Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determinations of Prudency and Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Islands of Maui and Kahoolawe, Hawaii

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17

RIN 1018-AH70

Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determinations of Prudency and Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Islands of Maui and Kahoolawe, Hawaii

AGENCY:

Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION:

Proposed rule and Notice of determinations of whether designation of critical habitat is prudent.

SUMMARY:

We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, have reconsidered our findings concerning whether designating critical habitat for 38 federally protected plants from the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe, some of which may also occur on other Hawaiian Islands, listed between 1991 and 1996, would be prudent. At the time each plant was listed, we determined that designation of critical habitat was not prudent because designation would increase the degree of threat to the species and/or would not benefit the plant. We have determined that critical habitat is prudent for 37 of these species since the potential benefits of designating critical habitat essential for the conservation of these species outweigh the risks of designation that may result from human activity. We propose that designation of critical habitat is not prudent for one species, which is no longer extant in the wild and for which no genetic material is currently extant, because such designation would not be beneficial to this species.

We propose critical habitat designations for a total of 50 species in 52 units on Maui and 4 units on Kahoolawe at this time. The approximate land area within these units totals 13,574 hectares (33,614 acres) on Maui and 207 hectares (512 acres) on Kahoolawe. This proposed rule includes proposed designations for 33 of the 37 species mentioned above. Critical habitat is not proposed for four species that are currently only found in areas on Maui that are permanently protected and managed. In addition, critical habitat is being proposed for six other species from Maui and Kahoolawe that were listed in 1999. We are also proposing critical habitat on Maui and Kahoolawe for 11 species which also occur on Kauai.

We solicit data and comments from the public on all aspects of this proposal, including data on the economic and other impacts of the proposed designations. We may revise this proposal to incorporate or address new information received during the comment period.

DATES:

We must receive comments from all interested parties by February 16, 2001. Public hearing requests must be received by February 1, 2001.

ADDRESSES:

If you wish to comment, you may submit your comments and materials concerning this proposal by any one of several methods:

You may submit written comments and information to the Field Supervisor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Office, 300 Ala Moana Blvd., P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850-0001.

You may send comments by electronic mail (e-mail) to mandk_crithab_pr@fws.gov. See the Public Comments Solicited section in

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

below for file format and other information about electronic filing.

You may hand-deliver written comments to our Pacific Islands Office at 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 3-122, Honolulu, HI.

Comments and materials received, as well as supporting documentation used in the preparation of this proposed rule, will be available for public inspection, by appointment, during normal business hours at the Pacific Islands Office.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

Paul Henson, Field Supervisor, Pacific Islands Office (see

ADDRESSES

section) (telephone: 808/541-3441; facsimile: 808/541-3470).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), have reconsidered our previous findings concerning whether designating critical habitat for some of the 69 Federally protected plants currently or historically found on the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe is prudent. Table 1 lists the species that are currently found on Maui and/or Kahoolawe, reported to occur on these islands, or were historically present (not seen for more than 30 years). Seventeen of these species (

Argyroxiphium sandwicense

ssp.

macrocephalum, Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii

ssp.

haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora

ssp.

hamatiflora, Cyanea mceldowneyi, Dubautia plantaginea

ssp.

humilis, Geranium arboreum, Geranium multiflorum, Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Lipochaeta kamolensis, Melicope adscendens, Melicope balloui, Melicope ovalis, Remya mauiensis, Schiedea haleakalensis

, and

Tetramolopium capillare

) are endemic to the islands of Maui and/or Kahoolawe, while 33 species (

Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia oblongifolia

ssp.

mauiensis, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana

ssp.

grimesiana, Cyrtandra munroi, Diellia erecta, Flueggea neowawraea, Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope knudsenii, Melicope mucronulata, Neraudia sericea, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Sesbania tomentosa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Vigna o-wahuensis

, and

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

) are known from Maui and/or Kahoolawe, as well as one or more other islands (Table 1). Two species,

Bidens micrantha

ssp.

kalealaha

and

Cyanea lobata

, were known from Maui and Lanai, but are currently only extant on Maui.

Lysimachia lydgatei

was known from Maui and Oahu, while

Diplazium molokaiense

was known from several islands, but currently both species are extant only on Maui. We believe that one species,

Acaena exigua

, may be extinct. The fourteen remaining species are known only from historical records (pre-1970) on Maui and/or Kahoolawe or from undocumented observations. While these species do occur on other islands, we do not believe they still occur on Maui or Kahoolawe.

Table 1.—Summary of Island Distribution of 69 Species From Maui and Kahoolawe

Species (common name)

Island Distribution

Kauai

Oahu

Molokai

Lanai

Maui

Hawaii

N.W. Isles,

Ka

hoolawe

Ni

ihau

Acaena exigua

(liliwai)

H

H

Alectryon macrococcus

(mahoe)

C

C

C

C

Argyroxiphium sandwicense

ssp.

macrocephalum

(ahinahina)

C

Asplenium fragile

var.

insulare

(NCN*)

H

C

Bidens micrantha

ssp.

kalealaha

(ko oko olau)

H

C

Bonamia menziesii

(NCN)

C

C

H

C

C

C

Brighamia rockii

(pua ala)

C

H

H

Cenchrus agrimonioides

(kamanomano)

C

H

C

R

NW Isles (H)

Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi)

C

C

C

C

C

Clermontia lindseyana

(oha wai)

C

C

Clermontia oblongifolia

ssp.

mauiensis (oha wai)

C

C

Clermontia peleana

(oha wai)

H

C

Clermontia samuelii

(oha wai)

C

Colubrina oppositifolia

(kauila)

C

C

C

Ctenitis squamigera

(pauoa)

H

C

H

C

C

H

Cyanea copelandii

ssp.

haleakalaensis

(haha)

C

Cyanea glabra

(haha)

C

Cyanea grimesiana

ssp.

grimesiana

(haha)

C

C

C

C

Cyanea hamatiflora

ssp.

hamatiflora

(haha)

C

Cyanea lobata

(haha)

H

C

Cyanea mceldowneyi

(haha)

C

Cyrtandra munroi

(ha iwale)

C

C

Delissea undulata

(NCN)

C

H

C

Ni (H)

Diellia erecta

(Asplenium-leaved diellia)

H

H

C

H

C

C

Diplazium molokaiense

(NCN)

H

H

H

H

C

Dubautia plantaginea

ssp.

humilis

(na ena e)

C

Flueggea neowawraea

(mehamehame)

C

C

H

C

C

Geranium arboreum

(nohoanu)

C

Geranium multiflorum

(nohoanu)

C

Gouania vitifolia

(NCN)

C

H

C

Hedyotis coriacea

(kioele)

H

C

C

Hedyotis mannii

(pilo)

C

C

C

Hesperomannia arborescens

(NCN)

C

C

H

C

Hesperomannia arbuscula

(NCN)

C

C

Hibiscus brackenridgei

(mao hau hele)

H

C

H

C

C

C

Ka (R)

Ischaemum byrone

(Hilo ischaemum)

R

H

C

D

C

C

Isodendrion pyrifolium

(wahine noho kula)

H

H

H

H

C

Ni (H)

Kanaloa kahoolawensis

(kohe malama malama o kanaloa)

Ka (C)

Lipochaeta kamolensis

(nehe)

C

Lysimachia lydgatei

(NCN)

H

C

Mariscus pennatiformis

(NCN)

H

H

C

H

NW Isles (C)

Melicopoe adcendens

(alani)

C

Melicope balloui

(alani)

C

Melicope knudenii

(alani)

C

C

Melicope mucronulata

(alani)

C

C

Melicope ovalis

(alani)

C

Neraudia sericea

(NCN)

C

H

C

Ka (H)

Nototrichium humile

(kului)

C

H

Peucedanum sandwicense

(makou)

C

C

C

C

Phegmariurus mannii

(wawae iole)

H

C

C

Phyotegia mannii

(NCN)

C

H

Phyllostegia mollis

(NCN)

C

H

C

Phyllostegia parvilfora

(NCN)

C

H

H

Planatago princeps

(laukahi kuahiwi)

C

C

C

C

H

Plantanthera holochila

(NCN)

C

H

C

C

Peteris lidgatei

(NCN)

C

H

C

Remya mauiensis

(NCN)

C

Sanicula purpurea

(NCN)

C

C

Schiedea haleakalensis

(NCN)

C

Schiedea hookeri

(NCN)

C

H

Schiedea nuttallii

(NCN)

C

C

C

R

Sesbania tomentosa

(NCN)

C

C

C

H

C

C

Ni (H), Ka (C), NW Isles (C)

Solanum incompletum

(popolo ku mai)

H

H

H

H

C

Sptermolepis hawaiiensis

(NCN)

C

C

C

C

C

C

Tetramolopium arenarium

(NCN)

H

C

Tetramologpium capillare

(pamakani)

C

Tetramologpium remyi

(NCN)

C

H

Vigna o-waheuensis

(NCN)

H

C

C

C

C

Ni (H), Ka (C)

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

(a w)

C

C

H

C

C

KEY

C (Current)—population last observed within the past 30 years.

H (Historical)—population not seen for more than 30 years.

R (Reported)—reported from undocumented observations.

* NCN—no common name.

When 38 of the above species where listed between 1991 and 1996 (

Acaena exigua, Argyroxiphium sandwicense

ssp.

macrocephalum, Bidens micrantha

ssp.

kalealaha, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia oblongifolia

ssp.

mauiensis, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana

ssp.

grimesiana, Cyanea lobata, Cyanea mceldowneyi, Cyrtandra munroi, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium arboreum, Geranium multiflorum, Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Lipochaeta kamolensis, Lysimachia lydgatei, Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope adscendens, Melicope balloui, Melicope mucronulata, Melicope ovalis, Neraudia sericea, Phlegmariurus mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Pteris lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea haleakalensis, Tetramolopium capillare, and Vigna o-wahuensis),

we determined that designation of critical habitat was not prudent because designation would increase the degree of threat to the species and/or would not benefit the plant. However, after reevaluating our previous decision, we propose that critical habitat designation for 37 of these species would be prudent because the potential benefits of designating critical habitat essential for the conservation of these species outweigh the risks, resulting from human activity, of designation (see CRITICAL HABITAT section below). We propose that designation of critical habitat is not prudent for

Acaena exigua,

which we believe may be extinct, because such a designation would not be beneficial to this species, since we believe the species may be extinct.

Proposed determinations for 11 species that also occur on the island of Kauai (

Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Centaurium sebaeoides, Flueggea neowawraea, Melicope knudsenii, Peucedanum sandwicense, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Sesbania tomentosa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis,

and

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

) were published in a previous proposal (65 FR 66808). In addition, the designation of critical habitat was found to be prudent for six species (

Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii

ssp.

haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora

ssp.

hamatiflora, Dubautia plantaginea

ssp.

humilis,

and

Kanaloa kahoolawensis

) when they were listed as endangered in 1999.

An additional 14 species listed in Table 1 are known only from historical records (pre-1970) on Maui and/or Kahoolawe or from undocumented observations. Since these species do not currently occur on Maui or Kahoolawe, is it not prudent to designate critical habitat for them on these islands. However, proposed determinations and critical habitat designations or non-designations for these species will be included in other proposed rules for the islands on which they currently occur (Table 2).

Table 2.—Proposed rules in which prudency and critical habitat designations/non-designations will be proposed for 14 species that no longer occur on Maui or Kahoolawe.

SPECIES

Proposed rule in which prudency will be proposed

Proposed rule in which critical habitat designations/non designations will be discussed

Asplenium fragile

var

insulare

Hawaii

Hawaii

Brighamia rockii

Molokai

Molokai

Clermontia peleana

Hawaii

Hawaii

Delissea undulata

Hawaii

Hawaii

Gouania vitifolio

Hawaii

Hawaii; Oahu

Isodendrion pyrifolium

Hawaii

Hawaii

Nototrichium humile

Oahu

Oahu

Phyllostegia mannii

Oahu

Oahu

Phyllostegia parviflora

Oahu

Oahu

Schiedea hookeri

Oahu

Oahu

Schiedea nuttallii

Kauai (65 FR 66808)

Kauai; Oahu; Molokai

Solanum incompletum

Hawaii

Hawaii

Tetramolopium arenarium

Hawaii

Hawaii

Tetramolopium remyi

Lanai

Lanai

The plants discussed in this proposed rule were listed as endangered or threatened species under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act), between 1991 and 1999. At the time many of these plants were listed, we determined that designation of critical habitat was not prudent because designation would increase the degree of threat to the species and/or would not benefit the plant. These not prudent determinations, along with 196 others, were challenged in

Conservation Council for Hawaii

v.

Babbitt

, 2 F. Supp. 2d 1280 (D. Hawaii). On March 9, 1998,

the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii directed us to review the prudency determinations for 245 listed plant species in Hawaii. On August 10, 1998, the court ordered us to publish proposed critical habitat designations or non-designations for at least 100 species by November 30, 2000, and to publish proposed designations or non-designations for the remaining 145 species by April 30, 2002. (See 65 FR 66808 for complete discussion about the above litigation.)

In addition, a second court order (

Conservation Council for Hawaii

v.

Babbitt

, Civ. No. 99-002283 HG (D. Haw. Aug. 19, 1999, Feb. 16, 2000, and March 28, 2000)) requires that we propose critical habitat for 10 other plant species, 6 of which are addressed in this proposed rule (

Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii

ssp.

haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora

ssp.

hamatiflora, Dubautia plantaginea

ssp.

humilis, Kanaloa kahoolawensis

) for which determination was found to be prudent at the time of listing. This second court order requires us to publish proposed critical habitat designations by November 30, 2000, and to publish final critical habitat designations by November 30, 2001.

To comply with these court orders, we plan to publish seven proposed rules, between now and April 30, 2002, in the following island groupings: Kauai and Niihau; Maui and Kahoolawe; Lanai; Molokai; Northwest Hawaiian Islands; Hawaii; and Oahu. Each notice will contain the proposed prudency determinations for species occurring on that island for which prudency determinations have not been previously proposed, and proposed designations or non-designations of critical habitat for each plant species known to occur from that island. The proposed prudency determination and proposed rule for Kauai and Niihau plants was published in the

Federal Register

on November 7, 2000 (65 FR 66808). When a plant species occurs on more than one island, critical habitat may be proposed in all of the proposed rules that cover the respective islands.

The Islands of Maui and Kahoolawe

Maui, the second largest island in Hawaii at 1,888 square kilometers (sq km) (729 square miles (sq mi)) in area, was formed from the remnants of two large shield volcanoes, the older west Maui volcano (1.3 million years) on the west and the larger, but much younger Haleakala volcano on the east. Stream erosion has cut deep valleys and ridges into the originally shield-shaped West Maui volcano. The highest point on West Maui is Puu Kukui at 1,764 meters (m) (5,787 feet (ft)) elevation, which has an average rainfall of 1,020 centimeters (cm) (400 inches (in.)) per year, making it the second wettest spot in Hawaii (Department of Geography 1998). Having erupted just 200 years ago, East Maui's Haleakala crater, reaching 3,055 m (10,023 ft) in elevation, has retained its classic shield shape and lacks the diverse vegetation typical of the older and more eroded West Maui mountain. Rainfall on the slopes of Haleakala is about 89 cm (35 in.) per year, with its windward (northeastern) slope receiving the most precipitation. However, Haleakala's crater is a dry cinder desert because it is below the level at which precipitation develops, and is sheltered from moisture-laden winds (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999).

The island of Kahoolawe measures about 17.7 km (11 mi) long by 11.3 km (7 mi) wide, comprising some 11,655 hectares (ha) (28,800 acres (ac)). Located in the lee of Haleakala, the island lies approximately 11 km (6.7 mi) from East Maui. The highest point is the rim of an extinct volcano at 450 m (1,477 ft) above sea level. The estimated annual precipitation is approximately 500 millimeters (mm) (20 in.), with most if it falling from November through March. In addition to the low precipitation, Kahoolawe is the windiest of the Hawaiian Islands (Gon et al. 1992).

Discussion of the Plant Taxa

Species Endemic to Maui and/or Kahoolawe

Argyroxiphium sandwicense

ssp.

macrocephalum

Argyroxiphium sandwicense

ssp.

macrocephalum

, a long-lived perennial and a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is called the Haleakala silversword. It is a distinctive, globe-shaped rosette plant with a dense covering of silver hairs. This subspecies is distinguished from

Argyroxiphium sandwicense

ssp.

sandwicense

by the shape and ratio of the dimensions of the inflorescence, the number of ray florets per head, and the combination of its longer, three-angled leaves; its silvery leaf hairs, which completely hide the leaf surface; and its longer achenes (Carr 1985, 1999a).

