Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determinations of Whether Designation of Critical Habitat Is Prudent for 81 Plants and Proposed Designations for 76 Plants From the Islands of Kauai and Niihau, Hawaii

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17

RIN 1018-AG71

Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determinations of Whether Designation of Critical Habitat Is Prudent for 81 Plants and Proposed Designations for 76 Plants From the Islands of Kauai and Niihau, Hawaii

AGENCY:

Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION:

Proposed rule and notice of determinations of whether designation of critical habitat is prudent.

SUMMARY:

We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, have reconsidered our findings concerning whether designating critical habitat for 81 federally protected plant species currently found on the islands of Kauai and Niihau is prudent. A total of 95 species historically found on these two islands were listed as endangered or threatened species under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act), between 1991 and 1996. Some of these species may also occur on other Hawaiian islands. At the time each plant was listed, we determined that designation of critical habitat was not prudent because designation would increase the degree of threat to the species and/or would not benefit the species.

Due to litigation, we reconsidered our previous prudency determinations for the 95 plants. From this review, we are proposing that critical habitat is prudent for 76 of these species because the potential benefits of designating critical habitat essential for the conservation of these species outweigh the risks of designation. We are proposing that the designation of critical habitat is not prudent for five species. The remaining 14 species historically found on Kauai and/or Niihau, no longer occur on these islands. However, these species do occur on other islands, so proposed prudency determinations will be made in future rules addressing plants on those islands.

This proposed rule also proposes designation of critical habitat for the 76 species. Twenty-three critical habitat units, covering a total of 24,539.23 hectares (60,636.42 acres), are proposed for designation on the islands of Kauai and Niihau.

We solicit data and comments from the public on all aspects of this proposal, including data on the economic and other impacts of the proposed designations. We may revise this proposal to incorporate or address new information received during the comment period.

DATES:

We must receive comments from all interested parties by December 7, 2000. Public hearing requests must be received by December 22, 2000.

ADDRESSES:

If you wish to comment, you may submit your comments and materials concerning this proposal by any one of several methods:

(1) You may submit written comments and information to the Field Supervisor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Office, 300 Ala Moana Blvd., P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850-0001.

(2) You may send comments by electronic mail (e-mail) to KAandNIcrithab pr@fws.gov.

(3) You may hand-deliver written comments to our Pacific Islands Office at 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 3-122, Honolulu, HI.

Comments and materials received, as well as supporting documentation used in the preparation of this proposed rule, will be available for public inspection, by appointment, during normal business hours at the Pacific Islands Office.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

Christa Russell, Coordinator for Listing and Recovery of Plants and Invertebrates, Pacific Islands Office (see

ADDRESSES

section) (telephone: 808/541-3441; facsimile: 808/541-3470).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), have reconsidered our findings concerning whether designating critical habitat for 81 federally protected plants from the islands of Kauai and Niihau, Kauai County, Hawaii, is prudent. In the Lists of Endangered and Threatened Plants (50 CFR 17.12), there are 95 plant species that, at the time of listing, were found on the islands of Kauai and Niihau (Table 1). Currently, 55 of these species are endemic to the islands of Kauai and/or Niihau, while 24 species are known from one or more other islands, as well as Kauai and/or Niihau. Two species (

Melicope quadrangularis

and

Phyllostegia waimeae

) are thought to be extinct since they have not been seen recently in the wild and no viable genetic material of these species is known to exist. The remaining 14 species,

Acaena exigua, Achyranthes mutica, Ctenitis squamigera, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Mariscus pennatiformis, Phlegmariurus mannii, Phlegmariurus nutans, Silene lanceolata, Solanum incompletum

, and

Vigna o-wahuensis

, are known only from historical records (pre-1970) on Kauai and/or Niihau, or from undocumented observations, or are no longer extant in the wild on these islands. These species do occur on other islands, however.

Table 1.—Summary of Island Distribution of 95 Species From Kauai and Niihau

Species

Island Distribution

Kauai

Oahu

Molokai

Lanai

Maui

Hawaii

N.W. Isles, Kahoolawe Niihau

Acaena exigua

(liliwai)

H

C

Achyranthes mutica

(NCN)

H

C

Adenophorus periens

(NCN)

C

H

C

R

R

C

Alectryon macrococcus

(mahoe)

C

C

C

C

Alsinidendron lychnoides

(kuawawaunohu)

C

Alsinidendron viscosum

(NCN)

C

Bonamia menziesii

(NCN)

C

C

H

C

C

C

Brighamia insignis

(olulu)

C

Ni(C).

Centaurium sebaeoides

(awiwi)

C

C

C

C

C

Chamaesyce halemanui

(akoko)

C

Ctenitis squamigera

(pauoa)

H

C

H

C

C

Cyanea asarifolia

(haha)

C

Cyanea recta

(haha)

C

Cyanea remyi

(haha)

C

Cyanea undulata

(haha)

C

Cyperus trachysanthos

(pu ukaa)

C

C

H

H

Ni(C).

Cyrtandra cyaneoides

(mapele)

C

Cyrtandra limahuliensis

(haiwale)

C

Delissea rhytidosperma

(NCN)

C

Delissea rivularis

(NCN)

C

Delissea undulata

(NCN)

C

H

C

Ni(H).

Diellia erecta

(NCN)

H

C

C

H

C

C

Diellia pallida

(NCN)

C

Diplazium molokaiense

(NCN)

H

H

H

H

C

Dubautia latifolia

(kahalapehu)

C

Dubautia pauciflorula

(naenae)

C

Euphorbia haeleeleana

(akoko)

C

C

Exocarpos luteolus

(heau)

C

Flueggea neowawraea

(mehamehame)

C

C

H

C

C

Gouania meyenii

(NCN)

C

C

Hedyotis cookiana

(awiwi)

C

H

H

H

Hedyotis st.-johnii

(NCN)

C

Hesperomannia lydgatei

(NCN)

C

Hibiscadelphus woodii

(hau kuahiwi)

C

Hibiscus brackenridgei

(mao hau hele)

H

C

H

C

C

C

Ka(R).

Hibiscus clayi

(kokio ulaula)

C

Hibiscus waimeae

ssp.

hannerae

(kokio keokeo)

C

Ischaemum byrone

(Hilo ischaemum)

R

H

C

C

C

Isodendrion laurifolium

(aupaka)

C

C

Isodendrion longifolium

(aupaka)

C

C

Isodendrion pyrifolium

(wahine noho kula)

H

H

H

H

C

Ni(H).

Kokia kauaiensis

(kokio)

C

Labordia lydgatei

(kamakahala)

C

Labordia tinifolia

var.

wahiawaensis

(kamakahala)

C

Lipochaeta fauriei

(nehe)

C

Lipochaeta micrantha

(nehe)

C

Lipochaeta waimeaensis

(nehe)

C

Lobelia niihauensis

(NCN)

C

C

Ni(H).

Lysimachia filifolia

(NCN)

C

C

Mariscus pennatiformis

(NCN)

H

H

C

H

NW (C).

Melicope haupuensis

(alani)

C

Melicope knudsenii

(alani)

C

C

Melicope pallida

(alani)

C

C

Melicope quadrangularis

(alani)

H

Munroidendron racemosum

(NCN)

C

Myrsine linearifolia

(kolea)

C

Nothocestrum peltatum

(aiea)

C

Panicum niihauense

(NCN)

C

Ni(H).

