation was not prudent because it would likely increase the threats from vandalism or collection of these species on Kauai and Niihau, and no change is made to that determination here. We also did not propose critical habitat for two species,

Melicope quadrangularis

and

Phyllostegia waimeae

, which had not been seen in the wild and for which no viable genetic material of these species was known to exist. Due to new information received during the comment periods regarding the rediscovery of

Phyllostegia waimeae

on Kauai, we have reconsidered our earlier finding and determine that critical habitat is prudent for this species. Designation of critical habitat is proposed for this species on Kauai. No change is made here to the November 7, 2000, not prudent determination for

Melicope quadrangularis.

In the November 7, 2000, proposal we did not determine prudency nor propose designation of critical habitat for 14 species that no longer occur on Kauai and Niihau but are reported from one or more other islands. We determined that critical habitat was prudent and proposed designation of critical habitat for nine of these species (

Ctenitis squamigera, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Mariscus pennatiformis, Phlegmariurus manni, Silene lanceolata,

and

Vigna o-wahuensis

) in other proposed rules published on December 18, 2000 (Maui and Kahoolawe), on December 27, 2000 (Lanai), and on December 29, 2000 (Molokai). In this proposal we incorporate the prudency determinations for these nine species and propose designation of critical habitat for

Ctenitis squamigera, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Ischaemum byrone, Mariscus pennatiformis.

Critical habitat is not proposed for

Hibiscus brackenridgei, Phlegmariurus manni, Silene lanceolata,

and

Vigna o-wahuensis

on the islands of Kauai and Niihau because we are unable to determine habitat which is essential to their conservation on these islands. We determined that critical habitat was not prudent for

Acaena exigua

, a species known only from Kauai and Maui, in the proposal published on December 18, 2000 (Maui and Kahoolawe). This species had not been seen recently in the wild and no viable genetic material was known to exist. No change is made here to the earlier prudency determination for this species.

In this proposal, we determine that critical habitat is prudent for four other species (

Achyranthes mutica, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Phlegmariurus nutans

, and

Solanum incompletum

) for which prudency determinations have not been made previously, and that no longer occur on Kauai but are reported from one or more other islands. Critical habitat is proposed at this time for

Phlegmariurus nutans

on Kauai based on new information and information received during the comment periods on the November 7, 2000, proposal. Critical habitat is not proposed for

Achyranthes mutica, Isodendrion pyrifolium,

and

Solanum incompletum

on the islands of Kauai and Niihau because we are unable to determine habitat which is essential to their conservation on these islands.

We are now proposing critical habitat for 83 of the 95 species from the islands of Kauai and Niihau. Critical habitat is not proposed for seven of the 95 species (

Achyranthes mutica, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Phlegmariurus mannii, Silene lanceolata, Solanum incompletum,

and

Vigna o-wahuensis

) which no longer occur on the islands of Kauai or Niihau, and for which we are unable to determine any habitat that is essential to their conservation on the islands of Kauai or Niihau. Critical habitat is not proposed for three species of loulu palm,

Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii, P. napaliensis,

and

P. viscosa

for which we determined, on November 7, 2000, that critical habitat designation is not prudent because it would likely increase the threats from vandalism or collection of these species on Kauai and Niihau, and no change is made to that determination here. Critical habitat is not proposed for two species,

Melicope quadrangularis

and

Acaena exigua

, for which we determined, on November 7, 2000, and December 18, 2000, respectively, that critical habitat was not prudent because they had not been seen recently in the wild, and no viable genetic material of these species was known. No change is made to that determination here.

We propose critical habitat designations for 83 species within 15 critical habitat units totaling approximately 40,147 hectares (ha) (99,206 acres (ac)) on the island of Kauai, and within one critical habitat unit totaling approximately 282 ha (697 ac) on the island of Niihau.

If this proposal is made final, section 7 of the Act requires Federal agencies to ensure that actions they carry out, fund, or authorize do not destroy or adversely modify critical habitat to the extent that the action appreciably diminishes the value of the critical habitat for the survival and recovery of the species. Section 4 of the Act requires us to consider economic and other relevant impacts of specifying any particular area as critical habitat.

We solicit data and comments from the public on all aspects of this proposal, including data on the economic and other impacts of the designations. We may revise or further refine critical habitat boundaries prior to final designation based on habitat and plant surveys, public comment on the revised proposed critical habitat rule, and new scientific and commercial information.

DATES:

We will accept comments until March 29, 2002. Wewill hold one public hearing on this proposed rule. The public hearing will be held from 6:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m., Wednesday, February 13, 2002, on the island of Kauai, Hawaii. Prior to the public hearing, we will be available from 3:30 to 4:30 p.m. to provide information and to answer questions. Registration for the hearing will begin at 5:30 p.m.

ADDRESSES:

If you wish to comment, you may submit your comments and materials concerning this proposal by any one of several methods:

You may submit written comments and information to the Field Supervisor,

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Office, 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 3-122, P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850-0001.

You may hand-deliver written comments to our Pacific Islands Office at the address given above.

You may view comments and materials received, as well as supporting documentation used in the preparation of this proposed rule, by appointment, during normal business hours at the above address. The public hearing will be held at the Radisson Kauai Beach Resort, 4331 Kauai Beach Drive, Lihue, Kauai. Additional information on this hearing can be found under “Public Hearing” found in the Background section of this rule.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

Paul Henson, Field Supervisor, Pacific Islands Office (see

ADDRESSES

section) (telephone 808/541-3441; facsimile 808/541-3470).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

In the Lists of Endangered and Threatened Plants (50 CFR 17.12), there are 95 plant species that, at the time of listing, were reported from the islands of Kauai and Niihau (Table 1).

Table 1.— Summary of Island Distribution of 95 Species From Kauai and Niihau

Species

Island distribution

Kauai

Oahu

Molokai

Lanai

Maui

Hawaii

N.W.

Isles,

Ka

hoolawe

Ni

ihau

Acaena exigua

(liliwai)

H

H

Achyranthes mutica

(No Common Name (NCN))

H

C

Adenophorus periens

(pendent kihi fern)

C

H

C

R

H

C

Alectryon macrococcus

(mahoe)

C

C

C

C

Alsinidendron lychnoides

(kuawawaenohu)

C

Alsinidendron viscosum

(NCN)

C

Bonamia menziesii

(NCN)

C

C

H

C

C

C

Brighamia insignis

(olulu)

C

Ni (C)

Centaurium sebaeoides

(awiwi)

C

C

C

C

C

Chamaesyce halemanui

(NCN)

C

Ctenitis squamigera

(pauoa)

H

C

C

C

C

H

Cyanea asarifolia

(haha)

C

Cyanea recta

(haha)

C

Cyanea remyi

(haha)

C

Cyanea undulata

(NCN)

C

Cyperus trachysanthos

(puukaa)

C

C

H

H

Ni (C)

Cyrtandra cyaneoides

(mapele)

C

Cyrtandra limahuliensis

(haiwale)

C

Delissea rhytidosperma

(NCN)

C

Delissea rivularis

(oha)

C

Delissea undulata

(NCN)

C

H

C

Ni (H)

Diellia erecta

(asplenium-leaved diellia)

C

H

C

H

C

C

Diellia pallida

(NCN)

C

Diplazium molokaiense

(NCN)

H

H

H

H

C

Dubautia latifolia

(naenae)

C

Dubautia pauciflorula

(naenae)

C

Euphorbia haeleeleana

(akoko)

C

C

Exocarpos luteolus

(heau)

C

Flueggea neowawraea

(mehamehame)

C

C

H

C

C

Gouania meyenii

(NCN)

C

C

Hedyotis cookiana

(awiwi)

C

H

H

H

Hedyotis st.-johnii

(Na Pali beach hedyotis)

C

Hesperomannia lydgatei

(NCN)

C

Hibiscadelphus woodii

(hau kuahiwi)

C

Hibiscus brackenridgei

(mao hau hele)

H

C

H

C

C

C

Ka (R)

Hibiscus clayi

(Clay's hibiscus)

C

Hibiscus waimeae

ssp.

hannerae

(kokio keokeo)

C

Ischaemum byrone

(Hilo ischaemum)

C

H

C

C

C

Isodendrion laurifolium

(aupaka)

C

C

Isodendrion longifolium

(aupaka)

C

C

Isodendrion pyrifolium

(wahine noho kula)

H

H

H

H

C

Ni (H)

Kokia kauaiensis

(kokio)

C

Labordia lydgatei

(kamakahala)

C

Labordia tinifolia

var.

wahiawaensis

(kamakahala)

C

Lipochaeta fauriei

(nehe)

C

Lipochaeta micrantha

(nehe)

C

Lipochaeta waimeaensis

(nehe)

C

Lobelia niihauensis

(NCN)

C

C

Ni (H)

Lysimachia filifolia

(NCN)

C

C

Mariscus pennatiformis

(NCN)

H

H

C

H

NW (C)

Melicope haupuensis

(alani)

C

Melicope knudsenii

(alani)

C

C

Melicope pallida

(alani)

C

C

Melicope quadrangularis

(alani)

H

Munroidendron racemosum

(NCN)

C

Myrsine linearifolia

(kolea)

C

Nothocestrum peltatum

(aiea)

C

Panicum niihauense

(lau ehu)

C

Ni (H)

Peucedanum sandwicense

(makou)

C

C

C

C

Phlegmariurus mannii

(wawaeiole)

H

C

C

Phlegmariurus nutans

(wawaeiole)

H

C

Phyllostegia knudsenii

(NCN)

C

Phyllostegia waimeae

(NCN)

C

Phyllostegia wawrana

(NCN)

C

Plantago princeps

(laukahi kuahiwi)

C

C

C

C

H

Platanthera holochila

(NCN)

C

H

C

C

Poa mannii

(Mann's bluegrass)

C

Poa sandvicensis

(Hawaiian bluegrass)

C

Poa siphonoglossa

(NCN)

C

Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii

(wahane)

Ni (C)

Pritchardia napaliensis

(loulu)

C

Pritchardia viscosa

(loulu)

C

Pteralyxia kauaiensis

(kaulu)

C

Remya kauaiensis

(NCN)

C

Remya montgomeryi

(NCN)

C

Schiedea apokremnos

(maolioli)

C

Schiedea helleri

(NCN)

C

Schiedea kauaiensis

(NCN)

C

Schiedea membranacea

(NCN)

C

Schiedea nuttallii

(NCN)

C

C

C

R

Schiedea spergulina

var.

leiopoda

(NCN)

C

Schiedea spergulina

var.

spergulina

(NCN)

C

Schiedea stellarioides

(NCN)

C

Sesbania tomentosa

(ohai)

C

C

C

H

C

C

NW (C), Ka

Silene lanceolata

(NCN)

H

C

C

H

C

Solanum incompletum

(popolo ku mai)

H

H

H

H

C

Solanum sandwicense

(aiakeakua, popolo)

C

H

Spermolepis hawaiiensis

(NCN)

C

C

C

C

C

C

Stenogyne campanulata

(NCN)

C

Vigna o-wahuensis

(NCN)

H

C

C

C

C

Ni (H), Ka

Viola helenae

(NCN)

C

Viola kauaiensis

var.

wahiawaensis

(nani waialeale)

C

Wilkesia hobdyi

(dwarf iliau)

C

Xylosma crenatum

(NCN)

C

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

(ae)

C

C

H

C

C

KEY:

C (Current)—population last observed within the past 30 years.

H (Historical)—population not seen for more than 30 years.

R (Reported)—reported from undocumented observations.

Fifty-seven of these species are endemic to the islands of Kauai and/or Niihau, while 38 species are reported from one or more other islands, as well as Kauai and/or Niihau.

We originally determined that designation of critical habitat was prudent, and proposed designation of critical habitat, for 76 plants from the islands of Kauai and Niihau on November 7, 2000. These species are:

Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron lychnoides, Alsinidendron viscosum, Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia insignis, Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce halemanui, Cyanea asarifolia, Cyanea recta, Cyanea remyi, Cyanea undulata, Cyperus trachysanthos, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Delissea rhytidosperma, Delissea

rivularis, Delissea undulata, Diellia pallida, Dubautia latifolia, Dubautia pauciflorula, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Exocarpos luteolus, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis st.-johnii, Hesperomannia lydgatei, Hibiscadelphus woodii, Hibiscus clayi, Hibiscus waimeae

ssp.

hannerae, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, Kokia kauaiensis, Labordia lydgatei, Labordia tinifolia

var.

wahiawaensis, Lipochaeta fauriei, Lipochaeta micrantha, Lipochaeta waimeaensis, Lobelia niihauensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Melicope haupuensis, Melicope knudsenii, Melicope pallida, Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine linearifolia, Nothocestrum peltatum, Panicum niihauense, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia knudsenii, Phyllostegia wawrana, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Poa mannii, Poa sandvicensis, Poa siphonoglossa, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Remya kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi, Schiedea apokremnos, Schiedea helleri, Schiedea kauaiensis, Schiedea membranacea, Schiedea nuttallii, Schiedea spergulina

var.

leiopoda, Schiedea spergulina

var.

spergulina, Schiedea stellarioides, Sesbania tomentosa, Solanum sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne campanulata, Viola helenae, Viola kauaiensis

var.

wahiawaensis, Wilkesia hobdyi, Xylosma crenatum,

and

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.

No change is made to these prudency determinations in this revised proposal and they are hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR 66808). In this proposal we have revised the proposed designations for the 76 plants based on new information received during the comment periods. In addition, we incorporate new information, and/or address comments and new information received during the comment periods on the November 7, 2000, proposal.

In the November 7, 2000, proposal we did not propose critical habitat for three species of loulu palm,

Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii, P. napaliensis,

and

P. viscosa.

We determined that critical habitat designation was not prudent because it would likely increase the threats from vandalism or collection of these species on Kauai and Niihau. No change is made to these determinations here and they are hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR 66808).

In the November 7, 2000, proposal we also determined that critical habitat was not prudent for

Melicope quadrangularis

and

Phyllostegia waimeae,

two species endemic to Kauai, because they had not been seen recently in the wild, and no viable genetic material of these species was known to exist. Due to new information received during the comment periods regarding the rediscovery of

Phyllostegia waimeae

on Kauai, we have reconsidered our earlier finding and determine that critical habitat is prudent for this species because we believe that such designation would be beneficial to this species. Designation of critical habitat is proposed for this species on Kauai. No change is made here to the November 7, 2000, not prudent determination for

Melicope quadrangularis

and it is hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR 66808).

In the November 7, 2000, proposal we did not determine prudency nor propose designation of critical habitat for 14 species that no longer occur on Kauai and Niihau but are reported from one or more other islands. We determined that critical habitat was prudent and proposed designation of critical habitat for nine of these species (

Ctenitis squamigera, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Mariscus pennatiformis, Phlegmariurus manni, Silene lanceolata,

and

Vigna o-wahuensis

) in other proposed rules published on December 18, 2000 (Maui and Kahoolawe), on December 27, 2000 (Lanai), and on December 29, 2000 (Molokai). No change is made to these prudency determinations for these nine species in this proposal and they are hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR 79192, 65 FR 82086, 65 FR 83158). In this proposal, we propose designation of critical habitat for

Ctenitis squamigera, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Ischaemum byrone,

and

Mariscus pennatiformis

on the island of Kauai, based on new information and information received during the comment periods on the November 7, 2000, proposal. Critical habitat is not proposed for

Hibiscus brackenridgei, Phlegmariurus manni, Silene lanceolata,

and

Vigna o-wahuensis

on the islands of Kauai and Niihau because we are unable to determine habitat which is essential to their conservation on these islands.

No change is made here to the prudency determination for

Acaena exigua,

a species known only from Kauai and Maui, published in the proposed rule for Maui and Kahoolawe on December 18, 2000, and it is hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR 79192). In that proposal, we determined that critical habitat was not prudent for

Acaena exigua

because it had not been seen recently in the wild, and no viable genetic material was known to exist.

In this proposal, we determine that critical habitat is prudent for four other species (

Achyranthes mutica, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Phlegmariurus nutans, Solanum incompletum

) for which prudency determinations have not been made previously, and that no longer occur on Kauai but are reported from one or more other islands. These four plants were listed as endangered species under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act), between 1991 and 1996. At the time each plant was listed, we determined that designation of critical habitat was not prudent because designation would increase the degree of threat to the species and/or would not benefit the plant. We determine that critical habitat is prudent for these four species because we believe that such designation would be beneficial to these species. Critical habitat is proposed at this time for

Phlegmariurus nutans

on Kauai based on new information and information received during the comment periods on the November 7, 2000, proposal. Critical habitat is not proposed for

Achyranthes mutica, Isodendrion pyrifolium,

and

Solanum incompletum

on the islands of Kauai and Niihau because we are unable to determine habitat which is essential to their conservation on these islands.