This monocarpic (flowers only once, at the end of its lifetime) plant matures from seed to its final stage in approximately 15-50 years (Loope and Medeiros, in press). The plant remains a compact rosette until it sends up an erect, central flowering stalk, sets seed, and dies. Flowering occurs from June to September, with annual numbers of flowering plants varying dramatically from year to year. Reliable counts of flowering plants were made in 1935 (217 flowered) and in 1941 (815 flowered) (Loope and Crivellone 1986). Numbers recorded in recent years have ranged from zero in 1970 to 6,632 in 1991. The environmental stimulus for synchronous flowering is as yet unknown. An apparent relationship of the 1991 mass flowering event to stratospheric alteration by the eruption of Pinatubo Volcano in the Philippines has been considered. Investigations are underway by R. Pharis of the University of Calgary and L.L. Loope to explore whether enhanced flowering is related to increased UV-B radiation due to temporary reduction of stratospheric ozone (United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) 1997). Flying insects, especially native bees, moths, flies, bugs, and wasps, many of which are pollinators, are attracted in large numbers to the giant, aromatic inflorescences. It has been demonstrated that

Argyroxiphium sandwicense

ssp.

macrocephalum

cannot fertilize itself and is reliant on insect pollinators for reproduction. Rarely, hybrids between

A. sandwicense

ssp.

macrocephalum

and

Dubautia menziesii,

have been observed. Primarily found within Haleakala Crater, especially on Puu o Pele and Puu o Maui cinder cones, these hybrid individuals flower for several years before dying (Carr 1985).

Currently,

Argyroxiphium sandwicense

ssp.

macrocephalum

occupies all of its historic range, a 1,000 ha (2,500 ac) area at 2,100-3,000 m (6,890-9,840 ft) elevation in the crater and outer slopes of Haleakala Volcano, within Haleakala National Park, and The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii's (TNCH) Waikamoi Preserve (Loope and Crivellone 1986; TNC 1998). There are a total of seven populations on Federal and privately owned land, with 39,013 to 44,013 individual plants (TNCH 1998; Geographic Decision Systems International (GDSI) 2000; Hawaii Natural Heritage Program (HINHP) Database 2000).

The habitat of this species consists primarily of dry, well-drained, otherwise barren, unstable slopes of recent (less than several thousand years old) volcanic cinder cones. Mean annual precipitation is approximately 75-125 cm (29-49 in.). The substrate has almost no soil development and is subject to frequent formation of ice at night and extreme heating during cloudless days (USFWS 1997). This species is found in alpine dry shrubland with native species including:

Agrostis sandwicensis

(bent grass),

Deschampsia nubigena

(hair grass),

Dubautia menziesii

(na ena e),

Silene

struthioloides

(catchfly),

Styphelia tameiameiae

(pukiawe),

Metrosideros polymorpha

(ohia),

Tetramolopium humile

(pamakani), and

Trisetum glomeratum

(pili uka) (USFWS 1997).

The threats to this species are loss of pollinators due to the Argentine ant (

Iridomyrmex humilis

) and alien yellowjackets (

Vespula pennsylvanica

); native seed-eating and herbivorous insects such as the tephritid fly (

Trupanea cratericola

), the larvae of a native phycitid moth (

Rhynchephestia rhabdotis

), and the endemic cerambycid beetle (

Plagithmysus terryi

); limited natural range which makes it vulnerable to extinction due to catastrophic events, such as a natural disaster; competition from the alien plant species

Verbascum thapsus

(mullein) and

Pennisetum setaceum

(fountain grass); and human impacts (trampling and site degradation). Although goats (

Capra hircus

) and cattle (

Bos taurus

) have been removed from the park, they remain a potential threat (USFWS 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Clermontia samuelii

Clermontia samuelii,

a short-lived perennial in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a terrestrial shrub with elliptical leaves which are sometimes broader at the tips.

Clermontia samuelii

ssp.

hanaensis

is differentiated from

C. samuelii

ssp.

samuelii

by the greenish white to white flowers; longer, narrower leaves with the broadest point near the base of the leaves; and fewer hairs on the lower surface of the leaves. This species is separated from other members of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the size of the flowers and the hypanthium (Lammers 1999).

There is very little known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (USFWS 1999).

Historically,

Clermontia samuelii

has been reported from Haleakala and from Keanae Valley on the windward side to Manawainui on the more leeward (southeastern) side of Haleakala (Medeiros and Loope 1989; HINHP Database 2000). Currently,

C. samuelii

ssp.

hanaensis

is known from the northeastern side of Haleakala, within Haleakala National Park, Hanawi Natural Area Reserve (NAR), and Hana Forest Reserve. There is a total of five populations with 600 individual plants on State and Federal lands (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000; B. Hobdy

in litt.

2000; K. Wood

in litt.

2000).

C. samuelii

ssp.

samuelii

is known from three populations totaling 50 to 100 individuals on State and Federal lands within Haleakala National Park, Hanawi NAR, and the Hana and Koolau forest reserves (Warshauer 1998; USFWS 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood

in litt.

2000).

Clermontia samuelii

ssp.

hanaensis

is found between 735 and 1,060 m (2,400 and 3,475 ft) elevation, while

C. samuelii

ssp.

samuelii

is typically found between 1,725 to 2,100 m (5,660 to 6,900 ft) elevation (64 FR 48307; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood

in litt.

2000).

C. samuelii

ssp.

hanaensis

is found in wet

Metrosideros polymorpha

and

M. polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

(uluhe) forest with

Tetraplasandra oahuensis

(ohe mauka),

Hedyotis terminalis

(manono),

Hedyotis hillebrandii

(manono),

Broussaisia arguta

(kanawao),

Cibotium

sp. (hapuu),

Argyroxiphium grayanum

(greensword),

Dubautia

sp. (na ena e),

Clermontia arborea

(oha wai),

Psychotria mariniana

(kopiko),

Melicope clusifolia

(alani),

Diplazium sandwichianum

(NCN),

Peperomia obovatilimba

(ala ala wai nui),

Adenophorus tamariscinus

(pendant fern),

Vaccinium

sp. (ohelo),

Carex alligata

(NCN),

Melicope

sp. (alani), and

Cheirodendron trigynum

(olapa) (HINHP Database 2000).

Clermontia samuelii

ssp.

samuelii

is found in wet

Metrosideros polymorpha

and

M. polymorpha-Cheirodendron trigynum

forest with

Hedyotis hillebrandii, Cibotium

sp.,

Broussaisia arguta, Dubautia

sp.,

Diplazium sandwichianum, Rubus hawaiiensis

(akala),

Clermontia arborescens

ssp.

waihiae

(oha wai),

Vaccinium

sp.,

Carex alligata,

and

Melicope

sp. (HINHP Database 2000).

Threats to

Clermontia samuelii

ssp.

hanaensis

include habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs (

Sus scrofa

) and competition with alien plant taxa such as

Tibouchina herbacea

(glorybush),

Paspalum urvillei

(vasey grass),

Paspalum conjugatum

(Hilo grass),

Juncus

sp. (NCN),

Hedychium coronarium

(ginger), and

Hedychium gardnerianum

(64 FR 48307; K. Wood

in litt.

2000). In addition, two extremely invasive alien plant taxa,

Miconia calvescens

(velvet tree) and

Clidemia hirta

(Koster's curse), are found in nearby areas and may invade this habitat if not controlled (64 FR 48307). The habitat of

C. samuelii

ssp.

samuelii

was extensively damaged by pigs in the past, and pigs are still a major threat to the populations on State owned lands. The population within the National Park has been fenced and pigs have been eradicated. However, due to the large populations of pigs in adjacent areas, the park populations must constantly be monitored to prevent further occurrence (64 FR 48307). Competition with alien plant taxa such as

Holcus lanatus

(velvet grass) and

Juncus planifolius

(NCN) is a major threat to this subspecies (K. Wood

in litt.

2000). In addition, rats (mainly black rat (

Rattus rattus

)) and slugs (mainly

Milax gagetes

) are known to eat leaves, stems, and fruits of other members of this genus, and therefore are a potential threat to both subspecies (64 FR 48307).

Cyanea copelandii

ssp.

haleakalaensis

Cyanea copelandii

ssp.

haleakalaensis,

a short-lived perennial member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a vine-like shrub with sprawling stems and tan latex sap. This subspecies is differentiated from the other subspecies by its shorter elliptical leaves. The species differs from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the vine-like stems and the yellowish flowers that appear red due to the covering of hairs (Lammers 1999).

There is very little known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically,

Cyanea copelandii

ssp.

haleakalaensis

was reported from the windward side of Haleakala and from Waikamoi to Kipahulu Valley (Lammers 1999). Currently, this taxon is known from three populations with a total of 205 individuals in Kipahulu Valley within Haleakala National Park; west of Kuhiwa Stream and Valley in Hanawi NAR; and on lower Waikamoi flume, which is privately owned (64 FR 48307; Warshauer 1998; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

Cyanea copelandii

ssp.

haleakalaensis

is found on stream banks and wet scree (a sloping mass of rocks at the base of a cliff) slopes in montane wet or mesic forest dominated by

Acacia koa

(koa) and/or

Metrosideros polymorpha

at elevations between 730 and 1,340 m (2,400 and 4,400 ft) (64 FR 48307; HINHP Database 2000). Associated species include

Cibotium

sp.,

Perrottetia sandwicensis

(olomea),

Psychotria hawaiiensis

(kopiko ula),

Broussaisia arguta,

and

Hedyotis acuminata

(au) (64 FR 48307; HINHP Database 2000).

The major threats to this species are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; competition with several alien plant taxa; rats; slugs; and potential extinction due to random environmental events due to small population sizes (64 FR 48307).

Cyanea glabra

Cyanea glabra,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a short-lived, perennial shrub, with the leaves of juvenile plants deeply pinnately lobed, while those of the adult plants are more or less entire and elliptical. This species is differentiated from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the size of the flower and the pinnately lobed juvenile leaves (Lammers 1999).

There is very little known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically,

Cyanea glabra

has been reported from West Maui and on Haleakala, East Maui (64 FR 48307; HINHP Database 2000). Currently, this species is known from a single population of 12 individual plants on privately owned land in Kauaula Valley (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Cyanea glabra

is found on soil and rock stream banks in wet lowland forest dominated by

Acacia koa

and/or

Metrosideros polymorpha,

at elevations between 800 to 1,340 m (2,625 to 4,400 ft) (HINHP Database 2000).

The threats to this species are slugs; habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; flooding; competition with several alien plant taxa; rats; the two-spotted leafhopper (

Saphonia rufofascia

); and extinction caused by random environmental events due to the small number individuals in the only remaining population (64 FR 48307).

Cyanea hamatiflora

ssp.

hamatiflora

Cyanea hamatiflora

ssp.

hamatiflora,

a short-lived perennial and member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a palm-like tree with tan colored latex. This subspecies is differentiated from the listed subspecies (

C. hamatiflora

ssp.

carlsonii

) by its longer calyx lobes and shorter individual flower stalks. This species is separated from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by fewer flowers per inflorescence and narrower leaves (Lammers 1999).

There is very little known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically,

Cyanea hamatiflora

ssp.

hamatiflora

was known from the windward side of Haleakala, stretching from Puu o Kakae to Manawainui (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, this taxon is known from nine populations with a total of 22 individuals in Haipuaena Gulch in the Koolau Forest Reserve; along East Wailuaki Stream in the Koolau Forest Reserve; upper Kipahulu Valley in Haleakala National Park; and between Puu Ahulili and Kaupo Gap (State, Federal, and privately owned lands) (Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Typical habitat for this taxon is montane wet forest dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha,

with a

Cibotium

sp. and/or native shrub understory and closed

Acacia koa-M. polymorpha

wet forest from 975 to 1,500 m (3,200 to 4,920 ft) elevation (HINHP Database 2000). Associated native plant taxa include

Dicranopteris linearis, Cheirodendron trigynum, Broussaisia arguta, Cyanea solenocalyx

(haha),

Cyanea kunthiana

(haha),

Vaccinium

sp.,

Melicope

sp., and

Myrsine

sp. (kolea) (64 FR 48307; HINHP Database 2000).

The threats to this species are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; landslides; competition with the alien plant

Ageratina adenophora

(Maui pamakani); rats; and slugs (64 FR 48307).

Cyanea mceldowneyi

Cyanea mceldowneyi

(a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae)) is a short-lived, unbranched perennial shrub with rough to prickly stems. This species is distinguished from other species of

Cyanea

by the combination of a densely armed trunk, long (40 mm (1.6 in.)) white-colored corollas, and leaf blade size and shape (Lammers 1999).

There is very little known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (USFWS 1997).

Historically,

Cyanea mceldowneyi

was known from rainforest west of Waikamoi to Honomanu on northwestern Haleakala (Lammers 1999). Currently, this species is known from six populations with a total of 31 individuals, in the vicinity of Waikamoi Drainage on East Maui, on or near State and privately owned lands (Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

The habitat of this species is montane wet forest with mixed

Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa

at elevations between 925 and 1,280 m (3,030 and 4,200 ft) (Lammers 1999; HINHP Database 2000). Associated native plants include

Melicope clusiifolia

(kolokolo mokihana),

Hedyotis

sp. (NCN),

Clermontia arborescens, Diplazium sandwichianum, Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium

sp.,

Cyrtandra

sp. (haiwale),

Dicranopteris linearis,

and

Cheirodendron trigynum

(57 FR 20772).

The threats to this species are habitat degradation and physical destruction by feral pigs; small number of populations and individuals (57 FR 20772); and competition with alien plant species, especially

Setaria palmifolia

(palmgrass) (USFWS 1997).

Dubautia plantaginea

ssp.

humilis

Dubautia plantaginea

ssp.

humilis,

a short-lived perennial of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a dwarf shrub less than 80 cm (30 in.) tall with hairless or strigullose (bulbous-based hairs, all pointing in the same direction) stems. This species differs from other Hawaiian members of the genus by the number of nerves in the leaves and by the close resemblance of the leaves to the genus

Plantago

(Carr 1985, 1999b). The subspecies

humilis

differs from the other two subspecies (

D. plantaginea

ssp.

magnifolia

and

Dubautia plantaginea

ssp.

plantaginea

) by having fewer heads per inflorescence, but more florets per head (Carr 1999b).

There is very little known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Dubautia plantaginea

ssp.

humilis

has only been reported from two locations in Iao Valley, on West Maui. These populations, totaling 60-65 individuals, are on or near State and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

The typical habitat of the species is wet, barren, steep, rocky, wind-blown cliffs between 350 to 400 m (1,150 to 1,300 ft) elevation. Associated native plant taxa include

Metrosideros polymorpha

,

Pipturus albidus

(mamaki),

Eragrostis variabilis

(kawelu),

Carex

sp. (NCN),

Hedyotis formosa

(NCN),

Lysimachia remyi

(kolokolo kuahiwi),

Bidens

sp. (kookoolau),

Pritchardia

sp. (loulu), and

Plantago princeps

(64 FR 48307; HINHP Database 2000).

Threats to

Dubautia plantaginea

ssp.

humilis

include landslides and competition from alien plant taxa (64 FR 48307). Random environmental events, such as landslides, are a threat because of the limited number of individuals and populations and their narrow distribution.

Geranium arboreum

Geranium arboreum

, a long-lived perennial and a member of the geranium family (Geraniaceae). It is a many branched, spreading, woody shrub about 1.8 to 3.7 m (6 to 12 ft) tall. This species can be distinguished from other

Geranium

by its red petals with the upper three petals erect and the lower

two reflexed, causing the flower to appear curved (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Geranium arboreum

is the only species in its genus that appears to be adapted to bird-pollination (Funk 1982, 1988). Native honeycreepers appear to be a major pollination vector.

G. arboreum

from the southwest area of Haleakala in the Kula Forest Reserve produce seeds that are larger and fuller than seeds from the northwest extension of its distribution (USFWS 1997). Native honeycreepers are reasonably abundant in both areas (USFWS 1997).

The original range and abundance of the species is unknown, but late 19th and early 20th century collections indicate that it once grew on the southern slopes of Haleakala and that its distribution on the northern slopes extended beyond its presently known range. There are ten populations totaling 142 to147 individuals, on State, private, and federally owned lands (Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). These populations are found in Waiohuli; west side of Puu Nianiau; west side of Puu Koolau; Waiakoa and Kealahou; Hapapa Gulch; Kaonoulu; southeast and southwest side of Puu Keokea; and Papaanui (Warshauer 1998; HINHP Database 2000).

Geranium arboreum

grows in steep, damp, and shaded narrow canyons and gulches, steep banks, and along intermittent streams in

Sophora chrysophylla

(mamane) subalpine dry shrubland and

Metrosideros polymorpha

montane forest, between 1,525 to 2,135 m (5,000 and 7,000 ft) in elevation. Associated native plant species include

Vaccinium reticulatum

(ohelo ai),

Dodonaea viscosa

(aalii),

Styphelia tameiameiae

,

Rubus hawaiiensis

, and

Dryopteris wallichiana

(NCN) (USFWS 1997).

The greatest immediate threat to the survival of this species is the encroachment and competition from naturalized, exotic vegetation, chiefly grasses and trees. Soil disturbance, caused by trampling cattle and rooting by feral pigs, also is a major threat as it destroys plants and facilitates the encroachment of competing species of naturalized plants. Other less important threats include browsing by cattle; fires; and pollen from exotic pine trees, which at times of the year completely cover the stigmas of the geraniums, precluding any fertilization by its own species (Funk 1982, 1988). The small number of individual plants increases the potential for extinction from random environmental events, and the limited gene pool may depress reproductive vigor (57 FR 20580; USFWS 1997).

