Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Island of Hawaii, Hawaii

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17

RIN 1018-AH02

Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Island of Hawaii, Hawaii

AGENCY:

Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION:

Proposed rule concerning designation of critical habitat.

SUMMARY:

We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), propose critical habitat for 47 of the 58 plant species known historically from the island of Hawaii that are listed under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.

Critical habitat is not proposed for seven species as they no longer occur on the island of Hawaii, and we are unable to identify any habitat essential to their conservation on the island. Critical habitat is not proposed for two species of loulu palm,

Pritchardia affinis

and

Pritchardia schattaueri,

for which we determine that critical habitat designation is not prudent because it would likely increase the threats from vandalism or collection of these species on the island of Hawaii. Critical habitat is not proposed for two species,

Cyanea copelandii

ssp.

copelandii

and

Ochrosia kilaueaensis,

because they have not been seen recently in the wild and no viable genetic material is known to exist.

We propose critical habitat designations for 47 species within 28 critical habitat units totaling approximately 176,968 hectares (ha) (437,285 acres (ac)) on the island of Hawaii.

If this proposal is made final, section 7 of the Act requires Federal agencies to ensure that actions they carry out, fund, or authorize do not destroy or adversely modify critical habitat to the extent that the action appreciably diminishes the value of the critical habitat for the survival and recovery of the species. Section 4 of the Act requires us to consider economic and other relevant impacts of specifying any particular area as critical habitat.

We solicit data and comments from the public on all aspects of this proposal, including data on the economic and other impacts of the designations, and the reasons why critical habitat for any of these species is prudent or not prudent. We may revise or further refine this rule, including critical habitat boundaries, prior to final designation based on habitat and plant surveys, public comment on the proposed critical habitat rule, and new scientific and commercial information.

DATES:

We will accept comments until July 29, 2002. Public hearing requests must be received by July 12, 2002.

ADDRESSES:

If you wish to comment, you may submit your comments and materials concerning this proposal by any one of the following methods:

You may submit written comments and information to the Field Supervisor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Office, 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 3-122, P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850-0001.

You may hand-deliver written comments to our Pacific Islands Office at the address given above.

You may send comments by electronic mail (e-mail) to:

FW1PIE_Hawaii_Island_Crithab@r1.fws.gov.

See the

Public Comments Solicited

section in

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

below for file format and other information about electronic filing.

You may view comments and materials received, as well as supporting documentation used in the preparation of this proposed rule, by appointment, during normal business hours at the above address.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

Paul Henson, Field Supervisor, Pacific Islands Office (

see

ADDRESSES

section) (telephone 808/541-3441; facsimile 808/541-3470).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

In the Lists of Endangered and Threatened Plants (50 FR 17.12), there are 58 plant species that, at the time of listing, were reported from the island of Hawaii (Table 1). Twenty-seven of these species are endemic to the island of Hawaii, while 31 species are reported from 1 or more other islands, as well as the island of Hawaii.

Table 1.—Summary of Island distribution of 58 Species from Hawaii

Species

Island distribution

Kauai

Oahu

Molokai

Lanai

Maui

Hawaii

NW Hawaiian Islands, Kahoolawe, Niihau

Achyranthes mutica

(NCN)

H

C

Adenophorus periens

(pendent kihi fern)

C

H

C

R

R

C

Argyroxiphium kauense

(Mauna Loa silversword)

C

Asplenium fragile

var.

insulare

(NCN)

H

C

Bonamia menziesii

(NCN)

C

C

H

C

C

C

Cenchrus agrimonioides

(kamanomano)

C

H

C

R

NW Islands (H)

Clermontia drepanomorpha

(oha wai)

C

Clermontia lindseyana

(oha wai)

C

C

Clermontia peleana

(oha wai)

H

H

Clermontia pyrularia

(oha wai)

C

Colubrina oppositifolia

(kauila)

C

C

C

Ctenitis squamigera

(pauoa)

H

C

C

C

C

H

Cyanea copelandii

ssp.

copelandii

(haha)

H

Cyanea hamatiflora

ssp.

carlsonii

(haha)

C

Cyanea platyphylla

(haha)

C

Cyanea shipmanii (haha)

C

Cyanea stictophylla

(haha)

C

Cyrtandra giffardii

(haiwale)

C

Cyrtandra tintinnabula

(haiwale)

C

Delissea undulata

(NCN)

C

H

C

Diellia erecta

(NCN)

H

C

C

H

C

C

Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame)

C

C

H

C

C

Gouania vitifolia

(NCN)

C

H

C

Hedyotis cookiana

(awiwi)

C

H

H

H

Hedyotis coriacea

(kioele)

H

C

C

Hibiscadelphus giffardianus

(hau kuahiwi)*

H

Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis

(hau kuahiwi)*

H

Hibiscus brackenridgei

(mao hau hele)

H

C

H

C

C

C

Ka (R)

Ischaemum byrone

(Hilo ischaemum)

R

H

C

C

C

Isodendrion hosakae

(aupaka)

C

Isodendrion pyrifolium

(wahine noho kula)

H

H

H

H

C

Ni (H)

Mariscus fauriei

(NCN)

C

H

C

Mariscus pennatiformis

(NCN)

H

H

C

H

NW (C)

Melicope zahlbruckneri

(alani)

C

Neraudia ovata

(NCN)

C

Nothocestrum breviflorum

(aiea)

C

Ochrosia kilaueaensis

(holei)

H

Phlegmariurus mannii

(wawaeiole)

H

C

H

Phyllostegia parviflora

(NCN)

C

H

H

Phyllostegia racemosa

(NCN)

C

Phyllostegia velutina

(NCN)

C

Phyllostegia warshaueri

(NCN)

C

Plantago hawaiensis

(laukahi kuahiwi)

C

Plantago princeps

(laukahi kuahiwi)

C

C

C

C

H

Pleomele hawaiiensis

(halapepe)

C

Portulaca sclerocarpa

(poe)

C

C

Pritchardia affinis

(loulu)

C

Pritchardia schattaueri (loulu)

C

Sesbania tomentosa

(ohai)

C

C

C

H

C

C

NW, Ka, Ni (H)

Sicyos alba

(anunu)

C

Silene hawaiiensis

(NCN)

C

Silene lanceolata

(NCN)

H

C

C

H

C

Solanum incompletum

(popolo ku mai)

H

H

H

H

C

Spermolepis hawaiiensis

(NCN)

C

C

C

C

C

C

Tetramolopium arenarium

(NCN)

H

C

Vigna o-wahuensis

(NCN)

H

C

C

C

C

Ni (H), Ka (C)

Zanthoxylum dipetalum

var.

tomentosum

(ae)

C

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

(ae)

C

C

H

C

C

KEY

C (Current)—population last observed within the past 30 years

H (Historical)—wild population not seen for more than 30 years

R (Reported)—reported from undocumented observations

NW—NW Hawaiian Islands

Ka—Kahoolawe

Ni—Niihau

NCN—no common name

* Taxon only known in cultivation

In previously published proposals we proposed that critical habitat was prudent for 31 (

Achyranthes mutica, Adenophorus periens, Asplenium fragile

var.

insulare, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia peleana, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Delissea undulata, Diellia erecta, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis coriacea, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Mariscus fauriei, Mariscus pennatiformis, Phlegmariurus mannii, Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago princeps, Portulaca sclerocarpa, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Solanum incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium arenarium, Vigna o-wahuensis

, and

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

) of the 58 species reported from the island of Hawaii. No change is made to the 31 proposed prudency determinations in this proposal and they are hereby incorporated in this proposal (65 FR 66808, 65 FR 79192, 65 FR 82086, 65 FR 83158, 67 FR 3940, 67 FR 9806, 67 FR 15856, 67 FR 16492).

In this proposal, we determine that critical habitat is prudent for 23 species (

Argyroxiphium kauense, Clermontia drepanomorpha, Clermontia pyrularia, Cyanea hamatiflora

ssp.

carlsonii, Cyanea platyphylla, Cyanea shipmanii, Cyanea stictophylla, Cyrtandra giffardii, Cyrtandra tintinnabula, Hibiscadelphus giffardianus, Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis, Isodendrion hosakae, Melicope zahlbruckneri, Neraudia ovata, Nothocestrum breviflorum, Phyllostegia racemosa, Phyllostegia velutina, Phyllostegia warshaueri, Plantago hawaiensis, Pleomele hawaiiensis, Sicyos alba, Silene hawaiiensis

, and

Zanthoxylum dipetalum

var.

tomentosum

), for which prudency determinations have not been made previously, because the potential benefits of designating critical habitat essential for the conservation of these species outweigh the risks that may result from human activity because of critical habitat designation.

In this proposal, we determine that critical habitat designation is not prudent for two species,

Pritchardia affinis

and

Pritchardia schattaueri

, because it would likely increase the threat from vandalism or collection of these species on the island of Hawaii. In addition, we propose that critical habitat designation is not prudent for two species,

Cyanea copelandii

ssp.

copelandii

and

Ochrosia kilaueaensis

, known only from the island of Hawaii, that have not been seen in the wild since 1957 and 1927, respectively, and for which no viable genetic material is known to exist.

In this proposal, we propose designation of critical habitat for 47 of the 58 species reported from the island of Hawaii:

Achyranthes mutica, Adenophorus periens, Argyroxiphium kauense, Asplenium fragile

var.

insulare, Bonamia menziesii, Clermontia drepanomorpha, Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia peleana, Clermontia pyrularia, Colubrina oppositifolia, Cyanea hamatiflora

ssp.

carlsonii, Cyanea platyphylla, Cyanea shipmanii, Cyanea stictophylla, Cyrtandra giffardii, Cyrtandra tintinnabula, Delissea undulata, Diellia erecta, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, Hibiscadelphus giffardianus, Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Isodendrion hosakae, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Mariscus fauriei, Melicope zahlbruckneri, Neraudia ovata, Nothocestrum breviflorum, Phyllostegia racemosa, Phyllostegia velutina, Phyllostegia warshaueri, Plantago hawaiensis, Pleomele hawaiiensis, Portulaca sclerocarpa, Sesbania tomentosa, Sicyos alba, Silene hawaiiensis, Silene lanceolata, Solanum incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium arenarium, Vigna o-wahuensis, Zanthoxylum dipetalum

var.

tomentosum

, and

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

.

Critical habitat is not proposed for 4 (

Pritchardia affinis, Pritchardia schattaueri, Cyanea copelandii

ssp.

copelandii

, and

Ochrosia kilaueaensis

) of the 58 species reported from the island of Hawaii for which we determine that designation of critical habitat is not prudent for the reasons given above.

Critical habitat is not proposed for 7 (

Cenchrus agrimonioides, Ctenitis squamigera, Hedyotis cookiana, Mariscus pennatiformis, Phlegmariurus mannii, Phyllostegia parviflora

, and

Plantago princeps

) of the 58 species on the island of Hawaii because these plants no longer occur on the island of Hawaii and we are unable to identify any habitat essential to their conservation on this island. However, proposed critical habitat designations, or non-designations, for these species will be included in other Hawaiian plants proposed critical habitat rules (Table 2).

Table 2.—List of Proposed Rules in Which Critical Habitat Designations or Non-Designations Will Be Proposed for Seven Species for Which We Are Unable To Determine Habitat That Is Essential for Their Conservation on the Island of Hawaii

Species

Proposed rules in which critical habitat designations or non-designations will be made.

Cenchrus agrimonioides

Maui; Lanai; Oahu.

Ctenitis squamigera

Kauai; Maui; Lanai; Molokai; Oahu.

Hedyotis cookiana

Kauai; Molokai; Oahu.

Mariscus pennatiformis

Kauai; Maui; NW Hawaiian Islands; Oahu.

Phyllostegia mannii

Kauai; Maui.

Phyllostegia parviflora

Maui; Oahu.

Plantago princeps

Kauai; Maui; Molokai; Oahu.

The Island of Hawaii

This largest island of the Hawaiian archipelago comprises 10,458 square kilometers (km) (4,038 square miles (mi)) or two-thirds of the land area of the State of Hawaii giving rise to its common name, the “Big Island.” The Hawaiian Islands are volcanic islands formed over a “hot spot,” a fixed area of pressurized molten magma deep within the Earth. As the Pacific Plate, a section of the Earth's surface many miles thick, has moved to the northwest, the islands of the chain have separated. Currently, this hot spot is centered under the southeast part of the island of Hawaii, which is one of the most volcanic areas on Earth. Five large shield volcanoes make up the island of Hawaii: Mauna Kea at 4,205 meters (m) (13,796 feet (ft)), and Kohala at 1,670 m (5,480 ft), both extinct; Hualalai at 2,521 m (8,271 ft), which is dormant and could erupt again; and Mauna Loa, at 4,169 m (13,677 ft) and Kilauea at 1,248 m (4,093 ft), both of which are currently active and adding land area to the island (McDonald

et al.

1983; 59 FR 10305; United States Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) 1996a).

The island of Hawaii lies within the trade wind belt. Moisture derived from the Pacific Ocean is carried to the island by north-easterly trade winds. Heavy rains fall when the moisture in clouds makes contact with windward mountain slopes (Wagner

et al

. 1999). Considerable moisture reaches the leeward slopes of the saddle area between Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea, but dries out rapidly as elevation increases. The orographic effect reaches an elevation of about 2,000 to 3,000 m (6,500 to 9,850 ft) and tends to go around rather than over the high mountains. Thus, leeward and saddle areas of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa tend to be dry (Service 1996a).

A rain shadow effect is created by Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa on the leeward side of the island, removing the Kona coast from trade winds. However, warm air generated from the island land mass rises and condenses, resulting in convectional showers. A major source of rainfall is provided by winter storms which develop south of the island. Kona storms impact the island when trade winds subside during the winter months. Areas of the saddle are protected from these storms by Hualalai volcano and, therefore, droughts in the saddle area are common. Fog drip, the condensation of moisture on vegetation, can be a significant source of precipitation as well as an effective contributor in reducing evapotranspiration losses, especially in dry areas (Service 1996a; Wagner

et al

. 1999).

The Kau Desert is located on the southeastern side of the island of Hawaii and leeward to the slopes of Kilauea volcano. Lying in the volcano's rain shadow, Kau Desert receives less than 1,200 millimeters (mm) (47 inches (in)) of moisture per year. However, the barren conditions are not attributed to lack of moisture but, rather, to acid rain-forming sulphur dioxide vented from the caldera. Small seasonal variation in temperature occurs on the island. Average daily temperatures differ between the warmest and the coolest day only by about 4° C (7.2° F). However, daily extremes are pronounced, reflecting time of day, elevation, and weather. Wagner

et al

. (1999) reported that night is winter in Hawaii. The highest recorded temperature of 37.7° C (100° F) occurred at Pahala and the lowest of −12.7° C (9° F) on Mauna Kea (Service 1996a; Wagner

et al

. 1999).

Discussion of the Plant Taxa

Species Endemic to Hawaii

Argyroxiphium kauense

(Mauna Loa silversword)

Argyroxiphium kauense

, a long-lived perennial and a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a primarily monocarpic (flowering and fruiting only once and then dying, usually after several years) giant rosette plant with leaves covered with grayish-silver hairs. It differs from

Argyroxiphium sandwicense

ssp.

sandwicense

and

Argyroxiphium sandwicense

ssp.

macrocephalum

primarily by having the vegetative rosette of leaves elevated on an erect stem, longer and thinner leaves which are triangular rather than flat in cross-section, and somewhat sparser leaf pubescence (hairs) (Carr 1985; Carr 1999; Meyrat 1982).

The species is primarily monocarpic, that is, most individuals grow and flower from a large rosette. The plant increases in rosette diameter and stem height for a number of years, and then produces a single, tall inflorescence (flowering part of plant) with hundreds of capitula (heads), each containing up to 200 florets (small flowers that are part of a dense cluster). After fruit set, the entire plant dies. In the Upper Waiakea population, only 4 of the 86 plants in 1990 had more than a single rosette (that is, were branched). Three of these had two rosettes and one plant had three rosettes. At Keapohina, 30 percent (62) of the 205 plants examined in 1984 were branched. About 71 percent (44) of the branched silverswords had suffered browse damage to the apical meristem (the growing point at the tip of a stem, gives rise to stem, leaves and flowers). Branching is a common response to mechanical (browse) damage to the apical meristem in monocarpic silverswords, but may also be a trait with a genetic component. The majority of individuals of the

Argyroxiphium kauense

are monocarpic, unbranched plants. Adult individuals that have branched in response to browse damage may produce small flowering stalks. Fruits collected in 1991 from inflorescences of branched individuals were not viable. Fruits collected in 1984 from Keapohina were primarily from the small inflorescences produced on browsed plants, and the number of fruits that had seeds with embryos was low (Service 1996c; 58 FR 18029; Joan Canfield, formerly with the Service, pers. comm. 1992).