Critical habitat for 83 of the 95 species from the islands of Kauai and Niihau is proposed at this time. Critical habitat is not proposed for seven of the 95 species (

Achyranthes mutica, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Phlegmariurus mannii, Silene lanceolata, Solanum incompletum,

and

Vigna o-wahuensis

) which no longer occur on the islands of Kauai or Niihau, and for which we are unable to determine any habitat that is essential to their conservation on the islands of Kauai or Niihau. However, proposed critical habitat designations, or non-designations, for these species will be included in other future Hawaiian plants proposed critical habitat proposed rules (Table 2).

Table 2.—List of Proposed Rules in Which Critical Habitat Designations or Non-Designations Will Be Made for Seven Species for Which We Are Unable To Determine Habitat Essential for Their Conservation on the Islands of Kauai and Niihau

Species

Proposed rules in which critical habitat designations will be made

Achyranthes mutica

Hawaii Island.

Hibiscus brackenridgei

Maui and Kahoolawe reproposal; Lanai reproposal; Molokai reproposal; Hawaii Island; Oahu.

Isodendrion pyrifolium

Maui and Kahoolawe reproposal; Lanai reproposal; Molokai reproposal; Hawaii Island; Oahu.

Phlegmariurus mannii

Maui and Kahoolawe reproposal; Hawaii Island.

Silene lanceolata

Molokai reproposal; Lanai reproposal; Hawaii Island; Oahu.

Solanum incompletum

Maui and Kahoolawe reproposal; Lanai reproposal; Molokai reproposal; Hawaii Island.

Vigna o-wahuensis

Maui and Kahoolawe reproposal; Lanai reproposal; Molokai reproposal; Hawaii Island; Oahu.

Critical habitat is not proposed for three species of loulu palm,

Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii, P. napaliensis,

and

P. viscosa

for which we determined, on November 7, 2000, that critical habitat designation is not prudent because it would likely increase the threats from vandalism or collection of these species on Kauai and Niihau. No change is made to these prudency determinations in this proposal and they are hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR 66808). Critical habitat is not proposed for two species,

Melicope quadrangularis

and

Acaena exigua,

for which we determined, on November 7, 2000, and December 18, 2000, respectively, that critical habitat was not prudent because they had not been seen recently in the wild, and no viable genetic material of these species was known to exist. No change is made to these prudency determinations here and they are hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR 66808, 65 FR 79192).

The Islands of Kauai and Niihau

Because of its age and relative isolation, Kauai has levels of floristic diversity and endemism that are higher than on any other island in the Hawaiian archipelago. However, the vegetation of Kauai has undergone extreme alterations because of past and present land use. Land with rich soils was altered by the early Hawaiians, and more recently, converted to agricultural use or pasture (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999). Intentional or inadvertent introduction of non-native plant and animal species has also contributed to the reduction of native vegetation on the island of Kauai. Native forests are now limited to the upper elevation mesic (moist) and wet regions within Kauai's conservation district. The land that supports the habitat essential to the conservation of the 83 plant taxa is owned by various private parties, the State of Hawaii (including State parks, forest reserves, natural area reserves, and a wilderness area), and the Federal Government. Most of the taxa included in this proposed rule persist on steep slopes, precipitous cliffs, valley headwalls, and other regions where unsuitable topography has prevented agricultural development, or where inaccessibility has limited encroachment by non-native plant and animal species.

Niihau's relative isolation and severe environmental conditions have produced a few endemic species. Unfortunately, human disturbance, primarily ungulate ranching, has drastically changed the vegetation and hydrologic parameters of the island, leaving few of the native vegetation communities. Niihau has been privately owned since 1864 and access has been, and continues to be, restricted (Department of Geography 1998). Therefore, current information on plant locations and population status is extremely limited.

Discussion of Plant Taxa

Species Endemic to Kauai and Niihau

Alsinidendron lychnoides

(kuawawaenohu)

Alsinidendron lychnoides,

a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a weakly climbing or sprawling subshrub, woody at the base, with a dense covering of fine glandular hairs throughout. This short-lived perennial species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the weakly climbing or sprawling habit, color of the sepals (modified leaves), number of flowers per cluster, and size of the leaves. It is closely related to

Alsinidendron viscosum,

which differs primarily in having narrower leaves, fewer capsule valves, and fewer flowers per cluster (Wagner

et al.

1999).

This species was observed with fruits during February. No additional life history information for this species is currently known (Service 1998a).

Historically,

Alsinidendron lychnoides

was found on the east rim of Kalalau Valley near Keanapuka, the western and southeastern margins of the Alakai Swamp, and southwest of the Swamp near Kaholuamano on the island of Kauai. Currently, there are two populations with a total of 10 individual plants. This species is extant on State-owned land in the Alakai Swamp, the Mohihi Waialae Trail, Keanapuka and Pihea in the Alakai Wilderness Preserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve (Hawaii Natural Heritage Program (HINHP) Database 2000; Geographic Decision Systems International (GDSI) 2000).

Alsinidendron lychnoides

typically grows on steep riparian clay or silty soil banks in montane wet forests dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha

(ohia) and

Cheirodendron

spp. (olapa), or by

Metrosideros polymorpha

and

Dicranopteris linearis

(uluhe), and at elevations between 828 and 1,344 meters (m) (2,715 and 4,408 feet (ft)). Associated native plant species include

Asplenium

spp. (No Common Name (NCN)),

Astelia

spp. (painiu),

Broussaisia arguta

(kanawao),

Carex

spp. (NCN),

Cyrtandra

spp. (haiwale),

Diplazium sandwichianum

(hoio),

Elaphoglossum

spp. (ekaha),

Hedyotis terminalis

(manono),

Machaerina

spp. (uki),

Peperomia

spp. (ala ala wai nui), or

Vaccinium

spp. (ohelo) (61 FR 53070; Ken Wood, National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG), pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to this species are competition from the aggressive non-native plant species

Rubus argutus

(prickly Florida blackberry); habitat degradation by feral pigs (

Sus scrofa

); trampling by humans; risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes; and reduced reproductive vigor due to the small

number of extant individuals (61 FR 53070).

Alsinidendron viscosum

(NCN)

Alsinidendron viscosum,

a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a weakly climbing or sprawling subshrub densely covered with fine glandular hairs. This short-lived perennial species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the weakly climbing or sprawling habit, color of the sepals, number of flowers per cluster, and size of the leaves. It is closely related to

Alsinidendron lychnoides,

which differs primarily in having wider leaves and more capsule valves and flowers per cluster (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Alsinidendron viscosum

was observed in flower during January, February, and April 1995. No additional life history information for this species is currently known (Service 1998a).

Historically,

Alsinidendron viscosum

was found at Kaholuamano, Kokee, Halemanu, Nawaimaka, and Waialae areas of northwestern Kauai. Currently, there are a total of five populations containing about 263 individuals on the island of Kauai. These populations are on State-owned land at the Halemanu Kokee Trail, Mohihi Waialae Trail, Kawaiiki Valley, Waialae Falls, and Nawaimaka Valley in the Alakai Wilderness Preserve, Kokee State Park, and the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve (61 FR 53070; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

Alsinidendron viscosum

is typically found at elevations between 754 and 1,224 m (2,474 and 4,016 ft), on steep slopes in

Acacia koa

(koa)—

Metrosideros polymorpha

lowland, montane mesic forest. Associated native plant species include

Alyxia oliviformis

(maile),

Asplenium polydon

(NCN),

Bidens cosmoides

(poola nui),

Bobea

spp. (ahakea),

Carex meyenii

(NCN),

Carex wahuensis

(NCN),

Coprosma

spp. (pilo),

Dryopteris unidentata

(NCN),

Dryopteris glabra

(hohiu),

Dodonaea viscosa

(aalii),

Dubautia laevigata

(naenae),

Dianella sandwicensis

(ukiuki),

Dryopteris wallichiana

(ionui),

Doodia kunthiana

(ohupukupulauii),

Gahnia

spp. (NCN),

Ilex anomala

(aiea),

Melicope

spp. (alani),

Panicum nephelophilum

(konakona),

Pteridium aquilinum

var.

decompositum

(bracken fern),

Pleomele

spp. (hala pepe),

Psychotria

spp. (kopiko),

Schiedea stellarioides

(laulihilihi), or

Vaccinium dentatum

(ohelo) (K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to this species are destruction of habitat by feral pigs and goats (

Capra hircus

); competition with the non-native plant species

Rubus argutus

,

Lantana camara

(lantana), and

Melinis minutiflora

(molasses grass); and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes; and reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of extant populations and individuals (61 FR 53070).

Brighamia insignis

(olulu)

Brighamia insignis,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is an unbranched plant with a succulent stem that is bulbous at the bottom and tapers toward the top, ending in a compact rosette of fleshy leaves. This short-lived perennial species is a member of a unique endemic Hawaiian genus with only one other species,

B. rockii,

presently known only from Molokai, from which it differs by the color of its petals, its shorter calyx lobes, and its longer flower stalks (59 FR 9304; Lammers 1999).

Current reproduction is not thought to be sufficient to sustain populations, with poor seedling establishment due to competition with non-native grasses as the limiting factor. Pollination by native sphingid moths (Sphingidae family) is likely; however, pollination failure is common, due to either a lack of pollinators or a reduction in genetic variability. The flower structure appears to favor out crossing (pollination between different parent plants). Some vegetative cloning has been observed and flower and leaf size appear to be dependent on moisture availability. Seeds of this species are undoubtedly dispersed by gravity. Although they may be blown for short distances, they are not obviously adapted for wind dispersal, being ovoid to ellipsoid, smooth, and lacking any sort of wing or outgrowth (59 FR 9304; Service 1995).

Historically,

Brighamia insignis

was known from the headland between Hoolulu and Waiahuakua Valleys along the Na Pali Coast on the island of Kauai, and from Kaali Spring on the island of Niihau. Currently, there are a total of four populations containing a total of about 65 individuals on the islands of Kauai and Niihau. It is reported on State land (Hono O Na Pali Natural Area Reserve) and privately owned lands at Hoolulua and Waiahuakua Valleys, Haupu, and Keopaweo, and on the privately owned island of Niihau (Service 1995; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Steve Perlman, NTBG, pers. comm., 2000).

Brighamia insignis

is found at elevations between 0 and 748 m (0 and 2,453 ft) on rocky ledges with little soil or on steep sea cliffs in lowland dry grasslands or shrublands with annual rainfall that is usually less than 165 cm (65 in.). Associated native plant species include

Artemisia australis

,

Chamaesyce celastroides, Eragrostis variabilis, Heteropogon contortus, Hibiscus kokio, Hibiscus kokio

ssp.

saintjohnianus, Lepidium serra, Lipochaeta succulenta

(nehe),

Munroidendron racemosum,

or

Sida fallax

(59 FR 9304; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to this plant are browsing and habitat degradation by feral goats; human disturbance; fire; the introduced Carmine spider mite (

Tetranychus cinnabarinus

); a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, due to the small number of individuals; restricted distribution; reduced reproductive vigor; and competition from non-native plant species such as

Melinis minutiflora, Setaria gracilis, Sporobolus africanus

(smutgrass),

Lantana camara, Psidium cattleianum, Psidium guajava, Kalanchoe pinnata, Ageratum conyzioides

(maile hohono), or

Stachytarpheta dichotoma

(59 FR 9304).

Chamaesyce halemanui

(NCN)

Chamaesyce halemanui,

a short-lived perennial member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), is a scandent (climbing) shrub. It is distinguished from closely related species by its decussate leaves (arranged in pairs at right angles to the next pair above or below), persistent stipules (bract-or leaf-like structures), more compact flower clusters, shorter stems on cyathia, and smaller capsules (57 FR 20580; Koutnik 1987; Koutnik and Huft 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Chamaesyce halemanui.

Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).

Historically,

Chamaesyce halemanui

was found in Kauhao and Makaha Valleys in the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Mahanaloa Valley in Kuia NAR, the Halemanu drainage in Kokee State Park, and Olokele Canyon on the island of Kauai. Currently, there are a total of six populations, containing about 143 individuals, in Kuia Valley, Poopooiki Valley, Kauhao Valley, Kaha Ridge, Awaawapuhi Valley, Waipio Falls, Halemanu, and Kaluahaulu in the Kokee State Park, Kuia Natural Area Reserve, and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve on State-owned land (K. Wood,

in litt

. 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

Chamaesyce halemanui

is typically found on the steep slopes of gulches in mesic

Acacia koa

forests at elevations

between 556 and 1,202 m (1,825 and 3,944 ft). Associated native plant species include

Asplenium

spp.,

Alphitonia ponderosa

(kauila),

Antidesma platyphyllum

(hame),

Bobea brevipes

(ahakea lau lii),

Carex meyenii,

Carex wahuensis,

Cheirodendron trigynum

(olapa),

Coprosma

spp.,

Diospyros sandwicensis

(lama),

Dodonaea viscosa,

Elaeocarpus bifidus

(kalia),

Hedyotis terminalis,

Kokia kauaiensis

(kokio),

Metrosideros polymorpha,

Melicope haupuensis

(alani),

Microlepia strigosa

(NCN),

Panicum nephelophilum,

Pisonia

spp. (papala kepau),

Pittosporum

spp. (hoawa),

Pleomele aurea

(hala pepe),

Psychotria mariniana

(kopiko),

Psychotria greenwelliae

(kopiko),

Pouteria sandwicensis

(alaa),

Santalum freycinetianum

(iliahi), or

Styphelia tameiameiae

(pukiawe) (57 FR 20580; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to this species are competition from non-native plants, such as

Lantana camara,

Psidium cattleianum

(strawberry guava), and

Stenotaphrum secundatum

(St. Augustine grass); habitat degradation by feral pigs; restricted distribution; small population size; increased potential for extinction resulting from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes; and depressed reproductive vigor (57 FR 20580).

Cyanea asarifolia

(haha)

Cyanea asarifolia,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a sparingly branched shrub. This short-lived perennial species is distinguished from others of the genus that grow on Kauai by the shape of the leaf base, the leaf width in proportion to the length, and the presence of a leaf stalk (59 FR 9304; Lammers 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Cyanea asarifolia.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).

Historically,

Cyanea asarifolia

was known only from along the bank of Anahola Stream on Kauai. Currently, one population with approximately five individuals is reported from the headwaters of the Wailua River in central Kauai on State-owned land in the Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

This species typically grows in pockets of soil on sheer wet rock cliffs and waterfalls in lowland wet forests at elevations between 182 and 1,212 m (597 and 3,976 ft). Associated native plant species include ferns,

Bidens

spp. (kookoolau),

Dubautia plantaginea

(naenae),

Hedyotis centranthoides

(NCN),

Hedyotis elatior

(awiwi),

Lysimachia filifolia

(kolokolo kuahiwi),

Machaerina angustifolia

(uki),

Metrosideros polymorpha,

or

Panicum lineale

(NCN) (59 FR 9304; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to this species are a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as hurricanes and rock slides, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals; predation by introduced slugs and rodents (rats (

Rattus rattus

) and mice (

Mus musculus

)); and habitat degradation by feral pigs (59 FR 9304).

Cyanea recta

(haha)

Cyanea recta,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is an unbranched shrub with densely hairy flowers. This short-lived perennial species is distinguished from other species in the genus that grow on Kauai by the following collective characteristics: horizontal or ascending inflorescence; narrowly elliptic leaves 12 to 28 centimeters (cm) (4.7 to 11 inches (in.).) long, flat leaf margins; and purple berries (Lammers 1990).

Little is known about the life history of

Cyanea recta.

Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998a).