Geranium multiflorum

Geranium multiflorum

, a long-lived member of the geranium family (Geraniaceae). This perennial is a 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) tall, many-branched shrub. Flowers are in clusters of 25 to 50, and have 5 white petals that are 10 to 15 mm (0.4 to 0.6 in.) long with purple veins or bases. This species is distinguished from others of the genus by its white, regularly symmetrical flowers and by the shape and pattern of teeth on its leaf margins (57 FR 20772; Wagner

et al.

1999).

There is very little known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (USFWS 1997).

Historically,

Geranium multiflorum

was known from Ukulele, Waieleele, and Waianapanapa on East Maui (HINHP Database 2000). This species is now known from Haleakala National Park, Hanawi NAR, Koolau Forest Reserve, and Waikamoi Preserve on Federal, State, and private lands (Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). The nine known populations extend over a distance of about 10.5 by 5.5 km (6.5 by 3.5 mi). Due to the inaccessibility of the populations and the difficulty in determining the number of individuals (due to the plant's multi-branched form), the total number of individuals of this species is not known; however, it probably does not exceed 3,000 plants (57 FR 20772; HINHP Database 2000).

Geranium multiflorum

is found in wet or mesic

Metrosideros polymorpha

montane forest and alpine mesic forest,

Styphelia tameiameiae

shrubland,

Sophora chrysophylla

subalpine dry forest, open sedge swamps, fog-swept lava flows, or montane grasslands, between 1,580 and 2,450 m (5,180 and 8,040 ft) in elevation (Wagner

et al.

1999; HINHP Database 2000). Associated native species include

Coprosma montana

(pilo),

Dryopteris glabra

(hohui),

Dryopteris wallichiana

,

Rubus hawaiiensis

,

Ranunculus

sp. (makou),

Vaccinium

sp.,

Hedyotis

sp., and

Sadleria cyatheoides

(amau) (HINHP Database 2000).

The major threat to

Geranium multiflorum

is competition with encroaching alien plant species, particularly

Rubus argutus

(prickly Florida blackberry) (57 FR 20772). A potential threat is habitat destruction by feral pigs and goats in unfenced areas.

Kanaloa kahoolawensis

Kanaloa kahoolawensis

, a short-lived perennial and a member of the legume family (Fabaceae), is a densely branched shrub 0.75 to 1 m (2.5 to 3.5 ft) tall. The leaves are divided into three pairs of leaflets, with a leaf nectary (nectar-bearing gland) at the joint between each pair of leaflets. One to three inflorescences are found in the leaf axils (joint between leaf and stem), developing with the flush of new leaves. The inflorescence is a globose head with 20 to 54 white flowers. Up to four fruits develop in each flowering head. One slender, brown seed, about 2 mm (0.08 in.) long, is found in each fruit. There is no other species of legume in Hawaii that bears any resemblance to this species or genus (Lorence and Wood 1994).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (64 FR 48307).

Kanaloa kahoolawensis

was unknown to science until its discovery by Steve Perlman and Ken Wood in 1992 on a steep rocky spire on the coast of Kahoolawe. The only known location of

Kanaloa kahoolawensis

is this rocky stack on the southern coast of the island of Kahoolawe, which is owned by the State of Hawaii (Lorence and Wood 1994). While there are no previous records of the plant, pollen core studies on the island of Oahu revealed a legume pollen that could not be identified until this species was discovered. The pollen cores indicate that

K. kahoolawensis

was a codominant with

Dodonaea viscosa

and

Pritchardia

sp. from before 1210 B.C. to 1565 A.D., at which point

K. kahoolawensis

disappeared from the pollen record and

D. viscosa

and

Pritchardia

sp. declined dramatically (Athens

et al.

1992; Athens and Ward 1993; Lorence and Wood 1994). Only one population with two living individuals is known (Paul Higashino, Kahoolawe Island Reserve Commission (KIRC), pers. comm. 2000).

The only known habitat is mixed coastal shrubland on steep rocky talus slopes at 45 to 60 m (150 to 200 ft) elevation. Associated native plant taxa include

Sida fallax

(ilima),

Senna gaudichaudii

(kolomona),

Bidens mauiensis

(kookoolau),

Lipochaeta livarum

(nehe),

Portulaca molokinensis

(ihi), and

Capparis sandwichiana

(maia pilo) (64 FR 48307).

The major threats to

Kanaloa kahoolawensis

are landslides and the alien plant taxa

Emilia fosbergii

(pualele),

Chloris barbata

(swollen finger grass), and

Nicotiana glauca

(tobacco tree) (Lorence and Wood 1994). Goats played a major role in the destruction of vegetation on Kahoolawe

before they were removed (Cuddihy and Stone 1990), and

K. kahoolawensis

probably survived only because the rocky stack is almost completely separated from the island and inaccessible to goats (Lorence and Wood 1994). Rats are a potential threat to

Kanaloa kahoolawensis

, because the species has seeds similar in appearance and presentation to the seeds of the federally endangered

Caesalpinia kavaiense

(Uhiuhi), which are eaten by rats. Rats may have been the cause of the decline of this species 800 years ago. Trampling and habitat degradation from cats and seabirds are also potential threats (P. Higashino, pers. comm. 2000). Random environmental events and/or reduced reproductive vigor are also a threat to this species, because only two individuals are known (64 FR 48307).

Lipochaeta kamolensis

Lipochaeta kamolensis

, a short-lived perennial herb of the aster family (Asteraceae), has trailing or climbing stems that are woody at the base and reach a length of 0.3 to 3 m (1 to 10 ft). This species is distinguished from others of the genus by the simple leaves which are pinnately lobed or cut and by the size of the flower heads (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Lipochaeta kamolensis

has been observed flowering from December through February, as well as in April. The growing season coincides with the wet season between November and April/May. Plants are dry and appear to be metabolically inactive during the dry season. Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).

Historically,

Lipochaeta kamolensis

was known from Kamole Gulch, west of Kepuni Gulch, and 7.2 km (11.8 mi) southeast of Ulupalakua Ranch Office (Wagner

et al.

1999). This species still occurs in the Kamole Gulch, as well as Kepuni Gulch, both above and below Highway 31 on State-owned and private lands. The only known population, which extends over an area of about 40 ha (100 ac), is estimated to contain less than 500 individuals (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000; Kenneth Wood, National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG)

in litt.

1999).

Lipochaeta kamolensis

typically grows along the bottom of rock ledges in dry to mesic scrub or dry lowland forests at elevations from 220 to 250 m (720 to 820 ft) (Wagner

et al.

1999). Associated vegetation includes

Dodonaea viscosa

,

Plumbago zeylanica

(iliee), and

Ipomoea indica

(koali awa) (K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

The major threats to

Lipochaeta kamolensis

are habitat destruction and predation by cattle and goats, competition with alien plants such as

Lantana camara

, fire, and the small number of populations subject to extinction by random environmental events (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1997).

Melicope adscendens

Melicope adscendens

, a long-lived perennial of the citrus family (Rutaceae), is a sprawling shrub with long, slender branches covered with gray hairs when young, which become hairless when older.

M. adscendens

is distinguished from other species of the genus by its growth habit, the distinct follicles of its fruit, and the persistent (remaining attached) sepals and petals (Stone

et al.

1999).

Melicope adscendens

fruits have been collected in March and July. Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).

Melicope adscendens

has been found only on the southwestern slope of Haleakala; two plants, separated by an unspecified distance, were found by Forbes in 1920. Today, there are a total of three known populations on State and private lands: one of the original plants persists near Puu Ouli on privately owned land, 26 individuals are known from Auwahi, and one individual has been found in the Kanaio NAR (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).

This species typically grows at elevations between 770 and 1,220 m (2,520 and 4,000 ft) in

Nestegis sandwicensis

(olopua) lowland mesic forest or open dry forest on a‘a lava flows (a particular type of lava flow with very sharp edges) with pockets of soil. Associated native plant species include:

Pleomele auwahiensis

(hala pepe),

Dodonaea viscosa

,

Osteomeles anthyllidifolia

(ulei),

Alphitonia ponderosa

(kauila),

Chamaesyce celastroides

var.

lorifolia

(akoko),

Santalum ellipticum

(iliahialo e),

Pouteria sandwicensis

(alaa),

Styphelia tameiameiae

and

Xylosma hawaiiensis

(maua) (HINHP Database 2000, K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Major threats are habitat damage and trampling by cattle, competition with alien plant species, including

Lantana camara

,

Bocconia frutescens

(NCN), and

Pennisetum clandestinum

, and reduced reproductive vigor or extinction from random environmental events due to the small number of individuals and narrow distribution. Potential threats include habitat degradation and damage to plants by axis deer (

Axis axis

), feral goats, feral pigs, black twig borer, fire, and ranch activities (59 FR 62346; USFWS 1997; HINHP Database 2000).

Melicope balloui

Melicope balloui

, a long-lived perennial of the citrus family (Rutaceae), is a small tree or shrub. New growth has yellowish brown woolly hairs and waxy scales; plant parts later become nearly hairless.

M. balloui

is distinguished from other species of the genus by the partially fused carpels of its four-lobed capsule and usually persistent sepals and petals (Stone

et al.

1999).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).

Melicope balloui

has been found only on the northern and southeastern slopes of Haleakala. There are two known populations, located approximately 4.0 km (2.5 mi) apart; one near Puu o Kakae on privately owned land and the second on federally owned land in Kipahulu Valley within Haleakala National Park. The two populations are comprised of approximately 50 individuals (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

This species typically grows in

Acacia koa

and

Metrosideros polymorpha

dominated montane wet forest at elevations between 760 and 1,520 m (2,500 and 5,000 ft). Associated taxa include

Machaerina angustifolia

(uki),

Cheirodendron trigynum

,

Labordia hedyosmifolia

(kamakahala),

Coprosma

sp. (pilo),

Dicranopteris linearis

,

Joinvillea ascendens

ssp.

ascendens

(ohe), and

Peperomia subpetiolata

(ala ala wai nui) (HINHP Database 2000, USFWS 2000).

Major threats are habitat degradation and damage to plants by feral pigs and axis deer and reduced reproductive vigor or extinction caused by random environmental events due to the small number of existing populations and individuals. Potential threats include competition with alien plant taxa, such as

Paspalum conjugatum

,

Clidemia hirta

,

Paspalum urvillei

,

Andropogon virginicus

(broomsedge), and

Psidium cattleianum

(strawberry guava); susceptibility to black twig borer; and predation by rats (59 FR 62346; USFWS 1997; HINHP Database 2000).

Melicope ovalis

Melicope ovalis

, a long-lived perennial of the citrus family

(Rutaceae), is a tree growing up to 5 m (16 ft) tall. New growth has fine, short, brownish hairs, but soon becomes hairless. Leaves are opposite, leathery, and broadly elliptic. The upper and lower surfaces of the leaves are hairless, and bruised foliage has an anise odor similar to that of

M. anisata.

Each flower cluster is on a main stalk and comprises three to seven flowers on individual stalks. Further details of the flowers are unknown. The fruit, a capsule, has carpels that are fused along almost their entire length. Each fertile carpel contains one or two glossy black seeds. The exocarp and endocarp are both hairless.

M. ovalis

is distinguished from other species of the genus by the almost entirely fused carpels of its capsule, its nonpersistent sepals and petals, and its well-developed petioles (Stone

et al.

1999).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).

Melicope ovalis

has been found only on the eastern and southeastern slopes of Haleakala. There is one known population with less than 300 individuals, found on federally owned land in Kipahulu Valley in Haleakala National Park (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

This species typically grows in

Acacia koa

and

Metrosideros polymorpha

-dominated montane wet forests along streams at elevations between 850 and 1,430 m (2,800 and 4,700 ft). Associated taxa include

Dicranopteris linearis

,

Machaerina angustifolia

,

Labordia hedyosmifolia

,

Wikstroemia oahuensis

(akia),

Dubautia plantaginea

,

Hedyotis hillebrandii

,

Broussaisia arguta

,

Cheirodendron trigynum

, and

Perrottetia sandwicensis

(USFWS 1997; HINHP Database 2000).

Major threats to the only known population are habitat degradation and damage to plants by feral pigs and reduced reproductive vigor and/or extinction due to random environmental events. Competition with introduced plants such as

Paspalum conjugatum

,

Clidemia hirta

,

Rubus rosifolius

(thimbleberry) and

Psidium cattleianum

, seed predation by rats, and susceptibility to black twig borer are also threats to this species (59 FR 62346; USFWS 1997; HINHP 2000; K. Wood

in litt.

1999). Habitat degradation and damage to plants by feral goats and axis deer are potential threats if the integrity of the fence currently surrounding the population is compromised.

Remya mauiensis

Remya mauiensis

is a short-lived perennial member of the aster family (Asteraceae). The genus

Remya

is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. It is a small perennial shrub, about 90 cm (3 ft) tall, with many slender, sprawling, or scandent to weakly erect branches, covered with a fine tan fuzz near their tips. The leaves are narrow, up to about 15 cm (6 in.) long, and are bunched at the ends of the branches. The coarsely toothed leaf blade is 5 to 12 times longer than wide, has a long-attenuate base, and a petiole of less than 1 cm (0.4 in.) long. The leaves are green on the upper surface and covered with a dense mat of fine white hairs on the lower surface. The flowers are small, about 0.7 cm (0.3 in.) in diameter, dark yellow, and densely clustered at the ends of their stems (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).

Remya mauiensis

was collected twice by William Hillebrand on West Maui between 1851 and 1871, and again in 1920 by Charles Forbes, also on West Maui. It was thought to be extinct until its rediscovery in 1971 by L.E. Bishop, W. Gagne, and S. Montgomery on the slopes of Manawainui Gulch, West Maui. Currently,

R. mauiensis

is known from three small populations on adjacent ridges on State-owned land in West Maui: Manawainui, Papaalua Gulch, and Ukemehame (GDSI 2000). Because of the sprawling habit of this species, and the often dense growth of the surrounding vegetation, it is difficult to determine the exact number of individuals in a population; however, there is an estimate of 26 individuals (HINHP Database 2000).

Remya mauiensis

grows chiefly on steep, north or northeast-facing slopes between 850 to 1,250 m (2,800 to 4,100 ft) in elevation, primarily in mixed mesophytic forests,

Metrosideros polymorpha

montane wet forest, or the remnants of such forests. Associated species include:

Diospyros sandwicensis

(lama),

Xylosma hawaiiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Myrsine lessertiana

(kolea lau nui),

Wikstroemia

sp. (akia),

Dodonaea viscosa, Diplazium sandwichianum, Lysimachia remyi, Microlepia strigosa

(palapalai),

Melicope

sp.,

Alyxia oliviformis

(maile),

Psychotria mariniana, Ctenitis squamigera, Pleomele auwahiensis

, and

Styphelia tameiameiae

(HINHP Database 2000, USFWS 1997).

This species is threatened by extinction due to random catastrophic environmental events by virtue of the extremely small size of the populations coupled with a limited distribution of the remaining populations. The limited gene pool may depress reproductive vigor, or a single environmental disturbance could destroy a significant percentage of the known individuals. However, the primary threat to this species is the loss and degradation of its habitat due to the introduction of alien plants, such as

Rubus rosifolius

and

Tibouchina herbacea

, and feral pigs (56 FR 1450; USFWS 1997).

Schiedea haleakalensis

Schiedea haleakalensis

, a short-lived perennial of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a hairless shrub, with slightly fleshy, narrow leaves and a single vein. Flowers are arranged in clusters at the ends of the branches. The flower has 5 green, oval sepals; no petals; 5 nectaries; and 10 stamens. Capsules contain grayish to reddish brown seeds. This species differs from other species of the genus on East Maui by its crowded, hairless inflorescence composed of bisexual flowers (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Schiedea haleakalensis

is gynodioecious (individuals either have only female flowers or only perfect flowers) and so likely needs cross pollination by small insects. Small, short-flighted flies and moths have been observed visiting flowers. Fruits and seeds have been observed from August through September. Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).

Due to the lack of early collections or sightings, the historical range of

Schiedea haleakalensis

is unknown. This species is known only from Holua and the west side of Kaupo Gap in the federally owned Haleakala National Park (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). The two populations are estimated to contain a total of 100 to 200 individuals, which together extend over a total area of 11 ha (28 ac) (HINHP Database 2000).

Schiedea haleakalensis

typically grows on sheer, north-facing arid subalpine cliffs at elevations of 1,830 to 2,140 m (6,000 to 7,020 ft) (Wagner

et al.

1999). Associated vegetation includes

Artemisia mauiensis

(hinahina),

Bidens micrantha

(NCN),

Dubautia

sp., and

Viola chamissoniana

(pamakani) (USFWS 1997; HINHP Database 2000).

The greatest threats to

Schiedea haleakalensis

are fire and other catastrophic events that could severely impact the species due the small number and restricted distribution of remaining individuals and populations (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1997).