Peucedanum sandwicense

(makou)

C

C

C

C

Phlegmariurus mannii

(wawaeiole)

H

C

C

Phlegmariurus nutans

(wawaeiole)

H

C

Phyllostegia knudsenii

(NCN)

C

Phyllostegia waimeae

(NCN)

H

Phyllostegia wawrana

(NCN)

C

Plantago princeps

(ale)

C

C

C

C

H

Platanthera holochila

(NCN)

C

H

C

C

Poa mannii

(NCN)

C

Poa sandvicensis

(NCN)

C

Poa siphonoglossa

(NCN)

C

Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii

(wahane)

Ni(C).

Pritchardia napaliensis

(loulu)

C

Pritchardia viscosa

(loulu)

C

Pteralyxia kauaiensis

(kaulu)

C

Remya kauaiensis

(NCN)

C

Remya montgomeryi

(NCN)

C

Schiedea apokremnos

(NCN)

C

Schiedea helleri

(NCN)

C

Schiedea kauaiensis

(NCN)

C

Schiedea membranacea

(NCN)

C

Schiedea nuttallii

(NCN)

C

C

R

R

Schiedea spergulina

var.

leiopoda

(NCN)

C

Schiedea spergulina

var.

spergulina

(NCN)

C

Schiedea stellarioides

(NCN)

C

Sesbania tomentosa

(ohai)

C

C

C

H

C

C

NW, Ka, Ni (H).

Silene lanceolata

(NCN)

H

C

C

H

C

Solanum incompletum

(popolo ku mai)

H

H

H

H

C

Solanum sandwicense

(popolo aiakeakua)

C

H

Spermolepis hawaiiensis

(NCN)

C

C

C

C

C

C

Stenogyne campanulata

(NCN)

C

Vigna o-wahuensis

(NCN)

H

C

C

C

C

Ni (H), Ka (C).

Viola helenae

(NCN)

C

Viola kauaiensis

var.

wahiawaensis

(nani wai ale)

C

Wilkesia hobdyi

(iliau)

C

Xylosma crenatum

(NCN)

C

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

(ae)

C

C

H

C

C

KEY

C (Current)—population last observed within the past 30 years.

H (Historical)—population not seen for more than 30 years.

R (Reported)—reported from undocumented observations.

The plants considered in this rule were listed as endangered or threatened species under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act), between 1991 and 1996. At the time each plant was listed, we determined that designation of critical habitat was not prudent because designation would increase the degree of threat to the species and/or would not benefit the plant. These not-prudent determinations, along with the not-prudent determinations for 150 other Hawaiian plants, were challenged in

Conservation Council for Hawaii

v.

Babbitt

, 2 F. Supp. 2d 1280 (D. Hawaii). On March 9, 1998, the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii directed us to review the prudency determinations for 245 listed plant species in Hawaii. On August 10, 1998, the court ordered us to publish proposed critical habitat designations or non-designations for at least 100 species by November 30, 2000, and to publish proposed designations or non-designations for the remaining 145 species by April 30, 2002. To comply with the Court's order, between now and April 30, 2002, we plan to publish seven rules that will include proposed determinations of whether critical habitat is prudent, along with designations if appropriate. Each rule, arranged by island or island group (Kauai and Niihau; Maui and Kahoolawe; Lanai; Molokai; Northwest Hawaiian Islands; Hawaii; Oahu), will contain the proposed prudency determination and, when appropriate, proposed designations of critical habitat for each plant species known to occur from that island or group of islands. This determination and proposed rule for 79 plants currently found on the islands of Kauai and Niihau responds to the court order. The proposed prudency determinations for

Melicope quadrangularis

and

Phyllostegia waimeae

, which appear to be no longer extant in the wild, will also be made in this rule. The proposed prudency determinations and, if appropriate, critical habitat designation for the 14 species that no longer occur on Kauai and/or Niihau, but do occur on other islands, will be made in subsequent rules (Table 2).

Table 2.—List of Proposed Rules in Which Prudency Determinations and Critical Habitat Designations/Non Designations Will Be Proposed for the 14 Species That No Longer Occur on Kauai or Niihau

Species

Proposed rule in which prudency will be proposed

Proposed rule in which critical habitat designations/non

designations will be discussed

Acaena exigua

Maui and Kahoolawe

Maui and Kahoolawe.

Achranthes mutica

Hawaii

Hawaii.

Ctenitis squamigera

Maui and Kahoolawe

Maui and Kahoolawe; Lanai; Oahu.

Diellia erecta

Maui and Kahoolawe

Maui and Kahoolawe; Molokai; Hawaii; Oahu.

Diplazium molokaiense

Maui and Kahoolawe

Maui and Kahoolawe.

Hibiscus brackenridgei

Maui and Kahoolawe

Maui and Kahoolawe; Lanai; Hawaii; Oahu.

Ischaemum byrone

Maui and Kahoolawe

Maui and Kahoolawe; Molokai; Hawaii.

Isodendrion pyrifolium

Hawaii

Hawaii.

Mariscus pennatiformis

Maui and Kahoolawe

Maui and Kahoolawe; NW Hawaiian Islands; Hawaii.

Phlegmariurus mannii

Maui and Kahoolawe

Maui and Kahoolawe; Hawaii.

Phlegmariurus nutans

Oahu

Oahu.

Silene lanceolata

Molokai

Molokai; Hawaii; Oahu.

Solanum incompletum

Hawaii

Hawaii.

Vigna o-wahuensis

Maui and Kahoolawe

Maui and Kahoolawe; Lanai; Molokai; Hawaii.

The Islands of Kauai and Niihau

Because of its age and relative isolation, levels of floristic diversity and endemism are higher on Kauai than on any other island in the Hawaiian archipelago. However, the vegetation of Kauai has undergone extreme alterations because of past and present land use. Land with rich soils was

altered by the early Hawaiians, and more recently, converted to agricultural use or pasture (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999). Intentional or inadvertent introduction of nonnative plant and animal species has also contributed to the reduction of native vegetation on the island of Kauai. Native forests are now limited to the upper elevation mesic (moist) and wet regions within Kauai's conservation district. The land that supports the 79 extant plant taxa is owned by various private parties, the State of Hawaii (including State parks, forest reserves, and natural area reserves), and the United States of America. Most of the taxa included in this proposed rule persist on steep slopes, precipitous cliffs, valley headwalls, and other regions where unsuitable topography has prevented agricultural development or where inaccessibility has limited encroachment by nonnative plant and animal species.

Niihau's relative isolation and severe environmental conditions have produced a few endemic species. Unfortunately, human disturbance, primarily ungulate ranching, has drastically changed the vegetation and hydrologic parameters of the island, leaving few of the native vegetation communities. Niihau has been privately owned since 1864 and access has been and continues to be restricted (Department of Geography 1998). Therefore, current information on plant locations and population status is extremely limited.

Discussion of the 79 Extant Plant Taxa

Species Endemic to Kauai and Niihau

Alsinidendron lychnoides

Alsinidendron lychnoides

, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a weakly climbing or sprawling woody, at least at the base, subshrub with a dense covering of fine glandular hairs throughout. This short-lived perennial species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the weakly climbing or sprawling habit, color of the sepals, number of flowers per cluster, and size of the leaves. It is closely related to

Alsinidendron viscosum

, which differs primarily in having narrower leaves, fewer capsule valves, and fewer flowers per cluster (Wagner

et al.