Historically,

Cyanea recta

was found in upper Hanalei Valley, Waioli Valley, Hanapepe Valley, Kalalau cliffs, Wainiha Valley, Makaleha Mountains, Limahuli Valley, Power line Trail, and the Lehua Makanoe-Alakai area on the island of Kauai. Currently, there is a total of seven populations, with approximately 609 individuals, on State and private lands in the following areas: Waioli Valley, the left and right branches of Wainiha Valley, Makaleha Mountains, and Puu Eu, including areas in Halelea Forest Reserve, Kealia Forest Reserve, and the Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Cyanea recta

grows in lowland wet or mesic

Metrosideros polymorpha

forest or shrubland, usually in gulches or on slopes, and typically at elevations between 234 and 1,406 m (768 and 4,613 ft). Associated native plant species include

Dicranopteris linearis, Psychotria

spp.,

Antidesma

spp. (hame),

Cheirodendron platyphyllum

(lapalapa),

Cibotium

spp. (hapuu), or

Diplazium

spp. (NCN) (61 FR 53070; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to this species are bark removal and other damage by rats; habitat degradation by feral pigs; browsing by goats; unidentified slugs that feed on the stems; and competition with the non-native plant species

Blechnum occidentale

(blechnum fern),

Lantana camara, Rubus rosifolius

(thimbleberry),

Clidemia hirta

(Koster's curse),

Crassocephalum crepidioides

(NCN),

Deparia petersenii

(NCN),

Erechtites valerianifolia

(fireweed),

Melastoma candidum

(NCN),

Paspalum conjugatum

(Hilo grass),

Sacciolepis indica

(Glenwood grass), or

Youngia japonica

(Oriental hawksbeard) (61 FR 53070).

Cyanea remyi

(haha)

Cyanea remyi,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a shrub with generally unbranched, unarmed (lacking prickles) stems which are hairy toward the base. This short-lived perennial species is distinguished from others in the genus that grow on Kauai by its shrubby habit, relatively slender, unarmed stems, smooth or minutely toothed leaves, densely hairy flowers, the shape of the calyx (outer whorl of flower consisting sepals) lobes, length of the calyx and corolla (part of flower consisting of separate or fused petals), and length of the corolla lobe relative to the floral tube (Lammers 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Cyanea remyi

. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Currently, there are seven known populations with approximately 374 plants among them on the island of Kauai.

Cyanea remyi

is reported from Pali Eleele, Waioli Valley, Makaleha, Blue Hole, Kawaikini, and Kapalaoa on privately and State-owned lands, including the Halelea and Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserves (Lammers and Lorence 1993; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

Cyanea remyi

is usually found in tight drainages and wet stream banks in lowland wet forest or shrubland at elevations between 215 and 1,167 m (704 and 3,829 ft). Associated native plant species include various “finger” (ferns in the Grammitaceae family) and “filmy” (ferns in the Hymenophyllaceae family) fern species,

Adenophorus

spp. (pendant fern),

Antidesma

spp.,

Cheirodendron

spp.,

Cyrtandra

spp.,

Diplazium sandwichianum, Eragrostis grandis

(kawelu),

Bidens

spp.,

Broussaisia arguta, Metrosideros polymorpha, Freycinetia arborea

(ieie),

Hedyotis terminalis, Machaerina angustifolia, Perrottetia sandwicensis

(olomea),

Pipturus

spp. (mamaki),

Psychotria hexandra

(kopiko),

Syzygium sandwicensis

(ohia ha),

Thelypteris

spp. (palapalaia),

Touchardia

spp. (olona), or

Urera glabra

(opuhe) (61 FR 53070; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to this species are competition with the non-native plant species

Erechtites valerianifolia, Paspalum conjugatum, Psidium cattleianum, Rubus rosifolius,

or

Melastoma candidum;

habitat degradation by feral pigs; browsing by feral goats; predation by rats; unidentified slugs that feed on the stems; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, due to the small number of remaining populations (61 FR 53070).

Cyanea undulata

(NCN)

Cyanea undulata

is an unbranched (or the stem is occasionally forked) shrub or undershrub with fine rust-colored hairs covering the lower surface of the leaves (Lammers 1999).

Native members of the Campanulaceae (bellflower) family, including the genus

Cyanea,

are generally believed to have adapted to pollination by native nectar-eating passerine birds, such as the Hawaiian “honeycreepers.” The long, tubular, slightly curved flowers of

C. undulata

fit this model, but field observations are lacking. The fleshy orange fruits of this species are adapted for bird dispersal like other species of Cyanea. Although recognized as a short-lived perennial species, specific details of the life history of this species, such as growth rates, age plants begin to flower, and longevity of plants, are unknown (Lorence and Flynn 1991; Service1994).

Historically,

Cyanea undulata

was known only from the Wahiawa Bog area on Kauai. Currently, one population with a total of 28 plants is reported on privately owned land along the bank of a tributary of the Wahiawa Stream in the Wahiawa Drainage (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

Cyanea undulata

typically grows in tight drainages and wet stream banks in

Metrosideros polymorpha

dry to montane wet forest or shrubland at elevations between 145 and 1,066 m (476 and 3,497 ft). Associated native species include various grammitid and filmy ferns,

Adenophorus

spp.,

Antidesma

spp.,

Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron

spp.,

Diplazium sandwichianum, Dryopteris glabra, Eragrostis grandis, Bidens

spp,

Freycinetia arborea, Machaerina angustifolia, Mariscus

spp. (NCN),

Melicope feddei

(alani),

Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus

spp.,

Psychotria mariniana, Psychotria hexandra, Sadleria pallida

(amau),

Sadleria squarrosa

(amau),

Smilax melastomifolia

(pioi),

Sphenomeris chinensis

(palaa),

Syzygium sandwicensis,

or

Thelypteris

spp. (Service 1994; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The primary threats to this species include competition with the non-native plant species

Psidium cattleianum, Melastoma candidum, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa

(rose myrtle),

Clidemia hirta, Melaleuca quinquenervia

(paperbark tree),

Stachytarpheta dichotoma

(owi),

Rubus rosifolius, Elephantopus mollis

(NCN),

Erechtites valerianifolia, Youngia japonica, Pluchea carolinensis

(sourbush),

Oplismenus hirtellus

(basketgrass),

Paspalum conjugatum, Paspalum urvillei

(Vasey grass),

Sacciolepis indica, Setaria gracilis

(yellow foxtail),

Deparia petersenii,

or

Cyathea cooperi

(Australian tree fern); trampling by feral pigs; landslides; seed predation by rats; herbivory by introduced slugs; loss of pollinators; hurricanes; and decreased reproductive vigor, restricted distribution, and extinction due to unforseen circumstances because of small population size (56 FR 47695; Service 1994).

Cyrtandra cyaneoides

(mapele)

Cyrtandra cyaneoides,

a member of the African violet family (Gesneriaceae), is an erect or ascending, fleshy, usually unbranched shrub with opposite toothed leaves which have impressed veins on the lower surface that are sparsely covered with long hairs. This short-lived perennial species differs from others of the genus that grow on Kauai by being a succulent, erect or ascending shrub and having a bilaterally symmetrical calyx that is spindle-shaped in bud and falls off after flowering, leaves that are 41 to 56 cm (16 to 22 in.) long and 23 to 35 cm (9 to 14 in.) wide and have a wrinkled surface, and berries with shaggy hairs (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Cyrtandra cyaneoides.

Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998a).

Historically,

Cyrtandra cyaneoides

was known to occur only along the trail to Waialae Valley on Kauai until recently discovered in other areas. It is currently known from five populations, containing about 404 individuals, on private and State lands (including Halelea Forest Reserve and Alakai Wilderness Preserve) at Pihea, Waioli Valley, Lumahai, the left branch of Wainiha Valley, and Makaleha (61 FR 53070; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Cyrtandra cyaneoides

typically grows on talus rubble on steep slopes or cliffs with water seeps running below, near streams or waterfalls in lowland or montane wet forest or shrubland dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha

or a mixture of

Metrosideros polymorpha, Cheirodendron

spp., and

Dicranopteris linearis

at elevations between 157 and 1,406 m (514 and 4,614 ft). Associated native species include

Bidens

spp.,

Boehmeria grandis

(akolea),

Cyanea

spp. (haha),

Cyrtandra longifolia

(haiwale),

Cyrtandra kauaiensis

(haiwale),

Cyrtandra limahuliensis

(haiwale),

Coprosma

spp.,

Diplazium sandwichianum, Freycinetia arborea, Gunnera

spp. (ape ape),

Hedyotis terminalis, Hedyotis tryblium

(NCN),

Machaerina

spp.,

Melicope clusiifolia

(kolokolo mokihana),

Melicope puberula

(alani),

Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus

spp.,

Psychotria

spp.,

Pritchardia

spp. (loulu), or

Stenogyne purpurea.

(NCN) (61 FR 53070; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to this species are competition with non-native plant species such as

Paspalum conjugatum, Rubus rosifolius, Deparia petersenii,

and

Drymaria cordata

(pipili); predation of seeds by rats; reduced reproductive vigor and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides and hurricanes, due to the small number of populations; and habitat degradation by feral pigs (61 FR 53070).

Cyrtandra limahuliensis

(haiwale)

Cyrtandra limahuliensis,

a member of the African violet family (Gesneriaceae), is an unbranched or few-branched shrub with moderately or densely hairy leaves. The following combination of characteristics distinguishes this short-lived perennial species from others of the genus: the leaves are usually hairy (especially on lower surfaces), the usually symmetrical calyx is tubular or funnel-shaped and encloses the fruit at maturity, and the flowers are borne singly (Wagner

et al.

1990).

Little is known about the life history of

Cyrtandra limahuliensis.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).

Historically,

Cyrtandra limahuliensis

was known from three locations on Kauai: Wainiha Valley, Lumahai Valley, and near Kilauea River until recently discovered in additional areas. Currently, a total of 11 populations,

containing approximately 822 plants, are reported on private and State lands (including the Halelea Forest Reserve, Kealia Forest Reserve, and the Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve) at Limahuli Falls, Lumahai Valley, Waipa Valley, Waioli Valley, Kekoiki, Makaleha, the right fork of Wainiha Valley, Kualapa and Blue Hole, Kepalaoa, and Puu Kolo. However, it has been estimated that the total number of plants on Kauai may be as high as a few thousand (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

This species typically grows along stream banks in lowland wet forests at elevations between 208 and 1,594 m (681 and 5,228 ft). Associated native plant species include

Antidesma

spp.,

Boehmeria grandis, Bidens

spp.,

Charpentiera

spp. (papala),

Cibotium glaucum

(hapuu),

Cyanea

spp.,

Cyrtandra kealiae

(haiwale),

Dicranopteris linearis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Dubautia

spp. (naenae),

Eugenia

spp. (nioi),

Gunnera kauaiensis

(ape ape),

Hedyotis terminalis, Hibiscus waimeae

(kokio keokeo),

Metrosideros polymorpha, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pisonia

spp.,

Pipturus

spp.,

Pritchardia

spp.,

Psychotria

spp.,

Touchardia latifolia

(olona), or

Urera glabra

(59 FR 9304; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to this species are competition from non-native plant species (

Psidium cattleianum, Paspalum conjugatum, Melastoma candidum, Psidium guajava

(common guava),

Hedychium flavescens

(yellow ginger),

Rubus rosifolius, Youngia japonica, Erechtites valerianifolia, Blechnum occidentale

, or

Clidemia hirta

); habitat degradation by feral pigs; natural landslides; and hurricanes (59 FR 9304).

Delissea rhytidosperma

(NCN)

Delissea rhytidosperma,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a branched shrub with lance-shaped or elliptic toothed leaves. This short-lived perennial species differs from other species of the genus by the shape, length, and margins of the leaves and by having hairs at the base of the anthers (part of stamen that produces pollen and usually is borne on a stalk) (Lammers 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Delissea rhytidosperma

. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).

Historically,

Delissea rhytidosperma

was known from as far north as Wainiha and Limahuli Valleys, as far east as Kapaa and Kealia, and as far south as Haupu Range, between the elevations of 122 and 915 m (400 and 3,000 ft) on the island of Kauai. Currently, three populations, on private and State lands (including Kuia Natural Area Reserve), with a total of 19 individuals, are reported from Kuia Valley, Puhakukane, and the Haupu range (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

This species generally grows in well-drained soils with medium or fine-textured subsoil in

Diospyros

diverse lowland mesic or diverse

Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa

forests at elevations between 167 and 895 m ( 547 and 2,935 ft). Associated native plant species include grammitid ferns,

Adenophorus oligadenus

(pendant fern),

Cyanea

spp.,

Dianella sandwicensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Doodia kunthiana, Euphorbia haeleeleana

(akoko),

Hedyotis

spp. (NCN),

Microlepia strigosa, Nestegis sandwicensis

(olopua),

Psychotria hobdyi

(kopiko),

Pisonia

spp.,

Pteralyxia

spp.(kaulu), or

Styphelia tameiameiae

(59 FR 9304; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to this species are predation and/or habitat degradation by mule or black-tailed deer (

Odocoileus hemionus columbianus

), feral pigs, and goats; herbivory by rats and introduced slugs; fire; and competition with the non-native plants

Lantana camara, Passiflora ligularis

(sweet granadilla),

Cordyline fruticosa

(ti), and

Passiflora mollissima

(banana poka); and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals (59 FR 9304; Service 1995).

Delissea rivularis

(oha)

Delissea rivularis

, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a shrub, unbranched or branched near the base, with hairy stems and leaves arranged in a rosette at the tips of the stems. This short-lived perennial species is distinguished from others of the genus by the color, length, and curvature of the corolla, shape of the leaves, and presence of hairs on the stems, leaves, flower clusters, and corolla (Lammers 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Delissea rivularis

. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998a).

Historically,

Delissea rivularis

was found at Waiakealoha Waterfall, Waialae Valley, Hanakoa Valley, and Kaholuamanu on the island of Kauai (61 FR 53070). Currently, this species is known from two populations with a total of 40 individuals. The populations are reported from Moaalele and Hanakapiai on State land within the Hono o Na Pali Natural Area Reserve (K. Wood,

in litt.

1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

Delissea rivularis

is found on steep slopes near streams in

Metrosideros polymorpha-Cheirodendron trigynum

montane wet or mesic forest at elevations between 722 and 1,306 m (2,370 and 4,286 ft). Associated native plant species include

Boehmeria grandis,

Broussaisia arguta, Carex

spp.,

Coprosma

spp.,

Dubautia knudsenii

(naenae),

Diplazium sandwichianum, Hedyotis foggiana

(NCN),

Ilex anomala, Machaerina angustifolia, Melicope clusiifolia, Melicope anisata

(mokihana),

Pipturus

spp.,

Psychotria hexandra

, or

Sadleria

spp. (amau) (61 FR 53070; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to this species are competition with the encroaching non-native plant

Rubus argutus

; habitat destruction by feral pigs; predation by rats; and reduced reproductive vigor and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, due to the small number of remaining individuals (61 FR 53070; Service 1998a).

Diellia pallida

(NCN)

Diellia pallida

, a member of the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), is a plant that grows in tufts of three to four light green, lance-shaped fronds along with a few persistent dead ones, and reproduces by spores, the minute, reproductive dispersal unit of ferns and fern allies. This short-lived perennial species differs from others of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the color and sheen of the midrib, the presence and color of scales on the midrib, and the frequent fusion of sori (a group or cluster of spore cases) (Wagner 1952, 1987).

Little is known about the life history of

Diellia pallida

. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).

Diellia pallida

was known historically from Halemanu on the island of Kauai. More recently additional populations have been found and currently, there is a total of four populations with 20 to 25 individuals in Mahanaloa and Kuia Valleys, Makaha Valley, Waimea Canyon, and Koaie Canyon, all on State-owned land including Kuia Natural Area Reserve, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve (59 FR 9304; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

This species grows on bare granular soil with dry to mesophytic leaf litter with pH of 6.9 to 7.9. on steep, talus slopes in lowland mesic forests at elevations between 445 and 1,027 m (1,460 and 3,371 ft). Associated native plant species include

Acacia koa, Alectryon macrococcus, Alphitonia ponderosa, Alyxia oliviformis, Antidesma platyphyllum, Asplenium spp., Carex meyenii, Diospyros hillebrandii

(lama),

Diospyros sandwicensis, Doodia kunthiana, Hedyotis knudsenii

(NCN),

Metrosideros polymorpha, Microlepia strigosa, Myrsine lanaiensis

(kolea),

Nestegis sandwicensis, Psychotria mariniana, Psydrax odoratum

(alahee),

Pteralyxia kauaiensis

(kaulu),

Rauvolfia sandwicensis

(hao),

Styphelia tameiameiae, Tetraplasandra kauaiensis

(ohe ohe),

Wilkesia gymnoxiphium

(iliau), or

Zanthoxylum dipetalum

(ae) (59 FR 9304; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to this species include competition with the non-native plants

Lantana camara, Melia azedarach

(Chinaberry),

Stenotaphrum secundatum, Oplismenus hirtellus, Aleurites moluccana

(kukui) or

Cordyline fruticosa;

predation and habitat degradation by feral goats, pigs, and deer; fire; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals (59 FR 9304).