Tetramolopium capillare

Tetramolopium capillare

, a short-lived perennial of the sunflower family (Asteraceae), is a sprawling shrub with stems measuring 50 to 80 cm (20 to 31 in.) long and covered with many glands when young. The very firm, stalkless leaves are involute (edges rolled under). Flower heads are situated singly at the ends of stalks. Located beneath each flower head are 45 to 50 bracts, arranged in a structure 3 to 4 mm (about 0.1 in.) high and 7 to 10 mm (0.3 to 0.4 in.) in diameter. In each flower head, 30 to 50 white, male ray florets are surround by 15 to 25 greenish yellow tinged with red, functionally female florets. The achenes (dry, one-seeded fruits) are topped by a white pappus comprising a single series of bristles.

T. capillare

differs from other species of the genus by its very firm leaves with edges rolled under, its solitary flower heads, the color of its disk florets, and its shorter pappus. It differs from

T. remyi

, with which it sometimes grows, by its more sprawling habit and the shorter stalks of its smaller flower heads (Lowrey 1999).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).

Historically,

Tetramolopium capillare

is known from Lahainaluna to Wailuku on West Maui (Lowrey 1999). Currently, four known populations with a total of between 130 and 150 individuals are known to be extant near Halepohaku, Koai, and Kauaula on State and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000; USFWS 2000).

Tetramolopium capillare

typically grows on rocky substrates at elevations between 610 and 1,050 m (2,000-3,440 ft) in

Metrosideros polymorpha-Styphelia tameiameiae

montane mesic or wet shrubland or in

Heteropogon contortus

(pili grass) lowland dry forest. Plant species associated with the higher elevation populations include

Dodonaea viscosa, Metrosideros polymorpha

, and

Styphelia tameiameiae. Dodonaea viscosa, Heteropogon contortus

, and

Myoporum sandwicense

(naio) are associates of the other populations (USFWS 1997).

The major threats to

Tetramolopium capillare

are fires; competition from alien plant species, particularly

Lantana camara, Leucaena leucocephala

(koa haole), and

Rhynchelytrum repens

(natal redtop); and reduced reproductive vigor and/or extinction from random environmental events due to the small number of existing populations and individuals (59 FR 49860; USFWS 1997).

Multi-Island Species

Alectryon macrococcus

Alectryon macrococcus

, a long-lived perennial and a member of the soapberry family (Sapindaceae), consists of two varieties,

macrococcus

and

auwahiensis

, both trees with reddish-brown branches and net-veined paper or leather-like leaves with one to five pairs of sometimes asymmetrical egg-shaped leaflets. The underside of the leaf has dense brown hairs, only when young in

A. macrococcus

var.

macrococcus

, and persistent in

A. macrococcus

var.

auwahiensis

. The only member of its genus found in Hawaii, this species is distinguished from other Hawaiian members of its family by being a tree with a hard fruit 2.5 cm (1 in.) or more in diameter (57 FR 20772; Wagner

et al

. 1999).

Alectryon macrococcus

is a relatively slow-growing, long-lived tree that grows in xeric to mesic sites and is adapted to periodic drought. Little else is known about the life history of

A. macrococcus

. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, and specific environmental requirements are unknown.

Historically and currently,

Alectryon macrococcus

var.

macrococcus

is known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. On Maui, this taxon is found along the Honokowai Ditch Trail and in Launiupoko Valley, on or near State and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). There are three populations with a total of four individuals (HINHP Database 2000). Currently,

A. macrococcus

var.

auwahiensis

is known from three populations with 22 individuals on leeward East Maui in the Auwahi and Kanaio districts, and on the slopes of Haleakala on private land and State-owned, but privately leased, ranchland (Medeiros

et al

. 1986; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

The habitat of

Alectryon macrococcus

var.

macrococcus

is dry slopes or in gulches in dense mesic mixed

Metrosideros polymorpha

forest or

Diospyros sandwicensis

forest at elevations of 360-1,070 m (1,180-3,510 ft) (HINHP Database 2000). Associated native plants include

Nestegis sandwicensis

and

Antidesma platyphyllum

(hame). The habitat of

A. macrococcus

var.

auwahiensis

is mixed lowland dry forest at elevations of 360-1,070 m (1,180-3,510 ft). Associated native plants include

Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Alphitonia ponderosa, Santalum ellipticum, Xylosma hawaiiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus

(aiai), and

Pleomele auwahiensis

(HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood,

in litt

. 1999).

The threats to

Alectryon macrococcus

var.

macrococcus

on Maui include feral goats and pigs; alien plant species, such as

Melinus minutiflora

(molasses grass),

Pennisetum clandestinum

(kikuyu grass),

Schinus terebinthifolius

(Christmasberry), and

Psidium cattleianum

; damage from the black twig borer; seed predation by rats and mice (

Mus musculus

); fire; seed predation by insects (probably the endemic microlepidopteran

Prays

cf.

fulvocanella

); loss of pollinators; depressed reproductive vigor; and due to the very small remaining number of individuals and their limited distribution, a single natural or human-caused environmental disturbance could easily be catastrophic. The threats to

A. macrococcus

var.

auwahiensis

on Maui are damage from the black twig borer; seed predation by rats and mice; habitat degradation by feral pigs and escaped cattle; seed predation by insects (probably

Prays

cf.

fulvocanella

); loss of pollinators; depressed reproductive vigor; and due to the very small remaining number of individuals and their limited distribution, a single natural or human-caused environmental disturbance could easily be catastrophic (57 FR 20772).

Bidens micrantha

ssp.

kalealaha

Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha,

a short-lived member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is an erect perennial herb. This subspecies can be distinguished from other subspecies by the shape of the seeds, the density of the flower clusters, the numbers of ray and disk florets per head, differences in leaf surfaces, and other characteristics (57 FR 20772; Ganders and Nagata 1999).

Bidens micrantha

is known to hybridize with other native

Bidens,

such as

B. mauiensis

and

B. menziesii,

and possibly

B. conjuncta

(Ganders and Nagata 1999). Little else is known about the life history of

Bidens micrantha

ssp.

kalealaha.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, and specific environmental requirements are unknown.

Historically,

Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha

was known from Lanai, the south slope of Haleakala on East Maui,

and from one locality on West Maui (Ganders and Nagata 1999; HINHP Database 2000). Currently, this taxon remains only on East Maui in Kahua, Manawainui to Wailaulau, and in Haleakala National Park, on State and Federal lands. There are a total of four populations with less than 2,000 individuals altogether (USFWS 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

The habitat of

Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha

is blocky lava flows with little or no soil development, deep pit craters, and sheer rock walls in open canopy

Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa

forest, montane shrubland, or cliff faces at elevations of 1,600 to 2,300 m (5,250 to 7,550 ft) (Ganders and Nagata 1999; HINHP Database 2000). Associated native species include

Styphelia tameiameiae, Coprosma montana, Dodonaea viscosa, Lysimachia remyi, Viola chamissoniana, Dubautia menziesii,

and

Dubautia platyphylla

(na ena e) (Ganders and Nagata 1999; HINHP Database 2000).

The threats to this species on Maui are habitat destruction by feral goats, pigs, and cattle; competition from a variety of invasive plant species; and fire (57 FR 20772).

Bonamia menziesii

Bonamia menziesii,

a short-lived perennial member of the morning-glory family (Convolvulaceae), is a vine with twining branches that are fuzzy when young. This species is the only member of the genus that is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and differs from other genera in the family by its two styles, longer stems and petioles, and rounder leaves (Austin 1999).

Little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically,

Bonamia menziesii

was known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, one location on West Maui, and the island of Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, this species is known from Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Maui, this species is known from Puu o kali; Honokowai Ditch Trail; and Kanaio NAR. Currently there are three populations containing a total of 11 individuals on State and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Bonamia menziesii

is found on a‘a lava in mixed open dry forest, or

Erythrina sandwicensis

(wiliwili) lowland dry forest, and in mesic mixed

Metrosideros polymorpha

forest at elevations between 150 and 850 m (490 and 2,800 ft) (HINHP database 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999). Associated species include

Nestegis sandwicensis, Pleomele auwahiensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Alphitonia ponderosa, Santalum ellipticum, Xylosma hawaiiensis, Nothocestrum latifolium

(aiea),

Pouteria sandwicensis, Achyranthes splendens

(NCN),

Acacia koaia

(koaia),

Sida fallax, Reynoldsia sandwicensis

(ohe),

Sicyos

sp. (anunu),

Lipochaeta rockii

(nehe),

Nototrichium

sp. (kului),

Myoporum sandwicense

(HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

The primary threats to this species on Maui are habitat degradation and possible predation by feral pigs, goats, axis deer, and cattle; competition with a variety of alien plant species, particularly

Pennisetum setaceum, Lantana camara,

and

Bocconia frutescens;

and an alien beetle (

Physomerus grossipes

) (59 FR 56333).

Cenchrus agrimonioides

Cenchrus agrimonioides

is a short-lived perennial member of the grass family (Poaceae) with leaf blades which are flat or folded and have a prominent midrib. There are two varieties,

C. agrimonioides

var.

laysanensis

and

C. agrimonioides

var.

agrimonioides.

They differ from each other in that var.

agrimonioides

has smaller burs, shorter stems, and narrower leaves. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the cylindrical to lance-shaped bur and the arrangement and position of the bristles (O'Connor 1999).

Little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are generally unknown, however, this species has been observed to produce fruit year round (USFWS 1999).

Historically,

Cenchrus agrimonioides

var.

agrimonioides

was known from the Oahu, Lanai, and the south slope of Haleakala and Ulupalakua on Maui, and an undocumented report from the Island of Hawaii (61 FR 53108). Historically,

C. agrimonioides

var

laysanensis

was known from Laysan, Kure, and Midway, all within the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge. This variety has not been seen since 1973 (61 FR 53108; Corn 1980). Currently,

Cenchrus agrimonioides

var.

agrimonioides

is known from Oahu and Maui. On Maui, this variety is known from a single population within the Kanaio NAR, containing an unknown number of individuals (HINHP Database 2000).

Cenchrus agrimonioides

var.

agrimonioides

is found on rough a‘a lava scree in mesic

Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa

forest at elevations between 560 and 820 m (1,830 and 2,700 ft). Associated plants include

Alyxia oliviformis, Canthium odoratum

(alahee),

Carex

sp.,

Diospyros

sp. (lama),

Styphelia tameiameiae,

and

Eragrostis variabilis

(61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 2000).

The major threats to the only known population of

Cenchrus agrimonioides

var.

agrimonioides

on Maui are competition with alien plants; browsing and habitat degradation by goats and cattle; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals (61 FR 53108).

Centaurium sebaeoides

Centaurium sebaeoides

is an annual herb in the gentian family (Gentianaceae), with fleshy leaves and stalkless flowers. This species is distinguished from

C. erythraea,

which is naturalized in Hawaii, by its fleshy leaves and the unbranched arrangement of the flower cluster (56 FR 55770; Wagner

et al.

1999).

Centaurium sebaeoides

has been observed flowering in April. Flowering may be induced by heavy rainfall. Populations are found in dry areas, and plants are more likely to be found following heavy rains (USFWS 1995c). Other than that, little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental regulations, and limiting factors are generally unknown.

Historically and currently,

Centaurium sebaeoides

is known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui (Wagner

et al.

1999). On Maui, there are three populations of this species, with a total of more than 50 individuals, on or near State and privately owned lands, north of Waihee; Puu Koae; and near the mouth of Makamakaole Stream (HINHP Database 2000).

This species typically grows in volcanic or clay soils or on cliffs in arid coastal areas below 250 m (820 ft) elevation (56 FR 55770; Wagner

et al.

1999). Associated species include

Panicum torridum

(kakonakona),

Lysimachia mauritiana

(kolokolo kuahiwi),

Schiedea globosa

(NCN),

Lipochaeta integrifolia

(nehe),

Argemone glauca

(pua kala),

Bidens mauiensis, Lycium sandwicense

(ohelo kai), and

Dicranopteris linearis

(HINHP Database 2000).

The major threats to this species on Maui are habitat degradation by feral goats and cattle; competition from the alien plant species

Leucaena leucocephala;

trampling by humans on or near trails; and fire (56 FR 55770).

Clermontia lindseyana

Clermontia lindseyana,

a short-lived perennial and a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a small, branched tree that grows 2.5-6 m (8.2 to 20 ft) tall (Lammers 1999).

Clermontia lindseyana

is either terrestrial or epiphytic, living on the surface of other plants. The upper surface of the oblong-shaped leaves is dark green while the lower is pale green or purplish and hairy. Leaf stalks are 2.5-7 cm (1-2.8 in.) long and hairy. Berries are 2.5-4 cm (1-1.6 in.) wide, almost round, and orange.

Clermontia lindseyana

is easily separable from the other taxa within this genus by several characters: much larger leaves and flowers, similar petals and sepals, and spreading floral lobes (Cuddihy

et al.

1983; Lammers 1999). Rock (1962) commented on the leaves being conspicuously hairy beneath.

This species was observed in fruit from June to October, and in flower from February to August (HINHP Database 2000). No other life history information is currently available.

Historically,

Clermontia lindseyana

was known on Maui from the southern slope of Haleakala and the eastern portion of the island, and on the island of Hawaii. Since 1975, populations of

Clermontia lindseyana

have been identified on Maui and Hawaii (59 FR 10305). The two Maui populations are located in Waiopai and Wailaulau Gulches in the Kahikinui Forest Reserve and in Kula Forest Reserve on State and private lands, and are estimated to total about 330 individuals (Arthur Medeiros, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division,

in litt.

2000; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

The extant populations grow in remnant

Acacia koa

mesic forest on the leeward slopes between 1,311 and 2,150 m (4,300 and 7,041 ft). Associated native taxa include the following native plant species:

Cyrtandra oxybapha

, native fern species,

Phlegmariurus mannii, Ilex anomala

(aiea),

Coprosma

sp., and

Myrsine

sp. (HINHP Database 2000; USFWS 1996).

The threats to

Clermontia lindseyana

are trampling and grazing by cattle, trampling and browsing by goats, and rooting and trampling by pigs; competition with the alien plant

Pennisetum clandestinum;

and consumption of berries, flowers, and vegetation by black rats (59 FR 10305).

Clermontia oblongifolia

ssp.

mauiensis

Clermontia oblongifolia

ssp.

mauiensis,

a short-lived perennial and a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a shrub or tree with oblong to lance-shaped leaves on leaf stalks (petioles).

Clermontia oblongifolia

is distinguished from other members of the genus by its calyx and corolla, which are similar in color and are each fused into a curved tube that falls off as the flower ages. The species is also distinguished by the leaf shape, the male floral parts, the shape of the flower buds, and the lengths of the leaf and flower stalks, the flower, and the smooth green basal portion of the flower (the hypanthium) (57 FR 20772; Lammers 1988, 1999).

Clermontia oblongifolia

ssp.

mauiensis

is reported from Maui and Lanai, while ssp.

oblongifolia

is only known from Oahu and ssp.

brevipes

is only known from Molokai.

Clermontia oblongifolia

ssp.

mauiensis

is known to flower from November to July (Rock 1919). Little is known regarding pollination vectors, seed dispersal, or other factors.

Historically,

Clermontia oblongifolia

ssp.

mauiensis

was known from Lanai and from Honomanu Valley on Haleakala, East Maui (57 FR 20772; Lammers 1999). Currently, it is reported from Lanai and Maui. On West Maui, this taxon is known from one population with an unknown number of individuals, along the trail to Puu Kukui in the Honokowai section of the West Maui NAR on or near State and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Lammers 1999).

This plant typically grows on the sides of ridges in

Metrosideros polymorpha

-dominated montane wet forest at elevations between 850-1,000 m (2,800-3,280 ft) (57 FR 20772; HINHP Database 2000). Associated native species include

Dicranopteris linearis, Coprosma

sp.,

Clermontia

sp.,

Hedyotis

sp., and

Melicope

sp. (57 FR 20772; HINHP Database 2000).

The only known population of this species on Maui is vulnerable to extinction from a natural or human-caused environmental disturbance due to its small size; depressed reproductive vigor; and habitat degradation by feral pigs (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1997).

Colubrina oppositifolia

Colubrina oppositifolia,

a member of the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae), is a long-lived tree with extremely hard red wood. This species is readily distinguished from the other species in Hawaii by the opposite leaf position, dull leaf surface, and entire leaf margins (Wagner

et al.

1999).

This species was observed in fruit and flower during September 1929 and June 1968, and in flower during December 1947 and January 1984 (HINHP Database 2000). No other life history information is currently available.

Historically and currently,

Colubrina oppositifolia

is known from Oahu, Maui, and the Island of Hawaii (59 FR 10305). Currently on Maui, there are two populations containing one individual each on privately owned lands in the Kapunakea Preserve on West Maui and on privately owned lands in the Auwahi area of East Maui (Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Habitats of this species are lowland dry and mesic forests dominated by

Diospyros sandwicensis,

and found at elevations between 240 and 915 m (800 and 3,000 ft). Associated native species include

Dodonaea viscosa, Canavalia

sp. (awikiwiki),

Wikstroemia

sp.,

Canthium odoratum,

and

Reynoldsia sandwicensis

(HINHP Database 2000).