Historically,

Argyroxiphium kauense

may have once occurred in subalpine forests, bogs, and mountain parkland between 1,585 and 2,500 m (5,200 and 8,000 ft) elevation in a band from the southwest rift to the northeast slope of Mauna Loa and on Hualalai. The species is currently extant in three wild populations containing a total of fewer than 500 individuals on private land on Kahuku Ranch and on State owned land in the Upper Waiakea and Kapapala Forest Reserves. In addition, the Kapapala population has been augmented with approximately 1,000 individuals and there is an outplanted population of about 1,000 individuals in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (Bryan

in litt

. 1974; Carr 1985; Hawaii Natural Heritage Program (HINHP) Database 2000; Marie Bruegmann, Service, pers. comm. 2001; Geographic Decision Systems International (GDSI) 2000).

The habitat of this species includes moist open forest, subalpine mesic shrubland, bogs, and weathered, old pahoehoe (smooth) or aa (rough) lava with well developed pockets of soil in subalpine mountain vegetation between 1,625 and 2,774 m (3,330 and 9,100 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include

Coprosma montana

(pilo),

Plantago hawaiensis

(laukahi kuahiwi),

Silene hawaiiensis

(No Common Name (NCN)),

Asplenium fragile

var.

insulare

(NCN),

Metrosideros polymorpha

(ohia),

Styphelia tameiameiae

(pukiawe),

Coprosma ernodeoides

(nene),

Vaccinium reticulatum

(ohelo ai),

Dubautia ciliolata

(naenae),

Geranium cuneatum

(nohoanu),

Carex montis-eeka

(NCN),

Carex alligata

(NCN),

Rhynchospora chinensis

(kuolohia),

Dodonaea viscosa

(aalii),

Gahnia gahniiformis

(NCN), or

Deschampsia nubigena

(hair grass) (HINHP Database 2000; Linda Pratt, U.S. Geological Survey—Biological Resources Division,

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001; 58 FR 18029).

The threats to this species are browsing by cattle (

Bos taurus

), goats (

Capra hircus

), and mouflon sheep (

Ovis musimon

); habitat disruption by feral pigs (

Sus scrofa

); insects (including fruit parasites); drought; human disturbance; competition with non-native plants; disease; and vulnerability to extinction from chance events (such as volcanic activity, earthquakes, hurricanes, fires or other natural disasters) due to the small population size and limited distribution (J. Canfield, pers. comm. 1992; Mitchell 1981; Cuddihy and Stone 1999; Service 1996c; 58 FR 18029; Medeiros

et al.

1991).

Clermontia drepanomorpha

(oha wai).

Clermontia drepanomorpha,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a terrestrial or epiphytic (not rooted in the soil) branching tree with stalked leaves. This species is

distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by similar sepals (outermost or lowermost whorl of flower parts) and petals, the long drooping inflorescence, and large blackish purple flowers (Lammers 1999).

No life history information is available for

Clermontia drepanomorpha

at this time (Service 1998c).

Historically,

Clermontia drepanomorpha

was known only from the State of Hawaii's Puu O Umi Natural Area Reserve (NAR) in the Kohala Mountains (puu = summit, hill). Currently there is a single large population containing approximately 200 individuals. It is located in the Puu O Umi NAR and Kohala Forest Reserve on State and privately owned lands. This species has also been outplanted in the State-owned Waimanu bog in the Kohala Mountains (HINHP Database 2000; Stemmermann and Jacobson 1987; GDSI 2000; Steve Perlman, National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG)

in litt.

1995; Lyman Perry, Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW), pers. comm. 2000; L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

This species typically grows in

Metrosideros polymorpha, Cheirodendron trigynum

(olapa), and

Cibotium glaucum

(hapuu) dominated montane wet forests, sometimes epiphytically, at elevations between 808 and 1,676 m (2,650 and 5,500 ft). Associated native plant taxa include

Carex alligata, Melicope clusiifolia

(alani),

Styphelia tameiameiae, Astelia menziesii

(painiu),

Rubus hawaiiensis

(akala),

Cyanea pilosa

(haha),

Coprosma

sp. (pilo), or native sphagnum moss (Corn 1983; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1998c, L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm., 2001).

The threats to this species are competition from non-native plant taxa such as

Rubus rosifolius

(thimbleberry), habitat disturbance by feral pigs, girdling of the stems by rats (

Rattus

spp.), and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (such as hurricanes) due to its narrow distribution (Service 1998c; 61 FR 53137).

Clermontia pyrularia

(oha wai)

Clermontia pyrularia,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a tree with finely toothed leaves attached to a winged stalk. This species is separated from the other taxa in the genus that occur on the island of Hawaii by winged leaf stalks (petioles), two-lipped flowers, green-white petals, and a pear-shaped berry (Lammers 1991, 1999).

Clermontia pyrularia

was observed in fruit and flower during December and November. No other life history information is currently available (Service 1996a).

Historically,

Clermontia pyrularia

was known only from the western and northeastern slope of Mauna Kea, the western slope of Mauna Loa and the saddle between the two. Currently this species is known from one population with several individuals on the boundary of the Hilo Forest Reserve on State-owned land. There are also two outplanted populations, at Piha on State owned land, adjacent to the Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) and in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (HVNP) (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000; Jack Jeffrey, Hakalau NWR, and Steve Bergfeld, DOFAW, pers. comm. 1999; Patty Moriyasu, Hawaii Center for Conservation Research and Training, University of Hawaii (CCRT-UH), pers. comm. 2000).

The habitat for this species includes wet and mesic montane forest dominated by

Acacia koa

(koa) and/or

Metrosideros polymorpha,

and subalpine dry forest dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha,

at elevations between 1,628 and 2,061 m (5,340 to 6,760 ft). Associated native plants taxa are

Coprosma

sp.,

Dryopteris wallichiana

(io nui),

Rubus hawaiensis,

or

Hedyotis

sp. (NCN) (HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001; 59 FR 10305).

The threats to this plant are competition with non-native plants, particularly

Passiflora mollissima

(banana poka), pigs, fruit and seed predation by

Rattus

sp. (black rat), scattered distribution, few populations, and small number of individuals making this taxon highly vulnerable to extinction caused by random naturally occurring events and human impacts, loss of pollinators, and cattle (59 FR 10305; Service 1996a).

Cyanea copelandii

ssp.

copelandii

(haha).

Cyanea copelandii

ssp.

copelandii,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small epiphytic shrub which roots at the nodes and grows on rocks and tree trunks. This species is distinguished from other members of the genus by the size, shape, and dark red hairs of the petals and by the reclining habit. This taxon is easily distinguished by its narrow leaves from the only other subspecies,

Cyanea copelandii

ssp.

haleakalaensis,

which is relatively prolific on Maui (Lammers 1999).

Cyanea copelandii

ssp.

copelandii

was observed in fruit and flower during December. No other life history information is currently available (Service 1996a).

Historically,

Cyanea copelandii

ssp.

copelandii

was found at two sites on the southeastern slope of Mauna Loa, near Glenwood. It has not been observed in the wild since 1957 (Lammers 1999).

Cyanea copelandii

ssp.

copelandii

was found in montane wet forest, epiphytic on mossy

Cibotium

spp. (hapuu) between an elevation of 658 and 881 m (2,160 and 2,890 ft). Associated native plant species included

Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia koa, Cheirodendron trigynum, Broussaisia arguta

(kanawao), or

Melicope clusiifolia

(59 FR 10305, L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

The threats to

Cyanea copelandii

ssp.

copelandii

included grazing by feral ungulates and fruit and seed predation by rats. The loss of pollinators may have contributed to lack of regeneration (Service 1996a).

Cyanea hamatiflora

(haha).

Cyanea hamatiflora,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a palm-like tree with tan sap and leaves without stalks. This species is composed of two subspecies:

Cyanea hamatiflora

ssp.

carlsonii,

endemic to the island of Hawaii, and

Cyanea hamatiflora

ssp.

hamatiflora,

endemic to East Maui.

Cyanea hamatiflora

ssp.

carlsonii

is distinguished from

C. hamatiflora

ssp.

hamatiflora

by calyx (collective term for sepals, outermost or lowermost whorl of flower parts) lobes that are longer and wider and by its longer pedicels (flower stalk) (Lammers 1999).

This taxon was observed in flower during December and August. Seeds have been collected in October and November. No other life history information is currently available (Service 1996a).

Historically,

Cyanea hamatiflora

ssp.

carlsonii

was known only from the west side of the island of Hawaii. Currently, it occurs in three populations containing approximately 14 individuals on the State's Honuaula Forest Reserve and South Kona Forest Reserve. It has also been reported from Federal land on the Kona unit of Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge. There are also individuals of this taxon outplanted at Puu Waawaa and the Kipahoehoe NAR (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Jon Giffin, DOFAW,

in litt.

2000; L. Perry, pers. comm. 2000).

The habitat of

Cyanea hamatiflora

ssp.

carlsonii

is mesic montane forest dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha

or

Acacia koa

at elevations between 1,350 to 1,783 m (4,430 to 5,850 ft). Associated native plants include

Myoporum sandwicense

(naio),

Clermontia clermontioides

(oha wai),

Coprosma

sp.,

Ilex anomala

(kawau),

Hedyotis

sp.,

Sophora chrysophylla

(mamane),

Cibotium

spp.,

Dryopteris

sp. (NCN), or

Athyrium

(

Diplazium

) sp. (NCN) ( Lammers 1999; HINHP Database 2000, L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

The threats to

Cyanea hamatiflora

ssp.

carlsonii

are competition with non-native plants, especially

Passiflora mollissima;

grazing and trampling by domestic and escaped cattle; rooting by feral pigs; and consumption of fruits by rats and non-native birds; seed damage by an undetermined species of caterpillar; and depressed reproductive vigor due to the limited gene pool. The small remaining numbers of individuals and their limited and scattered distribution make this species vulnerable to extinction by a single natural or human-induced event (59 FR 10305; Service 1996a).

Cyanea platyphylla

(haha).

Cyanea platyphylla,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched palm-like shrub with stems that are covered with short, sharp, pale spines on the upper portions, especially when juvenile. The species differs from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by its juvenile and adult leaves, precocious flowering, and smaller flowers (Lammers 1999).

No life history information is available for

Cyanea platyphylla

at this time (Service 1998c).

Historically,

Cyanea platyphylla

was found in the Kohala Mountains near Hiilawe Falls and also the Hamakua Ditch Trail, in Honaunau, in the Puna District near Glenwood, on Kalapana Road in Pahoa, and in Puu Kauka; in Waiakea Forest Reserve; and in an unknown location called “Kalanilehua.” Currently there are a total of nine populations and fewer than 50 individuals on State and private lands. This species is extant in the Laupahoehoe NAR, Hilo Forest Reserve, and Punahoa Ahupuaa. There is also an outplanted population in the Waiakea Forest Reserve (Service 1998c; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

This species is typically found in open

Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa

lowland and montane wet forests at elevations between 137 and 1,082 m (450 and 3,550 ft). Associated native plant taxa include

Coprosma

sp.,

Psychotria hawaiiensis

(kopiko),

Perrottetia sandwicensis

(olomea),

Scaevola

spp. (naupaka),

Cibotium

sp.,

Antidesma platyphyllum

(hame),

Clermontia

spp. (oha wai),

Hedyotis

sp., or

Cyrtandra

spp. (haiwale) (Lammers 1999; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1998c, L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

The threats to this plant are habitat degradation by feral pigs; competition with the introduced plant taxa

Psidium cattleianum

(strawberry guava),

Psidium guajava

(guava),

Passiflora ligularis

(sweet granadilla), and

Rubus rosifolius;

consumption of fruits by rats; volcanic activity; risk of extinction from naturally occurring events; and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the low numbers of populations and individuals (Service 1998c; 61 FR 53137).

Cyanea shipmanii

(haha).

Cyanea shipmanii,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small unbranched or sparsely branched shrub with leaves that are deeply divided towards the midrib. This taxon is easily distinguishable from other members of the genus by its small flowers, slender stems, and stalked and divided leaves (Lammers 1999).

No life history information is available for

Cyanea shipmanii

at this time (Service 1996a).

Historically,

Cyanea shipmanii

was known only from the eastern slopes of Mauna Kea. Currently there are a total of five populations with 12 individuals on State land in north Hilo, Upper Waiakea Forest Reserve; on Federal land in the Hakalau Unit of the Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge; and on private land at Papaikou, south Hilo (Lammers 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Cyanea shipmanii

is found in montane mesic forest dominated by

Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha

on the windward slopes of the island, at elevations between 1,619 and 2,027 m (5,310 and 6,650 ft). Associated native plants include

Ilex anomala, Myrsine lessertiana

(kolea), or

Cheirodendron trigynum

(59 FR 10305, HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt

et al.

, pers. comm. 2001).

This plant is threatened by pig rooting, vulnerability to extirpation by random events, and a loss of pollinators. Small numbers of extant individuals and localized distribution may result in a limited gene pool and reduced reproductive vigor (59 FR 10305).

Cyanea stictophylla

(haha).

Cyanea stictophylla,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small tree or shrub with sparsely branched stems that are occasionally equipped with sharp outgrowths.

Cyanea stictophylla

is distinguished from other species in the genus by its large, deeply lobed petals and small calyx lobes (Lammers 1999).

Cyanea stictophylla

was observed in flower during March. No other life history information is currently available (Service 1996a).

Cyanea stictophylla

is known historically from the western, southern, southeastern, and eastern slopes of Mauna Loa. Since 1975, the species has been found near Keauhou, Honokua, and Puu Waawaa in five populations totaling 10 individuals on State and private lands (Lammers 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

The species is found in

Acacia koa

or wet

Metrosideros polymorpha

forests at elevations between 1,183 and 1,942 m (3,880 and 6,370 ft). Associated native plant species include

Melicope

spp. (alani),

Cibotium

sp., or

Urera glabra

(opuhe) (HINHP Database 2000; Lammers 1999; Service 1996a, L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

The primary reasons for decline of this species are habitat destruction by cattle grazing and habitat degradation by feral pigs. In addition, the small number of plants and the scattered distribution of populations makes the species susceptible to extinction caused by naturally occurring random events and decreased reproductive vigor (Service 1996a).

Cyrtandra giffardii

(haiwale).

Cyrtandra giffardii,

a member of the African violet family (Gesneriaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small shrubby tree with oppositely-arranged leaves positioned on the upper nodes of the stem.

Cyrtandra giffardii

is distinguished from other closely aligned taxa by papery textured and elliptically shaped leaves, small, cylindrical petals, small calyx, three to five flowers per cluster, the presence of hairs on leaves and flower clusters, and an almost round berry shape (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Cyrtandra giffardii

was observed in fruit and flower during June and November, and in flower during January and December. No other life history information is currently available (Service 1996a).

Cyrtandra giffardii

is known from the northeastern slope of Mauna Kea south to the eastern slope of Mauna Loa. Since 1975, seven populations have been identified with the total number of individuals estimated at less than 500. These populations occur near Puu Makaala, Stainback Highway, Kilau Stream in Laupahoehoe NAR, and in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park on State, Federal, and privately owned lands (Wagner

et al.

1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

The habitat of

Cyrtandra giffardii

is wet montane forest dominated by

Cibotium

sp. or

Metrosideros polymorpha

and

Metrosideros

polymorpha-Acacia koa

lowland wet forests between 637 and 1,676 m (2,090 and 5,500 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include

Hedyotis terminalis

(manono),

Astelia menziesiana, Diplazium sandwicensis

(hoio),

Perrottetia sandwicensis,

or other species of

Cyrtandra

(HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

Major threats to

Cyrtandra giffardii

are habitat degradation, rooting, and trampling by feral pigs and competition from non-native plant species such as

Andropogon virginicus

(broomsedge). The species is also susceptible to extinction due to naturally occurring random events and decreased reproductive vigor due to small numbers of populations and individuals (Service 1996a).

Cyrtandra tintinnabula

(haiwale).

Cyrtandra tintinnabula,

a member of the African violet family (Gesneriaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small shrub.

Cyrtandra tintinnabula

can be distinguished from the other species in the genus that occur on the island of Hawaii by its petal size and shape, calyx size and shape, the number of flowers per cluster, and the presence of hairs. The species differs from

Cyrtandra giffardii

in its shrubby habit, larger leaves, and shorter main cluster stalks and flower stalks (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Cyrtandra tintinnabula

was observed in flower during July and August, and in fruit during December. No other life history information is currently available (Service 1996a).