Dubautia latifolia

(naenae)

Dubautia latifolia

, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a diffusely branched, woody perennial vine with leaves which are conspicuously net-veined, with the smaller veins outlining nearly square areas. A vining habit, distinct petioles (stalks), and broad leaves with conspicuous net veins outlining squarish areas separate this from closely related species (Carr 1982b, 1985, 1999a).

Individual plants of this species do not appear to be able to fertilize themselves. Since at least some individuals of

Dubautia latifolia

require cross-pollination, the wide spacing of individual plants (

e.g

., each 0.5 kilometer (km) (0.3 mile (mi)) apart) may pose a threat to the reproductive potential of the species. The very low seed set noted in plants in the wild indicates a reproductive problem, possibly asynchronous flowering or lack of pollinators. Seedling establishment and survival to juvenile stage is also rare.

Dubautia latifolia

experiences seasonal vegetative decline during the spring and summer, often losing most of its leaves. New growth and flowering occur in the fall, with fruits developing in November. Pollinators and seed dispersal agents are unknown (Carr 1982b; Service 1995).

Historically,

Dubautia latifolia

was found in the Makaha, Awaawapuhi, Waialae, Kawaiula, and Kauhao Valleys of the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Nualolo Trail and Valley in Kuia Natural Area Reserve; Halemanu in Kokee State Park; along Mohihi Road in both Kokee State Park and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, along the Mohihi-Waialae Trail on Mohihi and Kohua Ridges in both Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve and Alakai Wilderness Preserve; and at Kaholuamanu on the island of Kauai. Currently, there are a total of nine populations containing approximately 80 individuals on State-owned land in Kauhao Valley, Makaha Valley headwaters, Kuia Valley, Kawaiula Valley, Kumuwela Ridge, Awaawapuhi Valley, Waiakoali picnic area, Alakai picnic area, Honopu Trail, Nualolo Trail, Waineke Swamp, Noe Stream, Kumuwela Ridge, Mohihi Ditch, Mohihi Waialae Trail, and Kaluahaulu Ridge in the Alakai Wilderness Preserve, Kokee State Park, Kuia Natural Area Reserve, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and the Waimea Canyon State Park (Carr 1982b; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

This species typically grows on gentle to steep slopes in well drained soil and in semi-open or closed, diverse montane mesic forest dominated by

Acacia koa

and/or

Metrosideros polymorpha

, at elevations between 544 and 1,277 m (1,786 and 4,189 ft). Commonly associated native plant species are

Alphitonia ponderosa

,

Antidesma

spp.,

Bobea

spp.,

Claoxylon sandwicense

(poola),

Coprosma waimeae

(olena),

Cyrtandra

spp.,

Dicranopteris linearis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Dodonaea viscosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex anomala, Melicope anisata, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pleomele

spp.,

Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria mariniana, Scaevola

spp. (naupaka), or

Xylosma

spp. (maua) (59 FR 9304; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The threats to this species include competition from the non-native plants

Passiflora mollissima, Rubus argutus, Lonicera japonica

(Japanese honeysuckle),

Acacia mearnsii

(black wattle),

Hedychium

spp. (ginger),

Erigeron karvinskianus

(daisy fleabane), or

Psidium cattleianum

; damage from trampling and grazing by feral pigs and deer; vehicle traffic and road maintenance; seasonal dieback; small number of extant individuals; and restricted distribution (59 FR 9304).

Dubautia pauciflorula

(naenae)

Dubautia pauciflorula

, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a somewhat sprawling shrub or erect small tree with narrowly lance-shaped or elliptic leaves clustered toward the ends of the stems. The tiny, two- to four-flowered heads distinguish this short-lived perennial species from its relatives (Carr 1985, 1999a).

Few details are known about the life history of any

Dubautia

species under natural conditions. Certain species produce viable seed when self-pollinated (self-fertile), although others fail to do so (self-infertile). Low pollinator numbers resulting in reduced cross-pollination and consequently low numbers of viable seeds could explain the small population sizes. Because of their structure and small size, flowers of

D. pauciflorula

are presumably pollinated by small generalist insects, although field observations are lacking. The bristle-like pappus (tuft of appendages that crowns the ovary or fruit) probably represents an adaptation for wind dispersal. Very little is known about the life cycle of this species, including growth rates, longevity of the plants, and number of years the plants remain reproductive (56 FR 47695; Carr 1985; Service 1994).

Historically and currently, this species is found only on State (including the Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve) and privately owned lands in the Wahiawa Drainage on Kauai. There are two populations containing 42 individual plants (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

These populations are found in

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

lowland wet forest within stream drainages at elevations between 564 and 1,093 m (1,849 and 3,587 ft). Associated native plant species include

Antidesma platyphyllum

,

Broussaisia arguta

,

Cheirodendron

spp.,

Dubautia laxa

(naenae pua melemele),

Embelia pacifica

(kilioe),

Hesperomannia lydgatei, Labordia waialealae

(kamakahala lau lii),

Melicope

spp.,

Nothoperanema rubiginosa

(NCN),

Pritchardia

spp.,

Psychotria

spp.,

Sadleria

spp.,

Scaevola mollis

(naupaka kuahiwi),

Syzygium sandwicensis,

or

Tetraplasandra

spp. (ohe ohe) (K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The threats to this plant include direct competition with the non-native plant species such as

Psidium cattleianum

or

Melastoma candidum

, and potential threats from

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa

,

Clidemia hirta, Melaleuca quinquenervia, Stachytarpheta dichotoma, Rubus rosifolius, Elephantopus mollis, Erechtites

valerianifolia, Youngia japonica, Pluchea carolinensis, Oplismenus hirtellus, Paspalum conjugatum, Paspalum urvillei, Sacciolepis indica, Setaria gracilis, Deparia petersenii,

or

Cyathea cooperi

; trampling by feral pigs; landslides and erosion; restricted distribution; and hurricanes (56 FR 47695; Service 1994).

Exocarpos luteolus

(heau)

Exocarpos luteolus

, a member of the sandalwood family (Santalaceae), is a moderately to densely branched shrub with knobby branches and leaves which are either minute scales or typical leaves. This short-lived perennial species is distinguished from others of the genus by its generally larger fruit with four indentations and by the color of the receptacle and fruit (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Exocarpos luteolus.

This species tends to grow at habitat edges where there is adequate light and is likely to be semi-parisitic. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, other specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).

Historically,

Exocarpos luteolus

was known from three general locations on Kauai: Wahiawa Bog, Kaholuamanu, and Kumuwela Ridge. Currently, there is a total of eight populations containing approximately 75 individual plants. This species has a scattered distribution on State (Kuia Natural Area Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve) and privately owned lands and is reported from Pohakuao, the right fork of Kalalau Valley, the left fork of Kalalau Valley, Hipalau Valley, Koaie Canyon, Mahanaloa Valley, Kuia Valley, Poopooiki Valley, Nualolo Trail, Makaha Valley, and Haeleele Valley (K. Wood,

in litt.

1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

This species is found at elevations between 361 and 1,465 m (1,183 and 4,808 ft) in wet places bordering swamps or open bogs; open, dry ridges in lowland or montane mesic

Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha

dominated forest communities with

Dicranopteris linearis.

Associated native plant species include

Cheirodendron trigynum, Pouteria sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Pleomele aurea, Psychotria mariniana, Psychotria greenwelliae, Bobea brevipes, Hedyotis terminalis, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Melicope haupuensis, Dubautia laevigata, Dianella sandwicensis, Poa sandvicensis

(Hawaiian bluegrass),

Schiedea stellarioides, Peperomia macraeana

(ala ala wai nui),

Claoxylon sandwicense, Santalum freycinetianum,

or

Styphelia tameiameiae

(59 FR 9304; Service 1995; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to this species are feral goats and pigs; competition with the non-native plants

Erigeron karvinskianus, Acacia mearnsii, Corynocarpus laevigata

(karakanut),

Myrica faya

(firetree), or

Rubus argutus;

seed predation by rats; fire; and erosion (59 FR 9304; Service 1995).

Hedyotis st.-johnii

(Na Pali beach hedyotis)

Hedyotis st.-johnii,

a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a succulent perennial herb with slightly woody, trailing, quadrangular stems and fleshy leaves clustered towards the base of the stem. This species is distinguished from related species by its succulence, basally clustered fleshy leaves, shorter floral tube, and large leafy calyx lobes when in fruit (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Hedyotis st.-johnii.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).

Currently, there are a total of four populations, containing approximately 296 individuals, on State-owned land in Nualolo Valley, Nualolo Kai, Kaahole Valley, Keawanui, Kawaiula Valley, Milolii Spring, Makaha Point, Polihale Spring, Kalepa Valley, and Nakeikionaiwi Caves within the Na Pali Coast State Park and Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

This plant grows in the crevices of north-facing, near-vertical coastal cliff faces in sparse dry coastal shrubland at elevations between 0 and 187 m (0 and 613 ft). Associated native plant species include

Artemisia australis

(ahinahina),

Bidens

spp.,

Capparis sandwichiana

(maia pilo),

Chamaesyce celastroides

(akoko),

Eragrostis variabilis

(kawelu),

Heteropogon contortus

(pili grass),

Lipochaeta connata

(nehe),

Lycium sandwicense

(ohelo kai),

Myoporum sandwicense

(naio),

Nototrichium sandwicense

(kului), or

Schiedea apokremnos

(maolioli) (56 FR 49639, K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to this species are herbivory and habitat degradation by feral goats; competition from non-native plant species, especially

Pluchea carolinensis;

landslides; fire; trampling and grazing by cattle (

Bos taurus

); and a risk of extinction due to naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, as well as decreased reproductive vigor because of the small population sizes and restricted distribution (56 FR 49639; Service 1995).

Hesperomannia lydgatei

(NCN)

Hesperomannia lydgatei,

a member of the aster family (Asteraceae) is a sparsely branched, small, long-lived perennial tree 2 to 4 m (6.5 to 13 ft) tall with alternately arranged, lance-shaped, or elliptic leaves that are 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 in.) long and 3.5 to 9 cm (1.4 to 3.5 in.) wide, broader above the middle and paler beneath. The flower heads are in groups of four or five on slender stems and are clustered at the ends of branches and pendant when mature. The flower heads consist of four to eight circles of overlapping bracts, the outer are purplish or brownish and the inner are silver, that surround the slender, tubular yellow florets, which are 2.2 to 2.5 cm (0.9 to 1 in.) long (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Almost no mature fruits develop, and it is possible that it is self-infertile and fails to set seed unless cross-pollinated with other individuals. The flower heads with long, tubular yellow florets suggest pollination by long-tongued insects such as moths or butterflies, although field observation is required to confirm this. Absence of the appropriate pollinator(s) could be responsible for the observed lack of viable seeds. The plume-like hairs crowning the fruit strongly suggests dispersal by wind, as in many members of the aster family. This species grows almost exclusively along streams, however, so dispersal by water currents is also likely. Specific details regarding growth rates, age trees begin flowering in the wild, length of time they remain reproductive, and longevity of the plants are unknown (Service 1994).

Historically,

Hesperomannia lydgatei

was found in the Wahiawa Mountains of Kauai. Currently, this species is known from State (Halelea Forest Reserve) and privately owned lands in the Pali Eleele, Waiole Valley, Wahiawa and Kapalaoa areas. There are three populations containing a total of 295 individual plants (K. Wood,

in litt.

1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Hesperomannia lydgatei

is found at elevations between 405 and 1,570 m (1,329 and 5,151 ft) along stream banks and forested slopes in rich brown soil and silty clay in

Metrosideros polymorpha

or

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

lowland wet forest. Associated native plant species include

Adenophorus periens, Antidesma

spp.,

Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron

spp.,

Cyanea

spp.,

Dubautia knudsenii, Dubautia

laxa, Dubautia pauciflorula, Dubautia raillardioides

(naenae),

Elaphoglossum

spp.,

Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis terminalis, Labordia lydgatei, Machaerina angustifolia, Peperomia

spp.,

Pritchardia

spp.,

Psychotria hexandra,

or

Syzygium sandwicensis

(Service 1994; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

Threats to the species include non-native plants, feral goats, rats, landslides, and erosion (Service 1994).

Hibiscadelphus woodii

(hau kuahiwi)

Hibiscadelphus woodii,

a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae), is a small branched, long-lived perennial tree with a rounded crown.

Hibiscadelphus woodii

differs from the other Kauai species by differences in leaf surface and characteristics of the whirled leaves or bract and flower color (Lorence and Wagner 1995; Bates 1999).

Flowering material has been collected in March, April, and September, but no fruit set has been observed in spite of efforts to manually outcross and bag the flowers. A museum specimen of a liquid-preserved flower has been identified that contains three adult Nitidulidae (sap) beetles, probably an endemic species. The damage by these larvae may be responsible for the observed lack of fruit set in

Hibiscadelphus woodii

(Lorence and Wagner 1995; Service 1998a). No additional life history information for this species is currently known.

Hibiscadelphus woodii

has been found only at the site of its original discovery on State-owned land in left branch of the Kalalau Valley, within the Na Pali Coast State Park on Kauai; only two trees of this species are currently known (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood,

in litt.

2001).

Hibiscadelphus woodii

is found at elevations between 219 and 1,197 m (717 and 3,926 ft) on basalt talus or cliff walls in

Metrosideros polymorpha

montane mesic forest. These forests contain one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Artemisia australis, Bidens sandvicensis

(kookoolau),

Carex meyenii, Chamaesyce celastroides

var.

hanapepensis

(akoko),

Dubautia

spp.,

Hedyotis

spp.,

Lepidium serra

(anaunau),

Lipochaeta

spp.(nehe),

Lobelia niihauensis

(NCN),

Lysimachia glutinosa

(kolokolo kuahiwi),

Melicope pallida

(alani),

Myrsine

spp. (kolea),

Nototrichium

spp. (kului),

Panicum lineale, Poa mannii

(NCN), or

Stenogyne campanulata

(NCN) (Lorence and Wagner 1995; 61 FR 53070; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

Major threats to

Hibiscadelphus woodii

are habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs; competition from the non-native plant species

Erigeron karvinskianus;

nectar robbing by Japanese white-eye (

Zosterops japonicus

), an introduced bird; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (

e.g.,

rock slides), and reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals at the only known site (61 FR 53070; Lorence and Wagner 1995).

Hibiscus clayi

(Clay's hibiscus)

Hibiscus clayi,

a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae), is a long-lived perennial shrub or small tree. This species is distinguished from other native Hawaiian members of the genus by the lengths of the calyx, calyx lobes, and capsule and by the margins of the leaves (Bates 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Hibiscus clayi.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).

Historically,

Hibiscus clayi

was known from scattered locations on Kauai: the Kokee region on the western side of the island, Moloaa Valley to the north, Nounou Mountain in Wailua to the east, and as far south as Haiku near Halii Stream. At this time, only the population on State land in the Nounou Mountains, with a total of six trees, is known to be extant (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

Hibiscus clayi

generally grows on slopes at elevations between 9 and 380 m (29 and 1,245 ft) in

Acacia koa

or

Diospyros

spp.-

Pisonia

spp.-

Metrosideros polymorpha

lowland dry or mesic forest with

Artemisia australis, Bidens

spp.,

Cyanea hardyi

(haha),

Hedyotis acuminata

(au),

Gahnia

spp.,

Munroidendron racemosum

(NCN),

Pandanus tectorius

(hala),

Panicum tenuifolium

(mountain pili),

Pleomele aurea, Pipturus

spp.,

Psychotria

spp., or

Psydrax odoratum

(59 FR 9304; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to this species are herbivory and habitat degradation by feral pigs; competition from non-native plant species,

Psidium cattleianum

and

Araucaria columnaris

(Norfolk Island pine); trampling by humans; and a risk of extinction due to naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, as well as decreased reproductive vigor because of the small population sizes and restricted distribution (59 FR 9304; HINHP Database 2000).

Hibiscus waimeae

ssp.

hannerae

(kokio keokeo)

Hibiscus waimeae

ssp.

hannerae,

a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae), is a gray-barked tree with star-shaped hairs densely covering its leaf and flower stalks and branchlets. The long-lived perennial species is distinguished from others of the genus by the position of the anthers along the staminal column, length of the staminal column relative to the petals, color of the petals, and length of the calyx. Two subspecies, ssp.

hannerae

and ssp.

waimeae,

both endemic to Kauai, are recognized. Subspecies

hannerae

is distinguishable from ssp.

waimeae

by its larger leaves and smaller flowers (Bates 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Hibiscus waimeae

ssp.

hannerae.

Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998a).