The threats to this species on Maui are habitat destruction by feral pigs; competition with the alien plants

Lantana camara, Pennisetum setaceum,

and

Schinus terebinthifolius;

black twig borer; Chinese rose beetles (

Adoretus sinicus

); fire; and its small population numbers and limited distribution (59 FR 10305; USFWS 1996).

Ctenitis squamigera

Ctenitis squamigera

is a short-lived perennial of the wood fern family (Dryopteridaceae) (Wagner and Wagner 1992). It has a rhizome (horizontal stem) 5 to 10 mm (0.2 to 0.4 in.) thick, creeping above the ground and densely covered with scales similar to those on the lower part of the leaf stalk. The leaf stalks are densely clothed with tan-colored scales up to 1.8 cm (0.7 in.) long and 1 mm (0.04 in.) wide. The sori are tan-colored when mature and are in a single row one-third of the distance from the margin to the midrib of the ultimate segments (Degener and Degener 1957). The indusium is whitish before wrinkling, thin, suborbicular with a narra sinus extending about half way, glabrous except for a circular margin which is ciliolate with simple several-celled glandular and nonglandular hairs arising directly from the margin or from the deltoid base (Degener and Degener 1957).

Ctenitis squamigera

can be readily distinguished from other Hawaiian species of

Ctenitis

by the dense covering of tan-colored scales on its frond (Wagner and Wagner 1992).

Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically,

Ctenitis squamigera

was recorded from the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000). It is currently found on Oahu, Lanai,

Molokai, and Maui. There are currently six populations with between 52 and 58 individuals on State and privately owned lands on the island of Maui (GDSI 2000; Hank Oppenheimer, Maui Pineapple Co.,

in litt.

2000; K. Wood, pers. comm. 2000; Joel Lau, HINHP, pers. comm. 2000 and

in litt.

2000). These populations are all on West Maui, in Honolua Valley; Kahanaiki Gulch; Kanaha Valley; Ukumehame Valley; Kapunakea Preserve; and Iao Valley (H. Oppenheimer,

in litt.

2000; K. Wood and J. Lau, pers. comm. 2000).

This species is found in the forest understory at elevations of 380 to 1,000 m (1,250 to 3,280 ft) (HINHP Database 2000; H. Oppenheimer, pers. comm. 2000), in

Metrosideros polymorpha

montane wet forest,

Metrosideros polymorpha-Diospyros

sp. mesic forest and diverse mesic forest (HINHP Database 2000). Associated native plant taxa include

Alyxia oliviformis, Freycinetia arborea

(ieie),

Coprosma

sp.,

Pleomele

sp. (hala pepe),

Thelypteris globulifera

(NCN),

Sadleria

sp. (amau),

Doodia

sp. (okupukupu lauii),

Pittosporum

sp. (ho awa),

Dryopteris

sp.,

Bobea

sp. (ahakea),

Antidesma

sp. (hame),

Peperomia

sp.,

Dicranopteris linearis, Schiedea pubescens

var.

pubescens, Hibiscus kokio

ssp. kokio (kokio),

Hedyotis formosa, Pritchardia forbesiana

(loulu),

Myrsine

sp.,

Psychotria

sp. (kopiko), and

Xylosma

sp. (maua) (USFWS 1998a; HINHP Database 2000).

The primary threats to

Ctenitis squamigera

are habitat degradation by feral pigs, goats, and axis deer; competition with alien plant taxa, especially

Psidium cattleianum

and

Schinus terebinthifolius;

fire; and extinction from naturally occurring events due to the small number of existing populations and individuals (USFWS 1998a).

Cyanea grimesiana

ssp.

grimesiana

Cyanea grimesiana

ssp.

grimesiana,

a short-lived member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a perennial shrub with pinnately divided leaves. This species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the pinnately lobed leaf margins and the width of the leaf blades. This subspecies is distinguished from the other two subspecies by the shape and size of the calyx lobes, which overlap at the base (Lammers 1999).

Little is known about the life history of this plant. On Molokai, flowering plants have been reported in July and August. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically and currently,

Cyanea grimesiana

ssp.

grimesiana

is known from Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and scattered locations on Maui (61 FR 53108). Currently on Maui, there are two populations with a total of five individuals in Iao Valley on State and privately owned lands (61 FR 53108; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

This species is typically found in mesic forest often dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha

or

Metrosideros polymorpha

and

Acacia koa,

on rocky or steep slopes of stream banks, at elevations between 350 and 945 m (1,150 and 3,100 ft). Associated plants include

Antidesma

sp.,

Bobea

sp.,

Myrsine

sp.,

Nestegis sandwicensis, Psychotria

sp., and

Xylosma

sp. (61 FR 53108).

The threats to this species on Maui are habitat degradation and/or destruction caused by axis deer, goats, and pigs; competition with various alien plants; randomly naturally occurring events that could cause extinction due to the small number of existing individuals; trampling by hikers; landslides; rats; and slugs (61 FR 53108; USFWS 1999).

Cyanea lobata

Cyanea lobata,

a short-lived member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a sparingly branched perennial shrub with smooth to somewhat rough stems and oblong, irregularly lobed leaves. This species is distinguished from other species of

Cyanea

by the size of the flower and the irregularly lobed leaves with petioles (Lammers 1999).

Cyanea lobata

is known to flower from August to February, even in individuals as small as 50 cm (20 in.) in height (Rock 1919, Degener 1936).

Historically,

Cyanea lobata

was known from Lanai and West Maui (Lammers 1999; HINHP Database 2000). It is no longer extant on Lanai, and was rediscovered at 600 m (1,970 ft) elevation on privately owned land in Waikapu Valley on West Maui in 1982 (HINHP Database 2000). The single known plant of this species was later destroyed by a landslide triggered by heavy rains (Hobdy

et al.

1990; HINHP Database 2000). Another population of three individuals was discovered in 1996 at 560 m (1,840 ft) elevation on privately owned land in Honokohau Valley on West Maui (GDSI 2000: HINHP Database 2000).

This species has been seen and collected on steep stream banks in deep shade in wet forest at elevations of 550-915 m (1,800-3,000 ft) with

Touchardia latifolia

(olona),

Morinda trimera

(noni), and

Athyrium

sp. (akolea) ( 57 FR 20772; Lammers 1999; HINHP Database 2000).

The threats to this species on Maui are habitat degradation by feral pigs; depressed reproductive vigor; and natural or human-caused environmental disturbance that could easily be catastrophic to the only known population due to the small number of remaining individuals and the limited and scattered distribution of the species (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1997).

Cyrtandra munroi

Cyrtandra munroi,

a short-lived perennial and member of the African violet family (Gesneriaceae), is a shrub with opposite, elliptic to almost circular leaves which are sparsely to moderately hairy on the upper surface and covered with velvety, rust-colored hairs underneath. This species is distinguished from other species of the genus by the broad opposite leaves, the length of the flower cluster stalks, the size of the flowers, and the amount of hair on various parts of the plant (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Some work has been done on the reproductive biology of some species of

Cyrtandra

(USFWS 1995b), but not on that of

C. munroi

specifically. The pollinators of these plants have not been identified, although studies indicate that a specific pollinator may be necessary for successful pollination. Seed dispersal may be carried out by birds which eat the fruits (USFWS 1995b). Flowering time, longevity of plants and seeds, specific environmental requirements, and other limiting factors are unknown.

Historically and currently,

Cyrtandra munroi

is known from Lanai and West Maui (Wagner

et al.

1999; HINHP Database 2000). Currently on Maui, there is a single population in Kahana Valley containing more than 30 individuals on State and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

The habitat of this species is lowland wet

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

forest, typically on rich, moist to wet, moderately steep talus slopes from 300 to 920 m (980-3,020 ft). It occurs on soil and rock substrates on slopes from watercourses in gulch bottoms and up the sides of gulch slopes to near ridgetops. Associated native species include

Diospyros

sp.,

Hedyotis acuminata, Clermontia

sp.,

Alyxia oliviformis, Bobea

sp.,

Coprosma

sp.,

Freycinetia arborea, Melicope

sp.,

Myrsine

sp.,

Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus

sp. (mamaki),

Pittosporum

sp.,

Pleomele

sp.,

Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria

sp.,

Sadleria

sp.,

Scaevola

sp.

(naupaka),

Xylosma

sp., and other

Cyrtandra

sp. ( 57 FR 20772; HINHP Database 2000).

The threats to this species on Maui are from browsing and habitat disturbance by axis deer; competition with the alien plant species

Psidium cattleianum, Myrica faya

(firetree),

Leptospermum scoparium

(tea tree),

Pluchea symphytifolia

(sourbush),

Melinis minutiflora, Rubus rosifolius,

and

Paspalum conjugatum

(Hilo grass); loss of appropriate pollinators; a very small number of extant individuals which can cause depressed reproductive vigor; and the effects of random environmental events that could easily be catastrophic to the only known population on Maui (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1995b).

Diellia erecta

Diellia erecta,

a short-lived perennial fern in the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), grows in tufts of 3 to 9 lance-shaped fronds emerging from a rhizome covered with brown to dark gray scales. This species differs from other members of the genus in having brown or dark gray scales usually more than 2 cm (0.8 in.) in length, fused or separate sori along both margins, shiny black midribs that have a hardened surface, and veins that do not usually encircle the sori (Smith 1934; Degener and Greenwell 1950; Wagner 1952).

Little is known about the life history of this taxon. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically,

Diellia erecta

was known on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, scattered locations on Maui, and various locations on the Island of Hawaii (USFWS 1999). Currently, it is only known from Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Maui, there are four known populations containing 23 individual plants on or near State or privately owned lands in Iao Valley, Manawainui Plant Sanctuary, Papalaua Gulch, and Waiopai Gulch (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

This species is found in deep shade on steep slopes or gulch bottoms in

Diospyros sandwicensis-Metrosideros polymorpha

lowland mesic forest at elevations between 210 and 1,590 m (700 and 5,200 ft) (HINHP Database 2000; USFWS 1999). Associated native plant species include

Nestegis

sp.,

Styphelia tameiameiae, Melicope

sp.,

Coprosma

sp.,

Dodonaea viscosa, Dryopteris unidentata

(NCN),

Myrsine

sp.,

Psychotria

sp.,

Pleomele auwahiensis, Syzygium sandwicensis

(ohia ha), and

Wikstroemia

sp. (HINHP Database 2000; USFWS 1999).

The major threats to

Diellia erecta

on Maui are habitat degradation by pigs, goats, and cattle; competition with alien plant species, including

Blechnum occidentale

(NCN); and random naturally occurring events that could cause extinction and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals (59 FR 56333; USFWS 1996).

Diplazium molokaiense

Diplazium molokaiense,

a short-lived perennial member of the woodfern family (Dryopteridaceae), has a short prostrate rhizome and green or straw-colored leaf stalks with thin-textured fronds. This species can be distinguished from other species of

Diplazium

in the Hawaiian Islands by a combination of characteristics, including venation pattern, the length and arrangement of the sori, frond shape, and the degree of dissection of the frond (Wagner and Wagner 1992).

There is little known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically,

Diplazium molokaiense

was found on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Ainahou Valley and Maliko Gulch (East Maui) and Wailuku (Iao) Valley and Waikapu (West Maui) on Maui (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, this species is only known from Maui. Two populations with one individual each are found in Waiopai Gulch and Makawao Forest Reserve, on or near State or privately owned lands (Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

This species occurs near water falls in lowland or montane mesic

Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa

forest between 850 and 1,680 m (2,800 and 5,500 ft) in elevation (USFWS 1998a; HINHP Database 2000).

The primary threats on Maui are habitat degradation by feral goats, cattle, pigs, and axis deer; competition with alien plant taxa; decreased reproductive vigor; and extinction from randomly occurring natural events due to the small number of populations and individuals (59 FR 49025; USFWS 1998a; HINHP Database 2000).

Flueggea neowawraea

Flueggea neowawraea,

a long-lived perennial and a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), is a large tree with white oblong pores covering its scaly, pale brown bark. This species is the only member of the genus found in Hawaii and can be distinguished from other species in the genus by its large size, scaly bark, the shape, size, and color of the leaves, flowers clustered along the branches, and the size and shape of the fruits (Linney 1982; Hayden 1999).

Individual trees of

Flueggea neowawraea

bear only male or female flowers, and must be cross-pollinated from a different tree to produce viable seed (Hayden 1999). Little else is known about the life history of this species. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically,

Flueggea neowawraea

was known from the islands of Molokai, Oahu, Kauai, and Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, populations are known from Kauai, Oahu, East Maui, and Hawaii. It is now known from two populations with a total of three trees on East Maui at Auwahi, and above the Lualailua Hills on the southwest slope of Haleakala, on State and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Mahealani Kaiaokamelie, (formerly with) Ulupalakua Ranch,

in litt.

2000).

Flueggea neowawraea

occurs in dry or mesic forest at elevations of 250 to 1,000 m (820 to 3,280 ft) (Hayden 1999). Associated native plant species include

Alectryon macrococcus, Bobea timonioides

(ahakea),

Charpentiera

sp. (papala),

Hibiscus

sp. (aloalo),

Melicope

sp.,

Myrsine lanaiensis

(kolea),

Tetraplasandra

sp. (ohe ohe),

Psychotria mariniana

(kopiko),

Diplazium sandwichianum, Freycinetia arborea, Nesoluma polynesicum

(keahi),

Diospyros

sp.,

Antidesma pulvinatum

(hame),

A. platyphyllum, Canthium odoratum, Nestegis sandwicensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis

(hao),

Pittosporum

sp.,

Pleomele

sp.,

Pouteria sandwicensis,

and

Streblus pendulinus

(HINHP Database 2000).

The threats to the populations on Maui are the black twig borer; habitat degradation by feral pigs, goats, deer, and cattle; competition with alien plant species; depressed reproductive vigor; the risk of extinction from a random environmental event due to the small number of individuals; and predation of the fruit by rats (59 FR 56333; USFWS 1999; HINHP Database 2000).

Hedyotis coriacea

Hedyotis coriacea,

a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a small, short-lived perennial shrub with leathery leaves which are generally elliptic to oblong in shape, 3 to 8 cm (1.2 to 3.1 in.) long and usually 1.5 to 3 cm (0.6 to 1.2 in.) wide. This species is distinguished from others of the genus by its small, triangular calyx lobes, which do not enlarge in fruit, and the combination of capsules which are

longer than wide and flower buds which are square in cross section (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of this plant. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically,

Hedyotis coriacea

was known from Oahu and the Island of Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000). Considered extinct on all islands in recent years, this species was rediscovered in 1990 by Steve Perlman in the State-owned Lihau section of the West Maui NAR and in 1991 on the 1859 lava flow in the Pohakuloa Training Area, Island of Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000; USFWS 1997). Currently, only a single individual is known from West Maui on State-owned land (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Hedyotis coriacea

is found on steep, rocky, slopes in dry lowland

Dodonaea viscosa

dominated shrublands at elevations between 470 to 2,300 m (1,540 to 7,550 ft) (HINHP Database 2000). Associated species include

Sida fallax, Gouania hillebrandii

(NCN),

Bidens menziesii, Lipochaeta livarum, Myoporum

sp. (naio), and

Schiedea menziesii

(NCN) (HINHP Database 2000).

The single remaining individual of

Hedyotis coriacea

on Maui is threatened by extinction from a random naturally occurring event.

Hedyotis mannii

Hedyotis mannii,

a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a short-lived perennial plant with smooth, usually erect stems 30 to 60 cm (1 to 2 ft) long, which are woody at the base and four-angled or winged. The leaves are opposite, thin in texture, and elliptic to sometimes lance-shaped. Stipules (leaf-like appendages), which are attached to the slightly winged leaf stalks where they join and clasp the stem, are triangular. Flowers are arranged in loose clusters up to 30 cm (1 ft) long at the ends of the stems and are either bisexual or female. This species' growth habit, its quadrangular or winged stems, the shape, size, and texture of its leaves, and its dry capsule, which opens when mature, separate it from other species of the genus (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Currently, no life history information is available for this species (USFWS 1996).

Currently and historically,

Hedyotis mannii

is known from Lanai, West Maui, and Molokai (USFWS 1992). On Maui, there is a single population of approximately 20 individuals located on private land in Kauaula Valley (GDSI 2000; K. Wood

in litt.

2000).

The population on Maui is found on basalt cliffs along stream banks in

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

montane wet forest between 825 and 885 m (2,700 and 2,900 ft) (K. Wood

in litt.

2000). Associated plant species include

Machaerina

sp. (uki),

Carex meyenii

(NCN),

Phyllostegia

sp. (NCN), Hedyotis

acuminata, Cyrtandra platyphylla

(haiwale),

Cyanea

sp. (haha), and

Isachne distichophylla

(ohe) (K. Wood

in litt.

2000).

Hedyotis mannii

on Maui is threatened by landslides; competition with the alien plant species

Rubus rosifolius, Ageratina adenophora, Buddleia asiatica

(butterfly bush),

Pluchea carolinensis

(sourbush), and

Clidemia hirta;

and the low number of individuals makes it extremely vulnerable to extinction by random naturally occurring events (USFWS 1996; K. Wood

in litt.

2000).