1999).

This species was observed with fruits during February (USFWS 1998a). No additional life history information for this species is currently available.

Historically,

Alsinidendron lychnoides

was found on the east rim of Kalalau Valley near Keanapuka, the western and southeastern margins of the Alakai Swamp, and southwest of the Swamp near Kaholuamano on the island of Kauai. Currently, there are a total of four populations with a total of six individual plants (HINHP Database 1999). This species is extant on State-owned land in the Alakai Swamp, including the Alakai Wilderness Preserve, and on State-owned land on the west and east rims of Kalalau Valley (Geographic Decision Systems International (GDSI) 1999). This latter population occurs on the boundary of Hono O Na Pali Natural Area Reserve (NAR) and Na Pali Coast State Park (61 FR 53070; GDSI 1999).

Alsinidendron lychnoides

typically grows in montane wet forests dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha

(ohia) and

Cheirodendron

sp. (olapa), or by

M. polymorpha

and

Dicranopteris linearis

(uluhe), trailing on the ground or on other vegetation, and at elevations between 1,100 and 1,320 m (3,610 and 4,330 ft). Associated plant species include

Carex

sp. (No Common Name (NCN)),

Cyrtandra

sp. (haiwale),

Machaerina

sp. (uki),

Vaccinium

sp. (ohelo),

Peperomia

sp. (ala ala wai nui),

Hedyotis terminalis

(manono),

Astelia

sp. (painiu), and

Broussaisia arguta

(kanawao) (61 FR 53070).

The major threats to this species are competition from the aggressive alien plant species

Rubus argutus

(prickly Florida blackberry); habitat degradation by feral pigs (

Sus scrofa

); trampling by humans; risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (such as landslides or hurricanes); and by reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of extant individuals (61 FR 53070).

Alsinidendron viscosum

Alsinidendron viscosum

, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a weakly climbing or sprawling subshrub densely covered with fine glandular hairs. This short-lived perennial species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the weakly climbing or sprawling habit, color of the sepals, number of flowers per cluster, and size of the leaves. It is closely related to

Alsinidendron lychnoides

, which differs primarily in having wider leaves and more capsule valves and flowers per cluster (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Alsinidendron viscosum

was observed in flower during January, February, and April 1995 (USFWS 1998a). No additional life history information for this species is currently available.

Historically,

Alsinidendron viscosum

was found at Kaholuamano, Kokee, Halemanu, Nawaimaka, and Waialae areas of northwestern Kauai. Currently, there are a total of four populations containing a total of 98 individuals on the island of Kauai (HINHP Database 1999). These populations are reported on the ridge between Waialae and Nawaimaka Valleys, in the same general area on a north-facing ridge in Nawaimaka Valley, along the Mohihi-Waialae Trail, and along the Ditch Trail in the Kokee area on State and privately owned lands (61 FR 5307; GDSI 1999).

Alsinidendron viscosum

is typically found at elevations between 820 and 1,200 m (2,700 and 3,940 ft), on steep slopes in

Acacia koa

(koa)-

Metrosideros polymorpha

lowland or montane mesic or wet forest. Associated plant species include

Alyxia olivaeformis

(maile),

Bidens cosmoides

(poola nui),

Bobea

sp. (ahakea),

Carex

sp.,

Coprosma

sp. (pilo),

Dodonaea viscosa

(aalii),

Gahnia

sp. (NCN),

Ilex anomala

(aiea),

Melicope

sp. (alani),

Pleomele

sp. (hala pepe),

Psychotria

sp. (kopiko), and

Schiedea stellarioides

(61 FR 53070).

The major threats to this species are destruction of habitat by feral pigs and goats (

Capra hircus

); competition with the alien plant species

Rubus argutus, Lantana camara

(lantana), and

Melinis minutiflora

(molasses grass); and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and from reduced reproductive vigor, due to the small number of extant populations and individuals (61 FR 53070).

Brighamia insignis

Brighamia insignis

, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is an unbranched plant with a succulent stem that is bulbous at the bottom and tapers toward the top, ending in a compact rosette of fleshy leaves. This short-lived perennial species is a member of a unique endemic Hawaiian genus with only one other species,

B. rockii

, presently known only from Molokai, from which it differs by the color of its petals, its shorter calyx lobes, and its longer flower stalks (59 FR 9304; Lammers 1999).

Current reproduction is not thought to be sufficient to sustain populations, with poor seedling establishment due to competition with alien grasses as the limiting factor (59 FR 9304). Pollination by native sphingid moths (Sphingidae family) is likely; however, pollination failure is common, due to either a lack of pollinators or a reduction in genetic variability. The flower structure appears to favor outcrossing (pollination between different parent plants). Some vegetative cloning has been observed and flower and leaf size appear to be dependent on moisture availability (59 FR 9304). Seeds of this species are undoubtedly dispersed by gravity.

Although they may be blown for short distances, they are not obviously adapted for wind dispersal, being ovoid to ellipsoid, smooth, and lacking any sort of wing or outgrowth (USFWS 1995).

Historically,

Brighamia insignis

was known from the headland between Hoolulu and Waiahuakua Valleys along the Na Pali Coast on the island of Kauai, and from Kaali Spring on the island of Niihau. Currently, there are a total of five populations containing a total of 45-65 individuals on the islands of Kauai and Niihau (HINHP Database 1999). It is reported on State and privately owned lands along the Na Pali Coast within or on the boundary of the Hono O Na Pali NAR, in Hoolulu, Waiahuakua, and the Haupu Range on the island of Kauai, and on the island of Niihau (GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999; Steve Perlman, National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG), pers. comm. 2000; USFWS 1995).

Brighamia insignis

is found from sea level to 480 m (1,575 ft) elevation on rocky ledges with little soil or on steep sea cliffs in lowland dry grasslands or shrublands with annual rainfall that is usually less than 170 cm (65 in.). Associated native plant taxa include

Artemisia

sp. (ahinahina),

Chamaesyce celastroides

(akoko),

Canthium odoratum

(alahee),

Eragrostis variabilis

(kawelu),

Heteropogon contortus

(pili grass),

Hibiscus kokio

(kokio),

Hibiscus saintjohnianus

(kokio),

Lepidium serra

(anaunau),

Lipochaeta succulenta

(nehe),

Munroidendron racemosum

, and

Sida fallax

(ilima) (59 FR 9304).

The major threats to this plant are browsing and habitat degradation by feral goats; human disturbance; fire; the Carmine spider mite (

Tetranychus cinnabarinus

); a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, due to the small number of individuals; restricted distribution; reduced reproductive vigor; and competition from alien plant species such as

Melinis minutiflora, Setaria gracilis

(yellow foxtail),

Sporobolus africanus

(smutgrass),

Lantana camara, Psidium cattleianum

(strawberry guava),

Psidium guajava

(common guava),

Kalanchoe pinnata

(air plant),

Ageratum conyzoides

(maile hohono), and

Stachytarpheta dichotoma

(owi) (59 FR 9304).