Cyrtandra tintinnabula

is known from three locations on the northeastern slopes of Mauna Kea. Since 1975, three populations have been identified in the State's Laupahoehoe NAR. Currently, a total of six populations with close to 25 individuals are known on State and private lands (59 FR 10305; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Cyrtandra tintinnabula

grows in lowland wet forest dominated by dense

Acacia koa, Metrosideros polymorpha,

and

Cibotium

spp. at elevations between 390 and 1,430 m (1,280 and 4,690 ft). Several other

Cyrtandra

or

Hedyotis

species are associated with

Cyrtandra tintinnabula

. (Wagner

et al.

1999; HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt

et al.

, pers. comm. 2001).

The main threat to

Cyrtandra tintinnabula

is rooting and browsing by feral pigs that directly damage and disturb its habitat and break its weak and delicate stems. Pigs also disturb native vegetation which increases invasion and establishment of non-native plant taxa. Continued disturbance exacerbates the non-native plant problem and eventually precludes the survival of native taxa. Additionally, because much of the native habitat is lost, appropriate pollinators may be absent as well. The loss of native pollination vectors is a probable cause for the species' demise.

Cyrtandra tintinnabula

is also vulnerable to extinction due to naturally occurring events and decreased reproductive vigor due to small population sizes and a limited distribution (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).

Hibiscadelphus giffardianus

(hau kuahiwi).

Hibiscadelphus giffardianus,

a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae) and a long-lived perennial, is a small tree with whitish bark. This species differs from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by its flower color, flower size, and the presence of filamentous bracts (Bates 1999).

No life history information is available for

Hibiscadelphus giffardianus

at this time.

Only one tree of

Hibiscadelphus giffardianus

has ever been known in the wild, from Kipuka Puaulu (or Bird Park) in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (kipuka = vegetated area surrounded by bare lava flows), which died in 1930. Individuals were cultivated by Territorial Forestry (Hawaii's Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) prior to statehood in 1959) from this parent tree. Approximately eleven plants were outplanted into Kipuka Puaulu somewhere between 1951 and 1964, and there are currently 100 outplanted plants surviving at this site in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. This species only persists through cultivation efforts (GDSI 2000; L. Pratt

et al.

, pers. comm. 2001; Service 1998c).

Hibiscadelphus giffardianus

grows in mixed montane mesic forest at elevations between 1,192 and 1,277 m (3,910 and 4,190 ft). Associated native plant taxa include

Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia koa, Sapindus saponaria

(manele),

Coprosma rhynchocarpa

(pilo),

Pipturus albidus

(mamaki),

Psychotria

sp. (kopiko),

Nestegis sandwicensis

(olopua),

Melicope

spp.,

Dodonaea viscosa,

or

Myoporum sandwicense

(Service 1998c; L. Pratt

et al.

, pers. comm. 2001).

The major threats to

Hibiscadelphus giffardianus

are bark, flower, and fruit feeding by black rats; leaf damage in the form of stippling and yellowing by

Sophonia rufofascia

(two-spotted leafhopper) and yellowing by the native plant bug

Hyalopeplus pellucidus;

competition from the non-native grasses

Ehrharta stipoides

(meadow ricegrass),

Paspalum conjugatum

(Hilo grass), and

Paspalum dilatatum

(Dallis grass); and possible habitat modification from volcanic activity. This species also faces a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing cultivated individuals. Cattle were known in the area before it became a national park and probably had a large destructive influence on the habitat as well. However, cattle are not a threat to this species now because they are no longer allowed to roam freely through the park (Service 1998c; 61 FR 53137).

Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis

(hau kuahiwi).

Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis,

a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae) and a long-lived perennial, is a small tree with whitish bark. The species is distinguished from others in the genus by its flower color, smaller flower size, and tooth-like bracts (Bates 1999).

No life history information is available for

Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis

at this time (Service 1998c).

Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis

was historically known from three populations located in the Puu Waawaa region of Hualalai. This species only persists through cultivation efforts. There are currently two outplanted populations on the island of Hawaii on State owned land (HINHP Database 2000; L. Perry, pers. comm. 2000).

Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis

grows in dry mesic to dry

Metrosideros

forest on rocky substrate in deep soils at elevations between 509 and 1,241 m (1,670 and 4,070 ft). Associated native plant species include

Nototrichium breviflorum, Metrosideros polymorpha, Diospyros sandwicensis,

or

Sophora chrysophylla

(Service 1998c; L. Pratt

et al.

, pers. comm. 2001).

Threats to this species include fire, flower and seed predation by rats, competition form non-native plants, ranching activity, habitat change due to volcanic activity, and reduced reproductive vigor due to a small number of individuals from a single parent (Service 1998c).

Isodendrion hosakae

(aupaka).

Isodendrion hosakae

is a short-lived perennial member of the violet family (Violaceae). It is a branched, upright, evergreen shrub. Reproductively mature plants range from 8 to 82 centimeters (cm) (3 to 32 in) in height, and flowers and fruit occur on the woody stems. The leathery leaves are lance-shaped and the stipules are persistent and conspicuously cover the ends of the stems. The flowers are yellowish-green to white and the fruit is a red-tinged, green, elliptical capsule (Wagner et al. 1999).

The plants are often found within the crown outline of other native shrubs suggesting that there may be a beneficial association between

Isodendrion hosakae

and these other plants. Nothing is known about the mechanisms of sexual reproduction utilized by this species. No pollinating agents have been identified, although the white flowers produce a sweet scent and numerous moths have been seen in the habitat at night. Although it has been suggested that the seeds may be wind dispersed, seedlings found underneath mature plants in windy areas may indicate that this is not the dispersal mechanism. There are no reports of vegetative reproduction of this species in nature. Attempts to grow

Isodendrion hosakae

from cuttings using several techniques have failed. Production of fruit and viable seed may be low. Nagata (1982) found that the number of fruits per plant was very low and that 8 mature fruits collected in April 1982 contained only 14 seeds. In a subsequent germination trial, only 3 of 20 seeds germinated. However, it should be noted that these observations may have been made before the peak of the fruiting season. Field observations noting phenology of

Isodendrion hosakae

have been made in the months of January, February, March, April, and November. Flowers are reported in all of these months, and fruits were seen in all of these months except January. Nagata (1982) reported that flowering and fruiting occur from November through June. Greenhouse-grown plants are known to have flowered in March and other months, and to have set new leaves in January. Clearly, these data are far too few for a reliable picture of this species' phenology (Service 1994).

The known range of this species has changed very little in the 44 years since it was first discovered in 1948 by E.Y. Hosaka on an unspecified cinder cone in Waikoloa, South Kohala. This species was again collected in 1980 in Waikoloa, sparking further searches by DOFAW botanists. These searches led to the discovery of a major population at a nearby site and a lesser colony at another site described as less than 1.6 km (1 mile) northeast of the first site and near the second site, all on privately owned land. Cuddihy

et al

. (1983) speculated that Hosaka's original collections were made at the third site. There are approximately 200 individuals in the largest population and 8 to 9 individuals at both of the other two sites. The number of plants at the other two sites are sufficiently small that they may be considered relictual or ephemeral. Only two

Isodendrion hosakae

plants are known in cultivation, and there are no other germ plasm reserves (56 FR 1454; Service 1994, HINHP Database 2000).

The existing populations of

Isodendrion hosakae

occur on the western slope of Mauna Kea. The regional vegetation is cinder cones with montane dry shrubland and elevations between 655 and 1,259 m (2,150 and 4,130 ft). Associated native plant taxa include

Dodonaea viscosa, Styphelia tameiameiae, Wikstroemia pulcherrima

(akia),

Dubautia linearis

(naenae),

Sophora chrysophylla, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia

(ulei),

Wollastonia venosa

(nehe),

Bidens menziesii

(kookoolau), or

Santalum ellipticum

(iliahi). (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1994; 56 FR 1454; L. Pratt

et al.

, pers. comm. 2001).

The principal threats to this species include habitat destruction by fire; feral ungulates; cinder mining; military activity; competition by introduced plant species, particularly

Pennisetum setaceum

(fountain grass); and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals in the two remaining populations (Service 1994; HINHP Database 2000; 56 FR 1454).

Melicope zahlbruckneri

(alani).

Melicope zahlbruckneri

, of the citrus family (Rutaceae), is a long-lived perennial and a medium-sized tree 10 to 12 m (33 to 40 ft) tall. New growth is covered with yellowish brown, fine, short, curly hairs. The opposite, stalked, elliptically oblong leaves have well defined lateral veins. Clusters of two to five flowers top the main flowering stalks. The fruit is squarish.

Melicope zahlbruckneri

is distinguished from other species of the genus by its branching habit, large leaves, and very large, squarish capsules (Stone

et al.

1999).

No life history information is available for

Melicope zahlbruckneri

at this time (Service 1998c).

Historically,

Melicope zahlbruckneri

was known from three populations: Near Glenwood, in Kipuka Puaulu, and at Moaula in Kau. It is currently known from two sites: in Kipuka Puaulu within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and a recently located population on State land in Laupahoehoe. Two individuals are known from the Laupahoehoe site. The Kipuka Puaulu population consists of approximately 30 to 45 individuals with reproducing and juvenile plants (GDSI 2000; 61 FR 53137; L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1998c).

This species is found in

Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha

dominated montane mesic forest at elevations between 692 and 1,393 m (2,270 and 4,570 ft). Associated native plant taxa include

Sapindus saponaria, Coprosma rhynchocarpa, Zanthoxylum dipetalum

(ae),

Pipturus albidus, Psychotria hawaiiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Myoporum sandwicense, Pisonia brunoniana

(papala kepau), or

Melicope

spp. (61 FR 53137; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1998c; L. Pratt

et al.

, pers. comm. 2001).

The major threats to

Melicope zahlbruckneri

are disease transmitted by the two-spotted leafhopper, competition from introduced grasses (

Paspalum scrobiculatum

(ricegrass),

Paspalum conjugatum,

and

Paspalum dilatatum

), fire; habitat modification due to volcanic activity; and potential fruit damage by rats. This species also faces a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals in the two remaining populations (61 FR 53137; Service 1998c).

Neraudia ovata

(NCN).

Neraudia ovata,

of the nettle family (Urticaceae), is a short-lived perennial and a sprawling or rarely erect shrub to a small tree, with stems 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) long, and branches bearing short, somewhat erect hairs. The alternate, thin, stalked leaves have smooth margins, are grayish on the undersurface, and have spreading, curved, nearly translucent hairs. Male and female flowers are found on separate plants. The fruit is an achene (a dry, one-seeded fruit that does not open at maturity). This species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the density, length, and posture of the hairs on the lower leaf surface, smooth leaf margin, and the boat-shaped calyx of the female flower (Wagner

et al.

1999).

No life history information is available for this

Neraudia ovata

at this time (Service 1998c).

Historically,

Neraudia ovata

was found from North Kona all the way to Kau. There are currently three known locations. One population of four individuals is known from privately owned land in Kaloko, North Kona. Three subpopulations with a total of 11 individuals occur on land that is under Federal jurisdiction at Pohakuloa Training Area. One individual is known from the State's Manuka NAR. In addition, five individuals are currently in cultivation at Pohakuloa Training Area (61 FR 53137; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Bill Stormont, DOFAW, pers. comm. 2000).

Neraudia ovata

grows in open

Metrosideros polymorpha-Sophora

chrysophylla

dominated lowland, montane dry forests, and

Metrosideros

-shrub woodland at elevations of 115 m (380 ft) at Kaloko and 1,325 and 1,829 m (4,350 to 6,000 ft) at Pohakuloa Training Area. Associated native plant taxa include

Reynoldsia sandwicensis

(ohe),

Myoporum sandwicense, Cocculus triloba

(huehue),

Myrsine lessertiana, Myrsine lanaiensis

(kolea),

Capparis sandwichiana

(maiapilo),

Fimbristylis hawaiiensis

(NCN), or

Bidens micrantha

ssp.

ctenophylla

(kookoolau) as well as the federally endangered

Nothocestrum breviflorum

(aiea) or

Pleomele hawaiiensis

(halapepe), (61 FR 53137; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1998c; L. Pratt

et al.

, pers. comm. 2001).

The major threats to

Neraudia ovata

are heavy browsing and habitat modification by feral sheep (

Ovis aries

) and feral goats; competition from non-native plants such as

Schinus terebinthifolius

(Christmasberry),

Leucaena leucocephala

(koa haole), and

Pennisetum setaceum;

habitat modification due to volcanic activity; residential development; insect damage by the non-native spiraling whitefly (

Aleurodicus dispersus

); and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals in the three remaining populations (61 FR 53137; Service 1998c).

Nothocestrum breviflorum

(aiea).

Nothocestrum breviflorum

is a long-lived perennial of the nightshade family (Solanaceae). It is a stout tree with a soft, sappy wood with dark brown bark. The leaves are relatively thick and papery in texture. The upper leaf surface is glabrous (smooth) to sparsely whitish pubescent (downy), and the lower surface is often densely whitish pubescent. Several to numerous flowers appear in clusters at the tips of shortened, spur-like branches. Fruits remain enclosed by the calyx and are orange-red, round berries about 6 to 8 mm (0.2 to 0.3 in) in diameter. This species is distinguished from other Hawaiian members of the genus by leaf shape, number of flowers (more than three) in the flower clusters at tips of short spur-like branches, and the fruit remaining enclosed in the calyx (Symon 1999).

This species was observed in flower during February, and in fruit and flower during December and January. No other life history information is currently available (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996a).

Nothocestrum breviflorum

is historically known from the southern Kohala mountains, the western, southern, and eastern slopes of Mauna Loa, and the northern slopes of Hualalai. There are 10 currently known populations totaling more than 150 individuals from State and privately owned lands in north Kona at Kaupulehu, Puu Waawaa, Kaloko, Kealakehe, Kahauloa; in Kau at Kamaoa-Puueo, in the Kohala Mountains at Kiholo and Honopue. In addition, plants were cultivated at Kipuka Puaulu in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park for ornamental purposes and there are outplanted individuals on State owned land in Puu Waawaa (59 FR 10305; Service 1996a HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000; L. Perry, pers. comm. 2000).

Nothocestrum breviflorum

is found in lowland dry forest, montane dry forest, and montane mesic forest dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia koa,

and/or

Diospyros sandwicensis

(lama). Individuals occur on aa lava substrates at elevations ranging from 152 to 1,948 m (500 to 6,390 ft). Associated native plant species include

Sophora chrysophylla, Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata

(alahee),

Myoporum sandwicense, Bidens micrantha, Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Santalum paniculatum

(iliahi),

S. ellipticum, Caesalpinia kavaiensis

(uhiuhi), or

Erythrina sandwicensis

(wiliwili). In addition, in the Puu Waawaa area the federally endangered

Colubrina oppositifolia

(kauila),

Kokia drynarioides

(kokio),

Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis

(hau kuahiwi),

Delissea undulata

(NCN), or

Pleomele hawaiiensis

(hala pepe) are also known from the area where

N. breviflorum

occurs (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999; Symon 1999; 59 FR 10305; Service 1996a; HINHP Database 2000, Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

Nothocestrum breviflorum

is negatively impacted by cattle and sheep grazing and by non-native plant taxa such as

Schinus terebinthifolius, Pennisetum setaceum, Lantana camara

(lantana), and

Leucaena leucocephala.

The presence of these invasive plant taxa may afford enough fuel to support a destructive fire. Increased residential and recreational developments have reduced available habitat. This species is also threatened by a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals in the three remaining populations (59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996a).

Ochrosia kilaueaensis

(holei).

Ochrosia kilaueaensis,

a long-lived perennial of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), is a tree with milky sap that grows to about 15 to 18 m (49 to 59 ft) tall. Elongated, egg- or lance-shaped leaf blades are arranged three to four at a node. Conspicuous secondary veins are almost perpendicular to the mid-vein. Numerous flowers are arranged in clusters and subtended by main flower cluster stalks divided into two sections, primary stalks (peduncles), and secondary branch stalks. The calyx is deeply 5-lobed and the green-white, trumpet-shaped flowers have five lobes fused at the base into a cylindric tube. Lance-shaped fruits have a fleshy inner layer, a stony single seed, and may be yellow-brown when mature. This species can be separated from other Hawaiian taxa of the genus by the greater height of mature trees, open flower clusters, longer flower stalks, and larger calyx and petal lobes (Wagner

et al.

1999).

No life history information is available for

Ochrosia kilaueaensis

at this time (59 FR 10305).

Ochrosia kilaueaensis

is known historically only from Puu Waawaa and at Kipuka Puaulu in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. It has not been seen in the wild since 1927 (59 FR 10305; M. Bruegmann pers. comm. 2000).

Ochrosia kilaueaensis

was found in

Acacia-Metrosideros-Sapindus

montane mesic forest between the elevations of 668 and 1,222 m (2,190 and 4,010 ft) (HINHP Database 2000; Wagner

et al.

1999).

This species was threatened by fire, feral goats, predation of fruits by rats, and competition with fountain grass (Service 1996a).

Phyllostegia racemosa

(NCN).