Hesperomannia arborescens

Hesperomannia arborescens,

a long-lived perennial of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a small shrubby tree that usually stands 1.5 to 5 m (5 to 16 ft) tall. This member of an endemic Hawaiian genus differs from other

Hesperomannia

species in having the following combination of characteristics: erect to ascending flower heads, thick flower head stalks, and usually hairless and relatively narrow leaves (Wagner

et al.

1999).

This species was observed in flower from April through June and fruit during March 1993 and June 1997 (USFWS 1998). No other information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors.

Hesperomannia arborescens

was formerly known from Lanai, Molokai, and Oahu (HINHP Database 2000). This species is now known from Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. There is currently one population with four individuals on East Maui, between Lanilili and Keahikauo on State and privately-owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Hesperomannia arborescens

is found on slopes or ridges in lowland mesic or wet forest between 360 and 750 m (1,180 and 2,460 ft) in elevation, in association with

Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine sandwicensis

(kolea),

Isachne distichophylla, Pipturus

sp.,

Antidesma

sp.,

Psychotria

sp.,

Clermontia

sp.,

Cibotium

sp.,

Dicranopteris linearis, Bobea

sp.,

Coprosma

sp.,

Sadleria

sp.,

Melicope

sp.,

Machaerina

sp.,

Cheirodendron

sp., and

Freycinetia arborea

(HINHP Database 2000).

The major threats to

Hesperomannia arborescens

on Maui are habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats; competition with alien plant taxa; extinction due to random environmental events or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals in one remaining population; and impact by humans (59 FR 14482; HINHP Database 2000).

Hesperomannia arbuscula

Hesperomannia arbuscula,

a long-lived perennial member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a small shrubby tree, 2 to 3.3 m (7 to 11 ft) tall. This species can be distinguished from other members of the genus by the erect flower heads and the leaves, usually hairy beneath, which are one to two times as long as wide (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Hesperomannia arbuscula

usually flowers in the spring depending on precipitation. Seeds mature in about six weeks and trees last about 10 to 15 years (USFWS 1995c). No other information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors.

Historically and currently,

Hesperomannia arbuscula

is known from Oahu and West Maui (HINHP Database 2000). On Maui, this species is found in three populations, containing 13 individuals, on privately owned land in Iao and Waihee Valleys (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Hesperomannia arbuscula

typically grows on slopes and ridges in mesic or wet forest dominated by

Acacia koa

and

Metrosideros polymorpha

at elevations of 350 to 900 m (1,150 to 2,950 ft) (Wagner et al. 1999; HINHP Database 2000). Associated species include

Bidens

sp.,

Tetraplasandra

sp.,

Alyxia oliviformis,

and

Psychotria

sp. (HINHP Database 2000).

The major threats to

Hesperomannia arbuscula

on Maui are habitat degradation by feral pigs, competition from alien plant species, trampling by humans, and extinction from naturally occurring random events due to the small number of populations (56 FR 55770).

Hibiscus brackenridgei

Hibiscus brackenridgei,

a short-lived perennial and a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae). The species is a sprawling to erect shrub or small tree. This species differs from other members of the genus in having the following combination of characteristics: yellow petals, a calyx consisting of triangular

lobes with raised veins and a single midrib, bracts attached below the calyx, and thin stipules that fall off, leaving an elliptic scar. Two subspecies are currently recognized,

Hibiscus brackenridgei

ssp.

brackenridgei

and

H. brackenridgei

ssp.

mokuleianus

(Bates 1999).

Hibiscus brackenridgei

is known to flower continuously from early February through late May, and intermittently at other times of year. Intermittent flowering may possibly be tied to day length (USFWS 1999). Little else is known about the life history of this plant. Pollination biology, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically,

Hibiscus brackenridgei

was known from the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, Molokai, and Hawaii (USFWS 1999; HINHP Database 2000).

Hibiscus brackenridgei

was collected from an undocumented site on Kahoolawe, though the subspecies has never been determined (USFWS 1999). Currently,

Hibiscus brackenridgei

ssp.

mokuleianus

is known from Oahu and from undocumented observations on Kauai (Bates 1999; USFWS 1999).

Hibiscus brackenridgei

ssp.

brackenridgei

is currently known from Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Maui,

Hibiscus brackenridgei

ssp.

brackenridgei

is found in five populations, containing 38 individuals, on or near State and privately owned lands at the northern base of Puu o kali, in the Lihau section of the West Maui NAR, Kaonohua Gulch, Keokea, and south of Puu o kali (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Hibiscus brackenridgei

ssp.

brackenridgei

occurs in lowland dry forest from 130 to 800 m (425 to 2,625 ft) in elevation, sometimes with

Erythrina sandwicensis

as the dominant tree (Geesink

et al.

1999; HINHP Database 2000). Associated plant species include

Myoporum

sp.,

Chenopodium

sp. (ahe ahea),

Achyranthes

sp. (NCN),

Nototrichium

sp.,

Diospyros

sp.,

Chamaesyce celastroides

var.

lorifolia, Dodonaea viscosa, Canthium odoratum, Eurya sandwicensis

(anini),

Isachne distichophylla,

and

Sida fallax

(HINHP Database 2000).

The primary threats to

Hibiscus brackenridgei

ssp.

brackenridgei

on Maui are habitat degradation and possible predation by pigs, goats, cattle, axis deer, and rats; competition with alien plant species; and susceptibility to extinction caused by random environmental events or reduced reproductive vigor due to small population size and a limited number of populations (59 FR 56333).

Ischaemum byrone

Ischaemum byrone,

a short-lived member of the grass family (Poaceae), is a perennial species with creeping underground and erect stems.

Ischaemum byrone

can be distinguished from other Hawaiian grasses by its tough outer flower bracts, dissimilar basic flower units, which are awned and two-flowered, and a di- or trichotomously-branching inflorescence (O'Connor 1999).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1996).

Historically,

Ischaemum byrone

was reported from Oahu, Molokai, East Maui, the Island of Hawaii, and an undocumented site on Kauai (59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 2000). Currently, this species is found on Molokai, Hawaii, and Maui. On Maui, it is known from along the coast on private and State owned lands at Kahanu Gardens, Pauwalu Point, Honokalani, Kauiki Head, and on the following offshore islets: Keopuka Islet, Mokuhuki Islet, and Puukii Islet (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). There is a total of six populations with less than 3,000 individuals (HINHP Database 2000).

The habitat of

Ischaemum byrone

is coastal dry shrubland, occurring near the ocean among rocks or on basalt cliffs between sea level and 75 m (250 ft) (O'Connor 1999). Associated taxa include

Bidens

sp.,

Fimbristylis cymosa

(Maui u aki aki), and

Scaevola sericea

(naupaka kahakai) (HINHP Database 2000).

The most serious threat to

Ischaemum byrone

is the invasion of alien plants, particularly

Digitaria ciliaris

(Henry's crabgrass),

Ardisia elliptica

(shoebutton ardesia) and

Casuarina equisetifolia

(paina). Additionally, fire may pose a threat in areas infested with alien grasses, provided enough fuel is present. Other potential threats include grazing and browsing by goats and axis deer; disturbance incurred from these ungulates further promotes the introduction and establishment of alien weeds. Some populations are also threatened from residential development (59 FR 10305; USFWS 1996; HINHP Database 2000).

Lysimachia lydgatei

Lysimachia lydgatei,

a short-lived perennial member of the primrose family (Primulaceae), is a sprawling, branched shrub with stems from 1 to 1.3 m (3 to 4 ft) long. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the dense hairs on both the upper and lower surfaces of mature leaves (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).

Lysimachia lydgatei

was known historically from a gulch behind Lahaina on West Maui and from Oahu. Currently, it is found only on Maui in the following locations on State-owned land in the Lihau section of the West Maui NAR: Halepohaku, Helu, and Kauaula-Olowalu (Wagner

et al.

1999; HINHP Database 2000). The three Maui populations number approximately 240 individuals (GDSI 2000).

Lysimachia lydgatei

typically grows on the sides of steep ridges in

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

dominated wet to mesic shrubland or

Metrosideros-Cheirodendron

montane forest between elevations of about 915 to 1,415 m (3,000-4,640 ft) (HINHP Database 2000). Associated vegetation includes

Lycopodium

sp. (wawae iole),

Ilex

sp.,

Dodonaea viscosa, Vaccinium

sp.,

Eurya sandwicensis, Styphelia tameiameiae, Coprosma

sp.,

Ochrosia

sp. (holei),

Astelia

sp. (painiu),

Broussaisia arguta,

and mat ferns, such as

Dicranopteris

sp. (HINHP Database 2000).

The greatest threats to

Lysimachia lydgatei

are the threat of extinction from a random environmental event due to the small number of populations; competition with alien plant species, such as

Rubus argutus;

and fire (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1997).

Mariscus pennatiformis

Mariscus pennatiformis,

a short-lived member of the sedge family (Cyperaceae), is a perennial plant with a woody root system covered with brown scales.

Mariscus pennatiformis

is subdivided into two subspecies, ssp.

bryanii

and ssp.

pennatiformis,

which are distinguished by the length and width of the spikelets; color, length, and width of the glume; and by the shape and length of the achenes. This species differs from other members of the genus by its three-sided, slightly concave, smooth stems; the length and number of spikelets; the leaf width; and the length and diameter of stems (Koyama 1999).

Mariscus pennatiformis

is known to flower from November to December after heavy rainfall. Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,

and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1999).

Historically,

Mariscus pennatiformis

was known from Kauai, Oahu, East Maui (Keanae Valley, Hana, and Nahiku), the Island of Hawaii, and from Laysan in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (HINHP Database 2000).

M. pennatiformis

ssp.

bryanii

is only known from Laysan Island in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge.

M. pennatiformis

ssp.

pennatiformis

is currently found only on East Maui. One population of approximately 30 individuals is found on State owned land near the mouth of Hanawi Stream (GDSI 2000; K. Wood

in litt.

1999).

On Maui,

Mariscus pennatiformis

ssp.

pennatiformis

is found at elevations between sea-level and 6 m (20 ft) on brown soil with talus in

Pandanus

coastal wet cliffs and within reach of ocean spray. Associated native plant species include:

Sadleria pallida

(amau),

Pandanus tectorius

(hala),

Lysimachia mauritiana

(kolokolo kuahiwi),

Cyperus laevigatus

(makaloa),

Eragrostis variabilis,

and

Ipomoea

sp. (morning glory) (Koyama 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood

in litt.

1999).

Threats to the only known population of

Mariscus pennatiformis

ssp.

pennatiformis

on Maui include grazing and habitat destruction caused by ungulates; competition from alien plant species; and extinction from random naturally occurring events (59 FR 56333; USFWS 1999).

Melicope knudsenii

Melicope knudsenii,

a long-lived perennial and a member of the citrus family (Rutaceae), is a tree with smooth gray bark and yellowish brown to olive-brown hairs on the tips of the branches. The species is distinguished from

M. haupensis

and other members of the genus by the distinct carpels present in the fruit, a hairless endocarp, a larger number of flowers per cluster, and the distribution of hairs on the underside of the leaves (Stone

et al.

1999).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown.

Historically,

Melicope knudsenii

was known only from the southeast slope of Haleakala on Maui and from Kauai (HINHP Database 2000). This species remains on Kauai, but is only found on privately owned lands at the following locations on Maui: Auwahi, Puu Mahoi, and the Kanaio area. There are three populations with a single individual at each location (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Melicope knudsenii

grows on forested flats or talus slopes in

Nestegis-Pleomele

mixed open dry forests at elevations of about 450 to 1,220 m (1,480 to 4,000 ft) (Stone

et al.

1999). Associated native plant species include

Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Alphitonia ponderosa, Santalum ellipticum,

and

Xylosma hawaiiensis

(HINHP Database 2000).

Threats to

Melicope knudsenii

include habitat degradation by alien animals, such as goats and pigs; reduced reproductive vigor; fire; natural aging and death; and invasive plant species, such as

Pennisetum clandestinum

(59 FR 9304; USFWS 1995a).

Melicope mucronulata

Melicope mucronulata,

a long-lived perennial of the citrus family (Rutaceae), is a small tree up to 4 m (13 ft) tall with oval to elliptic-oval leaves, 8 to 16 cm (3 to 6.5 in.) long and 3.5 to 6.5 cm (1.5 to 2.5 in.) wide. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the growth habit, the number of flowers in each flower cluster, the size and shape of the fruit, and the degree of hairiness of the leaves and fruit walls (Stone

et al.

1999).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).

First discovered in 1920 in Kanaio, East Maui,

Melicope mucronulata

was not relocated until 1983 when it was reported from State land with an unknown number of plants. This species was also found two years later on East Molokai (Stone

et al.

1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Melicope mucronulata

typically grows on steep, west- or north-facing, dry to mesic, forested lowland slopes at elevations of 670 to 1,070 m (2,200 to 3,500 ft) (HINHP Database 2000). Associated native species include

Dodonaea viscosa, Metrosideros polymorpha, Styphelia tameiameiae,

and

Dubautia linearis

(na ena e) (USFWS 1997).

The major threat to the continued existence of the only known population of

Melicope mucronulata

on Maui is the risk of extinction from a random environmental event. Habitat degradation by goats and pigs, predation by goats, and competition with alien plants, particularly

Melinis minutiflora,

also pose immediate threats to this species (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1997).

Neraudia sericea

Neraudia sericea,

a short-lived perennial member of the nettle family (Urticaceae), is a 3 to 5 m (10 to 16 ft) tall shrub with densely hairy branches. The elliptic or oval leaves have smooth margins or slightly toothed margins on young leaves. The upper leaf surface is moderately hairy and the lower leaf surface is densely covered with irregularly curved, silky gray to white hairs along the veins. The male flowers may be stalkless or have short stalks. The female flowers are stalkless and have a densely hairy calyx that is either toothed, collar-like, or divided into narrow unequal segments. The fruits are achenes with the apical section separated from the basal portion by a deep constriction. Seeds are oval with a constriction across the upper half.

N. sericea

differs from the other four closely related species of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the density, length, color, and posture of the hairs on the lower leaf surface and by its mostly entire leaf margins (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1999).

Neraudia sericea

was known historically from Molokai, Lanai, Olowalu Valley on West Maui, the southern slopes of Haleakala on East Maui, and from Kahoolawe (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, this species is known from Molokai and Maui. On Maui, three populations totaling more than four individuals are found in Pohakea Gulch (West Maui) and in Manawainui and Kamole Gulches (East Maui). These populations occur on State and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; M. Kaiaokamelie,

in litt.

2000).

Neraudia sericea

generally occurs in lowland dry to mesic

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa-Styphelia tameiameiae

shrubland or forest or

Acacia koa

forest between 670 and 1,480 m (2,200 and 4,850 ft) in elevation (Wagner

et al.

1999; HINHP Database 2000; M. Bruegmann

in litt.

1995). Other associated plant species include

Huperzia mannii

(NCN),

Urera glabra

(opuhe),

Cyrtandra oxybapha

(haiwale),

Cyrtandra platyphylla, Sida fallax, Diospyros

sp.,

Bobea

sp.,

Coprosma

sp., and

Hedyotis

sp. (HINHP Database 2000; M. Bruegmann

in litt.

1995).

The primary threats to

Neraudia sericea

on Maui are habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats; competition with the alien plants,

Melinus minutiflora, Pennisetum clandestinum, Holcus lanatus, Cymbopogon refractus

(barbwire grass), and nonnative

Eragrostis

sp. (love grass); and a risk of

extinction due to random environmental events (59 FR 56333; USFWS 1999).

Peucedanum sandwicense

Peucedanum sandwicense,

a member of the parsley family (Apiaceae), is a short-lived, parsley-scented, sprawling herb. Hollow stems arise from a short, vertical, perennial stem with several fleshy roots. This species is the only member of the genus in the Hawaiian Islands (Constance and Affolter 1999).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1995a).

Historically and currently,

Peucedanum sandwicense

is known from Molokai, Maui, and Kauai (HINHP Database 2000). Discoveries in 1990 extended the known distribution of this species to the island of Oahu (USFWS 1995a). A population is known from State-owned Keopuka Islet, off the coast of Maui with a total of between 20-30 individuals (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

This species grows in cliff habitats from sea level to above 900 m (2,950 ft) (Constance and Affolter 1999) and is associated with native species such as

Chamaesyce

sp. (akoko),

Eragrostis

sp.,

Diospyros

sp., and

Metrosideros polymorpha

(USFWS 1995a; HINHP Database 2000).

Competition with introduced plants is the major threat to

Peucedanum sandwicense

on Keopuka Rock (59 FR 9304; USFWS 1995a).

Phlegmariurus mannii

Phlegmariurus mannii,

a short-lived member of the clubmoss family (Lycopodiaceae), is a hanging epiphyte (growing on the outside of other plants instead of being rooted in the ground) with clustered, delicate red stems and forked reproductive spikes; these traits distinguish it from others in the genus in Hawaii (Degener and Degener 1959; St. John 1981; Wagner and Wagner 1992).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1997).