Historically,

Hibiscus waimeae

ssp.

hannerae

was known from Kalihiwai and adjacent Valleys, Limahuli Valley, and Hanakapiai Valley. This subspecies is no longer extant at Kalihiwai. Currently, there are three populations containing 27 individuals on State (Na Pali Coast State Park) and privately owned lands in Hanakapiai Valley, Limahuli Valley, and Pohakuao (Bates 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

Hibiscus waimeae

ssp.

hannerae

grows at elevations between 174 and 1,154 m (570 and 3,787 ft). It is found in

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

or

Pisonia

spp.-

Charpentiera elliptica

(papala) lowland wet or mesic forest with

Antidesma

spp.,

Psychotria

spp.,

Pipturus

spp.,

Bidens

spp.,

Bobea

spp.,

Sadleria

spp.,

Cyrtandra

spp.,

Cyanea

spp.,

Cibotium

spp.,

Perrottetia sandwicensis,

or

Syzygium sandwicensis

(Service 1998a; Bates 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

Major threats to

Hibiscus waimeae

ssp.

hannerae

are habitat degradation by feral pigs, competition with non-native plant species, and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (

e.g.,

landscapes and hurricanes) and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining populations (61 FR 53070; HINHP Database 2000).

Kokia kauaiensis

(kokio)

Kokia kauaiensis,

a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae), is a small tree. This long-lived perennial species is distinguished from others of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the length

of the bracts surrounding the flower head, number of lobes and the width of the leaves, the length of the petals, and the length of the hairs on the seeds (Bates 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Kokia kauaiensis.

Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998a).

Historically,

Kokia kauaiensis

was found at seven scattered populations on northwestern Kauai. Currently, there are a total of five populations with 166 individuals, found in Pohakuao, the left branch of Kalalau Valley, Paaiki Valley, Kuia Valley, Koaie Canyon, Kipalau Valley, and Kawaiiki Valley, all on State-owned land within Kuia Natural Area Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve (K. Wood,

in litt.

1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

Kokia kauaiensis

typically grows in diverse mesic forest at elevations between 215 and 1,037 m (707 and 3,402 ft). Associated native plant species include

Acacia koa, Alyxia oliviformis, Antidesma

spp.,

Bobea

spp.,

Chamaesyce celastroides, Claoxylon sandwicense, Dicranopteris linearis, Diellia pallida, Diospyros hillebrandii, Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Flueggea neowawraea, Hibiscus

spp. (aloalo),

Hedyotis

spp.,

Isodendrion laurifolium

(aupaka),

Lipochaeta fauriei

(nehe),

Melicope

spp.,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Nestegis sandwicensis, Nototrichium

spp.,

Pisonia

spp.,

Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psydrax odoratum, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Santalum freycinetianum

var.

pyrularium

(iliahi),

Streblus pendulinus

(aiai),

Syzygium sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra

spp., or

Xylosma

spp. (Service 1998a; Bates 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

Competition with and habitat degradation by invasive non-native plant species, substrate loss from erosion, habitat degradation and browsing by feral goats and deer, and seed predation by rats are the major threats affecting the survival of

Kokia kauaiensis

(Wood and Perlman 1993; Service 1998a; HINHP Database 2000).

Labordia lydgatei

(kamakahala)

Labordia lydgatei,

a member of the logania family (Loganiaceae), is a much-branched perennial shrub or small tree with sparsely hairy, square stems. The small size of the flowers and capsules borne on sessile (attached to the base) inflorescences (a flower cluster) distinguish it from other members of the genus growing in the same area (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Immature fruits were seen on two plants during surveys in 1991 and 1992 by botanists from NTBG, and remnants of old fruiting bodies were seen on another, suggesting that the plants are able to self-fertilize. It is also suspected that the fruits of this species are adapted for bird dispersal. Due to a lack of bird or other native pollinators, pollination may be inhibited. Micro-habitat requirements for seed germination and growth may also be extremely specific. Virtually nothing is known about the life history or ecology of this species (Service 1994).

This species was originally known from the Wahiawa Drainage, Waioli Stream Valley, and Makaleha Mountains on Kauai.

Labordia lydgatei

is currently known from six populations, consisting of 37 individual plants, located on State (Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve and Halelea Forest Reserve) and privately owned lands at Pali Eleele, Waioli Valley, Leleiwi, Lumahai Valley, and Kapalaoa (K. Wood,

in litt.

1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

Labordia lydgatei

is found on streambanks in

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

lowland wet forest at elevations between 182 and 1,140 m (597 and 3,740 ft). Associated native plant species include

Antidesma platyphyllum

var.

hillebrandii

(hame),

Cyanea

spp.,

Cyrtandra

spp.,

Dubautia knudsenii, Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex anomala, Labordia hirtella

(NCN),

Psychotria

spp., or

Syzygium sandwicensis

(Service 1994; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

Competition from non-native plants poses the greatest threat to the survival of

Labordia lydgatei

(56 FR 47695). Additional threats include habitat degradation from feral pigs; rats, a potential seed predator; landslides and erosion; and a lack of dispersal, germination or pollination agents (Service 1994).

Labordia tinifolia

var.

wahiawaensis

(kamakahala)

Labordia tinifolia

var.

wahiawaensis,

a member of the logania family (Loganiaceae), is a shrub or small tree with hairless, cylindrical young branches. This long-lived perennial species differs from others of the genus by having a long common flower cluster stalk, hairless young stems and leaf surfaces, transversely wrinkled capsule valves, and corolla lobes usually 1.7 to 2.3 millimeter (mm) (0.1 to 0.2 in.) long. Three varieties of

Labordia tinifolia

are recognized: var.

lanaiensis

on Lanai and Molokai; var.

tinifolia

on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii; and var.

wahiawaensis,

endemic to Kauai. The variety

wahiawaensis

is distinguished from the other two by its larger corolla (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Labordia tinifolia

var.

wahiawaensis.

Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Labordia tinifolia

var.

wahiawaensis

has only ever been known from one population with a current total of approximately 100 individual plants on private land in the Wahiawa Drainage in the Wahiawa Mountains (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Labordia tinifolia

var.

wahiawaensis

grows along streambanks in lowland wet forests dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha

at elevations between 458 and 1,006 m (1,502 and 3,301 ft), with

Antidesma platyphyllum, Athyrium microphyllum

(akolea),

Cheirodendron

spp.,

Cyrtandra

spp.,

Dicranopteris linearis, Hedyotis terminalis,

or

Psychotria

spp. (HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The primary threats to the remaining individuals of

Labordia tinifolia

var.

wahiawaensis

are competition with non-native plants, habitat degradation by feral pigs, trampling by humans, and a risk of extinction from catastrophic random events or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals in a single population (61 FR 53070).

Lipochaeta fauriei

(nehe)

Lipochaeta fauriei,

a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a perennial herb with somewhat woody, erect or climbing stems. This short-lived perennial species differs from other species on Kauai by having a greater number of disk and ray flowers per flower head, longer ray flowers, and longer leaves and leaf stalks (Gardner 1976, 1979; Service 1995; Wagner

et al.

1985, 1990).

Little is known about the life history of

Lipochaeta fauriei.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).

Historically and currently,

Lipochaeta fauriei

is known from Olokele Canyon on Kauai. This species is now found on State-owned land in Poopooiki Valley, Kuia Valley, Haeleele Valley, and Kawaiiki Valley with the Kuia Natural Area Reserve, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest

Reserve. Currently there is a total of four populations with 183 individuals. A population in Koaie Canyon previously thought to be

L. fauriei

was later identified as

L. subcordata

(Service 1995; Gardner 1979; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

This species grows most often in moderate shade to full sun and is usually found on the sides of steep gulches in diverse lowland mesic forests at elevations between 436 and 947 m (1,432 and 3,108 ft). Associated native plant species include

Acacia koa, Carex meyenii, Carex wahuensis, Dicranopteris linearis, Diospyros

spp.,

Dodonaea viscosa, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Hibiscus waimeae, Kokia kauaiensis, Myrsine lanaiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pleomele aurea, Psychotria greenwelliae, Psychotria mariniana,

or

Sapindus oahuensis

(lonomea) (HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

Major threats to

Lipochaeta fauriei

are predation and habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs and competition with invasive non-native plants. Fire is also a significant threat to

L. fauriei

due to the invasion of

Melinis minutiflora,

a fire-adapted grass that creates unnaturally high fuel loads. The small total number of individuals makes the species susceptible to extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive vigor (59 FR 9304; Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000).

Lipochaeta micrantha

(nehe)

Lipochaeta micrantha,

a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a somewhat woody short-lived perennial herb. The small number of disk florets (one of the small flowers forming the head of a composite plant) separates this species from the other members of the genus on the island of Kauai. The two recognized varieties of this species, var.

exigua

and var.

micrantha,

are distinguished by differences in leaf length and width, degree of leaf dissection, and the length of the ray florets (Gardner 1976, 1979; Wagner

et al.

1990).

Little is known about the life histories of

Lipochaeta micrantha

var.

exigua

or

L. m.

var.

micrantha

. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).

Historically,

Lipochaeta micrantha

var.

exigua

was only known from the Haupu Range on Kauai. Currently, two populations of

L. micrantha

var.

exigua,

with a total of 110 individuals, are known from privately owned land in the vicinity of Haupu Range and southwest of Hokunui summit. Historically,

L. micrantha

var.

micrantha

was known from Olokele Canyon, Hanapepe Valley, and the Koloa District on Kauai. Currently, this variety is only known from three populations totaling 121 individuals on State land within the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve in Koaie Canyon and Kawaiiki Valley (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

Lipochaeta

micrantha grows on cliffs, ridges, stream banks, or slopes in mesic to wet mixed communities at elevations between 35 and 1,362 m (115 and 4,468 ft). Associated species include

Acacia koa, Artemisia australis, Antidesma

spp.,

Bidens sandvicensis, Bobea

spp.,

Chamaesyce celastroides

var.

hanapepensis, Diospyros

spp.,

Dodonaea viscosa, Eragrostis grandis, Eragrostis variabilis, Hibiscus kokio

(kokio),

Lepidium bidentatum

(anaunau),

Lobelia niihauensis, Melicope

spp.,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Neraudia kauaiensis, Nototrichium

spp.

Plectranthus parviflorus

(ala ala wai nui),

Pleomele aurea, Psydrax odoratum, Pipturus

spp.,

Rumex albescens

(huahuako),

Sida fallax

(ilima), or

Xylosma hawaiiense

(maua) (Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to both varieties of

Lipochaeta micrantha

are habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats; and competition with non-native plant species, such as

Lantana camara, Pluchea carolinensis, Erigeron karvinskianus,

or

Stachytarpheta dichotoma.

The species is also threatened by extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing populations (Lorence and Flynn 1991; Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000).

Lipochaeta waimeaensis

(nehe)

Lipochaeta waimeaensis,

a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a low growing, somewhat woody, short-lived perennial herb. This species is distinguished from other

Lipochaeta

on Kauai by leaf shape and the presence of shorter leaf stalks and ray florets (Gardner 1976, 1979; Wagner

et al.

1990).

Little is known about the life history of

Lipochaeta waimeaensis.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).

Lipochaeta waimeaensis

has been known only from the original site of discovery along the rim of Kauai's Waimea Canyon on State-owned land. There are no more than 100 individuals (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

This species grows on eroded soil on a precipitous, shrub-covered gulch in a diverse lowland forest at elevations between 44 and 460 m (145 and 1,509 ft) with

Artemisia australis, Chamaesyce celastroides, Dodonaea viscosa, Lipochaeta connata, Santalum ellipticum

(iliahialoe),

Schiedea spergulina,

or

Panicum

spp. (NCN) (Wagner

et al.

1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to

Lipochaeta waimeaensis

are competition from non-native plants and habitat destruction by feral goats, whose presence exacerbates the existing soil erosion problem at the site. The single population, and thus the entire species, is threatened by extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals (59 FR 9304).

Melicope haupuensis

(alani)

Melicope haupuensis

, a member of the rue family (Rutaceae), is a small long-lived perennial tree. Unlike other species of this genus on Kauai, the exocarp (outermost layer of a fruit) and endocarp (innermost layer of a fruit) are hairless and the sepals are covered with dense hairs (Stone

et al

. 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Melicope haupuensis

. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).

For 62 years,

Melicope haupuensis

was known only from the site of its original discovery on the north side of Haupu Ridge on Kauai. This population is now gone. The species is now known from four populations with a total of five individuals on State-owned land within the Alakai Wilderness Preserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve in Kalahu, Awaawapuhi Valley, and Koaie Canyon (K. Wood,

in litt

. 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Melicope haupuensis

grows on moist talus slopes in

Metrosideros polymorpha

dominated lowland mesic forests or

Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa

montane mesic forest at elevations between 111 and 1,141 m (364 and 3,745 ft). Associated native plant species include

Antidesma platyphyllum

var.

hillebrandii, Bobea brevipes, Cheirodendron trigynum, Claoxylon sandwicensis, Cryptocarya mannii

(holio),

Dianella sandwicensis,

Diospyros hillebrandii, Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope anisata, M. barbigera

(alani),

M. ovata

(alani),

Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis, Pritchardia minor

(loulu),

Psychotria mariniana, P. greenwelliae, Tetraplasandra waimeae

(oheohe), or

Zanthoxylum dipetalum

(HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

Habitat degradation by feral goats and competition with invasive non-native plant species are the major threats to

Melicope haupuensis

. In addition, this species may be susceptible to the black twig borer (

Xylosandrus compactus

). The existence of only five known trees constitutes an extreme threat of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, or reduced reproductive vigor (59 FR 9304; Hara and Beardsley 1979; Medeiros

et al

. 1986; HINHP Database 2000).

Melicope quadrangularis

(alani)

Melicope quadrangularis

, a member of the rue family (Rutaceae), is a shrub or small tree. Young branches are generally covered with fine yellow fuzz but become hairless with age. The thin, leathery, elliptical leaves, are oppositely arranged. The upper leaf surface is hairless, and the lower surface is sparsely hairy, especially along the veins. Flowers are solitary or in clusters of two. The specific floral details are not known. The fruits are somewhat cube-shaped, flattened capsules, with a conspicuous central depression at the top of the fruit. The capsules are four-lobed and completely fused. The exocarp is sparsely hairy, and the endocarp is hairless. This species differs from others in the genus in having the following combination of characters: oppositely arranged leaves, only one or two flowers per cluster, cube-shaped capsules with fused lobes, and a deep central depression at the top of the fruit (Stone

et al

. 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Melicope quadrangularis

. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).

Melicope quadrangularis

is known from the type locality in the Wahiawa Bog region of Kauai. One adult plant and two seedlings were discovered in 1991 by Ken Wood of NTBG on an east-facing slope of Wahiawa Ridge at 853 m (2,800 ft) on privately owned land. Subsequent exploration has resulted in the location of a total of 13 individuals of this species. Although a survey after hurricane Iniki in 1992 did not relocate any individuals, it is hoped that there is a seed bank or that undiscovered individuals remain to be found (Stone

et al

. 1999).

Melicope quadrangularis

grows in

Metrosideros polymorpha

diverse lowland wet forest that ranges from mesic to wet conditions at elevations between 608 and 1,593 m (1,995 and 5,228 ft). Associated native plant species include

Antidesma platyphyllum, Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron fauriei

(olapa),

Cibotium nealiae

(hapuu),

Cyrtandra pickeringii

(haiwale),

Dicronopteris lineraris, Machaerina angustifolia, Machaerina mariscoides

(uki), other

Melicope

spp.,

Metrosideros waialealae

(NCN),

Psychotria hexandra, P. mariniana, P. wawraea

(kipiko),

Sadleria pallida, Scaevola gaudichaudiana

(naupaka kuahiwi),

Syzygium sandwicensis

, or abundant ferns and mosses (K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

This species is threatened by over-collecting for scientific purposes, stochastic extinction, and/or reduced reproductive vigor, non-native plants and habitat disturbance by feral pigs (Service 1994).

Munroidendron racemosum

(NCN)

Munroidendron racemosum

, a member of the ginseng family (Araliaceae), is a small tree with a straight gray trunk crowned with spreading branches. This long-lived perennial species is the only member of a genus endemic to Hawaii. The genus is distinguished from other closely related Hawaiian genera of the family by its distinct flower clusters and corolla (Constance and Affolter 1999).

Reproduction occurs year-round, with flowers and fruits found throughout the year. Self pollination is assumed to occur since viable seeds have been produced by isolated individuals. Pollinators have not been observed, but insect pollination is likely. Dispersal mechanisms are unknown (Service 1995).