Chamaesyce halemanui

Chamaesyce halemanui

, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), is a scandent (climbing) shrub. It is distinguished from closely related species by its decussate leaves, persistent stipules, more compact flower clusters, shorter stems on cyathia, and smaller capsules (57 FR 20580; Koutnik 1987; Koutnik and Huft 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Chamaesyce halemanui

. Although the plant is a short-lived perennial, its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically,

Chamaesyce halemanui

was found in Kauhao and Makaha Valleys in the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Mahanaloa Valley in Kuia NAR, the Halemanu drainage in Kokee State Park, and Olokele Canyon on the island of Kauai (HINHP Database 1999; Ken Wood, NTBG,

in litt

. 1999). Currently, there is a total of seven populations, with 88 to 139 individuals, at Kohua Ridge, Makaha Valley, Waialae Ridge, and the Halemanu drainage, all State-owned land (HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood,

in litt

. 1999; GDSI 1999).

Chamaesyce

halemanui is typically found on the steep slopes of gulches in mesic

Acacia koa

forests at an elevation of 660 to 1,100 m (2,165 to 3,610 ft). Associated native species include

Metrosideros polymorpha, Alphitonia ponderosa

(kauila),

Antidesma platyphyllum

(hame),

Bobea brevipes

(ahakea lau lii),

Cheirodendron trigynum

(olapa),

Coprosma

sp.,

Diospyros sandwicensis

(lama),

Dodonaea viscosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus

(kalia),

Hedyotis terminalis, Kokia kauaiensis, Melicope haupuensis, Pisonia

sp. (papala kepau),

Pittosporum

sp. (ho awa),

Pleomele aurea

(hala pepe),

Psychotria mariniana

(kopiko),

P. greenwelliae

(kopiko),

Pouteria sandwicensis

(alaa),

Santalum freycinetianum

(iliahi), and

Styphelia tameiameiae

(pukiawe) (57 FR 20580).

The major threats to this species are competition from alien plants, such as

Lantana camara, Psidium cattleianum

, and

Stenotaphrum secundatum

(St. Augustine grass); habitat degradation by feral pigs; restricted distribution; small population size; increased potential for extinction resulting from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes; and depressed reproductive vigor (57 FR 20580).

Cyanea asarifolia

Cyanea asarifolia,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a sparingly branched shrub. This short-lived perennial species is distinguished from others of the genus that grow on Kauai by the shape of the leaf base, the leaf width in proportion to the length, and the presence of a leaf stalk (59 FR 9304; Lammers 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Cyanea asarifolia

. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically,

Cyanea asarifolia

was known only from above the bed of Anahola Stream on Kauai (HINHP Database 1999). Currently, two populations with a total of 9 to 11 total individuals are reported from the headwaters of the Wailua River in central Kauai on State-owned land (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).

This species typically grows in pockets of soil on sheer rock cliffs in lowland wet forests at an elevation of approximately 330 to 730 m (1,080 to 2,400 ft). Associated plant taxa include ferns,

Hedyotis elatior

(awiwi),

Machaerina angustifolia

(uki),

Metrosideros polymorpha, Touchardia latifolia

(olona), and

Urera glabra

(opuhe) (59 FR 9304).

The major threats to this species are a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as hurricanes and rock slides, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals; introduced slugs; rodents (

Rattus rattus

and

Mus musculus

); and habitat degradation by feral pigs (59 FR 9304).

Cyanea recta

Cyanea recta

, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is an unbranched shrub with densely hairy flowers. This short-lived perennial species is distinguished from other species in the genus that grow on Kauai by the following collective characteristics: horizontal or ascending inflorescence, narrowly elliptic leaves 12 to 28 cm (4.7 to 11 in.) long, flat leaf margins, and purple berries (Lammers 1999).

No life history information for this species is currently available.

Historically,

Cyanea recta

was found in upper Hanalei Valley, Waioli Valley, Hanapepe Valley, Kalalau cliffs, Wainiha Valley, Makaleha Mountains, Limahuli Valley, Power line Trail, and the Lehua Makanoe-Alakai area on the island of Kauai. Currently, there is a total of eight populations, with between 599 and 609 individuals, on State and private lands in the following areas: upper Waioli Valley, Wainiha Valley, Makaleha Mountains, Limahuli Valley, and the Wahiawa Bog area, Iliiliula drainage, and the back of Hanalei Valley (GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999).

Cyanea recta

grows in lowland wet or mesic

Metrosideros polymorpha

forest or shrubland, usually in gulches or on slopes, and typically from 400 to 1,200 m (1,310 to 3,940 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include

Dicranopteris linearis, Psychotria

sp.,

Antidesma

sp. (hame),

Cheirodendron platyphyllum

(lapalapa),

Cibotium

sp. (hapuu), and

Diplazium

sp. (NCN) (61 FR 53070).

The major threats to this species are bark removal and other damage by rats (

Rattus

sp.); habitat degradation by feral pigs; browsing by goats; unidentified slugs that feed on the stems; and competition with the alien plant species

Blechnum occidentale

(blechnum fern),

Lantana camara, Rubus rosaefolius

(thimbleberry),

Clidemia hirta

(Koster's curse),

Crassocephalum crepidioides

(NCN),

Deparia petersenii

(NCN),

Erechtites valerianaefolia

(fireweed),

Melastoma candidum

(NCN),

Paspalum conjugatum

(Hilo grass),

Sacciolepis indica

(Glenwood grass), and

Youngia japonica

(Oriental hawksbeard) (61 FR 53070).

Cyanea remyi

Cyanea remyi

, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a shrub with generally unbranched, unarmed (lacking prickles) stems which are hairy toward the base. This short-lived perennial species is distinguished from others in the genus that grow on Kauai by its shrubby habit, relatively slender, unarmed stems, smooth or minutely toothed leaves, densely hairy flowers, the shape of the calyx lobes, length of the calyx and corolla, and length of the corolla lobe relative to the floral tube (Lammers 1999).

No life history information for this species is currently available.

Currently, there are seven known populations with a total of 294-384 plants on the island of Kauai (HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Cyanea remyi

is reported from Waioli Valley, at the base of Mount Waialeale, in the Wahiawa Mountains near Hulua, on the summit plateau of the Makaleha Mountains, and in Limahuli Valley, on State and privately owned lands (Lammers and Lorence 1993; HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999; GDSI 1999).

Cyanea remyi

is usually found in lowland wet forest or shrubland at an elevation of 360 to 930 m (1,180 to 3,060 ft). Associated plant species include

Antidesma

sp.,

Cheirodendron

sp.,

Diospyros

sp. (lama),

Broussaisia arguta, Metrosideros polymorpha, Freycinetia arborea

(ieie),

Hedyotis terminalis, Machaerina angustifolia, Perrottetia sandwicensis

(olomea),

Psychotria hexandra

(kopiko), and

Syzygium sandwicensis

(ohia ha) (61 FR 53070).

The major threats to this species are competition with the alien plant species

Erechtites valerianaefolia, Paspalum conjugatum, Psidium cattleianum, Rubus rosaefolius,

and

Melastoma candidum;

habitat degradation by feral pigs; browsing by feral goats; predation by rats; unidentified slugs that feed on the stems; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, due to the small number of remaining populations (61 FR 53070).

Cyanea undulata

Cyanea undulata

is an unbranched (or the stem is occasionally forked) shrub or undershrub with fine rust-colored hairs covering the lower surface of the leaves (Lammers 1999).