Phyllostegia racemosa,

a short-lived perennial of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is a climbing vine with many-branched, square stems. Leaves are opposite, moderately covered with short, soft hairs, dotted with small glands, and with shallow, rounded teeth. The leaf stalks are covered densely with short hairs. This species is distinguished from others in this genus by its leaf shape, lack of a main stalk to the flower clusters, and calyx teeth that are rounded and shallow (Wagner

et al.

1999).

No life history is available for this

Phyllostegia racemosa

at this time (61 FR 53137).

Historically,

Phyllostegia racemosa

was found in the Hakalau and Saddle Road areas of Mauna Kea and the Kulani-Keauhou and Kipuka Ahiu areas of Mauna Loa. Currently, seven populations with a total of approximately 10 individuals are known to occur on private and State lands in the Kulani-Keauhou area, on Federal lands in the Hakalau Unit of the Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge and in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park

(61 FR 53137; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

Phyllostegia racemosa

is typically found epiphytically in

Acacia koa, Metrosideros polymorpha,

and

Cibotium

sp. dominated montane mesic or wet forests at elevations between 1,369 and 1,966 m (4,490 to 6,450 ft). Associated native plant taxa include

Vaccinium calycinum

(ohelo),

Rubus hawaiiensis,

or

Dryopteris wallichiana

(61 FR 53137; Service 1998c; L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

The major threats to

Phyllostegia racemosa

are habitat disturbance by feral pigs and cattle; logging; competition from non-native plant taxa, such as

Passiflora mollissima, Pennisetum clandestinum

(kikuyu grass),

Anthoxanthum odoratum

(sweet vernalgrass), and

Paspalum urvillei

(vasey grass); habitat modification due to volcanic activity; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing populations and individuals (61 FR 53137; Service 1998c; HINHP Database 2000).

Phyllostegia velutina

(NCN).

Phyllostegia velutina,

a short-lived perennial of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is a climbing vine with dense, backward-pointing hairs on the leaves and square stems. This species is distinguished from others in this genus by its silky hairs, lack of a main stalk to the flower clusters, and calyx teeth that are narrow and sharply pointed (Wagner

et al.

1999).

No life history information is available for this

Phyllostegia velutina

at this time (61 FR 53137).

Historically,

Phyllostegia velutina

was found on the southern slopes of Hualalai and the eastern, western, and southern slopes of Mauna Loa.

Phyllostegia velutina

is currently known from five locations with approximately 100 individuals; on State and privately owned lands in the Olaa-Kilauea area, Upper Waiakea Forest Reserve, Kapapala Forest Reserve, Kau Forest Reserve, Puu Waawaa; and from Federal lands in the Hakalau Unit of the Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge (61 FR 53137; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1998c).

Phyllostegia velutina

typically grows in

Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa

dominated montane mesic and wet forests at elevations between 908 and 1,887 m (2,980 and 6,190 ft). Associated native plant taxa include

Cibotium

spp.,

Cheirodendron trigynum, Vaccinium calycinum, Coprosma

sp.,

Dryopteris wallichiana, Rubus hawaiiensis, Pipturus albidus, Athyrium microphyllum

(akolea) or other native wet forest terrestrial ferns,

Myrsine lessertiana,

or

Ilex anomala

(61 FR 53137; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1998c; L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

Threats to

Phyllostegia velutina

are habitat damage by cattle, feral pigs and sheep; prison facility expansion, road clearing, and logging; competition from non-native plants, such as

Pennisetum clandestinum, Rubus ellipticus

(yellow Himalayan raspberry),

Paspalum urvillei,

and

Pennisetum setaceum;

fire; habitat modification due to volcanic activity; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing populations and individuals (61 FR 53137; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1998c).

Phyllostegia warshaueri

(NCN).

Phyllostegia warshaueri,

a short-lived perennial of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is either a sprawling or climbing vine with end branches turning up, covered with upward-pointing fine, short hairs on the square stems. This species is distinguished from others in this genus by its long main stalk to the flower clusters, toothed leaves, and the distribution of hairs (Wagner

et al.

1999).

No life history information is available for

Phyllostegia warshaueri

at this time (61 FR 53137).

Historically,

Phyllostegia warshaueri

was found in the Hamakua region on the northern slopes of Mauna Kea and in the Kohala Mountains. The only known individuals occur in 7 locations on State and privately owned lands; 3 populations with 12 individuals in Laupahoehoe NAR near the Waipunalei boundary; 2 populations in the Hilo Forest Reserve with an unknown number of individuals; and 1 population with 2 individuals in the Kohala Forest Reserve at the Ookala Trail and near the Hamakua Ditch Trail; and 1 population on private land just outside the Kohala Forest Reserve in Waipio Valley near Kaiwainui Stream. In addition, individuals have been outplanted on State land in Waimanu (61 FR 53137; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000; Service 1998c; L. Perry, pers. comm. 2000).

Phyllostegia warshaueri

grows in

Metrosideros polymorpha

and

Cibotium

montane and lowland wet forest in which

Acacia koa

or

Cheirodendron trigynum

may co-dominate, at elevations between 730 and 1,150 m (2,400 and 3,770 ft). Associated native plant taxa include

Antidesma platyphyllum, Psychotria hawaiiensis, Hedyotis

sp.,

Coprosma

sp.,

Sadleria pallida

(amau),

Broussaisia arguta, Pipturus albidus, Clermontia parviflora

(oha wai),

Athyrium sandwicensis

(NCN),

Machaerina angustifolia

(uki),

Cyanea pilosa,

or other

Cyanea

spp. (haha) (61 FR 53137; Service 1998c; HINHP Database 2000).

The major threats to

Phyllostegia warshaueri

are habitat destruction by feral pigs; competition from non-native plant taxa, such as

Rubus rosifolius, Psidium cattleianum, Setaria palmifolia

(palm grass),

Juncus planifolius

(NCN), or

Tibouchina herbacea

(glorybush); ditch improvements and road clearing; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing populations and individuals (61 FR 53137; Service 1998c; HINHP Database 2000).

Plantago hawaiensis

(laukahi kuahiwi).

Plantago hawaiensis

is a short-lived perennial herb in the plantain family (Plantaginaceae) with a short stem and red-brown wooly hairs. The thick leathery basal leaves are narrowly elliptic. This species is distinguished from other members of the genus in Hawaii by several characters including ascending to sub-erect flowers, thick leathery leaves, and a fruit that is longer than the calyx (Wagner

et al.

1999).

No life history information is available for

Plantago hawaiensis

at this time (59 FR 10305).

Historically,

Plantago hawaiensis

occurred on the southern slope of Mauna Kea, northeastern, southeastern and southern slopes of Mauna Loa, and the western slope of Hualalai. Currently, 8 populations have been identified totaling approximately 5,000 individuals on State and federally owned lands. One population is known from Kipuka Ainahou Wildlife Sanctuary, two populations each are known from Upper Waiakea Forest Reserve, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, and Puu Waawaa and one population is known from Kapapala Forest Reserve. In addition,

Plantago hawaiensis

is currently in cultivation at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (59 FR 10305; GDSI 2000; Warshauer 2000; HINHP Database 2000; M. Bruegmann, pers. comm. 2000).

The habitat of

Plantago hawaiensis

is somewhat variable. The taxon grows in montane wet sedge land with mixed sedges and grasses, montane mesic forest, dry subalpine woodland, or

Metrosideros

and native shrub, at elevations of 1,512 to 2,585 m (4,960 to 8,480 ft). Associated native plant species include stunted

Acacia koa

and

Metrosideros polymorpha, Styphelia tameiameiae, Vaccinium reticulatum, Dodonaea viscosa, Coprosma montana,

or

Coprosma ernodeoides. Plantago hawaiensis

is often found growing in

damp cracks of pahoehoe lava (59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996a; L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

Mouflon sheep, feral pigs, and goats threaten most of the populations. The two populations within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park are protected from feral pigs and goats by fenced exclosures but recently mouflon sheep have compromised the fence. Browsing by ungulates may affect the viability of these plants, preclude the establishment of juveniles, and damage the habitat, thereby opening suitable sites for the establishment of non-native weeds. Decreased reproductive ability due to the small number of individuals in most populations, as well as their widely scattered distribution, threaten this species. A risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or human activities is possible (59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996a).

Pleomele hawaiiensis

(halapepe).

Pleomele hawaiiensis

, a long-lived perennial of the agave family (Agavaceae), is a branching tree with leaves spirally clustered at the branch tips which leave large brown leaf scars as they fall off. This species differs from other Hawaiian species in this genus by its pale yellow flowers, the size of the flowers, the length of the constricted base of the flower, and the width of the leaves (Wagner

et al

. 1999).

No life history information is available for this

Pleomele hawaiiensis

at this time (61 FR 53137).

Historically,

Pleomele hawaiiensis

was found ranging from the Kohala mountains to Kau. Eight locations with a total of 300 to 400 individuals are currently known from State and private lands. Two populations are known from State and private lands in the Kohala mountains in Pololu Valley, three populations are known from State land in the Puu Waawaa and Puu Anahulu area, two populations are known from State and private lands in the Kaupulehu lava flow area, and one population is known from private land in the Huehue area (61 FR 53137; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000; Service 1998c, L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

Pleomele hawaiiensis

typically grows on open aa lava in diverse lowland dry forests and

Metrosideros

-

Diospyros

lowland dry forest at elevations between 152 and 969 m (500 and 3,180 ft). Associated native plant taxa include

Metrosideros polymorpha

,

Reynoldsia sandwicensis

,

Dodonaea viscosa

,

Diospyros sandwicensis

,

Sophora chrysophylla

,

Psydrax odorata

,

Cocculus trilobus

,

Myoporum sandwicense

,

Nestegis sandwicensis

,

Bobea timonioides

(ahakea),

Nototrichium sandwicense

(kului),

Sida fallax

(ilima),

Erythrina sandwicensis

,

Santalum paniculatum

,

Osteomeles anthyllidifolia

, or

Bidens micrantha

ssp.

ctenophylla

as well as the federally endangered

Caesalpinia kavaiensis, Colubrina oppositifolia, Kokia drynarioides, Nothocestrum breviflorum,

or

Neraudia ovata

(61 FR 53137; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1998c; L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

The major threats to

Pleomele hawaiiensis

are habitat conversion associated with residential and recreational development; seed predation from weevils; habitat destruction by feral pigs, sheep, and goats; fire; competition from non-native plant taxa, such as

Pennisetum setaceum, Leucaena leucocephala, Schinus terebinthifolius,

or

Lantana camara;

habitat change due to volcanic activity; and the lack of reproduction in all but two populations (61 FR 53137; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1998c).

Pritchardia affinis

(loulu).

Pritchardia affinis

is a long-lived perennial in the palm family (Arecaceae) that grows from 10 to 25 m (33 to 82 ft) tall. Its orbicular and wedge-shaped, hairless leaf blades are green on the upper surface and pale green on the lower surface, with a few yellow scales. Pale, long, soft, tangled hairs extend along the fan-like folds of the leaf segments to the leaf stalk. One or more hairless flower clusters are branched and re-branched. Each flower cluster is subtended by a main flower cluster stalk (peduncle) that has bracts at the base. Upper flower cluster branches also are subtended by small membranous bracts bearing a single flower. The calyx is cup-shaped and three-lobed. Three petals are fused at the base to the stamen tube, which is comprised of six stamens (the organ of the flower which bears the pollen-grains). The immature fruit has a three-lobed stigma (the part of the female reproductive structure (pistil) of a flower on which pollen is normally deposited). The fruit is brown to black, almost round and about 2.3 cm (0.9 in) in diameter. This taxon can be distinguished from other species of

Pritchardia

by several characters including long tangled hair on the lower blade surface and leaf stalk, stout hairless flower clusters borne among wedge-shaped leaves, and an almost round fruit that is smaller than fruits of other species (Read and Hodel 1999).

No life history information is available for this

Pritchardia affinis

at this time (59 FR 10305).

Historically,

Pritchardia affinis

was known from the Kohala Mountains and along the southern and western coasts of the island of Hawaii. Currently, an unknown number of individuals are scattered along the western coast of the island of Hawaii, in Kealakekua, and in Hilo on State and private lands. Due to the use of this species as a landscape specimen and its locations in the “wild” near prehistoric and historic house lots, we are unable to determine the number of wild individuals or the number of wild populations. All of the extant populations may be outplanted. In addition, this palm has been propagated by the National Tropical Botanical Garden, Volcano Rare Plant Facility, and DOFAW (59 FR 10305; Service 1996a; M. Bruegmann, pers. comm. 2000).

Pritchardia affinis

typically grows in coastal mesic forest, possibly near brackish water, at elevations of 0 to 610 m (0 to 2,000 ft). The trees occur in cultivated and/or developed sites, perhaps planted by Hawaiians, or may occur naturally. Because most coastal land had been historically cleared for cultivation, native associates are largely unknown (59 FR 10305; Service 1996a; HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

Major threats to

Pritchardia affinis

are development and human activities including over collection and vandalism, rat predation of fruits and seeds, feral pigs, and non-native plant species. Fire is a serious threat. The small number of populations and individuals may compromise the reproductive viability of these individuals and increase the vulnerability of the taxon to random events. Lethal yellowing is a disease particular to palms that represents a potential threat if the disease ever reaches Hawaii (59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996a).

Pritchardia schattaueri

(loulu).

Pritchardia schattaueri,

a long-lived perennial in the palm family (Arecaceae), is a large tree, 30 to 40 m (100 to 130 ft) tall with a gray, longitudinally grooved trunk 30 cm (12 in) in diameter. Leaves form a spherical crown and are sometimes persistent after death. Leaves are fan-shaped, glossy green, with small brown scales on the lower surface. Flowers are on two- to four-branched inflorescences with a main stalk 1.2 to 1.75 m (3.9 to 5.7 ft) long and individual branches 1 to 1.4 m (3.2 to 4.6 ft) long. The five bracts are lance-shaped, the lowest one 60 cm (2 ft) long, and the uppermost one 20 to 30 cm (9 to 12 in) long. The calyx is green, fading to yellow-green at the tip and is three-toothed. Fruits are round or pear-shaped and black with brown spots when mature. This species differs from

its closest relative,

Pritchardia beccariana,

by its slender inflorescence branches, more deeply divided leaves, and pendulous rather than stiff tips of the leaf blade segments (Read and Hodel 1999).

No life history information is available for

Pritchardia schattaueri

at this time (61 FR 53137).

Historically,

Pritchardia schattaueri

was known from the South Kona Forest Reserve on State land. Currently there is one mature individual with and fewer than 12 immature plants on privately owned land near the South Kona Forest Reserve. In addition, individuals have been propagated at the Volcano Rare Plant Facility, National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lyon Arboretum, and by DOFAW (61 FR 53137; Service 1998c; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Pritchardia schattaueri

grows in

Metrosideros polymorpha

-dominated lowland mesic forest, at elevations between 600 and 800 m (1,970 to 2,600 ft). Associated native plant taxa include

Nestegis sandwicensis, Charpentiera obovata

(papala),

Cibotium

sp.,

Myrsine

sp. (kolea), or

Pittosporum hosmeri

(hoawa) (61 FR 53137; Service 1998c; HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

The major threats to

Pritchardia schattaueri

are development and human activities including over collection and vandalism, grazing and trampling by cattle and feral pigs; competition from non-native plant taxa, such as

Psidium cattleianum, Psidium guajava, Pennisetum clandestinum, Schinus terebinthifolius,

or

Rubus rosifolius;

seed predation by rats; residential, commercial, or agricultural development; and habitat modification due to volcanic activity. There is also a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing populations and individuals, and the lack of successful regeneration. Lethal yellowing is a disease particular to palms that represents a potential threat if the disease ever reaches Hawaii (61 FR 53137; Service 1998c; HINHP Database 2000).

Sicyos alba

(anunu).

Sicyos alba,

an annual in the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae), is a minutely hairy, black-spotted vine. Leaves are pale, broadly heart-shaped and shallowly to deeply three- to five-lobed. This species can be distinguished from its nearest relative,

Sicyos cucumerinus,

by its white fruit without bristles and 10 or fewer female flowers per cluster (Telford 1999).

No life history is available for

Sicyos alba

at this time (61 FR 53137).

Historically,

Sicyos alba

was found in the Kilauea area. Currently, this species is known from four locations with a total of approximately 30 individuals on State and Federal lands in the Puna District. One population is known from Puu Makaala NAR, two populations from Olaa tract in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, and one population from Olaa Forest Reserve, (61 FR 53137; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000; L. Pratt

in litt.

2000).