Historically,

Phlegmariurus mannii

was known from Kauai, West Maui (Haelaau and Hanaula), and the Island of Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, this species is found on Maui and Hawaii. On Maui, this species is now known on State and private lands from Kaupo, Nuanualoa Stream, and Manawainui on East Maui; and from Lihau and Puu Kukui on West Maui (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). There are five populations with fewer than 300 individuals total (HINHP Database 2000).

On Maui,

Phlegmariurus mannii

typically grows in moist protected gulches on the native tree species

Metrosideros polymorpha,

and

Acacia koa,

in mesic to wet montane

M. polymorpha-A. koa

forests at elevations of 900 to 1,600 m (2,950 to 5,250 ft) (HINHP Database 2000). Associated native species include

Thelypteris

sp.,

Athyrium

sp.,

Styphelia tameiameiae, Cyanea

sp.,

Machaerina

sp.,

Cyrtandra

sp.,

Sadleria

sp.,

Vaccinium

sp.,

Dodonaea viscosa, Astelia menziesiana

(kaluaha),

Coprosma

sp.,

Cheirodendron trigynum, Ilex anomala,

and

Myrsine

sp. (HINHP Database 2000).

The primary reasons for the endangerment of this species are habitat alteration by goats, cattle and pigs, and the impacts of alien plant species. Additionally, small population sizes also make the species subject to extinction due to random environmental events (57 FR 20772; USFWS 1997).

Phyllostegia mollis

Phyllostegia mollis,

a short-lived member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), grows as a nearly erect, densely hairy, nonaromatic, perennial herb. Leaves are oval in outline with rounded teeth. Flowers, usually in groups of 6, are spaced along a stem; there are 2 shorter flowering stems directly below the main stem. The flowers have fused sepals and white petals fused into a tube and flaring into a smaller upper and a larger lower lip. Fruits are fleshy, dark green to black nutlets. A suite of technical characteristics concerning the kind and amount of hair, the number of flowers in a cluster, and details of the various plant parts separate this species from other members of the genus (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Individual

Phyllostegia mollis

plants live for approximately five years. The species is known to flower in late winter and spring. Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1998b).

Historically,

Phyllostegia mollis

was known from Oahu, Molokai, and East Maui (Wagner

et al.

1999, HINHP Database 2000). Currently, this species is only known from Oahu and Maui. On East Maui, a single population of an unknown number of individuals remains on State and private lands in Waiopai Gulch (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Phyllostegia mollis

typically grows on steep slopes and in gulches in diverse mesic to wet forests at an elevation of 450 to 1,830 m (1,480 to 6,000 ft) (Wagner

et al.

1999). Associated plants include ferns,

Psychotria

sp., and

Pisonia

sp. (papala kepau) (HINHP Database 2000).

The major threats to

Phyllostegia mollis

are competition from the alien plant species

Rubus

sp. and

Schinus terebinthifolius

; and a risk of extinction of the only known population of this species on Maui due to random environmental events (56 FR 55770; USFWS 1998b).

Plantago princeps

Plantago princeps,

a short-lived member of the plantain family (Plantaginaceae), is a small shrub or robust perennial herb. This species differs from other native members of the genus in Hawaii by its large branched stems, flowers at nearly right angles to the axis of the flower cluster, and fruits that break open at a point two-thirds from the base. The four varieties,

anomala, laxiflora, longibracteata,

and

princeps,

are distinguished by the branching and pubescence of the stems; the size, pubescence, and venation of the leaves; the density of the inflorescence; and the orientation of the flowers (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are generally unknown. However, individuals have been observed in fruit from April through September (USFWS 1999).

Plantago princeps

is historically and currently found on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. It is no longer extant on the Island of Hawaii.

Plantago princeps

var.

anomala

is currently known from Kauai and Oahu; var.

longibracteata

is known from Kauai and Oahu; var.

princeps

is known from Oahu; and var.

laxiflora

is known from Molokai and Maui. On Maui, there are five populations of

Plantago princeps

var.

laxiflora,

with a total of 67 individuals, on State, Federal and privately owned lands. This variety is found on East Maui at Koolau Gap, Kaupo Gap, and Kipahulu Valley, and on West Maui in Iao Valley and Kauaula Valley (USFWS 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

On Maui,

Plantago princeps

var. laxiflora is typically found on basalt cliffs in

Metrosideros polymorpha

lowland wet forest or

Acacia koa-M. polymorpha

montane wet forest or

M. polymorpha

montane wet shrubland, from 400 to 2,050 m (1,300 to 6,700 ft)

elevation (Wagner

et al.

1999). Associated plant species include

Eragrostis variabilis, Hedyotis formosa,

and

Dubautia plantaginea

spp.

humilis

(USFWS 1999; HINHP Database 2000).

The primary threats to

Plantago princeps

var.

laxiflora

on Maui are herbivory and habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats, and competition with various alien plant species (59 FR 56333; USFWS 1999).

Platanthera holochila

Platanthera holochila,

a short-lived, perennial member of the orchid family (Orchidaceae), is an erect, deciduous herb. The stems arise from underground tubers, the pale green leaves are lance to egg-shaped and the greenish-yellow flowers occur in open spikes. This is the only species of this genus that occurs in the Hawaiian Islands (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically,

Platanthera holochila

was known from Maui, Oahu, Molokai, and Kauai (HINHP Database 2000). Currently,

Platanthera holochila

is extant on Kauai, Molokai, and Maui (HINHP Database 2000). On Maui, three populations with 28 individuals are reported on State and privately owned lands from Hanaula and the Kapaloa Gulch rim on West Maui, and from Koolau Gap on East Maui (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Platanthera holochila

is found in

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

montane wet forest or

M. polymorpha

mixed montane bog or mesic scrubby

M. polymorpha

forest between 1,050-2,120 m (3,440-6,960 ft) elevation. Associated native plants include

Cibotium

sp.,

Coprosma ernodeoides

(nene),

Oreobolus furcatus

(NCN),

Styphelia tameiameiae, Wikstroemia

sp.,

Scaevola chamissoniana

(naupaka kuahiwi),

Sadleria

sp.,

Lythrum maritimum

(pukamole),

Deschampsia

sp.,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Luzula hawaiiensis

(wood rush),

Sisyrinchium acre

(Maui u la ili),

Broussaisia arguta, Clermontia

sp.,

Lycopodium cernuum

(wawae iole),

Dubautia scabra

(na ena e),

Polypodium pellucidum, Gahnia gahniiformis

(NCN), and

Vaccinium reticulatum

(61 FR 53108; USFWS 1999).

The primary threats to

Platanthera holochila

on Maui are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; competition with alien plants; and a risk of extinction on Maui from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor, due to the small number of remaining populations and individuals. Predation by slugs may also be a potential threat to this species (61 FR 53108; USFWS 1999).

Pteris lidgatei

Pteris lidgatei,

a short-lived member of the maidenhair fern family (Adiantaceae), is a coarse perennial herb, 0.5 to 1 m (1.6 to 3.3 ft) tall. It has a horizontal rhizome 1.5 cm (0.6 in.) thick and at least 10 cm (3.9 in.) long when mature. The fronds, including the leaf stalks, are 60 to 95 cm (24 to 37 in.) long and 20 to 45 cm (8 to 18 in.) wide. The leafy portion of the frond is oblong-deltoid to broadly ovate-deltoid, thick, brittle, and dark gray-green. The sori are apparently marginal in position, either fused into long linear sori, or more typically separated into distinct shorter sori, with intermediate conditions being common (Wagner 1949).

P. lidgatei

can be distinguished from other species of

Pteris

in the Hawaiian Islands by the texture of its fronds and the tendency of the sori along the leaf margins to be broken into short segments instead of being fused into continuous marginal sori (Wagner and Wagner 1992).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1998a).

Historically,

Pteris lidgatei

was found on Oahu, Molokai, and Waihee on West Maui (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, this species is known from Oahu and Maui. Two populations with approximately 20 individuals occur on Maui, one population on privately owned land in Kahuaula Valley and the other population on State owned land near Kahakuloa Stream (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

This species grows on steep stream banks between 915 to 1,070 m (3,000 to 3,500 ft) elevation in wet

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

montane forest with mosses and other ferns, including

Cibotium chamissoi

(hapuu),

Dicranopteris linearis, Elaphoglossum crassifolium

(ekaha),

Sadleria squarrosa

(amau), and

Sphenomeris chusana

(palaa) (HINHP Database 2000).

The primary threats to

Pteris lidgatei

on Maui are the alien plant

Clidemia hirta

, habitat destruction by feral pigs, and a risk of extinction due to random environmental events (59 FR 49025; USFWS 1998a).

Sanicula purpurea

Sanicula purpurea,

a short-lived member of the parsley family (Apiaceae), is a stout perennial herb, 8 to 36 cm (3 to 14 in.) tall, arising from a massive perennial stem. The stems are tufted and branched, with the lower portion of the stem lying close to the ground, while the upper portion rises. The basal leaves are numerous and leathery in texture and are kidney-shaped or circular to egg-heart-shaped, with three to seven lobes. The leaf lobes are circular to inversely egg-shaped. The leaf veins are impressed on the upper surface and prominent on the lower surface. The leaf margins bear short, sharp teeth. The basal leaf stalks are slender and abruptly sheathed at the base. The leaves are palmately three-to five-lobed. The small purple, or cream-colored with a purple tinge, flowers occur in branched terminal clusters, each of which contains six to ten flowers. Each flower cluster contains one to three perfect flowers and five to seven staminate flowers. Below the inflorescence is a series of about ten oblong or inversely lance-shaped bracts. The nearly spherical fruits are covered with prickles. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the number of flowers per cluster and by the color of the petals (Constance and Affolter 1999).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1999).

Historically and currently,

Sanicula purpurea

is known from Oahu and West Maui (HINHP Database 2000). On West Maui, four populations totaling between 130 and 250 individuals are currently known on State and private lands in Keahikauo, Eke Crater, Violet Lake, and Puu Kukui (GSDI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

This species typically grows in open

Metrosideros polymorpha

mixed montane bogs between 1,000 and 1,620 m (3,280 and 5,330 ft) elevation (HINHP Database 2000). Associated plant taxa include

Styphelia tameiameiae, Gahnia beechyi

(NCN),

Geranium humile

(nohoanu),

Myrsine vaccinioides

(kolea),

Viola mauiensis

(pamakani),

Argyroxiphium caliginis

(eke silversword),

Plantago pachyphylla

(laukahi kuahiwi),

Lycopodium

sp.,

Argyroxiphium grayanum, Lagenifera mauiensis

(howaiaulu),

Machaerina

sp., and

Oreobolus furcatus

(HINHP Database 2000).

Habitat degradation by feral pigs, a risk of extinction due to random environmental events, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing populations are the major threats to

Sanicula purpurea

(61

FR 53108; USFWS 1999; HINHP Database 2000).

Sesbania tomentosa

Sesbania tomentosa,

a short-lived member of the legume family (Fabaceae), is typically a sprawling shrub, but may also be a small tree. Each compound leaf consists of 18 to 38 oblong to elliptic leaflets which are usually sparsely to densely covered with silky hairs. The flowers are salmon tinged with yellow, orange-red, scarlet or rarely, pure yellow.

S. tomentosa

is the only endemic Hawaiian species in the genus, differing from the naturalized

S. sesban

by the color of the flowers, the longer petals and calyx, and the number of seeds per pod (Geesink et al. 1999).

The pollination biology of

Sesbania tomentosa

is being studied by David Hopper, a graduate student in the Department of Zoology at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. His preliminary findings suggest that although many insects visit Sesbania flowers, the majority of successful pollination is accomplished by native bees of the genus Hylaeus and that populations at Kaena Point on Oahu are probably pollinator limited. Flowering at Kaena Point is highest during the winter-spring rains, and gradually declines throughout the rest of the year (USFWS 1999). Other aspects of this plant's life history are unknown.

Currently,

Sesbania tomentosa

occurs on at least six of the eight main Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii) and in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (Nihoa and Necker). It is no longer extant on Niihau and Lanai (59 FR 56333; USFWS 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). On Maui,

S. tomentosa

is known from seven populations with a total of 83 individuals. The populations are located on State-leased land at Kanaio Training Area on East Maui; and on State and privately owned lands at Olowalu Canyon, Mokolea Point, Kahakuloa, Nakalele Point, and Poelua Bay on West Maui(GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; B. Hobdy

in litt.

2000). Off the south central coast of Kahoolawe, approximately 100 individuals of

S. tomentosa

are found on a small islet, Puu Koae, a State-owned seabird sanctuary (USFWS 1999; HINHP Database 2000).

Sesbania tomentosa

is found in

Scaevola sericea

coastal dry shrublands on windswept slopes, sea cliffs and cinder slopes between sea level and 580 m (1,900 ft) elevation (HINHP Database 2000). Associated plant species include

Lipochaeta integrifolia, Jacquemontia ovalifolia

ssp.

sandwicensis

(pa uohi iaka),

Rhynchelytrum repens, Sida fallax,

and

Dodonaea viscosa

(USFWS 1999; HINHP Database 2000).

The primary threats to

Sesbania tomentosa

on Maui are habitat degradation caused by competition with various alien plant species such as

Lantana camara, Waltheria

sp., and grass species; feral cattle; lack of adequate pollination; seed predation by rats, mice and, potentially, alien insects; fire; and destruction by off-road vehicles and other human disturbances (59 FR 56333; USFWS 1999). Threats to

Sesbania tomentosa

on Puu Koae include habitat degradation caused by competition with various alien plant species, erosion, and trampling by cats and seabirds (P. Higashino, pers. comm. 2000).

Spermolepis hawaiiensis

Spermolepis hawaiiensis

, a member of the parsley family (Apiaceae), is a slender annual herb with few branches. Its leaves, dissected into narrow, lance-shaped divisions, are oblong to somewhat oval in outline and grow on stalks. Flowers are arranged in a loose, compound umbrella-shaped inflorescence arising from the stem, opposite the leaves.

Spermolepis hawaiiensis

is the only member of the genus native to Hawaii. It is distinguished from other native members of the family by being a nonsucculent annual with an umbrella-shaped inflorescence (Constance and Affolter 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Spermolepis hawaiiensis.

Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (USFWS 1999).

Historically,

Spermolepis hawaiiensis

was known from the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, and Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000). Currently, it is extant on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, West Maui, and Hawaii (59 FR 56333; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). On Maui, there are three known populations with hundreds to thousands of individuals on State owned lands in Kuia NAR and Kanaio NAR, and on privately owned land in Lihau (USFWS 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; C. Chimera, pers. comm. 2000).

Spermolepis hawaiiensis

is known from shady spots in

Dodonaea viscosa

lowland dry shrubland, at elevations from 300 to 550 m (980 to 1,800 ft). Associated plant species include

Eragrostis variabilis

,

Wikstroemia

sp.,

Erythrina sandwicensis

,

Diospyros

sp.,

Pleomele

sp.,

Lipochaeta livarum

,

Sida fallax

,

Myoporum sandwicensis

,

Santalum ellipticum

, and

Heteropogon contortus

(USFWS 1999; HINHP Database 2000; C. Chimera, pers. comm. 2000).

The primary threats to

Spermolepis hawaiiensis

on Maui are habitat degradation by feral goats, pigs, and axis deer; competition with various alien plants, such as

Rhynchelytrum repens

and

Lantana camara

; and erosion, landslides, and rockslides due to natural weathering which result in the death of individual plants, as well as habitat destruction (59 FR 56333; USFWS 1999).

Vigna o-wahuensis

Vigna o-wahuensis

, a member of the legume family (Fabaceae), is a slender, twining, long-lived perennial herb with fuzzy stems. Each leaf is made up of three leaflets which vary in shape from round to linear, and are sparsely or moderately covered with coarse hairs. Flowers, in clusters of one to four, have thin, translucent, pale yellow or greenish yellow petals. The two lowermost petals are fused and appear distinctly beaked. The sparsely hairy calyx has asymmetrical lobes. The fruits are long slender pods that may or may not be slightly inflated and contain 7 to 15 gray to black seeds. This species differs from others in the genus by its thin yellowish petals, sparsely hairy calyx, and thin pods which may or may not be slightly inflated (Geesink

et al.

1999).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1999).

Historically,

Vigna o-wahuensis

was known from Niihau, Oahu, and on East Maui in Makawao, Waiakoa, and Haleakala, and at an unspecified site on West Maui (HINHP Database 2000). Currently,

Vigna o-wahuensis

is known from the islands of Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii. There are no currently known populations on Niihau or Oahu (HINHP Database 2000). On the State-owned island of Kahoolawe, there are a total of three populations with an unknown number of individuals in the Makaalae/Lua Kealialalo area at 140 m (460 ft) elevation, the Puhi a Nanue area near a tidal pond, and on Lua Makika (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). On Maui, there is a single population of 2 individuals on State owned land in the Kanaio Beach area of East Maui (GDSI 2000; C. Chimera, pers. comm. 2000)

On Kahoolawe,

Vigna o-wahuensis

occurs in dry to mesic grassland and shrubland from 10 to 140 m (30 to 460 ft) in elevation (Geesink

et al.