Native members of the Campanulaceae (bellflower) family, including the genus

Cyanea,

are generally believed to have adapted to pollination by native nectar-eating passerine birds, such as the Hawaiian “honeycreepers.” The long, tubular, slightly curved flowers of

C. undulata

fit this model, but field observations are lacking. The fleshy orange fruits of this species are adapted for bird dispersal like other species of

Cyanea.

Although recognized as a short-lived perennial species, specific details of the life history of this species, such as growth rates, age plants begin to flower, and longevity of plants, are unknown.

Cyanea undulata

is found in pristine, undisturbed, and uninvaded sites, often on shady stream banks or on steep to vertical slopes that are prone to erosion or landslides (Lorence and Flynn 1991; USFWS 1994).

Historically,

Cyanea undulata

was known only from the Wahiawa Bog area on Kauai. Currently, one population with a total of 28 plants is reported on privately owned land between 630 to 800 m (2,070 to 2,625 ft) elevation along the bank of a tributary of the Wahiawa Stream in the Wahiawa Drainage (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).

The primary threats to this species include competition with the alien plant species

Psidium cattleianum, Melastoma candidum, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa

(rose myrtle),

Clidemia hirta, Melaleuca quinquenervia

(paperbark tree),

Stachytarpheta dichotoma, Rubus rosaefolius, Elephantopus mollis

(NCN),

Erechtites valerianefolia, Youngia japonica, Pluchea carolinensis

(sourbush),

Oplismenus hirtellus

(basketgrass),

Paspalum conjugatum, Paspalum urvillei

(Vasey grass),

Sacciolepis indica, Setaria gracilis, Deparia petersenii,

and

Cyathea cooperi

(Australian tree fern); trampling by feral pigs; landslides; seed predation by rats; herbivory by introduced slugs; loss of pollinators; hurricanes; decreased reproductive vigor; restricted distribution; and extinction due to unforseen circumstances because of small population size (USFWS 1994; 56 FR 47695).

Cyrtandra cyaneoides

Cyrtandra cyaneoides,

a member of the African violet family (Gesneriaceae), is an erect or ascending, fleshy, usually unbranched shrub with opposite toothed leaves which have impressed veins on the lower surface that are sparsely covered with long hairs. This short-lived perennial species differs from others of the genus that grow on Kauai by being a succulent, erect or ascending shrub and having a bilaterally symmetrical calyx that is spindle-shaped in bud and falls off after flowering, leaves with a wrinkled surface, 40 to 55 cm (16 to 22 in.) long and 22 to 35 cm (9 to 14 in.) wide, and berries with shaggy hairs (Wagner

et al.

1999).

No life history information for this species is currently available.

Historically,

Cyrtandra cyaneoides

was known to occur only along the trail to Waialae Valley on Kauai (61 FR 53070). It is currently known from four populations on private and State lands with a total of 352 to 452 individuals at Namolokama above Lumahai Valley, the Makaleha Plateau, Wainiha Valley, and upper Waioli Valley (GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999).

Cyrtandra cyaneoides

typically grows on steep slopes or cliffs near streams or waterfalls in lowland or montane wet forest or shrubland dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha

or a mixture of

M. polymorpha

and

Dicranopteris linearis

between 550 and 1,220 m (1,800 and 4,000 ft) elevation. Associated native species include

Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus

sp. (mamaki),

Bidens

sp. (ko oko olau),

Psychotria

sp.,

Pritchardia

sp. (loulu),

Freycinetia arborea, Cyanea

sp. (haha),

Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Diplazium sandwichianum

(NCN),

Gunnera

sp.(ape ape),

Coprosma

sp.,

Stenogyne

sp. (NCN),

Machaerina

sp.,

Boehmeria grandis

(akolea),

Pipturus

sp.,

Cheirodendron

sp.,

Hedyotis terminalis,

and

Hedyotis tryblium

(NCN) (61 FR 53070).

The major threats to this species are competition with alien plant species such as

Paspalum conjugatum, Rubus rosaefolius, Deparia petersenii,

and

Drymaria cordata

(pipili); predation of seeds by rats; reduced reproductive vigor and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides and hurricanes, due to the small number of populations; and habitat degradation by feral pigs (61 FR 53070).

Cyrtandra limahuliensis

Cyrtandra limahuliensis

, a member of the African violet family (Gesneriaceae), is an unbranched or few-branched shrub with moderately or densely hairy leaves. The following combination of characteristics distinguishes this short-lived perennial species from others of the genus: the leaves are usually hairy (especially on lower surfaces), the usually symmetrical calyx is tubular or funnel-shaped and encloses the fruit at maturity, and the flowers are borne singly (Wagner

et al

. 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Cyrtandra limahuliensis

. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically,

Cyrtandra limahuliensis

was known from three locations on Kauai: Wainiha Valley, Lumahai Valley, and near Kilauea River (HINHP Database 1999). Currently, a total of 13 populations containing 928-1,029 plants are reported on private and State lands in Wainiha Valley, Limahuli Valley, Waipa Valley, on Mount Kahili, along the north fork of Wahiawa Stream, along Anahola Stream, Waioli Valley, and near Powerline Trail. However, it has been estimated that the total number of plants on Kauai may be as high as a few thousand (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).

This species typically grows along streams in lowland wet forests at elevations between 245 and 915 m (800 and 3,000 ft). Associated taxa include

Antidesma

sp.,

Cyrtandra kealiea

(haiwale),

Pisonia

sp.,

Pipturus

sp.,

Cibotium glaucum

(hapuu),

Eugenia

sp. (nioi),

Hedyotis terminalis, Dubautia

sp. (na ena e),

Boehmeria grandis, Touchardia latifolia, Bidens

sp.,

Hibiscus waimeae

(kikio ke okeo),

Charpentiera

sp. (papala),

Urera glabra, Pritchardia

sp.,

Cyanea

sp.,

Perrottetia sandwicensis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Dicranopteris linearis, Gunnera kauaiensis

(apeape), and

Psychotria

sp. (59 FR 9304).

The major threats to this species are competition from alien plant species

(Psidium cattleianum, Paspalum conjugatum, Melastoma candidum, Psidium guajava, Hedychium flavescens

(yellow ginger),

Rubus rosaefolius, Youngia japonica, Erechtites valerianefolia, Blechnum occidentale

, and

Clidemia hirta

); habitat degradation by feral pigs; natural landslides; and hurricanes (59 FR 9304).

Delissea rhytidosperma

Delissea rhytidosperma

, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a branched shrub with lance-shaped or elliptic toothed leaves. This short-lived perennial species differs from other taxa of the genus by the shape, length, and margins of the leaves and by having hairs at the base of the anthers (Lammers 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Delissea rhytidosperma

. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically,

Delissea rhytidosperma

was known from as far north as Wainiha and Limahuli Valleys, as far east as Kapaa and Kealia, and as far south as Haupu Range and between the elevations of 120 and 915 m (400 and 3,000 ft) on the island of Kauai (HINHP Database 1999). Currently, three populations, on State and private lands, with a total of 20 individuals are reported from the Haupu range, Mahanaloa Valley, and Limahuli Valley (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).