Historically,

Munroidendron racemosum

was known from scattered locations throughout the island of Kauai. Populations are now known from Waiahuakua, Pohakuao, the left branch of Kalalau Valley, the right branch of Kalalau Valley, Nakeikionaiwi Valley, Awaawapuhi Valley Spring, Honopu Valley, Nualolo Valley, Poomau Valley, Kawaiiki Valley, Koaie Canyon, Nonou, Haupu, and Keopaweo. There are currently 14 known populations with approximately 101 individuals on State (Hono o Na Pali Natural Area Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Nonou Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve) and privately owned lands (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

Munroidendron racemosum

is typically found on steep exposed cliffs or on ridge slopes in coastal to lowland mesic forests at elevations between 6 and 979 m (19 and 3,213 ft). Associated plant species include B

obea brevipes, Brighamia insignis

(olulu),

Canavalia napaliensis

(awikiwiki),

Diospyros sandwicensis, Diospyros hillebrandii, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pisonia sandwicensis

(papala kepau),

Pisonia umbellifera

(papala kepau),

Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis Psychotria

spp.,

Psydrax odoratum, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Schiedea

spp. (NCN),

Sida fallax

, or

Tetraplasandra

spp. (59 FR 9304; Gagne and Cuddihy 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The threats to

Munroidendron racemosum

are competition with non-native plant species, such as

Aleurites moluccana, Psidium guajava, Lantana camara

, or

Leucaena leucocephala

(koa haole); habitat degradation by feral goats, fire, and fruit predation by rats; introduced insect of the long-horned beetle family (Cerambycidae); extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and reduced reproductive vigor (59 FR 9304; Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000).

Myrsine linearifolia

(kolea)

Myrsine linearifolia

, a member of the myrsine family (Myrsinaceae), is a branched shrub. This long-lived perennial species is distinguished from others of the genus by the shape, length, and width of the leaves, length of the petals, and number of flowers per cluster (Wagner

et al

. 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Myrsine linearifolia

. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998a).

Historically,

Myrsine linearifolia

was found at scattered locations on Kauai: Olokele Valley, Kalualea, Kalalau Valley, Kahuamaa Flat, Limahuli-Hanakapiai Ridge, Koaie Stream, Pohakuao, Namolokama Summit Plateau, and Haupu. There are currently eight populations with approximately 522 individuals on State (Alakai Wilderness Preserve and Na Pali Coast State Park) and privately owned lands. The populations are found in Limahuli Valley, Alealau, the left branch of Kalalau Valley, Puu O Kila, Koaie Canyon, Na Molokama, and Kapalaoa

(K. Wood,

in litt

. 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Myrsine linearifolia

typically grows at elevations between 105 and 1,380 m (346 and 4,526 ft), in diverse mesic or wet lowland or montane

Metrosideros polymorpha

forest, with

Cheirodendron

spp., or

Dicranopteris linearis

as co-dominant species. Plants growing in association with this species include

Bobea brevipes, Cryptocarya mannii, Dubautia

spp.,

Eurya sandwicensis

(anini),

Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis terminalis, Lysimachia glutinosa, Machaerina angustifolia, Melicope

spp.,

Myrsine

spp.,

Nothocestrum

spp. (aiea),

Psychotria

spp.,

Sadleria pallida, Syzygium sandwicensis

, or native ferns (61 FR 53070; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

Competition with non-native plants, such as

Erigeron karvinskianus, Lantana camara, Rubus argutus, Psidium cattleianum, Rubus rosifolius

, and

Kalanchoe pinnata

(air plant), and habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats are the major threats to

Myrsine linearifolia

(61 FR 53070).

Nothocestrum peltatum

(aiea)

Nothocestrum peltatum

, a member of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), is a small tree with ash-brown bark and woolly stems. The usually peltate leaves and shorter leaf stalks separate this species from others in the genus (Symon 1999).

Although plants of this long-lived perennial species have been observed flowering, they rarely set fruit. This could be the result of a loss of pollinators, reduced genetic variability, or an inability to fertilize itself. Little else is known about the life history of

Nothocestrum peltatum

. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (59 FR 9304).

Historically,

Nothocestrum peltatum

was known from Kauai at Kumuwela, Kaholuamanu, and the region of Nualolo. This species is now known from a total of six populations with 19 individuals, located at Kahuamaa Flats, Awaawapuhi Trail, Awaawapuhi Valley, Kawaiula Valley, and Makaha Valley all on State-owned land within the Kokee State Park, Kuia Natural Area Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and the Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve (K. Wood,

in litt

. 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

This species generally grows in rich soil on steep slopes in mesic or wet forest dominated by

Acacia koa

or a mixture of

Acacia koa

and

Metrosideros polymorpha

, at elevations between 725 and 1,290 m (2,378 and 4,232 ft). Associated native plants include

Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma

spp.,

Bobea brevipes, Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron trigynum, Claoxylon sandwicensis, Coprosma

spp.,

Cryptocarya mannii, Dianella sandwicensis, Dicranopteris linearis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Dodonaea viscosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex anomala, Melicope anisata, M. barbigera, M. haupuensis, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria mariniana, P. greenwelliae, Tetraplasandra kauaiensis

, or

Xylosma

spp. (HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

Competition with non-native plants (such as

Passiflora mollissima, Lantana camara, Rubus argutus

, or

Erigeron karvinskianus

), and habitat degradation by feral pigs, deer, and red jungle fowl (

Gallus gallus

) constitute the major threats to

Nothocestrum peltatum

. This species is also threatened by fire, risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (

e.g

., landslides or hurricanes), and reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals (59 FR 9304; HINHP Database 2000).

Panicum niihauense

(lau ehu)

Panicum niihauense

, a member of the grass family (Poaceae), is a perennial bunchgrass with unbranched culms (aerial stems). This short-lived perennial species is distinguished from others in the genus by the shape of the inflorescence branches, which are erect, and the arrangement of the spikelets, which are densely clustered (Davidse 1999).

Little is known about the life history of this species. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).

Panicum niihauense

was known historically from Niihau and one location on Kauai. Currently, this species is only known from one population of 23 individuals at the Polihale State Park area on State-owned land (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

Panicum niihauense

is found scattered in sand dunes in coastal shrubland at elevations between 0 and 103 m (0 and 337 ft) . Associated native plant species include

Cassytha filiformis

(kaunaoa pehu),

Chamaesyce celastroides, Dodonaea viscosa, Nama sandwicensis

(nama),

Ophioglossum pendulum

ssp.

falcatum

(NCN),

Scaevola sericea

(naupaka kahakai),

Sida fallax, Vitex rotundifolia

(kolokolo kahakai), or

Sporobolus virginicus

(akiaki) (HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

Primary threats to

Panicum niihauense

are destruction by off-road vehicles, competition with non-native plant species, and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (

e.g

., landslides or hurricanes) and reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals in the one remaining population (61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 2000).

Phyllostegia knudsenii

(NCN)

Phyllostegia knudsenii

, a member of the nonaromatic mint family (Lamiaceae), is an erect herb or vine. This short-lived perennial species is distinguished from others in the genus by its specialized flower stalk; it differs from the closely related

P. floribunda

by often having four flowers per group (Wagner

et al

. 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Phyllostegia knudsenii

. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998a).

Until 1993,

Phyllostegia knudsenii

was only known from the site of its original discovery made in the 1800s from the woods of Waimea on Kauai. There is currently one known population with a total of 17 individuals on State-owned land in Koaie Canyon within the Alakai Wilderness Preserve (K. Wood,

in litt

. 1999; Wagner

et al

. 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

Phyllostegia knudsenii

is found in

Metrosideros polymorpha

lowland mesic or wet forest at elevations between 399 and 1,059 m (1,309 and 3,475 ft). Associated native plant species include

Bobea timonioides

(ahakea),

Claoxylon sandwicensis, Cryptocarya mannii, Cyrtandra kauaiensis, Cyrtandra paludosa

(hai wale),

Diospyros sandwicensis, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Ilex anomala, Myrsine linearifolia, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pittosporum kauaiense

(hoawa),

Pouteria sandwicensis, Pritchardia minor, Selaginella arbuscula

(lepelepeamoa),

Tetraplasandra oahuensis

(ohe ohe), or

Zanthoxylum dipetalum

(61 FR 53070; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

Major threats to

Phyllostegia knudsenii

include habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats, competition with non-native plants, and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (

e.g.

, landslides and hurricanes) and reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals in the

only known population (61 FR 53070; Service 1998a).

Phyllostegia waimeae

(NCN)

Phyllostegia waimeae

, a nonaromatic member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is a climbing perennial plant with hairy four-angled stems that are woody at the base. The oval leaves are 5 to 13 cm (2 to 5 in.) long, 2.5 to 6 cm (1 to 2.4 in.) wide, and have rounded, toothed margins. They are wrinkled and sparsely dotted with oil glands. Flowers grow in groups of six along an unbranched leafy stalk usually 10 to 15 cm (3.9 to 5.9 in.) long. The bracts below each flower stalk are broad and partially overlap the flowers. The calyx resembles an inverted cone with broad lobes. The corolla, 8 to 12 mm (0.3 to 0.5 in.) long, is pinkish or may be white. The fruits, probably nutlets, have not been observed. Characteristics that distinguish this species from others in the genus are the nearly stalkless bracts that partially overlap and cover the flowers, and relatively fewer oil glands on the leaves (Wagner

et al

. 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Phyllostegia waimeae

. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown Service 1995).

Historically,

Phyllostegia waimeae

was known from Kaholuamanu and Kaaha on Kauai. Currently, one population with six individuals persists from State land in Kawaiiki Valley within the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve (K. Wood,

in litt

. 2001).

This species typically grows in

Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha

dominated wet or mixed mesic forest with

Cheirodendron

spp. or

Dicranopteris linearis

as co-dominants at elevations between 655 and 1,224 m (2,149 and 4,016 ft). Associated native plant species include

Broussaisia arguta, Claoxylon sandwicense, Diplazium sandwichianum, Dubautia knudsenii, Elaphoglossum

spp.,

Gunnera

spp.,

Hedyotis

spp.,

Myrsine lanaiensis, Pleomele aurea, Psychotria

spp.,

Sadleria

spp.,

Scaevola procera

(naupaka kuahiwi),

Syzygium sandwicensis

, or

Vaccinium

spp. (K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

Habitat destruction by feral goats, erosion, and competition with introduced grasses are the major threats to

Phyllostegia waimeae

. The species is also threatened by over-collecting for scientific purposes, stochastic extinction, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals (Service 1995).

Phyllostegia wawrana

(NCN)

Phyllostegia wawrana

, a nonaromatic member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is a perennial vine that is woody toward the base and has long, crinkly hairs along the stem. This short-lived perennial species can be distinguished from the related

P. floribunda

and

P. knudsenii,

by its less specialized flower stalk (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Seeds were observed in the wild in August 1993. No additional life history information for this species is currently known (Service 1998a).

Phyllostegia wawrana

was reported to be found at Hanalei on Kauai in the 1800s and along Kokee Stream in 1926. Currently, populations are reported from Koaie Canyon, Moaalele, Awaawapuhi Valley, and Makaleha. A total of four populations with approximately 49 individuals are found on State-owned land within the Alakai Wilderness Preserve, Hono o Na Pali Natural Area Reserve, and Kokee State Park (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

This species grows at elevations between 398 and 1,284 m (1,306 and 4,212 ft) in

Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha-Cheirodendron

mixed mesic forest. Associated native plant species include

Alectryon

spp.,

Asplenium polypodon

(NCN),

Athyrium microphyllum, Carex

spp.,

Claoxylon sandwicense, Cyanea fissa

(haha),

Delissea rivularis, Dianella sandwicensis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Dodonaea viscosa, Doodia kunthiana, Dryopteris wallichiana, Dubautia knudsenii, Dubautia laevigata, Hedyotis tryblium, Machaerina angustifolia, Panicum nephelophilum, Peperomia macraeana, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Poa sandvicensis, Pleomele aurea, Pteridium aquilinum

var.

decompositum, Sadleria pallida, Schiedea stellarioides, Scaevola procera, Syzygium sandwicensis, Touchardia latifolia, or Vaccinium dentatum

(61 FR 53070; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

Major threats to

Phyllostegia wawrana

include habitat degradation by feral pigs and competition with non-native plant species, such as

Rubus rosifolius, Passiflora mollissima, Rubus argutus, Melastoma candidum, Erigeron karvinskianus,

and

Erechtites valerianefolia

(61 FR 53070; Service 1998a).

Poa mannii

(Mann's bluegrass)

Poa mannii

, a member of the grass family (Poaceae), is a perennial grass with short rhizomes (underground stems) and erect, tufted culms. All three native species of

Poa

in the Hawaiian Islands are endemic to the island of Kauai.

Poa mannii

is distinguished from both

P. siphonoglossa

and

P. sandvicensis

by its fringed ligule (an appendage on the sheath of a blade of grass) and from

P. sandvicensis

by its shorter panicle (a pyramidal loosely-branched flower cluster) branches (O'Connor 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Poa mannii

. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).

Historically, this species was found in Olokele Gulch on Kauai. Currently, there is a total of six populations with approximately 268 individuals on State-owned land in the right and left branches of Kalalau Valley, Awaawapuhi Valley, Kuia Valley, and Kauhao Valley within the Kuia Natural Area Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and Waimea Canyon State Park (K. Wood,

in litt.

1999; O'Connor 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

This species typically grows on cliffs or rock faces in lowland or montane mesic

Metrosideros polymorpha

or

Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha

forest at elevations between 327 and 1,222 m (1,072 and 4,009 ft). Associated native plant species include

Antidesma platyphyllum, Artemisia australis, Bidens cosmoides, Bidens sandvicensis, Carex meyenii, C. wahuensis, Chamaesyce celastroides

var.

hanapepensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Diospyros sandwicensis, Eragrostis variabilis, Hedyotis terminalis, Lobelia niihauensis, Lobelia yuccoides

(NCN),

Luzula hawaiiensis

(woodrush),

Mariscus phloides

(NCN),

Melicope anisata, M. barbigera, M. pallida, Nototrichium

spp.,

Panicum lineale, Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria mariniana, P. greenwelliae, Schiedea lydgatei

var.

attenuata, Schiedea membranacea,

or

Wilkesia gymnoxiphium

(59 FR 56330; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

Poa mannii

survives only in very steep areas that are inaccessible to goats, suggesting that goat herbivory may have eliminated this species from more accessible locations, as is the case for other rare plants from northwestern Kauai. Threats to

P. mannii

include habitat damage, trampling, and browsing by feral goats, and competition with invasive non-native plants.

Erigeron karvinskianus

has invaded Kalalau, Koaie, and Waialae Valleys, three of the areas where

P. mannii

occurs.

Lantana camara

threatens all known populations, and

Rubus argutus

threatens the populations in Kalalau and Waialae Valleys.

Poa mannii

is also threatened by fire and reduced reproductive vigor and/or extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, due to the small number of existing populations and individuals (59 FR 56330).

Poa sandvicensis

(Hawaiian bluegrass)

Poa sandvicensis

is a perennial grass (Poaceae) with densely tufted, mostly erect culms.

Poa sandvicensis

is distinguished from closely related species by its shorter rhizomes (horizontal subterranean plant stem), shorter culms (grass stalk) which do not become rush-like with age, closed and fused sheaths, relatively even-edged ligules, and longer panicle branches (O'Connor 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Poa sandvicensis

. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).

Historically, this species was known from six areas on the island of Kauai: the rim of Kalalau Valley in Na Pali Coast State Park, Halemanu Ridge, Kumuwela Ridgs, and Kauaikanana Drainage in Kokee State Park; Awaawapuhi Trail in Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve; Kohua Ridge/Mohihi drainage in both the Forest Reserve and Alakai Wilderness Preserve; and Kaholuamanu. Hillebrand's (1888) reference to a Maui locality is most likely an error. Currently, there is a total of nine populations with 1,740 individuals occurring on State-owned land.