Sicyos alba

typically grows in

Metrosideros polymorpha-Cibotium glaucum

dominated montane wet forests, at elevations between 896 and 1,576 m (2,940 and 5,170 ft). Associated native plant taxa include

Coprosma

sp.,

Astelia menziesii

(painiu),

Athyrium

sp.,

Psychotria

sp.,

Cheirodendron trigynum, Pritchardia beccariana, Platydesma spathulata

(pilo kea),

Broussaisia arguta, Cyrtandra lysiosepala

(haiwale),

Stenogyne

sp. (NCN),

Perrottetia sandwicensis, Cyanea tritomantha

(aku), or

Athyrium microphyllum

or other ferns (61 FR 53137; Service 1998c; HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

The major threats to

Sicyos alba

are habitat damage by feral pigs; trail clearing; competition from non-native plant taxa, such as

Passiflora mollissima, Setaria palmifolia, Psidium cattleianum,

or

Rubus ellipticus;

habitat modification due to volcanic activity; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals (61 FR 53137; Service 1998c; HINHP Database 2000).

Silene hawaiiensis

(NCN).

Silene hawaiiensis,

a short-lived member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a sprawling shrub with climbing or clambering stems. Stems, generally, are covered with short, sticky hairs and arise from an enlarged root. Leaves are slender, often recurved and stalkless. Flowers are arranged in loose, elongate clusters that are very sticky.

Silene hawaiiensis

can be distinguished from other species of the genus in Hawaii by several characters: sprawling habit, presence of sticky hairs, leaf shape, and color of the petals (green-white with maroon-colored backs) (Wagner

et al.

1999).

This species was observed in flower in September and August. No other life history is known for this species (Service 1996a).

Historically,

Silene hawaiiensis

was known from the western slopes of Mauna Kea; the summit of Hualalai; Humuula Saddle; northern, southern, western, and northwestern slopes of Mauna Loa; and Kilauea Crater. Currently, at least 23 populations with a total of approximately 2,540 individuals are known from private, State, and Federal lands in the Mauna Kea Forest Reserve, Keauhou, Pohakuloa Training Area, and Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (59 FR 10305; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996a).

Silene hawaiiensis

typically occurs in montane and subalpine dry shrubland on weathered lava, but is found on variously aged lava flows and cinder substrates as well, at elevations between 896 and 3,011 m (2,940 and 9,880 ft). Associated native plant taxa are

Metrosideros polymorpha, Sophora chrysophylla, Vaccinium reticulatum, Styphelia tameiameiae, Rumex giganteus

(pawale), or

Dodonaea viscosa

(59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996a, L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

Feral goats, pigs, and sheep are detrimental to the taxon's survival. Individuals on the lower northern slope of Mauna Loa were observed having tender new growth browsed and new leaves stripped away, thus compromising the viability of these individuals. Non-native plant taxa, particularly

Pennisetum setaceum,

are a major threat imperiling the survival of

Silene hawaiiensis.

In certain areas where new lava is flowing from Kilauea, plants may be enveloped by molten lava rock and/or consumed by fire. Military training may jeopardize plants on Pohakuloa Training Area (59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996a).

Zanthoxylum dipetalum

var.

tomentosum

(ae).

Zanthoxylum dipetalum

var.

tomentosum

is a long-lived perennial and a tree in the citrus family (Rutaceae). It has alternate leaves comprised of three to seven leathery, elliptical, gland-dotted, smooth-edged leaflets. The undersurface of the leaflets is densely covered with fine, short hairs, and the lowest pair of leaflets is often strongly reduced. This variety is distinguished from

Zanthoxylum dipetalum

var.

dipetalum

by the hairs on the undersurface of the leaflets. It is distinguished from other Hawaiian species of the genus by its reduced lower leaflets, the presence of only one joint on some of the leaflet stalks, and the large seeds (Stone

et al.

1999).

No life history information is available for

Zanthoxylum dipetalum

var.

tomentosum

at this time (61 FR 53137).

Only one population of

Zanthoxylum dipetalum

var.

tomentosum

has ever been known, at Puu Waawaa on

Hualalai. Currently there are eight to nine individuals located on this State owned land. In addition, two to three individuals have been outplanted in the same location (61 FR 53137; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1998c; L. Perry, pers. comm. 2000).

Zanthoxylum dipetalum

var.

tomentosum

grows in

Metrosideros polymorpha

dominated montane mesic forest, often on aa lava, at elevations between 872 and 1,210 m (2,860 and 3,970 ft). Associated native plant species include

Sophora chrysophylla, Diospyros sandwicensis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Santalum paniculatum, Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Myrsine

sp., or

Psychotria

sp. (61 FR 53137; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1998c; L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

Threats to

Zanthoxylum dipetalum

var.

tomentosum

include browsing, trampling, and habitat disturbance by cattle, feral pigs, and sheep; competition from non-native plant species, such as

Pennisetum clandestinum, Pennisetum setaceum, Lantana camara, Leucaena leucocephala,

or

Grevillea robusta

(silk oak); habitat modification due to volcanic activity; and fire. In addition,

Zanthoxylum dipetalum

var.

tomentosum

is threatened by a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals in only one population (61 FR 53137; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1998c).

Multi-Island Species

Achyranthes mutica

(NCN).

Achyranthes mutica,

a member of the amaranth family (Amaranthaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a many-branched shrub with egg-shaped leaves and stalkless flowers. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the shape and size of the sepals and by characteristics of the spike, which is short and congested (Wagner

et al.

1999).

No life history information is available for

Achyranthes mutica

at this time (Service 1999).

Historically,

Achyranthes mutica

was known from three collections from opposite ends of the main archipelago, Kauai and the island of Hawaii. Currently, this species is known only from the island of Hawaii, from the Kilohana Gulch on private land. This one population has a total of between 20 and 50 individuals (61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

Achyranthes mutica

is found in

Acacia koaia

(koaia) lowland dry forest primarily in gulches but also in remnant stands of forest at elevations between 643 and 1,518 m (2,110 and 4,990 ft). Associated native plant species include

Dodonaea viscosa, Myoporum sandwicense, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Nestegis sandwicensis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Santalum ellipticum, Erythrina sandwicensis,

or

Sophora chrysophylla

(Service 1999; L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

The primary threats to

Achyranthes mutica

on the island of Hawaii are habitat degradation and/or destruction by cattle and feral goats, competition with non-native plants, a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (such as landslides or hurricanes), and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals and populations.

Adenophorus periens

(pendant kihi fern).

Adenophorus periens,

a member of the grammitis family (Grammitidaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small, pendant, epiphytic fern. This species differs from other species in this endemic Hawaiian genus by having hairs along the pinna (the leaflet of a pinnate leaf (a compound leaf, having leaflets or pinnae, arranged in a single row along each side of a common axis)) margins, by the pinnae being at right angles to the midrib axis, by the placement of the sori (a group or cluster of sporanges (sac containing spores), spore-bearing structures) on the pinnae, and the degree of dissection of each pinna (Linney 1989).

Little is known about the life history of

Adenophorus periens,

which seems to grow only in closed canopy dense forest with high humidity. Its breeding system is unknown but outbreeding is very likely to be the predominant mode of reproduction. Spores are dispersed by wind, possibly by water, and perhaps on the feet of birds or insects. Spores lack a thick resistant coat which may indicate their longevity is brief, probably measured in days at most. Due to the weak differences between the seasons, there seems to be no evidence of seasonality in growth or reproduction.

Adenophorus periens

appears to be susceptible to volcanic emissions and/or the resultant acid precipitation. Additional information on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is not available (Linney 1989).

Historically,

Adenophorus periens

was known from Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, East Maui, and Hilo and Waimea on the island of Hawaii. Currently, it is known from several locations on Kauai, Molokai, and Hawaii . On the island of Hawaii, it is found in a total of 13 populations containing an unknown number of individuals in the Kahaualea NAR and adjoining areas and in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park on State, Federal, and privately owned lands (Lorence and Flynn 1991; HINHP Database 2000; 59 FR 56333; GDSI 2000).

Adenophorus periens,

an epiphyte usually growing on

Metrosideros polymorpha

or

Ilex anomala

or possibly other native tree trunks, is found in

Metrosideros polymorpha-Cibotium glaucum

lowland wet forest at elevations between 338 and 1,180 m (1,110 and 3,870 ft). Associated native plant species include

Broussasia arguta, Cheirodendron trigynum, Cyanea

sp. (haha),

Cyrtandra

sp. (haiwale),

Dicranopteris linnearis

(uluhe),

Freycinetia arborea

(ieie),

Hedyotis terminalis, Labordia hirtella

(NCN),

Machaerina angustifolia, Psychotria

sp., or

Psychotria hawaiiensis

(Linney 1989; 59 FR 56333; L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

The threats to

Adenophorus periens

on the island of Hawaii are habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats, competition with the non-native plant

Psidium cattleianum,

and fires and fumes from volcanic eruptions (59 FR 56333).

Asplenium fragile

var.

insulare

(NCN).

Asplenium fragile

var.

insulare,

a short-lived perennial and a member of the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), is a fern with a short sub-erect stem with a dull gray or brown main axis with two greenish ridges. This Hawaiian fern species is most similar to

Asplenium macraei.

The two can be distinguished by the size and shape of the pinnae and the number of sori per pinna (Wagner and Wagner 1992).

Little life history information is available for

Asplenium fragile

var.

insulare.

Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown. Researchers have collected information on species composition, extent of cover, and age-class structure in six sub-populations at Pohakuloa Training Area in order to describe the populations. No gametophytes (gamete-producing life stage) were found, and the age-class structure of the sub-populations sampled was determined to be 100 percent reproductive adults because all the sporophytes (spore-producing life stage) had sori on some fronds (Service 1998a; Shaw 1992).

Asplenium fragile

var.

insulare

was known historically from East Maui and on the island of Hawaii below Kalaieha, Laumaia, Keanakolu and Umikoa on Mauna Kea, Puu Waawaa on Hualalai, west Keawewai, above Kipuka Ahiu on

Mauna Loa, and near Hilo. Currently, on the island of Hawaii it is found in a total of 17 populations with more than 300 individuals. There are 13 populations in the Pohakuloa Training Area, 1 population in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, 2 populations just south of the Upper Waiakea Forest Reserve and the Mauna Loa Forest Reserve, and 1 population in the Keokea section of the South Kona District on State, Federal, and private lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Shaw 1992; 59 FR 49025).

On the island of Hawaii,

Asplenium fragile

var.

insulare

is found in

Metrosideros polymorpha

dry montane forest,

Dodonaea viscosa

dry montane shrubland,

Myoporum sandwicense-Sophora chrysophylla

dry montane forest,

Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa

forest as well as subalpine dry forest and shrubland between elevations of 930 and 2,710 m (3,050 and 8,890 ft). It grows almost exclusively in big, moist lava tubes (from 3 m to 4.5 m (10 to 15 ft) in diameter), pits, deep cracks, and lava tree molds, with at least a moderate soil or ash accumulation, associated with mosses and liverworts. Infrequently, this fern has been found growing on the interface between younger aa lava flows and much older pahoehoe lava or ash deposits. Although this taxon is found in habitats with three different moisture regimes (dry, mesic and wet), the microhabitat for this plant is fairly consistent. The fern generally occurs in areas that are moist and dark. Associated native plant species include

Phyllostegia ambigua

(NCN),

Styphelia tameiameiae, Vaccinium reticulatum,

mosses, or liverworts (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999; Shaw 1992; Service 1998a; HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

The primary threats to

Asplenium fragile

var.

insulare

on the island of Hawaii are feral sheep, pigs and goats; military operations and/or fires resulting from these operations; construction due to military activities; volcanic activity; the non-native plant

Pennisetum setaceum;

bulldozing of jeep roads; filling in of lava tubes; and a risk of extinction due to random naturally occurring events due to the small number of existing individuals (Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025; Shaw 1992).

Bonamia menziesii

(NCN).

Bonamia menziesii,

a member of the morning glory family (Convolvulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a climbing vine with twining branches that are fuzzy when young. This species is the only member of the genus that is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and differs from other genera in the family by its two styles, longer stems and petioles, and rounder leaves (Austin 1999).

Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, limiting factors and other aspects of life history are unknown for

Bonamia menziesii

(Service 1999).

Historically,

Bonamia menziesii

was known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, West Maui, and eastern Hawaii. Currently, it is known on Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. On the island of Hawaii there is a single population containing six to eight naturally occurring individuals and 10 outplanted individuals at Kaupulehu on private land (HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt,

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001; Mick Castillo, Service, pers. comm. 2000; GDSI 2000).

Bonamia menziesii

is found in dry forest at elevations between 421 and 704 m (1,380 and 2,310 ft). Associated native plant species include

Diospyros sandwicensis, Erythrina sandwicensis, Xylosma hawaiiense

(maua),

Myrsine lanaiensis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Santalum paniculatum, Sapindus saponaria, Pouteria sandwicensis

(alaa),

Nototrichium sandwicense, Chenopodium oahuense

(aheahea),

Senna gaudichaudii

(kolomona),

Sophora chrysophylla, Sida fallax, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Dodonaea viscosa, Canavalia hawaiiensis

(awikiwiki),

Argemone glauca

(pua kala),

Peperomia blanda

var.

floribunda

(alaala wai nui), or

Psilotum nudum

(moa) (HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

The primary threats to

Bonamia menziesii

on the island of Hawaii are habitat degradation and possible predation by wild and feral pigs, goats, and cattle; competition with a variety of non-native plant species, particularly

Pennisetum setaceum;

and fire (Service 1999).

Cenchrus agrimonioides

(kamanomano).

Cenchrus agrimonioides, a member of the grass family (Poaceae), is a short-lived perennial grass with leaf blades which are flat or folded and have a prominent midrib. The two varieties,

C. agrimonioides

var.

laysanensis

and

C. agrimonioides

var.

agrimonioides,

differ from each other in that var.

agrimonioides

has smaller burs, shorter stems, and narrower leaves.

Cenchrus agrimonioides

var.

agrimonioides

is only known from the main Hawaiian Islands, while

Cenchrus agrimonioides

var.

laysanensis

is known only from the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the cylindrical to lance-shaped bur and the arrangement and position of the bristles (O'Conner 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Cenchrus agrimonioides.

Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are generally unknown; however, this species has been observed to produce fruit all year, though the fruit does not appear to bear viable seeds in most cases (Service 1999).

Historically,

Cenchrus agrimonioides

var.

agrimonioides

was known from Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and an undocumented report from island of Hawaii. Currently, var.

agrimonioides

is known only from Oahu and Maui.

Cenchrus agrimonioides

var.

laysanensis

has not been seen in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (Laysan, Kure Atoll, Midway Atoll) since about 1950. The undocumented report of

Cenchrus agrimonioides

var.

agrimonioides

on the island of Hawaii was made in 1800 (65 FR 79192; Kapua Kawelo, U.S. Army Environmental, pers. comm. 1997; Robert Hobdy, DOFAW, pers. comm. 1997; 61 FR 53108; Service 1999; HINHP Database 2000; O'Connor 1999).

Information on the physical and biological features that are essential to the conservation of

Cenchrus agrimonioides

var.

agrimonioides

on the island of Hawaii is not available.

Threats to

Cenchrus agrimonioides

on the island of Hawaii include competition with non-native plant species and risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals (Service 1999).

Clermontia lindseyana

(haha).

Clermontia lindseyana,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small, branched tree which is either terrestrial or epiphytic (living on the surface of other plants). It is easily separable from the other taxa within this genus by several characters: much larger leaves and flowers, similar petals and sepals, leaves which are conspicuously hairy beneath, and spreading floral lobes (Cuddihy

et al.

1983; Lammers 1999, 1991).

Clermontia lindseyana

was observed in fruit from June to October, and in flower from February to August. No other life history information is currently available (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996a).

Currently and historically,

Clermontia lindseyana

is known from Maui and on the island of Hawaii from the eastern slope of Mauna Kea and eastern, southeastern, and southwestern slopes of Mauna Loa. Currently, on Hawaii

there are a total of 17 populations containing more than 100 individuals in or near the Kau Forest Reserve and the South Kona Forest Reserve on State land, the Kona Forest Unit of the Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge on land under Federal jurisdiction, and the Hakalau Unit of the Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge on Federal land (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; 59 FR 10305).

The extant populations of

Clermontia lindseyana

grow in slightly open forest cover in wet and mesic

Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa

forest,

Metrosideros polymorpha

forest, and mixed montane mesic

Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa

forest at elevations between 1,314 and 2,256 m (4,310 and 7,400 ft). Associated native plant taxa include:

Styphelia tameiameiae, Cheirodendron trigynum, Rubus hawaiiensis, Coprosma

sp.,

Athyrium

sp., or

Peperomia

sp. (alaala wai nui) (HINHP Database 2000; Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

The threats to

Clermontia lindseyana

on the island of Hawaii are trampling and grazing by cattle; trampling and browsing by goats, rooting and trampling by pigs, competition with the non-native plants

Pennisetum clandestinum

or

Passiflora mollissima,

and fruit consumption by black rats (Service 1996a; Cuddihy

et al.