This species generally grows in diverse lowland mesic forests or Acacia koa-dominated lowland dry forests that have well-drained soils with medium-to fine-textured subsoil. Associated native plant taxa includes

Euphorbia haeleeleana, Psychotria hobdyi

(kopiko),

Pisonia

sp.,

Pteralyxia

sp. (kaulu),

Dodonaea viscosa, Cyanea

sp.,

Hedyotis

sp. (NCN),

Dianella sandwicensis

(ukiuki),

Diospyros sandwicensis, Styphelia tameiameiae

, and

Nestegis sandwicensis

(olopua) (59 FR 9304).

The major threats to this species are predation and/or habitat degradation by mule or black-tailed deer (

Odocoileus hemionus columbianus

), feral pigs, and goats; herbivory by rats and introduced slugs; fire; and competition with the alien plants

Lantana camara, Passiflora ligularis

(sweet granadilla),

Cordyline fruticosa

(ti), and

Passiflora mollissima

(banana poka); and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals (59 FR 9304; USFWS 1995).

Delissea rivularis

Delissea rivularis

, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a shrub, unbranched or branched near the base, with hairy stems and leaves arranged in a rosette at the tips of the stems. This short-lived perennial species is distinguished from others of the genus by the color, length, and curvature of the corolla, shape of the leaves, and presence of hairs on the stems, leaves, flower clusters, and corolla (Lammers 1999).

No life history information for this species is currently available.

Historically,

Delissea rivularis

was found at Waiakealoha waterfall, Waialae Valley, Hanakoa Valley, and Kaholuamanu on the island of Kauai (61 FR 53070). Currently, this species is known from two populations with a total of 40 individuals (HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999). One population is reported in the upper Hanakoa Valley stream area on State land within the Hono O Na Pali NAR between 1,100 to 1,220 m (3,610 to 4,000 ft) elevation, while the other is reported in the upper Hanakapiai drainage, on privately owned land (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood

in litt.

1999).

Delissea rivularis

is found on steep slopes in

Metrosideros polymorpha-Cheirodendron trigynum

montane wet or mesic forest, near streams. Associated native species include

Broussaisia arguta

,

Carex

sp.,

Coprosma

sp.,

Melicope clusiifolia

(kolokolo mokihana),

Melicope anisata

(mokihana),

Psychotria hexandra

,

Dubautia knudsenii

(na ena e),

Diplazium sandwichianum

,

Hedyotis foggiana

(NCN),

Ilex anomala

, and

Sadleria

sp. (amau) (61 FR 53070).

The major threats to this species are competition with the encroaching alien plant

Rubus argutus

; habitat destruction by feral pigs; predation by rats; and reduced reproductive vigor and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, due to the small number of remaining individuals (61 FR 53070; USFWS 1998a).

Diellia pallida

Diellia pallida

, a member of the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), is a plant that grows in tufts of three to four light green, lance-shaped fronds along with a few persistent dead ones. This short-lived perennial species differs from others of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the color and sheen of the midrib, the presence and color of scales on the midrib, and the frequent fusion of sori (Wagner 1952, 1987).

Little is known about the life history of

Diellia pallida

. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Diellia pallida

was known historically from Halemanu on the island of Kauai (59 FR 9304). Currently, there is a total of five populations with 20-25 individuals in Koaie Canyon, Mahanaloa Valley, and Makaha Valley, all on State-owned land (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

This species grows on bare soil on steep, rocky, dry slopes in lowland mesic forests, from 520 to 915 m (1,700 to 3,000 ft) in elevation. Associated native plant taxa include

Acacia koa

,

Alectryon macrococcus

,

Antidesma platyphyllum

,

Metrosideros polymorpha

,

Myrsine lanaiensis

(kolea),

Zanthoxylum dipetalum

(ae),

Tetraplasandra kauaiensis

(ohe ohe),

Psychotria mariniana

,

Carex meyenii

(NCN),

Diospyros hillebrandii

(lama),

Hedyotis knudsenii

(NCN),

Canthium odoratum

,

Pteralyxia kauaiensis

,

Nestegis sandwicensis

,

Alyxia olivaeformis

,

Wilkesia gymnoxiphium

(iliau),

Alphitonia ponderosa

,

Styphelia tameiameiae

, and

Rauvolfia sandwicensis

(hao) (59 FR 9304).

The major threats to this species include competition with the alien plants

Lantana camara

,

Melia azedarach

(Chinaberry),

Stenotaphrum secundatum

,

Oplismenus hirtellus

,

Aleurites moluccana

(kukui) and

Cordyline fruticosa

; predation and habitat degradation by feral goats, pigs, and deer; fire; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals (59 FR 9304).

Dubautia latifolia

Dubautia latifolia

, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a diffusely branched, woody perennial vine with leaves which are conspicuously net-veined, with the smaller veins outlining nearly square areas. A vining habit, distinct petioles, and broad leaves with conspicuous net veins outlining squarish areas separate this from closely related species (Carr 1982b, 1985, 1999a).

Individual plants of this species do not appear to be able to fertile themselves. Since at least some individuals of

Dubautia latifolia

require cross-pollination, the wide spacing of individual plants (

e.g.

, each 0.5 km (0.3 mi) apart) may pose a threat to the reproductive potential of the species. The very low seed set noted in plants in the wild indicates a reproductive problem, possibly asynchronous flowering. Seedling establishment is also rare and young plants are rarely seen.

Dubautia latifolia

experiences seasonal vegetative decline during the spring and summer, often losing most of its leaves. New growth and flowering occur in the fall with fruits developing in November. Pollinators and seed dispersal agents are unknown (Carr 1982b; USFWS 1995).

Historically,

Dubautia latifolia

was found in the Makaha, Awaawapuhi, Waialae, Kawaiula, and Kauhao Valleys of the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Nualolo Trail and Valley in Kuia NAR, Halemanu in Kokee State Park, along Mohihi Road in both Kokee State Park and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, along the Mohihi-Waialae Trail on Mohihi and Kohua ridges in both Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve and Alakai Wilderness Preserve, and at Kaholuamanu on the island of Kauai (Carr 1982b; HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999). Currently, there are a total of 24 populations containing between 59-70 individuals on State and privately owned lands in all of the aforementioned areas, except Halemanu and Kaholuamanu (HINHP Database 1999 GDSI 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

This species typically grows on gentle to steep slopes in well drained soil and in semi-open or closed, diverse montane mesic forest dominated by

Acacia koa

and/or

Metrosideros polymorpha

, at elevations of 800 to 1,220 m (2,625 to 4,000 ft). Commonly associated native species are

Pouteria sandwicensis

,

Dodonaea viscosa

,

Nestegis sandwicensis

,

Diplazium sandwichianum

,

Elaeocarpus bifidus

,

Claoxylon sandwicense

(po ola),

Bobea

sp.,

Pleomele

sp.,

Antidesma

sp.,

Cyrtandra

sp.,

Xylosma

sp. (maua),

Alphitonia ponderosa

,

Coprosma waimeae

(olena),

Dicranopteris linearis

,

Hedyotis terminalis

,

Ilex anomala

,

Melicope anisata

,

Psychotria mariniana

, and

Scaevola

sp. (naupaka) (59 FR 9304).

The threats to this species include competition from the alien plants

Passiflora mollissima

,

Rubus argutus

,

Lonicera japonica

(Japanese honeysuckle),

Acacia mearnsii

(black wattle),

Hedychium

sp. (ginger),

Erigeron karvinskianus

(daisy fleabane), and

Psidium cattleianum

; damage from trampling and grazing by feral pigs and deer; vehicle traffic and road maintenance; seasonal dieback; small number of extant individuals; and restricted distribution (59 FR 9304).