1999;

HINHP Database 2000). Associated plant species include

Sida fallax

,

Chenopodium

sp.,

Dubautia menziesii

, and

Osteomeles anthyllidifolia

(HINHP Database 2000). On Maui,

Vigna o-wahuensis

occurs in dry forests around 12 m (40 ft) elevation (C. Chimera, pers. comm. 2000). Associated plant species on Maui include

Dodonaea viscosa

,

Chamaesyce

sp.,

Nothocestrum latifolium

, and

Nesoluma polynesicum

(C. Chimera, pers. comm. 2000).

The primary threats to

Vigna o-wahuensis

on Kahoolawe are competition with various alien plant species; fire; and a risk of extinction due to random environmental events, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing populations and individuals (59 FR 56333; USFWS 1999). The primary threats to this species on Maui are competition with the alien plant species

Lantana camara

and

Cenchrus ciliaris

(buffelgrass) and herbivory by axis deer and goats.

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

, a long-lived perennial, is a medium-size tree with pale to dark gray bark, and lemon-scented leaves in the rue family (Rutaceae). Alternate leaves are composed of three small triangular-oval to lance-shaped, toothed leaves (leaflets) with surfaces usually without hairs.

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

is distinguished from other Hawaiian members of the genus by several characters: three leaflets all of similar size, one joint on lateral leaf stalk, and sickle-shape fruits with a rounded tip (Stone

et al.

1999).

Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is generally unknown (USFWS 1996).

Historically,

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

was known from the islands of Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, Hawaii, and southern and southwestern slopes of Haleakala on Maui. Currently,

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

is extant on Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. This species is found on eastern Maui in three populations (unknown number of individuals) on private and State lands at Auwahi, Lualailua, and Kanaio (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

is reported from open lowland dry or mesic

Nestegis sandwicensis-Pleomele auwahiensis

forests, or montane dry forest, at elevations between 550 and 1,740 m (1,800 and 5,710 ft) (59 FR 10305; Stone

et al.

1999; HINHP Database 2000). Associated species include

Metrosideros polymorpha

,

Diospyros sandwicensis

,

Pisonia

sp.,

Xylosma hawaiiensis

,

Santalum ellipticum

,

Alphitonia ponderosa

,

Osteomeles anthyllidifolia

,

Alectryon macrococcus

,

Charpentiera

sp.,

Melicope

sp.,

Dodonaea viscosa

,

Streblus pendulinus

,

Myrsine lanaiensis

, and

Sophora chrysophylla

(HINHP Database 2000).

The threats to

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

on Maui include browsing, grazing, and trampling by feral goats and cattle; competition with the alien plant species

Melia azedarach

(chinaberry),

Lantana camara

, and

Pennisetum setaceum

; fire; human disturbance; and risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of populations (59 FR 10305; USFWS 1996).

A summary of populations and landownership for the 55 plant species on Maui and Kahoolawe is given in Table 3.

Table 3.—Summary of Populations and Landownership for 55 Species on Maui and Kahoolawe

Species

Number of current populations

Landownership

Federal

State

Private

Acaena exigua

0

Alectryon macrococcus

6

X

X

Argyroxiphium sandwicense

7

X

X

Bidens micrantha

ssp.

kalealaha

4

X

X

Bonamia menziesii

3

X

X

Cenchrus agrimonioides

1

X

Centaurium sebaeoides

3

X

X

Clermontia lindseyana

2

X

X

Clermontia oblongifolia

ssp.

mauiensis

1

X

X

Clermontia samuelii

8

X

X

Colubrina oppositifolia

2

X

Ctenitis squamigera

6

X

X

Cyanea copelandii

ssp.

haleakalaensis

3

X

X

X

Cyanea glabra

1

X

Cyanea grimesiana

spp.

grimesiana

2

X

X

Cyanea hamatiflora

spp.

hamatiflora

9

X

X

X

Cyanea lobata

1

X

Cyanea mceldowneyi

6

X

X

Cyrtandra munroi

1

X

X

Diellia erecta

4

X

X

Diplazium molokaiense

2

X

X

Dubautia plantaginea

spp.

humilis

2

X

X

Flueggea neowawraea

2

X

X

Geranium arboreum

10

X

X

X

Geranium multiflorum

9

X

X

X

Hedyotis coriacea

1

X

Hedyotis mannii

1

X

Hesperomannia arborescens

1

X

X

Hesperomannia arbuscula

3

X

Hibiscus brackenridgei

5

X

X

Ischaemum byrone

6

X

X

Kanaloa kahoolawensis

1

X

Lipochaeta kamolensis

1

X

X

Lysimachia lydgatei

3

X

Mariscus pennatiformis

1

X

Melicope adscendens

3

X

X

Melicope balloui

2

X

X

Melicope knudsenii

3

X

Melicope mucronulata

1

X

Melicope ovalis

1

X

Neraudia sericea

3

X

X

Peucedanum sandwicense

1

X

Phlegmariurus mannii

5

X

X

Phyllostegia mollis

1

X

X

Plantago princeps

5

X

X

X

Platanthera holochila

3

X

X

Pteris lidgatei

2

X

X

Remya mauiensis

3

X

Sanicula purpurea

4

X

X

Schiedea haleakalensis

2

X

Sesbania tomentosa

8

X

X

Spermolepis hawaiiensis

3

X

X

Tetramolopium capillare

4

X

X

Vigna o-wahuensis

4

X

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

3

X

X

Previous Federal Action

Federal action on these plants began as a result of Section 12 of the Act, which directed the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution to prepare a report on plants considered to be endangered, threatened, or extinct in the United States. This report, designated as House Document No. 94-51, was presented to Congress on January 9, 1975. In that document,

Alectryon macrococcus

(as

Alectryon macrococcum

var.

macrococcum

and

Alectryon mahoe

),

Bonamia menziesii

,

Clermontia lindseyana

,

Colubrina oppositifolia

,

Cyanea glabra

(as

Cyanea scabra

var.

variabilis

),

Cyanea lobata

(as

Cyanea baldwinii

),

Cyanea mceldowneyi

,

Flueggea neowawraea

(as

Drypetes phyllanthoides

),

Geranium arboreum

,

Geranium multiflorum

(as

Geranium multiflorum

var.

multiflorum

, var.

obatifolium

, and var.

superbum

),

Hedyotis mannii

(as

Hedyotis thyrsoidea

var.

thyrsoidea

),

Hesperomannia arborescens

(as

Hesperomannia arborescens

var.

bushiana

and var.

swezeyi

),

Hesperomannia arbuscula

,

Hibiscus brackenridgei

(as

Hibiscus brackenridgei

var.

brackenridgei

, var.

mokuleianus

, and var. “from Hawaii”),

Ischaemum byrone

,

Melicope balloui

(as

Pelea balloui

),

Melicope knudsenii

(as

Pelea multiflora

),

Melicope ovalis

(as

Pelea ovalis

),

Neraudia sericea

(as

Neraudia kahoolawensis

),

Peucedanum sandwicense

(as

Peucedanum kauaiense

),

Phyllostegia mollis

,

Plantago princeps

(as

Plantago princeps

var.

elata

, var.

laxifolia

, var.

princeps

),

Remya mauiensis

,

Sesbania tomentosa

(as

Sesbania hobdyi

and

Sesbania tomentosa

var.

tomentosa

),

Vigna o-wahuensis

(as

Vigna sandwicensis

var.

heterophylla

and var.

sandwicensis

), and

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

(as

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

var.

citiodora

), were considered to be endangered;

Cyrtandra munroi

,

Diellia erecta

, and

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

(as

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

var.

hawaiiense

and var.

velutinosum

) were considered to be threatened; and,

Bidens micrantha

ssp.

kalealaha

(as

Bidens distans

and

Bidens micrantha

spp.

kalealaha

),

Ctenitis squamigera

,

Diplazium molokaiense

,

Hedyotis coriacea

,

Melicope knudsenii

(as

Pelea knudsenii

and

Pelea tomentosa

),

Melicope mucronulata

(as

Pelea mucronulata

),

Phlegmariurus mannii

(as

Lycopodium mannii

),

Plantago princeps

(as

Plantago princeps

var.

acaulis

, var.

denticulata

, and var.

queleniana

),

Pteris lidgatei

, and

Tetramolopium capillare

were considered extinct. On July 1, 1975, the Service published notice in the

Federal Register

(40 FR 27823) of its acceptance of the Smithsonian report as a petition within the context of Section 4(c)(2) (now Section 4(b)(3)) of the Act, and gave notice of its intention to review the status of the plant taxa named therein. As a result of that review, on June 16, 1976, the Service published a proposed rule in the

Federal Register

(41 FR 24523) to determine endangered status pursuant to Section 4 of the Act for approximately 1,700 vascular plant taxa, including all of the above taxa considered to be endangered or thought to be extinct except for

Cyanea glabra

and

Cyrtandra munroi

; additionally,

Argyroxiphium sandwicense

ssp.

macrocephalum

(as

Argyroxiphium macrocephalum

) appeared in the 1976 proposed rule as endangered. The list of 1,700 plant taxa was assembled on the basis of comments and data received by the Smithsonian Institution and the Service in response to House Document No. 94-51 and the July 1, 1975,

Federal Register

publication.

General comments received in response to the 1976 proposal are summarized in an April 26, 1978,

Federal Register

publication (43 FR 17909). In 1978, amendments to the Act required that all proposals over two years old be withdrawn. A one-year grace period was given to proposals already over two years old. On December 10, 1979, the Service published a notice in the

Federal Register

(44 FR 70796) withdrawing the portion of the June 16, 1976, proposal that had not been made final, along with four other proposals that had expired. The Service published updated notices of review for plants on December 15, 1980 (45 FR 82479), September 27, 1985 (50 FR 39525), February 21, 1990 (55 FR 6183), September 30, 1993 (58 FR 51144), February 28, 1996 (61 FR 7596), and September 19, 1997 (62 FR 49398). A summary of the status categories for the 55 plant species in the 1980-1997 notices of review can be found in Table 4(a). The 55 species were listed as endangered or threatened between 1991 and 1999. A summary of the listing actions can be found in Table 4(b).

Table 4(a).—Summary of Candidacy Status for 55 Plant Species on Maui and Kahoolawe

Species

Federal Register

Notice of Review

1980

1985

1990

1993

1996

1997

Acaena exigua

C1

C1

C1

Alectryon macrococcus

C1

C1

C1

Argyroxiphium sandwicense

ssp.

macrocephalum

C1

C1

C1

Bidens micrantha

ssp.

kalealaha

C1

C1

C1

Bonamia menziesii

C1

C1

C1

Cenchrus agrimonioides

Centaurium sebaeoides

C1

Clermontia lindseyana

C1

C1

C1

Clermontia oblongifolia

ssp.

mauiensis

C1

Clermontia samuelii

Colubrina oppositifolia

C1

C1

C1

Ctenitis squamigera

C1*

C1*

C1*

Cyanea copelandii

ssp.

haleakalaensis

C

Cyanea glabra

C

Cyanea grimesiana

spp.

grimesiana

C1

C1

C2

Cyanea hamatiflora

spp.

hamatiflora

C

Cyanea lobata

C1

C1

C1

Cyanea mceldowneyi

C1

C1

C1

Cyrtandra munroi

C2

C2

C1

Diellia erecta

C1

C1

C1

Diplazium molokaiense

C1*

C1*

C1

Dubautia plantaginea

spp.

humilis

C2

C2

C

Flueggea neowawraea

C1

C1

C1

Geranium arboreum

C1

C1

C1

Geranium multiflorum

C1

C1

C1

Hedyotis coriacea

C1

C1

C1

Hedyotis mannii

C1

C1

C1

Hesperomannia arborescens

C1

C1

C1

Hesperomannia arbuscula

C1

C1

C1

Hibiscus brackenridgei

C1

C1

C1

Ischaemum byrone

C1

C1

C1

Kanaloa kahoolawensis

C

Lipochaeta kamolensis

C1

C1

C1

Lysimachia lydgatei

C1

Mariscus pennatiformis

C1

C1

Melicope adscendens

3A

Melicope balloui

C1

C1

C1*

Melicope knudsenii

C1*

C1*

C1

Melicope mucronulata

C1

C1

C1

Melicope ovalis

C1

C1*

C1*

Neraudia sericea

3A

3A

C1

Peucedanum sandwicense

C2

C2

C2

Phlegmariurus mannii

C1

C1

C1

Phyllostegia mollis

C1

C1

C1

Plantago princeps

C2

C2

C1

Platanthera holochila

C1

C1

C1

C2

Pteris lidgatei

C1

C1

C1

Remya mauiensis

C1

C1

Sanicula purpurea

Schiedea haleakalensis

C1

C1

Sesbania tomentosa

C1*

C1*

C1

Spermolepis hawaiiensis

C1

Tetramolopium capillare

C1*

C1*

C1*

Vigna o-wahuensis

C1

C1

C1

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

C1

C1

C1

Key:

C: Taxa for which the Service sufficient information on biological vulnerability and threats to support proposals to list them as endangered or threatened taxa.

C1: Taxa for which the Service has on file enough substantial information on biological vulnerability and threat(s) to support proposals to list them as endangered or threatened species.

C1*: Taxa of known vulnerable status in the recent past that may already have become extinct.

C2: Taxa for which there is some evidence of vulnerability, but for which there are not enough data to support listing proposals at this time.

3A: Taxa for which the Service has persuasive evidence of extinction. If rediscovered, such taxa might acquire high priority for listing.

Federal Register

Notice of Review

1980: 45 FR 82479

1985: 50 FR 39525

1990: 55 FR 6183

1993: 58 FR 51144

1996: 61 FR 7596

1997: 62 FR 49398

Table

4(b).—

Summary of Listing Actions for 55 Plant Species on Maui and Kahoolawe

Species

Federal

status

Proposed rule

Date

Federal Register

Final rule

Date

Federal Register

Acaena exigua

E

05/24/91

56 FR 23842

05/15/92

57 FR 20787

Alecryon macrococcus

E

05/24/91

56 FR 23842

05/15/92

57 FR 20772

Argyroxiphium sandwicense

ssp.

macrocephalum

T

05/24/91

56 FR 23842

05/15/92

57 FR 20772

Bidens micrantha

ssp.

kalealaha

E

05/24/91

56 FR 23842

05/15/92

57 FR 20772

Bonamia menziesii

E

09/14/93

58 FR 48012

11/10/94

59 FR 56333

Cenchrus agrimonioides

E

10/02/95

60 FR 51417

10/10/96

61 FR 53108

Centaurium sebaeoides

E

09/28/90

55 FR 39664

10/29/91

56 FR 55770

Clermontia lindseyana

E

12/17/92

57 FR 59951

03/04/94

59 FR 10305

Clermontia oblongifolia

ssp.

mauiensis

E

05/24/91

56 FR 23842

05/15/92

57 FR 20772

Clermontia samuelii

E

05/15/97

62 FR 26757

09/03/99

64 FR 48307

Colubrina oppositifolia

E

12/17/92

57 FR 59951

03/04/94

59 FR 10305

Ctenitis squamigera

E

06/24/93

58 FR 34231

09/09/94

59 FR 49025

Cyanca copelandii

ssp.

haleakalaensis

E

05/15/97

62 FR 26757

09/03/99

64 FR 48307

Cyanea glabra

E

05/15/97

62 FR 26757

09/03/99

64 FR 48307

Cyanea grimesiana

ssp.

grimesiana

E

10/02/95

60 FR 51417

10/10/96

61 FR 53108

Cyanea hamatiflora

ssp.

hamatiflora

E

05/15/97

62 FR 26757

09/03/99

64 FR 48307

Cyanea lobata

E

05/24/91

56 FR 23842

05/15/92

57 FR 20772

Cyanea mceldowneyi

E

05/24/91

56 FR 23842

05/15/92

57 FR 20772

Cyrtandra munroi

E

05/24/91

56 FR 23842

05/15/92

57 FR 20772

Diellia erecta

E

09/14/93

58 FR 48012

11/10/94

59 FR 56333

Diplazium molokaiense

E

06/24/93

58 FR 34241

09/09/94

59 FR 49025

Dubautia plantaginea

ssp.

humilis

E

05/15/97

62 FR 26757

09/03/99

64 FR 48307

Flueggea neowawraea

E

09/14/93

58 FR 48012

11/10/94

59 FR 56333

Geranium arboreum

E

01/23/91

56 FR 2490

05/13/92

57 FR 20589

Geranium multiflorum

E

05/24/91

56 FR 23842

05/15/92

57 FR 20772

Hedyotis coriacea

E

05/24/91

56 FR 23842

05/15/92

57 FR 20772

Hedyotis mannii

E

09/20/91

56 FR 47718

10/08/92

57 FR 46325

Hesperomannia arborescens

E

10/14/92

57 FR 47028

03/28/94

59 FR 14482

Hesperomannia arbuscuia

E

09/28/90

55 FR 39664

10/29/91

56 FR 55770

Hibiscus brackenridgei

E

09/14/93

58 FR 48012

11/10/94

59 FR 56333

Ischaemum byrone

E

12/17/92

57 FR 59951

03/04/94

59 FR 10305

Kanaloa ka

This text is long and has been trimmed here. Open the source document for the complete record.