1983).

Clermontia peleana

(haha).

Clermontia peleana,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an epiphytic shrub or tree that grows on native trees and tree ferns. Two subspecies are recognized,

C. peleana

ssp.

singuliflora

(greenish-white petals) and

C. peleana

ssp.

peleana

(blackish-purple petals). This species can be separated from other Hawaiian members of the genus by its epiphytic growth, small triangular green calyx lobes, and single-lipped flowers (Lammers 1999, 1991).

Clermontia peleana

has been observed in flower during June and November, and in fruit during November. No other life history information is currently available (Service 1996a; HINHP Database 2000).

Historically,

Clermontia peleana

ssp.

peleana

was known from the island of Hawaii, where it was found on the northeastern and southeastern slopes of Mauna Kea and from the eastern slopes of Mauna Loa (59 FR 10305). This subspecies was last collected by Ken Wood along Saddle Road in 1998 but that population was not relocated during a 1999 survey. There are records of this plant in five locations but all are believed to be dead. There were four populations in Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge, four populations in the Hilo Forest Reserve and one scattered population in the Upper Waiakea Forest Reserve on Federal and State lands, but this subspecies is now known only in cultivation.

Clermontia peleana

ssp.

singuliflora

was formerly found on the island of Hawaii on the northern slope of Mauna Kea and on East Maui, but the taxon (ssp. singuliflora) has not been seen in either place since the early 1900s (HINHP Database 2000; Wagner

et al.

1999, L. Perry, pers. comm. 2000).

Clermontia peleana

grows in montane wet

Metrosideros-Cibotium

forest at elevations between 436 and 1,728 m (1,430 and 5,670 ft). Associated native plant species include

Clermontia hawaiiensis

(oha kepau),

Cheirodendron trigynum, Cyrtandra platyphylla

(haiwale),

Cibotium menziesii

(hapuu),

C. chamissoi

(hapuu),

Ilex anomala, Sadleria

spp. (amau), or

Coprosma pubens

(pilo) (L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

Colubrina oppositifolia

(kauila).

Colubrina oppositifolia,

a member of the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) and a long-lived perennial, is a tree with extremely hard, red wood. This species is readily distinguished from the other species in Hawaii by characters such as opposite leaf position, dull leaf surface, and entire 2leaf margins (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Colubrina oppositifolia

was observed in fruit and flower during September and June, and in flower during December and January. No other life history information is currently available (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996a).

Currently and historically,

Colubrina oppositifolia

is known from Oahu, Maui and the island of Hawaii. Currently, on the island of Hawaii there are a total of eight populations containing a total of fewer than 500 individuals on State and private lands. Populations are located in Kaupulehu, Puu Waawaa, Kapua, Manuka NAR, and Kamaoa-Puueo (59 FR 10305; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Habitats of

Colubrina oppositifolia

on the island of Hawaii are lowland dry and mesic forests dominated by

Diospyros sandwicensis

and/or

Metrosideros polymorpha,

found at elevations between 162 and 945 m (530 and 3,100 ft). Associated native plant species include

Nototrichium sandwicense, Bobea timoniodes, Rauvolfia sandwicensis

(hao),

Erythrina sandwicensis, Sophora chrysophylla, Nestegis sandwicensis, Peperomia

sp.,

Psydrax odorata, Reynoldsia sandwicensis,

or

Styphelia tameiameiae

or the endangered species

Nothocestrum breviflorum

or

Pleomele hawaiiensis

(HINHP Database 2000, L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

The threats to

Colubrina oppositifolia

on the island of Hawaii are habitat destruction by feral pigs; competition with the non-native plants

Lantana camara, Pennisetum setaceum, Phymatosorus scolopendria

(bracken fern),

Passiflora suberosa

(huehue haole), or

Schinus terebinthifolius;

the introduction of

Xylosandrus compactus

(black twig borer);

Adoretus sinicus

(Chinese rose beetles); fire; small population numbers; limited distributions; and disturbance by military and unauthorized personnel such as collectors (59 FR 10305; Service 1996a).

Ctenitis squamigera

(pauoa).

Ctenitis squamigera

is a short-lived perennial of the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae). It has a rhizome (horizontal stem) 5 to 10 mm (0.2 to 0.4 in) thick, creeping above the ground and densely covered with scales similar to those on the lower part of the leaf stalk. The leaf stalks are densely clothed with tan-colored scales up to 1.8 cm (0.7 in) long and 1 mm (0.04 in) wide. The sori are tan-colored when mature and are in a single row one-third of the distance from the margin to the midrib of the ultimate segments. The indusium (the membrane enclosing the sori) is whitish before wrinkling, thin, suborbicular with a narrow sinus extending about half way, glabrous except for a circular margin which is ciliolate (provided with minute marginal hairs) with simple several-celled glandular and nonglandular hairs arising directly from the margin or from the deltoid base.

Ctenitis squamigera

can be readily distinguished from other Hawaiian species of

Ctenitis

by the dense covering of tan-colored scales on its frond (Degener and Degener 1957; Wagner and Wagner 1992).

Little is known about the life history of

Ctenitis squamigera.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025).

Historically,

Ctenitis squamigera

was recorded from the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. It is currently found on Oahu, Lanai, Molokai, and Maui. It was last collected on the island of Hawaii in 1909, at “Kalua”, an indeterminable place name (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998a).

Information on the physical and biological features that are essential to the conservation of

Ctentis squamigera

or the primary threats on the island of Hawaii is not available (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998a).

Delissea undulata

(NCN).

Delissea undulata,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched, palm-like, woody-stemmed tree, with a dense cluster of leaves at the tips of the stems. One or two knob-like structures often occur on the back of the flower tube. Three subspecies, all but the last of which are considered extinct, may be separated on the basis of leaf shape and margin characters:

D. undulata

var.

kauaiensis

(leaf blades are oval and flat-margined with sharp teeth) (Kauai),

D. undulata

var.

niihauensis

(leaf blades are heart shaped and flat-margined with shallow, rounded teeth) (Niihau), and

D. undulata

var.

undulata

(leaf blades are elliptic to lance-shaped and wavy-margined with small, sharply pointed teeth) (Maui, Hawaii). This species is separated from the other closely related members of the genus by its large flowers and berries and broad leaf bases.

Delissea undulata

ssp.

undulata

is the only subspecies found on the island of Hawaii (Lammers 1990).

Delissea undulata

var.

undulata

was observed in fruit and flower during December. No other life history information is currently available (Service 1996a; HINHP Database 2000).

Delissea undulata

var.

undulata

was known from southwestern Maui and western Hawaii in North and South Kona. Currently it is only known on the island of Hawaii from a single individual in Puu Waawaa on State land. Several individuals have been outplanted in this area (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

Delissea undulata

var.

undulata

on the island of Hawaii occurs on dry cinder cones and in open

Sophora chrysophylla

and

Metrosideros polymorpha

forest at elevations between 890 to 1,747 m (2,920 to 5,730 ft). Associated native plant species include

Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Psychotria mariniana

(kopiko),

P. greenwelliae

(kopiko),

Santalum paniculatum, Sophora chrysophylla,

or

Acacia koa

or the endangered

Nothocestrum breviflorum

(61 FR 53124; HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

The threats to

Delissea undulata

var.

undulata

on the island of Hawaii are feral sheep, goats, or pigs; cattle; small population size; competition with the non-native plant species

Passiflora mollissima, Delairea odorata

(Cape ivy), or

Pennisetum clandestinum

; fire; slugs; seed predation by rats; seed predation by introduced game birds; and extinction due to random events (Service 1996a; HINHP Database 2000).

Diellia erecta

(NCN).

Diellia erecta

, a member of the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a fern that grows in tufts of three to nine lance-shaped fronds which emerge from a rhizome covered with brown to dark gray scales. This species differs from other members of the genus in having brown or dark gray scales usually more than 2 cm (0.8 in) in length, fused or separate sori along both margins, shiny black midribs that have a hardened surface, and veins that do not usually encircle the sori (Degener and Greenwell 1950; Wagner 1992).

Little is known about the life history of

Diellia erecta

. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).

Historically,

Diellia erecta

was known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, it is only known from Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. On the island of Hawaii there are three populations containing a total of more than 20 individuals on State lands in the South Kona Forest Reserve and the Manuka Natural Area Reserve (GDSI 2000; Service 1996b; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Diellia erecta

on the island of Hawaii is found in

Metrosideros polymorpha-Nestegis sandwicensis

lowland mesic forest at elevations between 448 and 982 m (1,470 and 3,220 ft). Associated native plant species include

Diospyros sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata, Antidesma platyphyllum, A. pulvinatum

(hame),

Microlepia

sp. (NCN),

Nestegis sandwicensis, Wikstroemia sandwicensis

(akia),

Wikstroemia phillyreifolia

(akia), or

Nephrolepis

spp. (kupukupu) (HINHP Database 2000, L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

The major threats to

Diellia erecta

on the island of Hawaii are habitat degradation by pigs, goats, and cattle; competition with non-native plant species, including

Blechnum occidentale

(NCN); random naturally occurring events causing extinction; and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals (59 FR 56333; Service 1999).

Flueggea neowawraea

(mehamehame).

Flueggea neowawraea,

a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and a long-lived perennial, is a large tree with white oblong pores covering its scaly, pale brown bark. This species is the only member of the genus found in Hawaii and can be distinguished from other species in the genus by its large size; scaly bark; the shape, size, and color of the leaves; flowers clustered along the branches; and the size and shape of the fruits (Hayden 1999).

Individual trees of

Flueggea neowawraea

bear only male or female flowers and must be cross-pollinated from a different tree to produce viable seed. Little else is known about the life history of this species. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Hayden 1999; Service 1999).

Historically,

Flueggea neowawraea

was known on Molokai, Oahu, Kauai, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, it is extant on Kauai, Oahu, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. On the island of Hawaii, there are a total of four populations containing around 16 to 23 individuals in Honomalino, Manuka NAR, Papa, and Huehue Ranch in North Kona on State and private lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Flueggea neowawraea

on the island of Hawaii occurs in mesic

Metrosideros polymorpha

forest at elevations between 424 to 820 m (1,390 to 2,690 ft). Associated native plant species include

Nestegis sandwicensis, Psychotria hawaiiensis, Pittosporum hosmeri, Pipturus albidus, Pisonia

spp. (papala kepau),

Diospyros sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata, Antidesma platyphyllum, A. pulvinatum,

or

Nephrolepis

spp. (HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

The threats to

Flueggea neowawraea

on the island of Hawaii are the black twig borer; habitat degradation by feral pigs, goats, and cattle; competition with non-native plant species such as

Schinus terebinthifolius

or

Psidium cattleianum;

fire; small population size; depressed reproductive vigor; military activities; and rat predation of the fruit (59 FR 56333; Service 1999; HINHP Database 2000).

Gouania vitifolia

(NCN).

Gouania vitifolia,

a member of the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a climbing shrub with tendriled flowering branches. This species differs from other members of its genus by having flowering branches with a tendril and coarsely crenate (wavy) to serrate-dentate (toothed) leaf margins (Wagner

et al.

1999).

In winter and late spring the main vine of

Gouania vitfolia

produces new young side shoots which soon die. Plants have been observed flowering from late November to January, but flowering probably depends on precipitation (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Gouania vitfolia

was known from West Maui, the Kau District of the island of Hawaii, and Oahu. The species currently occurs on Oahu and

on the island of Hawaii. On the island of Hawaii, there is a single population within the State owned Manuka Natural Area Reserve containing three individuals (GDSI 2000; J. Giffin

in litt.

2000).

The preferred habitat of

Gouania vitfolia

on the island of Hawaii is dry, rocky ridges and slopes in dry shrubland or dry to mesic

Nestegis-Metrosideros

forests on old substrate kipuka (vegetated area surrounded by bare lava flows) between 503 and 1,039 m (1,650 and 3,410 ft). Associated native plant species include

Nestegis sandwicensis, Wikstroemia sandwicensis

(akia),

Wikstroemia phillyreifolia, Nephrolepis

spp., or

Pipturus albidus

(J. Giffin

in litt.

2000; Service 1998b; L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

The major threats to

Gouania vitfolia

on the island of Hawaii are competition with non-native plants, habitat destruction by feral pigs, and a threat of extinction due to randomly occurring natural events or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of extant individuals (Service 1998b; 59 FR 32932).

Hedyotis cookiana

(awiwi).

Hedyotis cookiana,

a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small shrub with many branches and papery-textured leaves which are fused at the base to form a sheath around the stem. This plant is distinguished from other species in the genus by being entirely hairless (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Hedyotis cookiana

. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995a).

Historically,

Hedyotis cookiana

was known from Hawaii, Molokai, Oahu, and Kauai. Currently, this species is only extant on the island of Kauai. It was last collected on the island of Hawaii in 1816 at Kealakekua (HINHP Database 2000).

Nothing is known of the preferred habitat for or species associated with

Hedyotis cookiana

on the island of Hawaii (Service 1995a).

Threats to

Hedyotis cookiana

included modification of habitat by feral pigs, competition with non-native plant species, extinction due to naturally occurring events, and reduced reproductive vigor due to small numbers of individuals (Service 1995a).

Hedyotis coriacea

(kioele).

Hedyotis coriacea,

a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small, erect herb with leathery, oval-shaped leaves.

Hedyotis coriacea

is distinguished from other species of the genus by its small, triangular leaf-like appendages below the flower (calyx lobes), which do not enlarge in fruit, the combination of fruits that are longer than wide, and flower buds that are square in cross section (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Hedyotis coriacea

. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1997a).

Until recent rediscoveries, the latest collection of

Hedyotis coriacea

was made in 1949 on the 1859 lava flow, on the island of Hawaii. A single specimen was rediscovered in the Lihau section of the West Maui NAR, and the species conceivably could exist elsewhere on Maui as well. Individuals have also been rediscovered on the island of Hawaii on the 1859 lava flow in the Pohakuloa Training Area. Currently, there are a total of 11 populations containing approximately 150 individuals all located on land under Federal jurisdiction at Pohakuloa Training Area (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Shaw 1992).

The habitat of

Hedyotis coriacea

on the island of Hawaii is geologically young (less than 3,000 years old) Mauna Loa pahoehoe lava with sparse

Metrisuderos

forest, open

Metrisuderos

forest with sparse shrub understory or open

Metrisuderos

forest with dense shrub understory at elevations of 1,506 to 1,780 m (4,940 to 5,840 ft). Associated native plant species include

Sophora chrysophylla, Myoporum sandwicense, Dodonaea viscosa, Chenopodium oahuense, Styphelia tameiameiae, Eragrostis deflexa

(NCN),

Festuca hawaiiensis

(NCN), or the endangered

Portulaca sclerocarpa

(poe) (Shaw 1997; HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

On the island of Hawaii,

Hedyotis coriacea

has been almost extirpated by the combination of cattle, fires, invasion of non-native plant species such as

Pennisetum setaceum,

and feral ungulates. Other current threats to

Hedyotis coriacea

include the very small remaining number of individuals and the limited distribution of the species which make it susceptible to extinction caused by a single natural or human-caused environmental disturbance, the limited gene pool which may depress reproductive vigor, fire accidentally set by hunters or military activities within Pohakuloa Training Area, and habitat disturbance caused by military exercises at Pohakuloa Training Area (Service 1997a).

Hibiscus brackenridgei

(mao hau hele).

Hibiscus brackenridgei,

a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a sprawling to erect shrub or small tree. This species differs from other members of the genus in having the following combination of characteristics: yellow petals, a calyx consisting of triangular lobes with raised veins and a single midrib, bracts attached below the calyx, and thin stipules that fall off, leaving an elliptic scar. Two subspecies of

Hibiscus brackenridgei

are recognized,

brackenridgei

and

mokuleianus.

Subspecies

brackenridgei

is the only one currently or historically found on the island of Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000; Bates 1990).

Hibiscus brackenridgei

is known to flower continuously from early February through late May, and intermittently at other times of year. Intermittent flowering may possibly be tied to day length. Little else is known about the life history of this plant. Pollination biology, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).

Hibiscus brackenridgei

ssp.

brackenridgei

was known historically from Molokai, Lanai, West Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently,

Hibiscus brackenridgei

ssp.

brackenridgei

is extant on the islands of Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. On the island of Hawaii,

Hibiscus brackenridgei

ssp.

brackenridgei

is known from four populations containing a total of less than 20 individuals; one population at Puu Anahulu, one population at Puu Huluhulu, one population near the Kaupulehu Lava Flow, and one population outside Waimea town on State and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Hibiscus brackenridgei

on the island of Hawaii occurs in

Acacia koa

lowland mesic forest at elevations between 457 and 793 (1,500 and 2,600 ft). Associated native plant species include

Sida fallax

or

Reynoldsia sandwicensis

(HINHP Database 2000, L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

The primary threats to

Hibiscus brackenridgei

on the island of Hawaii are habitat degradation and possible predation by feral pigs, goats, sheep, cattle, or rats; competition with non-native plant species; road construction; fire; and susceptibility to extinction caused by randomly occurring natural events or reduced reproductive vigor due to small population size and a

limited number of populations (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Ischaemum byrone

(Hilo ischaemum).