Dubautia pauciflorula

Dubautia pauciflorula

, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a somewhat sprawling shrub or erect small tree with narrowly lance-shaped or elliptic leaves clustered toward the ends of the stems. The tiny, 2-4 flowered heads distinguish this short-lived perennial species from its relatives (Carr 1985, 1999a).

Few details are known about the life history of any

Dubautia

species under natural conditions. Certain species produce viable seed when self-pollinated (self-fertile), although others fail to do so (self-infertile). Low pollinator numbers resulting in reduced cross-pollination and consequently low numbers of viable seeds could explain the small population sizes. Because of their structure and small size, flowers of

D. pauciflorula

are presumably pollinated by small generalist insects, although field observations are lacking. The bristle-like pappus crowning the fruit probably represents an adaptation for wind dispersal. Very little is known about the life cycle of this species, including growth rates, longevity of the plants, and number of years the plants remain reproductive (56 FR 47695; Carr 1985; USFWS 1994).

Historically and currently, this species is found only on State and privately owned lands in the Wahiawa Drainage on Kauai (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999). There are a total of four populations containing 52 individual plants. These populations are found in lowland wet forest at elevations between 670-700 m (2,200-2,300 ft) (HINHP Database 1999).

The threats to this plant include direct competition with the alien plant species such as

Psidium cattleianum

and

Melastoma candidum

, and potential threats from

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa

,

Clidemia hirta

,

Melaleuca quinquenervia

,

Stachytarpheta dichotoma

,

Rubus rosaefolius

,

Elephantopus mollis

,

Erechtites valerianefolia

,

Youngia japonica

,

Pluchea carolinensis

,

Oplismenus hirtellus

,

Paspalum conjugatum

,

Paspalum urvillei

,

Sacciolepis indica

,

Setaria gracilis

,

Deparia petersenii

, and

Cyathea cooperi

; trampling by feral pigs; landslides and erosion; restricted distribution; and hurricanes (56 FR 47695; USFWS 1994).

Exocarpos luteolus

Exocarpos luteolus

, a member of the sandalwood family (Santalaceae), is a moderately to densely branched shrub with knobby branches and leaves which are either minute scales or typical leaves. This short-lived perennial species is distinguished from others of the genus by its generally larger fruit with 4 indentations and by the color of the receptacle and fruit (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Exocarpos luteolus.

This species tends to grow at habitat edges where there is adequate light (USFWS 1995). Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, other specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically,

Exocarpos luteolus

was known from three locations on Kauai: Wahiawa Bog, Kaholuamanu, and Kumuwela Ridge (HINHP Database

1999). Currently, there is a total of nine populations containing 69-70 individual plants (HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999). This species has a scattered distribution on State and privately owned lands and is reported on Kumuwela Ridge; in Kauaikanana Valley; near Honopu Trail; Waialae; on the rim of Kalalau Valley within or on the boundary of Kokee State Park; on Kamalii Ridge in Kealia Forest Reserve; in the Na Pali Kona Forest Reserve; Alakai Swamp; and in the Wahiawa Mountains (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

This species is found at elevations between 475 and 1,290 m (1,560 and 4,220 ft) in a variety of habitats: wet areas bordering swamps; on open, dry ridges; and lowland or montane,

Metrosideros polymorpha

-dominated wet forest communities (59 FR 9304). Associated species include

Acacia koa

,

Cheirodendron trigynum

,

Pouteria sandwicensis

,

Dodonaea viscosa

,

Pleomele aurea

,

Psychotria mariniana

,

Psychotria greenwelliae

,

Bobea brevipes

,

Hedyotis terminalis

,

Elaeocarpus bifidus

,

Melicope haupuensis

,

Dubautia laevigata

(na ena e),

Dianella sandwicensis

,

Poa sandvicensis

,

Schiedea stellarioides

,

Peperomia macraeana

(ala ala wai nui),

Claoxylon sandwicense

,

Santalum freycinetianum

,

Styphelia tameiameiae

, and

Dicranopteris linearis

(59 FR 9304; USFWS 1995).

The major threats to this species are feral goats and pigs; competition with the alien plants

Erigeron karvinskianus

,

Acacia mearnsii

,

Corynocarpus laevigata

(karakanut),

Myrica faya

(firetree), and

Rubus argutus

; seed predation by rats; fire; and erosion (59 FR 9304; USFWS 1995).

Hedyotis st.-johnii

Hedyotis st.-johnii

, a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a succulent perennial herb with slightly woody, trailing, quadrangular stems and fleshy leaves clustered towards the base of the stem. This species is distinguished from related species by its succulence, basally clustered fleshy leaves, shorter floral tube, and large leafy calyx lobes when in fruit (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Hedyotis st.-johnii.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Currently, there are a total of six populations, containing 223-278 individuals, on State owned land on the Na Pali coast of Kauai: between Kalalau and Honopu beaches, in Nualolo Valley, Nualolo Kai, at Milolii Beach, and in Polihale (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).

This plant grows in the crevices of north-facing, near-vertical coastal cliff faces within the spray zone (below 75 m (250 ft)). The associated vegetation is sparse dry coastal shrubland and includes species such as the native

Myoporum sandwicense

(naio),

Eragrostis variabilis

,

Lycium sandwicense

(ohelo kai),

Heteropogon contortus

,

Artemisia australis

(ahinahina), and

Chamaesyce celastroides

(56 FR 49639).

The major threats to this species are herbivory and habitat degradation by feral goats; competition from alien plant species, especially

Pluchea carolinensis

; landslides; fire; trampling and grazing by cattle (

Bos taurus

); and a risk of extinction due to naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, as well as decreased reproductive vigor because of the small population sizes and restricted distribution (56 FR 49639; USFWS 1995).

Hesperomannia lydgatei

Hesperomannia lydgatei

, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae) is a sparsely branched small long-lived perennial tree with alternately arranged, lance-shaped or elliptic leaves (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Hesperomannia lydgatei.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically,

Hesperomannia lydgatei

was found in the Wahiawa Mountains of Kauai. Currently, this species is known from State and privately owned lands in the Wahiawa and Waioli Stream areas. There are a total of four populations containing a total of 214 individual plants (GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Hesperomannia lydgatei

is found at elevations between 410-915 m (1,345-3,000 ft) along stream banks in rich brown soil and silty clay in

Metrosideros polymorpha

or

M. polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

lowland wet forest with one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Adenophorus

sp. (Pendant fern),

Antidesma

sp.,

Broussaisia arguta

,

Cheirodendron

sp.,

Elaphoglossum

sp. (Ekaha),

Freycinetia arborea

,

Hedyotis terminalis

,

Labordia lydgatei

,

Machaerina angustifolia

,

Peperomia

sp.,

Pritchardia

sp.,

Psychotria hexandra

, and

Syzygium sandwicensis

(HINHP Database 1999; USFWS 1994).

Threats to the species include alien plants; feral goats; rats; landslides; and erosion (USFWS 1994).

Hibiscadelphus woodii

Hibiscadelphus woodii

, a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae), is a small branched, long-lived perennial tree with a rounded crown.