Poa sandvicensis

is known to be extant at Alealau, Keanapuka, Awaawapuhi Trail, Kumuwela Ridge, Maile Flat Trail, Mohihi Stream, Mohihi Waialae Trail, Kawaiiki Valley, and Waialae Valley in the Alakai Wilderness Preserve, Hono o Na Pali Natural Area Reserve, Kokee State Park, Na Pali Coast State Park, and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve (57 FR 20580; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Poa sandvicensis

grows on wet, shaded, gentle to steep slopes, ridges, and rock ledges of stream banks in semi-open to closed, wet, diverse

Acacia koa -Metrosideros polymorpha

montane forest, at elevations between 498 and 1,290 m (1,635 and 4,232 ft). Associated native plant species include

Alyxia oliviformis, Bidens sandvicensis, Cheirodendron

spp.,

Claoxylon sandwicense, Coprosma

spp.,

Dianella sandwicensis, Dicranopteris linearis, Dodonaea viscosa, Dubautia

spp.,

Hedyotis

spp.,

Melicope

spp.,

Peperomia

spp.,

Psychotria

spp.,

Scaevola procera, Schiedea stellarioides,

or

Syzygium sandwicensis

(57 FR 20580; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The greatest immediate threats to the survival of

Poa sandvicensis

are competition from non-native plants, such as

Erigeron karvinskianus, Rubus argutus, Passiflora mollissima,

or

Hedychium

spp.; erosion caused by feral pigs and goats; and State forest reserve trail maintenance activities and human recreation. In addition, naturally occurring events could constitute an threat of extinction or reduced reproductive vigor due to the species' small population size (57 FR 20580; Service 1995).

Poa siphonoglossa

(NCN)

Poa siphonoglossa

is a perennial grass (Poaceae). It differs from

P. sandvicensis

principally by its longer culms, lack of a prominent tooth on the ligule, and shorter panicle branches.

Poa siphonoglossa

has extensive tufted and flattened culms that cascade from banks in masses. Short rhizomes, long culms, closed and fused sheaths, and lack of a tooth on the ligule separate

P. siphonoglossa

from

P. mannii

and other closely related species (O'Connor 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Poa siphonoglossa

. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).

Historically,

Poa siphonoglossa

was known from five sites on the island of Kauai: Kohua Ridge in Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve; near Kaholuamanu; Kaulaula Valley in Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve; Kuia Valley; and Kalalau. Currently, there are a total of five populations with a total of 50 individuals on State-owned land at Kahuamaa Flats, Mohihi Waialai Trail, Kuia Valley, Makaha Ridge, and Kaulaula Valley in the Alakai Wilderness Preserve, Kuia Natural Area Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve (K. Wood,

in litt.

1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

Poa siphonoglossa

typically grows on shady banks on steep slopes in mesic

Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa

forests at elevations between about 498 and 1,290 m (1,635 and 4,232 ft). Associated native plant species include

Acacia koa, Alphitonia ponderosa, Alyxia oliviformis, Bobea brevipes, Carex meyenii, Carex wahuensis, Coprosma waimeae, Dianella sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Dubautia spp, Hedyotis

spp.,

Lobelia yuccoides, Melicope

spp.,

Microlepia strigosa, Myrsine

spp,

Panicum nephelophilum, Poa sandvicensis, Psychotria

spp.,

Scaevola procera, Styphelia tameiameiae, Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, Vaccinium

spp.,

Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, Xylosma

spp,

Zanthoxylum dipetalum

(57 FR 20580, K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The primary threat to the survival of

Poa siphonoglossa

is habitat degradation and/or herbivory by feral pigs and deer. The non-native plant

Rubus argutus

invading Kohua Ridge constitutes a probable threat to that population. Small population size and potential for one disturbance event to destroy the majority of known individuals are also serious threats to this species (57 FR 20580; Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000).

Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii

(wahane)

Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii

, a member of the palm family (Arecaceae) is a fan-leaved tree about 7 to 15 m (23 to 50 ft) tall. This species is distinguished from others of the genus by the thin leaf texture and drooping leaf segments, tan woolly hairs on the underside of the petiole and the leaf blade base, stout hairless flower clusters that do not extend beyond the fan-shaped leaves, and the smaller spherical fruit (Read and Hodel 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii

. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (61 FR 41020).

Historically,

Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii

was found at three sites in the eastern and central portions of the island of Niihau. Trees were found on Kaali Cliff and in Mokouia and Haao Valleys at elevations between 70 and 270 m (230 and 885 ft) on privately owned land. The most recent observations indicate that two plants still remain on Kaali Cliff (Read and Hodel 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii

typically grows on rocky talus in seepage areas within coastal dry forest at elevations between 91 to 259 m (300 to 850 ft). Associated native plant species include

Brighamia insignis, Cyperus trachysanthos, Lobelia niihauensis

or

Lipochaeta lobata

var.

lobata

(nehe). Originally a component of the coastal dry forest, this species now occurs only in a rugged and steep area where it receives some protection from

grazing ungulates (61 FR 41020; HINHP Database 2000).

The species is threatened by habitat degradation and/or herbivory by cattle, feral pigs, and feral goats and seed predation by rats. Small population size, limited distribution, and reduced reproductive vigor makes this species particularly vulnerable to extinction (61 FR 41020).

Pritchardia napaliensis

(loulu)

Pritchardia napaliensis

, a member of the palm family (Arecaceae), is a small tree with about 20 leaves and an open crown. This species is distinguished from others of the genus that grow on Kauai by having about 20 flat leaves with pale scales on the lower surface that fall off with age, inflorescences with hairless main axes, and globose (having or consisting of globules) fruits less than 3 cm (1.2 in.) long (Read and Hodel 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Pritchardia napaliensis

. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998a).

Pritchardia napaliensis

has only been known from three populations with 155 individuals on State-owned land in Pohakuao, Alealau, Waiahuakua; and Hoolulu Valley within the Hono o Na Pali Natural Area Reserve and Na Pali Coast State Park (K. Wood,

in litt.

1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

Pritchardia napaliensis

typically grows in areas between elevations of 152 and 1,158 m (500 and 3,800 ft) in a wide variety of habitats ranging from lowland dry to diverse mesic forests dominated by

Diospyros

spp. or montane wet forests dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha

and

Dicranopteris linearis

. Several associated native plant species besides those mentioned above include

Alsinidendron lychnoides, Alyxia oliviformis, Boehmeria grandis, Cheirodendron trigynum, Cibotium

spp.,

Dubautia knudsenii, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hibiscus kokio

ssp.

saintjohnianus (kokio), Lipochaeta connata

var.

acris

(nehe),

Melicope peduncularis

(alani),

Nesoluma polynesicum

(keahi),

Ochrosia kauaiensis

(holei),

Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Stenogyne purpurea

(NCN),

Syzygium sandwicensis, Phyllostegia electra

(NCN),

Pleomele

spp.,

Poa sandvicensis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria

spp.,

Psydrax odoratum, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Santalum freycinetianum

var.

pyrularium, Vaccinium dentatum, Xylosma hawaiiense,

or

Wilkesia gymnoxiphium

(Service 1998a; 61 FR 53070; HINHP Database 2000).

Major threats to

Pritchardia napaliensis

include habitat degradation and grazing by feral goats and pigs; seed predation by rats; and competition with the non-native plants, such as

Kalanchoe pinnata, Erigeron karvinskianus, Lantana camara, Psidium guajava

, or possibly

Cordyline fruticosa

. The species is also threatened by vandalism and over-collection. In 1993, near the Wailua River, the Hawaii Department of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW) constructed a fenced enclosure around 39 recently planted

P. napaliensis

individuals. Shortly after being planted, the fence was vandalized and the 39 plants were removed. Also, because of the small number of remaining populations and individuals, this species is susceptible to a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and from reduced reproductive vigor (61 FR 53070; Craig Koga, DOFAW,

in litt.

1999; A. Kyono, pers. comm., 2000).

Pritchardia viscosa

(loulu)

Pritchardia viscosa

, a member of the palm family (Arecaceae), is a small tree 3 to 8 m (10 to 26 ft) tall. This species differs from others of the genus that grow on Kauai by the degree of hairiness of the lower surface of the leaves and main axis of the flower cluster, and length of the flower cluster (Read and Hodel 1999).

Historically,

Pritchardia viscosa

was known only from a 1920 collection from Kalihiwai Valley. It was not seen again until 1987, when Robert Read observed it in the same general area as the type locality, off the Powerline Road at 512 m (1,680 ft) elevation (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, there is one population with three individuals on State-owned land within the Halelea Forest Reserve (61 FR 53070; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

This species is found in

Metrosideros polymorpha -Dicranopteris linearis

lowland wet forest at elevations between 488 to 518 m (1,600 to 1,700 ft). Associated native species include

Antidesma

spp.,

Bobea

spp.,

Cibotium

spp.,

Cyanea fissa, Cyrtandra kauaiensis, Cyrtandra longiflora, Dubautia knudsenii, Nothocestrum

spp.,

Perrottetia sandwicensis, Psychotria

spp.,

Sadleria pallida,

or

Syzygium sandwicensis

(Service 1998a; 61 FR 53070).

Pritchardia viscosa

is threatened by

Psidium cattleianum

and non-native grasses, such as

Paspalum conjugatum;

and seed predation by rats. At least one of the remaining mature trees has been damaged by spiked boots used either by a botanist or seed collector to scale the tree. In mid-1996, a young plant and seeds from mature

Pritchardia viscosa

plants were removed from the only known location of this species. Because of this past activity, it is reasonable to assume that these plants are threatened by over-collection and vandalism. Also, because of the small numbers of individuals in the only known population, this species is susceptible to extinction since a single naturally occurring event (

e.g.

, a hurricane) could destroy all remaining plants (61 FR 53070; C. Koga,

in litt.

1999; A. Kyono, pers. comm., 2000).

Pteralyxia kauaiensis

(kaulu)

Pteralyxia kauaiensis

, a member of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), is a long-lived perennial tree 3 to 8 m (10 to 26 ft) tall. The leaves are dark green and shiny on the upper surfaces, but pale and dull on the lower surfaces. This species differs from the only other species of this endemic Hawaiian genus in having reduced lateral wings on the seed (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Pteralyxia kauaiensis

. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).

Historically,

Pteralyxia kauaiensis

was known from the Wahiawa Mountains in the southern portion of Kauai. This species is now known from 15 populations, with a total of 807 individuals in the following scattered locations on State land: Limahuli Valley, the left branch of Kalalau Valley, Pohakuao, the right branch of Kalalau Valley, Makaha Valley, Kuia Valley, Haeleele Valley, Koaie Canyon, Kawaiiki Valley, Hipalau, Haupu, Blue Hole, Poomau Valley, and Kapalikea within the Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve. There is also an undocumented sighting of one individual at Makaleha, above the town of Kapaa (59 FR 9304; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999; Wagner

et al.

1999; HINHP Database 2000).

This taxon is typically found in diverse mesic or

Diospyros sandwicensis

mixed mesic forests with

Pisonia

spp. between elevations of 915 and 1,007 m (3,002 and 3,305 ft). Associated native plant species include

Acacia koa, Alectryon macrococcus, Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma platyphyllum

var.

hillebrandii, Bobea brevipes, Carex

spp.,

Charpentiera elliptica, Claoxylon sandwicense, Cyanea

spp.,

Dianella sandwicensis, Diospyros

spp. (lama),

Dodonaea

viscosa, Diplazium sandwichianum, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Freycinetia arborea, Gahnia

spp.,

Gardenia remyi

(nanu),

Hedyotis terminalis, Hibiscus kokio, Kokia kauaiensis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine lanaiensis, Neraudia

spp. (NCN),

Nesoluma polynesicum, Nestegis sandwicensis, Peperomia

spp.,

Pleomele aurea, Pipturus

spp.,

Pisonia sandwicensis, Poa sandvicensis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria

spp.,

Psydrax odoratum, Pritchardia

spp.,

Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Santalum freycinetianum

var.

pyrularium, Schiedea

spp.,

Styphelia tameiameiae, Syzygium sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra

spp.,

Xylosma hawaiiense,

or

Zanthoxylum dipetalum

(59 FR 9304; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to

Pteralyxia kauaiensis

are habitat destruction by feral animals and competition with introduced plants. Animals affecting the survival of this species include feral goats and pigs, and, possibly, rats, which may eat the fruit. Fire could threaten some populations. Introduced plants competing with this species include

Psidium guajava, Erigeron karvinskianus, Aleurites moluccana, Lantana camara, Psidium cattleianum,

or

Cordyline fruticosa

(59 FR 9304; Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000).

Remya kauaiensis

(NCN)

Remya kauaiensis

, one of three species of a genus endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, is in the aster family (Asteraceae).

Remya kauaiensis

is a small short-lived perennial shrub, about 1 m (3 ft) tall, with many slender, sprawling branches which are covered with a fine tan fuzz near their tips. The leaves, coarsely toothed along the edges, are green on the upper surface while the lower surface is covered with a dense mat of fine white hairs (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Seedlings of this taxon have not been observed. Flowers have been observed in April, May, June, and August, and are probably insect-pollinated. Seeds are probably wind or water-dispersed.

Remya kauaiensis

may be self-incompatible (56 FR 1450; Herbst 1988; Service 1995).

Historically, this species was found in the Na Pali Kona Forest Reserve at Koaie, Mohihi, Kalalau, Makaha, Nualolo, Kawaiula, Kuia, Honopu, Awaawapuhi, Kopakaka, and Kauhao, on Kauai. There are currently 12 known populations with a total of 124 individuals on State-owned land. They occur in Hipalau Valley, Awini Valley, Koaie Canyon, Mohihi Stream, the left branch of Kalalau Valley, Awaawapuhi and Nualolo Valleys, Kuia and Kawaiula Valleys, Makaha Valley, Kauhao Valley, and Kaulaula Valley within the Alakai Wilderness Preserve, Kuia Natural Area Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve, and Waimea Canyon State Park (K. Wood,

in litt.

1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Remya kauaiensis

grows chiefly on steep, north or northeast-facing slopes at elevations between 560 and 1,247 m (1,836 and 4,090 ft). It is found primarily in

Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha

lowland mesic forest with

Chamaesyce

spp. (akoko),

Claoxylon sandwicense, Dianella sandwicensis, Diospyros

spp.,

Dodonaea viscosa, Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope

spp.,

Nestegis sandwicensis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria

spp.,

Schiedea

spp., or

Tetraplasandra

spp. (56 FR 1450; Herbst 1988; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The primary threats to

Remya kauaiensis

include herbivory and habitat degradation by feral goats, pigs, cattle, and deer, and competition from non-native plant species. Other threats include erosion, fire, and risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining populations and individuals (56 FR 1450; Service 1995).

Remya montgomeryi

(NCN)

The genus

Remya

, in the aster family (Asteraceae), is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands.

Remya montgomeryi

was discovered in 1985 by Steven Montgomery on the sheer, virtually inaccessible cliffs below the upper rim of Kalalau Valley, Kauai. It is a small short-lived perennial shrub, about 1 m (3 ft) tall, with many slender, sprawling to weakly erect, smooth branches. The leaves are coarsely toothed along the edges, and are green on the upper as well as lower surfaces (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Seedlings of this taxon have not been observed. Flowers have been observed in April, May, June, and August, and are probably insect-pollinated. Seeds are probably wind or water-dispersed.

Remya montgomeryi

may be self-incompatible (Herbst 1988; 56 FR 1450).

Remya montgomeryi

is known only from Kauai. Three populations with 113 individuals are reported on State-owned land in the left and right branches of Kalalau Valley, Koaie Canyon, and Kuia Valley within the Alakai Wilderness Preserve and Na Pali Coast State Park (Herbst 1988; K. Wood,

in litt

. 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Remya montgomeryi

grows at elevations between 336 and 1,344 m (1,102 and 4,411 ft), primarily on steep, north or northeast-facing slopes or cliffs in transitional wet or

Metrosideros polymorpha

dominated mixed mesic forest. Associated native plant species include

Artemisia australis, Bobea

spp.,

Boehmeria grandis, Cheirodendron

spp.,

Claoxylon sandwicensis, Cyrtandra

spp.,

Dubautia

spp.,

Ilex anomala, Lepidium serra, Lysimachia

spp. (kolokolo kuahiwi),

Myrsine linearifolia, Nototrichium

spp.,

Pleomele aurea, Poa mannii, Sadleria

spp.,

Scaevola

spp.,

Stenogyne campanulata, Tetraplasandra

spp., or

Zanthoxylum dipetalum

(HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The primary threats to

Remya montgomeryi

are herbivory and habitat degradation by feral goats, pigs, cattle, and deer, and competition from non-native plant species. Other threats include erosion, fire, and an increased risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (

e.g.,

landslides or hurricanes) because of the small size of the populations and their limited distribution (56 FR 1450; Service 1995).

Schiedea apokremnos

(maolioli)

Schiedea apokremnos

, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a low, branching short-lived perennial shrub 20 to 51 cm (8 to 20 in.) tall. The leaves are oppositely arranged, oblong, and somewhat fleshy and glabrous (having a surface without hairs).