Ischaemum byrone,

a member of the grass family (Poaceae), is a short-lived perennial species with creeping underground and erect stems.

Ischaemum byrone

can be distinguished from other Hawaiian grasses by its tough outer flower bracts, dissimilar basic flower units which are awned, and a two-flowered, di- or trichotomously-branching (two- or three-tiered) inflorescence (O'Connor 1999).

No life history information is available for this

Ischaemum byrone

at this time (59 FR 10305).

Ischaemum byrone

was historically distributed on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, this species is found on Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. On the island of Hawaii, there are a total of five populations containing approximately 3,000 individuals located along the eastern coast from Hilo to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park on private, State and federally owned lands. In addition, there are some outplanted individuals in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (59 FR 10305; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt,

in litt.,

2000).

Ischaemum byrone

on the island of Hawaii is found in coastal wet to dry shrubland, near the ocean, among rocks or on pahoehoe lava in cracks and holes, and elevations between sea level and 137 m (0 and 460 ft). Associated native plant taxa include

Scaevola sericea

(naupaka kahakai), or

Fimbristylis cymosa

(mauu akiaki) (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

The threats to

Ischaemum byrone

on Hawaii island are competition by non-native grasses, predation by goats, and elimination and degradation of habitat through fire and residential development (59 FR 10305; Service 1996a).

Isodendrion pyrifolium

(wahine noho kula).

Isodendrion pyrifolium,

a short-live perennial of the violet family (Violaceae), is a small, branched shrub with elliptic to lance-shaped leaf blades. The papery-textured blade is moderately hairy beneath (at least on the veins) and stalked. The stalk (petiole) is subtended by oval, hairy, bract-like structures (stipules). Fragrant, bilaterally symmetrical flowers are solitary. The flower stalk (pedicel) is white-hairy, and subtended by two bracts. Bracts arise at the tip of the main flower stalk (peduncle). The five sepals are lance-shaped, membranous-edged and fringed with white hairs. Five green-yellow petals are somewhat unequal, and lobed, the upper being the shortest and the lower the longest. The fruit is a three-lobed, oval capsule, which splits to release olive-colored seeds.

Isodendrion pyrifolium

is distinguished from other taxa in the genus by its smaller, green-yellow flowers, and hairy stipules and leaf veins (Wagner

et al.

1999).

During periods of drought, this species will drop all but the newest leaves. After sufficient rains, the plants produce flowers with seeds ripening one to two months later. No other life history information is currently available for this species (Service 1996a).

Isodendrion pyrifolium

is known historically from six of the Hawaiian Islands: Niihau, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, Maui, and on the western slope of Hualalai mountain on the island of Hawaii. Currently on Hawaii island, one population is known from State land in Kealakehe homesteads with 9 individuals. In addition, seven individuals are in cultivation at botanical gardens (59 FR 10305; GDSI 2000; Service 1996a; HINHP Database 2000; M. Bruegmann pers. comm. 2000).

Isodendrion pyrifolium

grows in dry forests at elevations between 18 to 137 m (60 to 450 ft). This species was formerly associated predominantly with native plant taxa such as

Psydrax odorata, Sida fallax, Myoporum sandwicense, Sophora chrysophylla,

or

Waltheria indica

(uhaloa) (59 FR 10305; Service 1996a; Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

The conversion of this species' natural habitat to residential and recreational developments is of grave concern, as is the presence of the aggressive non-native

Pennisetum setaceum

. Drying stands of this and other weedy species greatly increase the fire load and fire potential. Competition for nutrients with non-native plant taxa such as

Leucaena leucocephala

is a threat. Numbers of individuals are not abundant enough to maintain reproductive vigor, thus making random extirpation a possibility (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).

Mariscus fauriei (NCN).

Mariscus fauriei

, a member of the sedge family (Cyperaceae), is a short-lived perennial plant with somewhat enlarged underground stems and three-angled, single or grouped aerial stems 10 to 50 cm (4 to 20 in) tall. It has leaves shorter than or the same length as the stems and 1 to 3.5 mm (0.04 to 0.1 in) wide. This species differs from others in the genus in Hawaii by its smaller size and its narrower, flattened, and more spreading spikelets (Koyama 1990; 59 FR 10305).

No life history information is available for

Mariscus fauriei

at this time (Service 1996b).

Historically and currently,

Mariscus fauriei

is found on east Molokai and on the island of Hawaii. This species is believed to be no longer extant on Lanai. Currently on Hawaii island, two populations with a total of 100 to 200 plants occur at South Point and in Kaloko on State and privately owned lands (59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

This species typically grows in

Diospyros sandwicensis-Metrosideros polymorpha-Sapindus saponaria

dominated lowland dry forests, often on a lava substrate, between elevations of 107 and 402 m (350 and 1,320 ft). Associated native plant species include

Sophora chrysophylla

,

Myoporum sandwicense

,

Psydrax odorata

,

Peperomia blanda

var.

floribunda

,

Osteomeles anthyllidifolia

, or

Rauvolfia sandwicensis

(59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001).

The threats to

Mariscus fauriei

on Hawaii island are predation and habitat degradation by feral goats and competition from non-native plant species such as

Schinus terebinthifolius

,

Pennisetum setaceum

, and

Leucaena leucocephala

. Because there are only two currently known populations on Hawaii island, the species is threatened by the risk of extinction through random environmental events and through reduced reproductive vigor (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).

Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN).

Mariscus pennatiformis

, a short-lived perennial member of the sedge family (Cyperaceae), has a woody root system covered with brown scales.

Mariscus pennatiformis

is subdivided into two subspecies, ssp.

bryanii

and ssp.

pennatiformis

, which are distinguished by the length and width of the spikelets; color, length, and width of the glume; and by the shape and length of the achenes. This species differs from other members of the genus by its three-sided, slightly concave, smooth stems; the length and number of spikelets; the leaf width; and the length and diameter of stems (Koyama 1990).

Mariscus pennatiformis

is known to flower from November to December after heavy rainfall. Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are generally unknown (Service 1999).

Historically,

Mariscus pennatiformis

was known from Kauai, Oahu, East

Maui (Keanae Valley, Hana, and Nahiku), and from Laysan in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and reported from the island of Hawaii.

Mariscus pennatiformis

ssp.

pennatiformis

has not been seen on the island of Hawaii since the middle of the last century (Wagner

et al.

1999; HINHP Database 2000; 59 FR 56333; Bruegmann, in litt., 2000).

Nothing is known of the preferred habitat for or species associated with

Mariscus pennatiformis

on the island of Hawaii (Service 1999).

The threats to

Mariscus pennatiformis

on the island of Hawaii are unknown.

Phlegmariurus mannii

(wawae iole).

Phlegmariurus mannii

, a member of the clubmoss family (Lycopodiaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a hanging plant with clustered, delicate red stems and forked reproductive spikes. These traits distinguish it from others in the genus in Hawaii (Holub 1991).

Little is known about the life history of

Phlegmariurus mannii

. Reproductive cycles, dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1997a).

Historically,

Phlegmariurus mannii

was known from Kauai, West Maui, and Hawaii island (Captain Cook-Kona). Currently, this species is extant on Maui. The last collection of this species on the island of Hawaii was in 1949 from South Kona near Papaloa (HINHP Database 2000).

Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or species associated with

Phlegmariurus mannii

on the island of Hawaii (Service 1997a).

This species was threatened by habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats and stray domestic cattle, and by non-native plants such as

Rubus argutus

(blackberry),

Cyathea cooperi

(Australian tree fern), or

Psidium cattleianum

. (Service 1997a).

Phyllostegia parviflora

(NCN).

Phyllostegia parviflora

, a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is a short-lived perennial herb. The leaves are egg-shaped and wrinkled. The species is distinguished from others of the genus by the leaf shape and length of the leaf stalk and lower corolla lip.

Phyllostegia parviflora

var.

glabriuscula

has fewer glandular hairs in the inflorescence, less pubescent (hairy) leaves, and usually unbranched inflorescences, as compared to P. parviflora var. parviflora. A recently discovered, unnamed variety of

Phyllostegia parviflora

has shorter leaf stalks, spreading hairs on the leaf stalks, and fewer gland-tipped hairs in the inflorescence (Wagner

et al.

1990).

Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or species associated with

Phyllostegia parviflora

on the island of Hawaii (Service 1996a).

Historically

Phyllostegia parviflora

was known from three islands: Oahu, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. This species is now known only from two populations on Oahu.

Phyllostegia parviflora

has not been observed on the island of Hawaii since the 1800s (61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or species associated with

Phyllostegia parviflora

on the island of Hawaii (Service 1999).

Threats to

Phyllostegia parviflora

include habitat degradation or destruction by feral pigs, competition with non-native plant species, risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (Service1999).

Plantago princeps

(laukahi kuahiwi).

Plantago princeps

, a member of the plantain family (Plantaginaceae), is a small shrub or robust, short-lived perennial herb. Its erect or ascending stems are hollow, about 2 to 250 centimeters (1 to 100 inches) long, and often branched with internodes that are more or less woolly with reddish brown hairs when young. The oblong to elliptic, thick, leathery leaves are tufted near the ends of the stems. The leaves have smooth or minutely-toothed margins, a pointed tip, and primary veins that converge at the base of the leaves. Numerous stalkless flowers are densely arranged in a cluster, with each cluster on a stalk. Each flower spreads at an angle of nearly 90 degrees to the axis of the stalk, or grows upright. The sepals are somewhat distinct and elliptic in shape. The fruits are capsules, which contain three or four tiny black seeds. The surface of the seed is covered with a sticky membrane. This species differs from other native members of the genus by its large-branched stems, flowers at nearly right angles to the axis of the flower cluster, and fruits that break open at a point two-thirds from the base. The four varieties (

anomala

,

laxiflora

,

longibracteata

, and

princeps

) are distinguished by the branching and pubescence of the stems; the size, pubescence, and venation of the leaves; the density of the inflorescence; and the orientation of the flowers (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are generally unknown. However, individuals have been observed in fruit from April through September (59 FR 56333).

Plantago princeps

was historically found on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. It has not been seen on the island of Hawaii since the 1860s (59 FR 56333; HINHP Database 2000).

Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or species associated with

Plantago princeps

on the island of Hawaii.

Threats to

Plantago princeps

included habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats and competition with non-native plant species (Service 1999)

Portulaca sclerocarpa

(poe).

Portulaca sclerocarpa,

a short-lived perennial member of the portulaca family (Portulacaceae), has a fleshy, tuberous taproot that becomes woody with maturity. Leaves are narrowly oblance-shaped to linear (strap-like), almost round in cross-section, succulent, gray-green, and stalkless. Dense tufts of yellow-brown hairs occur in the axil between stem and leaf. Three to six flowers occur at the end of the stem and form a dense white or pink flower cluster.

Portulaca sclerocarpa

is distinguished from other species of the genus in Hawaii by its woody taproot, narrow leaves, petal color, seed color (dark, reddish-brown), and thick-walled fruit (Wagner et al. 1999).

Little is known of the life history of

Portulaca sclerocarpa.

This species was observed in flower in March, June, and December. The presence of juveniles indicate that pollination and germination are occurring (Service 1996a).

Historically,

Portulaca sclerocarpa

was known from the islands of Lanai and the island of Hawaii. Populations were found on an islet off of the south coast of Lanai, and the Kohala mountains, the northern slopes of Hualalai, the northwestern slopes of Mauna Loa, and near Kilauea Crater on Hawaii island. One extant population is known to occur off the coast of Lanai on Poopoo Islet. Nineteen extant populations with approximately 1,000 individuals are known to occur on Federal, State, and private lands on Hawaii island. One population occurs at Puupa on private land; two at Nohona O Hae on private land; nine at Puu Anahulu on private, State and Federal lands (Pohakuloa Training Area); three populations on private land at Keauhou; and four populations on Federal land at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (59 FR 10305; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996a).

Portulaca sclerocarpa

grows on weathered Mauna Kea soils, cinder cones, or geologically young lavas in montane dry shrubland. The species often is found on bare cinder, near

steam vents, and in open

Metrosideros polymorpha

dominated woodlands, at elevations between 351 and 2,274 m (1,150 to 7,460 ft). Associated native plant taxa are

Sophora chrysophylla

,

Wollastonia venosa

, or

Dodonaea viscosa

(59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996a; L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

A major threat to

Portulaca sclerocarpa

is competition from non-native grasses such as

Pennisetum setaceum

and

Andropogon virginicus

. Although no browsing has been observed, goats, pigs and sheep trample and disturb the habitat, damaging the understory and providing suitable sites for non-native plant invaders. Fire is also a pervasive problem in such dry habitat. The unknown reason for the decrease in numbers from 4,300 in 1983 to 970 in 1994 in the Puhimau geothermal (fumarole) area within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park is of concern. Small numbers of populations and individuals, and their scattered distribution, decrease reproductive viability and increase vulnerability to random events (59 FR 10305; Service 1996a; HINHP Database 2000).

Sesbania tomentosa (ohai).

Sesbania tomentosa

, a short-lived perennial and a member of the pea family (Fabaceae), is typically a sprawling shrub but may also be a small tree. Each compound leaf consists of 18 to 38 oblong to elliptic leaflets which are usually sparsely to densely covered with silky hairs. The flowers are salmon-tinged with yellow, orange-red, scarlet or rarely, pure yellow.

Sesbania tomentosa

is the only endemic Hawaiian species in the genus, differing from the naturalized

Sesbania sesban

(Egyptian rattlepod) by the color of the flowers, the longer petals and calyx, and the number of seeds per pod (Geesink

et al.

1999).

The pollination biology of

Sesbania tomentosa

is being studied by David Hopper, a graduate student in the Department of Zoology at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. His preliminary findings suggest that although many insects visit

Sesbania

flowers, the majority of successful pollination is accomplished by native bees of the genus

Hylaeus

and that populations at Kaena Point on Oahu are probably pollinator limited. Flowering at Kaena Point is highest during the winter-spring rains, and gradually declines throughout the rest of the year. Other aspects of this plant's life history are unknown (Service 1999).

Currently,

Sesbania tomentosa

occurs on at least six of the eight main Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and the island of Hawaii) and in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (Nihoa and Necker). It is no longer extant on Niihau and Lanai. On the island of Hawaii,

Sesbania tomentosa

is known from 11 populations with less than 500 individuals. Two populations occur at South Point on Federal (Government Services Administration) and State lands; one population at Hapuna Bay and another at Mahaiula Bay on State lands, and the remaining seven populations occur on Federal land at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (59 FR 56333; Service 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

Sesbania tomentosa

is found in open, dry

Metrosideros polymorpha

forest with mixed native grasses,

Scaevola sericea

coastal dry shrubland on windswept slopes, and weathered basaltic slopes between sea level and 954 m (0 and 3,130 ft) elevation. Associated native plant plant species include

Sporobolus virginicus

(akiaki),

Styphelia tameiameiae

,

Wollastonia integrifolia

(nehe),

Jacquemontia san dwicensis

(pauohiiaka),

Sida fallax

,

Ipomoea pes-caprae

(pohuehue),

Dodonaea viscosa

,

Fimbristylis hawaiiensis

,

Myoporum sandwicense

, or

Waltheria indica

(59 FR 56333; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1999; L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

The primary threats to Sesbania tomentosa on the island of Hawaii are competition with various non-native plant species such as

Cynodon dactylon

(Bermuda grass),

Chloris barbata

(swollen finger grass),

Bothriochloa pertusa

(pitted beardgrass),

Cenchrus ciliaris

(buffelgrass),

Portulaca pilosa

(pigweed),

Desmodium triflorum

(tick clover), or

Lantana camara

; fire; habitat degradation by feral cattle; lack of adequate pollination; seed predation by rats, mice and, potentially, non-native insects; and destruction by random environmental events (

e.g.,

fire) and by human activities (

e.g.,

use of off-road vehicles and development) (HINHP Database 2000; 59 FR 56333; Service 1999).

Silene lanceolata

(NCN).

Silene lanceolata

, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is an upright, short-lived perennial plant with stems 15 to 50 cm (6 to 20 in) long, which are woody at the base. The narrow leaves are smooth except for a fringe of hairs near the base. Flowers are arranged in open clusters. The flowers are white with deeply-lobed, clawed petals. The capsule opens at the top to release reddish-brown seeds. This species is distinguished from

S. alexandri

by its smaller flowers and capsules and its stamens, which are shorter than the sepals (Wagner

et al.

1999).

No life history information is available for

Silene lanceolata

at this time (57 FR 46325; Service 1996b).

The historical range of

Silene lanceolata

includes five Hawaiian Islands: Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and the island of Hawaii.

Silene lanceolata

is presently extant on the islands of Molokai, Oahu, and the island of Hawaii. On the island of Hawaii, 10 populations with a total of approximately 2,500 individuals are known from land under Federal jurisdiction at Pohakuloa Training Area. In addition, individuals are in cultivation at the Army's greenhouse at Pohakuloa Training Area (57 FR 46325; GDSI 2000; USAG-HI 2000b; Service 1996a).

On the island of Hawaii, this species grows on rocky tumuli or outcrops, on aa lava, in deep ash deposits over pahoehoe lava, and in Mauna Kea substrate in dry montane shrubland at elevations between 1,253 and 1,320 m (4,110 and 4,330 ft). Associated native plant species include,

Eragrostis

sp. (lovegrass),

Metrosideros polymorpha

,

Chamaesyce

sp. (akoko),

Myoporum sandwicense

,

Sophora chrysophylla

,

Chenopodium oahuense

,

Dodonaea viscosa

,

Styphelia tameiameiae

, or

Dubautia linearis

(57 FR 46325; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996b; L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

Habitat destruction by feral ungulates (goats, mouflon sheep, and pigs), fires, competition by invading non-native plants such as

Pennisetum setaceum

, and military activity are immediate threats to

Silene lanceolata

on the island of Hawaii (57 FR 46325; Service 1996b).

Solanum incompletum

(popolo ku mai).

Solanum incompletum

, a short-lived perennial member of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), is a woody shrub. Its stems and lower leaf surfaces are covered with prominent reddish prickles or sometimes with yellow fuzzy hairs on young plant parts and lower leaf surfaces. The oval to elliptic leaves have prominent veins on the lower surface and lobed leaf margins. Numerous flowers grow in loose branching clusters with each flower on a stalk. This species differs from other native members of the genus by being generally prickly and having loosely clustered white flowers, curved anthers about 2 mm (0.08 in) long, and berries 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in) in diameter (Symon 1999).

No life history information is available for

Solanum incompletum

at this time (59 FR 56333).

Historically,

Solanum incompletum

was known from central and northeastern Lanai, scattered locations on Maui, and the Kohala Mountains, Kona, Puu Waawaa, Puu Ikaaka Crater, Kanehaha, Puu Huluhulu, and Omaokaili on the island of Hawaii. According to David Symon (1999), the known distribution of

Solanum incompletum

also extended to the islands of Kauai and Molokai. Currently,

Solanum incompletum

is only known from one population of 35 individuals, recently discovered on the Army's Pohakuloa Training Area on the island of Hawaii. In addition, nine individuals are currently in cultivation in the greenhouse at Pohakuloa Training Area (59 FR 56333; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1999; GDSI 2000; USAG-HI 2000b).

Solanum incompletum

grows in dry to mesic forest, diverse mesic forest, and subalpine forest between elevations of 1,192 and 2,259 m (3,910 and 7,410 ft) and is associated with

Myoporum sandwicense

,

Myrsine lanaiensis

, or

Sophora chrysophylla

(59 FR 56333; Service 1999; L. Pratt

et al.,

pers. comm. 2001).

The primary threats to the few remaining individuals of

Solanum incompletum

are habitat degradation by feral sheep and mouflon, competition with various non-native plants, random naturally-occurring mass mortality events, and reduced reproductive vigor due to the extremely small number of existing plants.

Solanum incompletum

is potentially threatened by military activities and fire resulting from these activities at the Pohakuloa Training Area (59 FR 56333; Service 1999; HINHP Database 2000).

Spermolepis hawaiiensis

(NCN).

Spermolepis hawaiiensis

, an annual member of the parsley family (Apiaceae), is a slender herb with few branches. Its leaves, dissected into narrow, lance-shaped divisions, are oblong to somewhat oval in outline and grow on stalks. Flowers are arranged in a loose, compound, umbrella-shaped inflorescence arising from the stem, opposite the leaves.

Spermolepis hawaiiensis

is the only member of the genus native to Hawaii. It is distinguished from other native members of the family by being a non-succulent annual with an umbrella-shaped inflorescence (Constance and Affolter 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Spermolepis hawaiiensis

. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (59 FR 56333; Service 1999).

Historically,

Spermolepis hawaiiensis

was known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, Lanai and the island of Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, it is extant on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. On the island of Hawaii, there are approximately four known populations with between 5,000 and 10,000 individuals on land under Federal jurisdiction at Pohakuloa Training Area and State land at Puuanahulu (59 FR 56333; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000; Service 1999).

Spermolepis hawaiiensis

is known from shady spots in

Dodonaea viscosa

lowland dry shrubland, on pahoehoe lava at elevations between 1,134 and 2,140 m (3,720 and 7,020 ft). Associated native plant species include

Myoporum sandwicense

,

Osteomeles anthyllidifolia

, or

Sophora chrysophylla

(59 FR 56333; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1999; L. Pratt

et al

., pers. comm. 2001).

The primary threats to

Spermolepis hawaiiensis

on the island of Hawaii are habitat degradation by feral goats, pigs and sheep; competition with various non-native plants such as

Melinis minutiflora

(molasses grass) and other grasses; military impacts; and habitat destruction and extinction due to natural environmental events such as erosion, landslides, and rock slides due to natural weathering (59 FR 56333; Service 1999).

Tetramolopium arenarium

(NCN).

Tetramolopium arenarium

is a short-lived perennial and an upright, branched shrub in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). Alternate leaves are lance-shaped, hairy, glandular, and gray-green. This species is separated from other taxa of the genus in the Hawaiian Islands by several characters: upright habit; number of heads per flower cluster (5 to 11); presence and type of glands and hairs; size of male ray flowers (1.3 to 2.2 mm (.05 to .09 in); number of bisexual disk flowers (5 to 9) and their maroon color; and a wide, 2-to 4-nerved fruit with white hairs at the tip. Three infra-specific taxa are recognized:

Tetramolopium arenarium

ssp.

arenarium

var.

arenarium

(Maui and Hawaii),

T. arenarium

ssp.

arenarium

var.

confertum

(Hawaii), and

T. arenarium

ssp.

laxum

(Maui). These taxa are distinguished one from the other by a combination of characters.

T. arenarium

ssp.

arenarium

var.

confertum

and

T. arenarium

ssp.

laxum

have not been seen the late 1800s (Lowrey 1999).

No life history information is available for

Tetramolopium arenarium

at this time (59 FR 10305).

Tetramolopium arenarium

was historically known from the islands of Maui and Hawaii. Individuals were found on the western slope of Haleakala, Maui, and on the Kohala mountains, the northwestern slopes of Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, and Hualalai, Hawaii. The taxon was considered extinct until

Tetramolopium arenarium

ssp.

arenarium

var.

arenarium

was recently rediscovered in Kipuka Kalawamauna at Pohakuloa Training Area. Two populations with approximately 400 individuals of

Tetramolopium arenarium

ssp.

arenarium

var.

arenarium

are currently extant. In addition, five individuals are in cultivation in the greenhouse at Pohakuloa Training Area (59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996a; GDSI 2000; USAG-HI 2000b).

The habitat of

Tetramolopium arenarium

on island of Hawaii is lowland and montane dry shrublands dominated by

Dodonaea viscosa

, at elevations between 1,363 and 1,762 m (4,470 and 5,780 ft). Associated native plant taxa are

Styphelia tameiameiae

,

Dubautia linearis

,

Chamaesyce olowaluana

(akoko),

Sida fallax

,

Chenopodium oahuense

or the endangered

Haplostachys haplostachya

(honohono) (59 FR 10305; Service 1996a; HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt

et al.

, pers. comm. 2001).

Feral goats, sheep, and pigs have caused habitat destruction by browsing, trampling, and rooting. All known populations are transected by feral animal trails. Habitat decimation has resulted in opportunities for invasions by non-native plant taxa, particularly

Pennisetum setaceum

. The occurrence of

Pennisetum setaceum

increases the probability and intensity of fire. Military activity may threaten the species. The small number of extant individuals and the restricted distribution of this taxon make it extremely vulnerable to random events and/or reduction of reproductive vigor (59 FR 10305; Service 1996a; HINHP Database 2000).

Vigna o-wahuensis

(NCN).

Vigna o-wahuensis

, a member of the pea family (Fabaceae), is a slender twining short-lived perennial herb with fuzzy stems. Each leaf is made up of three leaflets which vary in shape from round to linear, and are sparsely or moderately covered with coarse hairs. Flowers, in clusters of one to four, have thin, translucent, pale yellow or greenish-yellow petals. The two lowermost petals are fused and appear distinctly beaked. The sparsely hairy calyx has asymmetrical lobes. The fruits are long slender pods that may or may not be slightly inflated and contain 7 to 15 gray to black seeds. This species

differs from others in the genus by its thin yellowish petals, sparsely hairy calyx, and thin pods which may or may not be slightly inflated (Geesink

et al.

1999).

Information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is unknown (Service 1999).

Historically,

Vigna o-wahuensis

was known from Niihau, Oahu, Maui, Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, and the island of Hawaii. Currently,

Vigna o-wahuensis

is known from the islands of Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and island of Hawaii. There are no currently known populations on Niihau or Oahu. On the island of Hawaii, one population with 10 individuals occurs on privately owned land at Nohona O Hae (59 FR 56333; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

On the island of Hawaii,

Vigna o-wahuensis

occurs in

Dodonaea viscosa

lowland dry shrubland at elevations between 351 and 2,274 m (1,150 to 7,460 ft). Associated native plant species include

Chenopodium oahuense

,

Dodonaea viscosa

,

Osteomeles anthyllidifolia

,

Wikstroemia

sp., (akia) or

Sida fallax

(59 FR 56333; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1999).

The primary threats to

Vigna o-wahuensis

on Hawaii island are competition with various non-native plant species, a risk of extinction due to random environmental events (primarily fire), and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing populations and individuals (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

(ae).

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

, a long-lived perennial in the rue family (Rutaceae), is a medium-size tree with pale to dark gray bark, and lemon-scented leaves. Alternate leaves are composed of three small triangular-oval to lance-shaped, toothed leaflets with surfaces usually without hairs.

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

is distinguished from other Hawaiian members of the genus by several characters: three leaflets all of similar size, one joint on lateral leaf stalk, and sickle-shaped fruits with a rounded tip (Stone

et al.

1999).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are generally unknown (59 FR 10305; Service 1996a).

Historically,

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

was known from the islands of Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, the southern and southwestern slopes of Haleakala on Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently,

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

is extant on Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. On the island of Hawaii, the four extant populations with less than 250 individuals are located on State lands and on lands under Federal jurisdiction at Pohakuloa Training Area (59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

On the island of Hawaii,

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

is found in

Metrosideros polymorpha

dry forest with

Dodonaea viscosa

or

Myoporum sandwicense

, or with

Dubautia linearis

in open

Myoporum-Dodonaea

shrubland on rough aa lava at elevations between 1,204 and 1,756 m (3,950 and 5,760 ft) (HINHP Database 2000; 59 FR 10305; L. Pratt

et al.

, pers. comm. 2001).

The threats to

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

on the island of Hawaii include browsing, grazing, and trampling by feral goats, pigs and sheep; competition with non-native plant species; habitat degradation and destruction by humans, including military impacts; and extinction from naturally occurring events (primarily fire) and/or from reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals and populations (59 FR 10305; Service 1996a).

A summary of populations and landownership for the 58 plant species on the island of Hawaii is given in Table 3.

Table 3.—Summary of Populations Occurring on the Island of Hawaii, and Landownership for 58 Species Reported From the Island of Hawaii

Species

Number of current populations

Landownership/Jurisdiction

Federal

State

Private

Achyranthes mutica

1

X

Adenophorus periens

13

X

1

X

X

Argyroxiphium kauense

3

X

1

X

X

Asplenium fragile var. insulare

17

X

1

2

X

X

Bonamia menziesii

1

X

Cenchrus agrimonioides

0

Clermontia drepanomorpha

1

X

X

Clermontia lindseyana

17

X

3

X

Clermontia peleana

0

Clermontia pyrularia

1

X

1

X

Colubrina oppositifolia

8

X

X

Cyanea copelandii

ssp.

copelandii

0

Ctenitis squamigera

0

Cyanea hamatiflora

ssp.

carlsonii

3

X

3

X

Cyanea platyphylla

9

X

X

Cyanea shipmanii

5

X

3

X

X

Cyanea stictophylla

5

X

X

Cyrtandra giffardii

7

X

1

X

X

Cyrtandra tintinnabula

6

X

X

Delissea undulata

1

X

Diellia erecta

3

X

Flueggea neowawraea

4

X

X

Gouania vitifolia

1

X

Hedyotis cookiana

0

Hedyotis coriacea

11

X

2

Hibiscadelphus giffardianus

1 (planted)

X

1

Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis

2 (planted)

X

Hibiscus brackenridgei

4

X

X

Ischaemum byrone

5

X

1

X

X

Isodendrion hosakae

3

X

Isodendrion pyrifolium

1

X

Mariscus fauriei

2

X

X

Mariscus pennatiformis

0

Melicope zahlbruckneri

2

X

1

X

Neraudia ovata

3

X

1

2

X

X

Nothocestrum breviflorum

10

X

1

3

X

X

Ochrosia kilaueaensis

0

Phlegmariurus mannii

0

Phyllostegia parviflora

0

Phyllostegia racemosa

7

X

1

3

X

X

Phyllostegia velutina

5

X

3

X

X

Phyllostegia warshaueri

7

X

X

Plantago hawaiensis

8

X

1

X

Plantago princeps

0

Pleomele hawaiiensis

8

X

1

X

X

Portulaca sclerocarpa

19

X

1

2

X

X

Pritchardia affinis

unknown

Pritchardia schattaueri

1

X

Sesbania tomentosa

11

X

1

4

X

Sicyos alba

4

X

1

X

Silene hawaiiensis

23

X

1

2

X

X

Silene lanceolata

10

X

2

Solanum incompletum

1

X

2

Spermolepis hawaiiensis

4

X

1

2

X

Tetramolopium arenarium

2

X

2

Vigna o-wahuensis

1

X

Zanthoxylum dipetalum

var.

tomentosum

1

X

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

4

X

2

X

1

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.

2

Pohakuloa Training Area.

3

Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge.

4

Government Services Administration.

Previous Federal Action

Federal action on these plants began as a result of Section 12 of the Act, which directed the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution to prepare a report on plants considered to be endangered, threatened, or extinct in the United States. This report, designated as House Document No. 94-51, was presented to Congress on January 9, 1975. In that document,

Adenophorus periens, Argyroxiphium kauense, Bonamia menziesii, Clermontia drepanomorpha, Clermontia lindseyana, Colubrina oppositifolia, Cyanea hamatiflora

ssp.

carlsonii

(as

Cyanea carlsonii), Cyanea platyphylla

(as

Cyanea bryanii), Cyanea shipmanii, Flueggea neowawraea

(as

Drypetes phyllanthoides), Hibiscadelphus giffardianus, Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis, Hibiscus brackenridgei

(as

Hibiscus brackenridgei

var.

brackenridgei,

var.

mokuleianus,

and var. “from Hawaii”),

Ischaemum byrone, Melicope zahlbruckneri

(as

Pelea zahlbruckneri), Neraudia ovata, Nothocestrum breviflorum

(as

Nothocestrum breviflorum

var.

breviflorum), Portulaca sclerocarpa, Sesbania tomentosa

(as

Sesbania hobdyi

and

Sesbania tomentosa

var.

tomentosa), Silene lanceolata, Solanum incompletum

(as

Solanum haleakalense

and

Solanum incompletum

var.

glabratum,

var.

incompletum,

and var.

mauiensis), Vigna o-wahuensis

(as

Vigna sandwicensis

var.

heterophylla

and var.

sandwicensis

), and

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

(as

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

var.

citriodora

) were considered endangered;

Cyrtandra giffardii, Diellia erecta, Silene hawaiiensis

(as

Silene hawaiiensis

var.

hawaiiensis), Zanthoxylum dipetalum

var.

tomentosum,

and

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

(as

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

var.

hawaiiense

and var.

velutinosum

) were considered threatened; and,

Asplenium fragile

var.

insulare

(as

Asplenium fragile

),

Clermontia pyrularia, Delissea undulata

(as

Delissea undulata

var.

argutidentata

and var.

undulata), Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, Isodendrion hosakae, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Nothocestrum breviflorum

(as

Nothocestrum breviflorum

var.

longipes

), and

Tetramolopium arena

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