Schiedea apokremnos

is distinguished from related species by shorter sepals, nectaries, and capsules (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Some

S. apokremnos

individuals are functionally female and must be cross-pollinated to set seed. This reproductive strategy may be ineffective in populations with few individuals. Little is known about the life history of

Schiedea apokremnos

. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).

Schiedea apokremnos

has been collected from Nualolo Kai, Kaaweiki Ridge, and along a 10.5 km (6.5 mi) long section of the Na Pali coast including Milolii Valley, Kalalau Beach, Kaalahina and Manono Ridges, Haeleele Ridge, and, as far north as, Pohakuao Valley, all on the island of Kauai. There is currently a total of five populations containing 751 individuals on State-owned lands. The species is extant at Nakeikionaiwi, Pohakuao, Nualolo Valley, Haeleele Valley, and Kawaiiki Valley within the Na Pali Coast State Park and Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve (56

FR 49639; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

Schiedea apokremnos

grows in the crevices of near-vertical basalt coastal cliff faces, at elevations between 12 and 391 m (40 and 1,283 ft). The species grows in sparse dry coastal cliff shrub vegetation along with

Artemisia australis, Bidens

spp.,

Carex meyenii, Chamaesyce celastroides, Eragrostis variabilis, Lepidium serra, Lipochaeta connata, Lobelia niihauensis, Myoporum sandwicense, Peperomia

spp.,

Pleomele aurea, Psydrax odoratum,

or

Wilkesia

spp. (56 FR 49639; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The restriction of this species to inaccessible cliffs suggests that goat herbivory may have eliminated them from more accessible locations. The greatest current threat to the survival of

Schiedea apokremnos

is still herbivory and habitat degradation by feral goats, as well as competition from the non-native plants

Leucaena leucocephala

and

Hyptis pectinata

(comb hyptis), and trampling by humans. Given the small size of most populations and restricted distribution, depressed reproductive vigor may be a serious threats to the species. In addition, a single environmental disturbance (such as a landslide or fire) could destroy a significant percentage of the extant individuals (56 FR 49639; Service 1995).

Schiedea helleri

(NCN)

Schiedea helleri

, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a short-lived perennial vine. The stems, smooth below and minutely hairy above, are usually prostrate and at least 15 cm (6 in.) long with internodes at least 4 to 15 cm (1.6 to 6 in.) long. The opposite leaves are somewhat thick, triangular, egg-shaped to heart-shaped, conspicuously three-veined, and nearly hairless to sparsely covered with short, fine hairs, especially along the margins. This species is the only member of the genus on Kauai that grows as a vine (Wagner

et al

. 1999).

Three plants were observed flowering in February. No additional life history information for this species is currently known (Service 1998a).

Schiedea helleri

was originally found only at a single location above Waimea, at Kaholuamano on the island of Kauai, over 100 years ago. There is currently a total of three populations with 63 individuals on State-owned land at Mohihi Stream, Nawaimaka Valley, and Mohihi Waialae Trail within the Alakai Wilderness Preserve and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve (K. Wood,

in litt

. 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

Schiedea helleri

is found on ridges and steep cliffs in closed

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

montane wet forest,

M. polymorpha-Cheirodendron

spp. montane wet forest, or

Acacia koa-M. polymorpha

montane mesic forest at elevations between 941 and 1,223 m (3,088 and 4,011 ft). Other native plants growing in association with this species include

Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron

spp.,

Cibotium

spp.,

Cyanea

spp.,

Dianella sandwicensis, Dubautia

spp.,

Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope

spp.,

Myrsine

spp.,

Poa sandvicensis Scaevola procera, Syzygium sandwicensis,

or

Viola wailenalenae

(pamakani) (K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001; HINHP Database 2000).

Competition with the non-native plant

Rubus argutus,

a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (e.g., landslides or hurricanes), and reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of extant individuals are serious threats to

Schiedea helleri

(61 FR 53070).

Schiedea kauaiensis

(NCN)

Schiedea kauaiensis,

a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a generally hairless, erect subshrub. The green, sometimes purple-tinged leaves are opposite, narrowly egg-shaped or lance-shaped to narrowly or broadly elliptic. Lacking petals, the perfect flowers are borne in open branched inflorescences, and are moderately covered with fine, short, curly, white hairs. This short-lived perennial species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by its habit, larger leaves, the hairiness of the inflorescence, the number of flowers in each inflorescence, larger flowers, and larger seeds (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of this taxon. Fruit and flowers have been observed in July and August, and flowering material has been collected in September. There is no evidence of regeneration from seed under field conditions. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998a).

Historically,

Schiedea kauaiensis

was known from the northwestern side of Kauai, from Papaa to Mahanaloa. It was thought to be extinct until the two currently known populations in Mahanaloa and Kalalau Valleys, with a total of 22 individuals, were found. Both populations occur on State land within the Kuia Natural Area Reserve and Na Pali Coast State Park (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Schiedea kauaiensis

typically grows in diverse mesic to wet

Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha

forest on steep slopes at elevations between 192 and 1,290 m (631 and 4,232 ft). Associated native plant species include

Alphitonia ponderosa, Cryptocarya mannii, Diospyros

spp.,

Dodonaea viscosa, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Exocarpos luteolus, Microlepia strigosa, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pisonia

spp.,

Peucedanum sandwicense, Psychotria

spp.,

Psydrax odoratum,

or

Styphelia tameiameiae

(61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

Threats to

Schiedea kauaiensis

include habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral goats, pigs, and cattle; competition from several non-native plant species; predation by introduced slugs and snails; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the low number of individuals in only two known populations.

Schiedea kauaiensis

is also potentially threatened by fire (61 FR 53108; Service 1998a; HINHP Database 2000).

Schiedea membranacea

(NCN)

Schiedea membranacea,

a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a perennial herb. The unbranched, fleshy stems rise upwards from near the base and are somewhat sprawling. During dry seasons, the plant dies back to a woody, short stem at or beneath the ground surface. The oppositely arranged leaves are broadly elliptic to egg-shaped, generally thin, have five to seven longitudinal veins, and are sparsely covered with short, fine hairs. The perfect flowers have no petals, are numerous, and occur in large branched clusters. This short-lived perennial species differs from others of the genus that grow on Kauai by having five-to seven-nerved leaves and a herbaceous habit (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Research suggests that this species largely requires outcrossing for successful germination and survival to adulthood. Pollinators for

Schiedea membranacea

are unknown, since none have been seen during the daytime, and none were observed during one set of night observations. Little else is known about the life history of

Schiedea membranacea.

Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown. (Service 1998a).

Schiedea membranacea

is currently known from the western side of the island of Kauai, on State and privately

owned lands at Poopooiki Valley, Milolii Ridge, Kuia Valley, Awaawapuhi Valley, Nualolo Valley, Kahuamaa Flats, Waialae Falls, Koaie Canyon, and the right branch of Wainiha Valley. On State lands it occurs within the Alakai Wilderness Preserve, Halelea Forest Reserve, Kuia Natural Area Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve. There are currently seven populations containing 195 individuals (Wood and Perlman 1993; 61 FR 53070; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

This species is typically found on cliffs and cliff bases in mesic or wet habitats, in lowland, or montane shrubland, or forest communities dominated by

Acacia koa, Pipturus

spp. and

Metrosideros polymorpha

or Urticaceae shrubland on talus slopes at elevations between 422 and 1,205 m (1,386 and 3,953 ft). Associated native plant species include

Alphitonia ponderosa, Alyxia oliviformis, Asplenium

spp.,

Athyrium sandwicensis

(akolea),

Bobea brevipes, Boehmeria grandis, Cyrtandra

spp.,

Diplazium sandwichianum, Dodonaea viscosa, Eragrostis variabilis, Hedyotis terminalis, Hibiscus waimeae, Joinvillea ascendens

ssp.

ascendens

(ohe),

Labordia helleri

(kamakahala),

Lepidium serra, Lysimachia kalalauensis

(NCN),

Machaerina angustifolia, Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope

spp.,

Myrsine

spp.,

Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pisonia

spp.,

Pleomele aurea, Poa mannii, Poa sandvicensis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria

spp.,

Psydrax odoratum, Remya kauaiensis, Sadleria cyatheoides

(amau),

Scaevola procera, Thelypteris cyatheoides

(kikawaio),

Thelypteris sandwicensis

(palapalaia), or

Touchardia latifolia

(61 FR 53070; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

Habitat degradation by feral goats, and pigs, and deer; competition with the non-native plant species

Erigeron karvinskianus, Lantana camara, Rubus argutus, R. rosifolius, Psidium cattleianum, Ageratina riparia

(Hamakua pamakani), or

Passiflora mollissima;

loss of pollinators; and landslides are the primary threats to

Schiedea membranacea.

Based on observations indicating that snails and slugs may consume seeds and seedlings, it is likely that introduced molluscs also represent a major threat to this species (61 FR 53070; Wood and Perlman 1993; Service 1998a).

Schiedea spergulina

var.

leiopoda

and

Schiedea spergulina

var.

spergulina

(NCN)

Schiedea spergulina,

a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a short-lived perennial subshrub. The opposite leaves are very narrow, one-veined, and attached directly to the stem. The flowers are unisexual, with male and female flowers on different plants. Flowers occur in compact clusters of three. The capsular fruits contain nearly smooth, kidney-shaped seeds. Of the 22 species in this endemic genus, only two other species have smooth seeds.

Schiedea spergulina

differs from those two in having very compact flower clusters. The two weakly defined varieties differ primarily in the degree of hairiness of the inflorescences, with

S. s.

var.

leiopoda

being the less hairy of the two (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life histories of either

Schiedea spergulina

var.

leiopoda

or

Schiedea spergulina

var.

spergulina.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).

Historically,

Schiedea spergulina

var.

leiopoda

was found on a ridge on the east side of Hanapepe on Kauai. One population with approximately 50 individuals is now known to grow in Lawai Valley on Kauai on privately owned land (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

Schiedea spergulina

var.

spergulina

was historically found in Olokele Canyon, but is now known only from the right branch of Kalalau Valley, Koaie Canyon, and Waimea Canyon. A total of three populations numbering approximately 206 individuals is reported on State-owned land within the Na Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and the Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve. However, it has been estimated that this species may number in the thousands on Kauai (Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

Both varieties of

Schiedea spergulina

are usually found on bare rock outcrops or sparsely vegetated portions of rocky cliff faces or cliff bases in diverse lowland dry to mesic forests at elevations between 21 and 87 m (69 and 284 ft) for

Schiedea spergulina

var.

leiopoda

and elevations between 144 and 828 m (474 and 2,718 ft) for

Schiedea spergulina

var.

spergulina.

Associated native plant species include

Acacia koa, Artemisia australis, Bidens sandvicensis, Carex meyenii, Chamaesyce celastroides, Dianella sandwicensis, Doryopteris

spp. (kumuniu),

Eragrostis variabilis, Erythrina sandwicensis

(wiliwili),

Gahnia

spp,

Heliotropium

spp. (ahinahina),

Lepidium serra, Lipochaeta connata, Microlepia strigosa, Nestegis sandwicensis, Nototrichium sandwicense, Panicum lineale, Peucedanum sandwicense,

or

Wilkesia gymnoxiphium

(59 FR 9304; Lorence and Flynn 1991; Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to

Schiedea spergulina

var.

leiopoda

are habitat destruction by feral goats and competition with non-native plants such as

Leucaena leucocephala, Lantana camara,

or

Furcraea foetida

(Mauritius hemp). Individuals have also been damaged and destroyed by rock slides. This variety is potentially threatened by pesticide use in nearby sugarcane fields, as well as a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (

e.g.,

hurricanes) and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals (59 FR 9304; Lorence and Flynn 1991; Service 1995).

Schiedea spergulina

var.

spergulina

is threatened by competition with non-native plant species, including

Erigeron karvinskianus, Lantana camara, Melia azedarach,

or

Triumfetta semitriloba

(Sacramento bur). The area in which this variety grows is used heavily by feral goats, and there is evidence that plants are being browsed and trampled (59 FR 9304; Lorence and Flynn 1991; HINHP Database 2000).

Schiedea stellarioides

(laulihilihi)

Schiedea stellarioides,

a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a slightly erect to prostrate subshrub with branched stems. The opposite leaves are very slender to oblong-elliptic, and one-veined. This short-lived perennial species is distinguished from others of the genus that grow on Kauai by the number of veins in the leaves, shape of the leaves, presence of a leaf stalk, length of the flower cluster, and shape of the seeds (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Plants were observed flowering in the field in February. Little else is known about the life history of

Schiedea stellarioides.

Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).

Historically,

Schiedea stellarioides

was found at the sea cliffs of Hanakapiai Beach, Kaholuamano-Opaewela region, the ridge between Waialae and Nawaimaka Valleys, and Haupu Range on the island of Kauai. Currently it is found in Kawaiiki Valley and Waialae Falls within the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve. There is a total of two populations with 400 individuals on

State-owned land (K. Wood,

in litt.

1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

Schiedea stellarioides

is found on steep slopes in closed

Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha

lowland to montane mesic forest or shrubland at elevations between 476 and 1,216 m (1,561 and 3,990 ft). Associated native plant species include

Alsinidendron viscosum, Artemisia australis, Bidens cosmoides, Chenopodium

spp. (ahe ahea),

Dianella sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Mariscus

spp.,

Melicope

spp.,

Nototrichium sandwicense, Pipturus

spp.,

Styphelia tameiameiae, Syzygium sandwicensis,

or

Zanthoxylum dipetalum

(61 FR 53070; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The primary threats to this species include habitat degradation and herbivory by feral pigs and goats, competition with the non-native plants

Melinis minutiflora

and

Rubus argutus,

and a risk of extinction of the two remaining populations from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes (61 FR 53070).

Stenogyne campanulata

(NCN)

Stenogyne campanulata,

a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is a vine with four-angled, hairy stems. A short-lived perennial species,

Stenogyne campanulata

is distinguished from closely related species by its large and very broadly bell-shaped calyces that nearly enclose the relatively small, straight corollas, and by small calyx teeth that are half as long as wide (Weller and Sakai 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Stenogyne campanulata.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).

Stenogyne campanulata

is known from two populations with 66 individuals which were originally discovered in the left branch of Kalalau Valley on State-owned land in the Na Pali Coast State Park (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Stenogyne campanulata

grows on the rock face of a nearly vertical, north-facing cliff in diverse lowland or montane mesic forest at elevations between 335 and 1,290 m (1,100 and 4,232 ft). The associated native plant species include

Lepidium serra, Lobelia niihauensis, Lysimachia

spp.,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Melicope pallida, Neraudia kauaiensis, Nototrichium divaricatum

(kului),

Poa mannii, Remya montgomeryi,

or

Wilkesia gymnoxiphium

(57 FR 20580; Weller and Sakai 1999; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The restriction of this species to virtually inaccessible cliffs suggests that herbivory by feral goats may have eliminated it from more accessible locations. Goat herbivory and habitat degradation remain the primary threat. Feral pigs have disturbed vegetation in the vicinity of these plants. Erosion caused by feral goats or pigs exacerbates the potential threat of landslides.

Erigeron karvinskianus

and

Rubus argutus

are the primary non-native plants threatening

Stenogyne campanulata.

The small number of individuals and its restricted distribution are serious potential threats to the species. The limited population size may depress reproductive vigor, or a single environmental disturbance, such as a landslide, could destroy all known extant individuals (57 FR 20580).

Viola helenae

(NCN)

Viola helenae

is a small, unbranched perennial subshrub with an erect stem in the violet family (Violaceae). The hairless leaves are clustered on the upper part of the plant and are lance-shaped with a pair of narrow, membranous stipules below each leaf. The small, pale lavender or white flowers are produced on stems either singly or in pairs in the leaf axils. The fruit is a capsule that splits open at maturity, releasing the pale olive brown seeds (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history and ecology of

Viola helenae.

Wagner

et al.

(1999) stated that the flowers are all chasmogamous (open at maturity for access by pollinators) and not cleistogamous (remain closed and self-fertilize in the bud) as in certain other violets. Therefore, it is likely that its flowers require pollination by insects for seed set. Mature flowering plants do produce seed; however, seed viability may be low and microhabitat requirements for germination and growth may be very specific. Seeds planted at NTBG on Kauai failed to germinate, although they may not have been sufficiently mature when collected and violet seeds are often very slow to germinate. The seeds are jettisoned when the capsule splits open, as in most species of the genus (Service 1994).

Historically,

Viola helenae

was known from four popu

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