H. woodii

differs from the other Kauai species by differences in leaf surface and characteristics of the whirled leaves or bract and flower color (Lorence and Wagner 1995; Bates 1999).

Flowering material has been collected in March, April, and September, but no fruit set has been observed in spite of efforts to manually outcross and bag the flowers. A museum specimen of a liquid-preserved flower has been identified that contains three adult Nitidulidae beetles, probably an endemic species. The damage by these larvae may be responsible for the observed lack of fruit set in

Hibiscadelphus woodii

(Lorence and Wagner 1995; USFWS 1998a). No additional life history information for this species is currently available.

Hibiscadelphus woodii

has been found only at the site of its original discovery on State owned land in Kalalau Valley, within the Na Pali Coast State Park on Kauai; only nine trees of this species are known (HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999; GDSI 1999).

Hibiscadelphus woodii

is found at elevations around 915 m (3,000 ft) on basalt talus or cliff walls in

Metrosideros polymorpha

montane mesic forest. These forests contain one or more of the following associated native plant species:

Bidens sandwicensis

(ko oko olau),

Artemisia australis

,

Melicope pallida

,

Dubautia

sp.,

Lepidium serra

,

Lipochaeta

sp. (nehe),

Lysimachia glutinosa

(kolokolo kuahiwi),

Carex meyenii

,

Chamaesyce celastroides

var.

hanapepensis

,

Hedyotis

sp.,

Nototrichium

sp. (kului),

Panicum lineale

(NCN),

Myrsine

sp. (kolea), and the federally endangered species

Stenogyne campanulata

,

Lobelia niihauensis

, and

Poa mannii

(61 FR 53070; HINHP Database 1999; Lorence and Wagner 1995).

Major threats to

Hibiscadelphus woodii

are habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs; competition from the alien plant species

Erigeron karvinskianus

; nectar robbing by Japanese white-eye (

Zosterops japonicus

), an introduced bird; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (

e.g.

, rock slides) and reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals at the only known site (61 FR 53070; Lorence and Wagner 1995).

Hibiscus clayi

Hibiscus clayi

, a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae), is a long-lived perennial shrub or small tree. This species is distinguished from other native Hawaiian members of the genus by the lengths of the calyx, calyx lobes, and capsule and by the margins of the leaves (Bates 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Hibiscus clayi

. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically,

Hibiscus clayi

was known from scattered locations on Kauai: the Kokee region on the western side of the island, Moloaa Valley to the north, Nounou Mountain in Wailua to the east, and as far south as Haiku near Halii Stream (HINHP Database 1999). At this time, only the population on State and privately owned lands in the Nounou Mountains, with a total of four trees, is known to be extant (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).

Hibiscus clayi

generally grows on slopes (230 to 350 m (750 to 1,150 ft) elevation) in

Acacia koa

or

Diospyros

sp.-

Pisonia

sp.-

Metrosideros polymorpha

lowland dry or mesic forest with

Hedyotis acuminata

(au),

Pipturus

sp.,

Psychotria

sp.,

Cyanea hardyi

(haha),

Artemisia australis,

or

Bidens

sp. (59 FR 9304; HINHP Database 1999).

The major threat to this species is competition with alien plants, principally

Psidium cattleianum.

In addition,

Araucaria columnaris

(Norfolk Island pine) has been planted in the area of the Nounou Mountain population. This aggressive alien tree may prevent regeneration of native plants in the understory. The close proximity of most of the

Hibiscus clayi

plants to a hiking trail makes them susceptible to human disturbance. Feral pigs also pose a potential threat to the species. Lastly, the small total number of existing individuals makes the species susceptible to extinction due to naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive vigor (59 FR 9304; HINHP Database 1999).

Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae

Hibiscus waimeae

ssp.

hannerae,

a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae), is a gray-barked tree with star-shaped hairs densely covering its leaf and flower stalks and branchlets. The long-lived perennial species is distinguished from others of the genus by the position of the anthers along the staminal column, length of the staminal column relative to the petals, color of the petals, and length of the calyx. Two subspecies, ssp.

hannerae

and ssp.

waimeae,

both endemic to Kauai, are recognized. Subspecies

hannerae

is distinguishable from ssp.

waimeae

by its larger leaves and smaller flowers (Bates 1999).

No life history information for this species is currently available.

Historically,

Hibiscus waimeae

ssp.

hannerae

was known from Kalihiwai and adjacent valleys, Limahuli Valley, and Hanakapiai Valley (Bates 1999; HINHP Database 1999). This subspecies is no longer extant at Kalihiwai. Currently, there are two populations containing 27 individuals on State and privately owned lands in the Limahuli and Hanakapiai Valleys (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).

Hibiscus waimeae

ssp.

hannerae

grows between 190 and 560 m (620 and 1,850 ft) elevation. It is found in

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

lowland wet forest or in

Pisonia

sp.-

Charpentiera elliptica

(papala) lowland wet or mesic forest with

Antidesma

sp.,

Psychotria

sp.,

Pipturus

sp.,

Bidens

sp.,

Bobea

sp.,

Sadleria

sp.,

Cyrtandra

sp.

Cyanea

sp.,

Cibotium

sp.,

Perrottetia sandwicensis,

and

Syzygium sandwicensis

(USFWS 1998a; Bates 1999; HINHP Database 1999).

Major threats to

Hibiscus waimeae

ssp.

hannerae

are habitat degradation by feral pigs, competition with alien plant species, and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (e.g., landscapes and hurricanes) and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining populations (61 FR 53070; HINHP Database 1999).

Kokia kauaiensis

Kokia kauaiensis,

a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae), is a small tree. This long-lived perennial species is distinguished from others of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the length of the bracts surrounding the flower head, number of lobes and the width of the leaves, the length of the petals, and the length of the hairs on the seeds (Bates 1999).

No life history information for this species is currently available.

Historically,

Kokia kauaiensis

was found at seven scattered populations on northwestern Kauai (HINHP Database 1999). Currently, there are a total of 11 populations with 179 to 184 individuals, found in Paaiki, Mahanaloa, Kuia, Kalalau, and Pohakuao Valleys, Na Pali Coast State Park, and the Koaie Stream branch of Waimeae Canyon, all on State-owned land (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Kokia kauaiensis

typically grows in diverse mesic forest between 350 to 660 m (1,150 to 2,165 ft) elevation. Associated species include

Bobea

sp.,

Acacia koa, Diospyros sandwicensis, Hedyotis

sp.,

Pleomele

sp.,

Xylosma

sp.,

Isodendrion

sp. (aupaka),

Pisonia

sp.,

Nestegis sandwicensis, Syzygium sandwicensis, Antidesma

sp.,

Alyxia olivaeformis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus

(aiai),

Canthium odoratum, Nototrichium

sp.,

Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Dicranopteris linearis, Hibiscus

sp. (aloalo),

Flueggea neowawraea, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Melicope

sp.,

Diellia laciniata

(palapalai lau lii),

Tetraplasandra

sp. (ohe ohe),

Chamaesyce celastroides, Lipochaeta fauriei, Dodonaea viscosa, Santalum

sp. (iliahi),

Claoxylon

sandwicense, and

Metrosideros polymorpha

(USFWS 1998a; Bates 1999; HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Competition with and habitat degradation by invasive alien plant species, substrate loss from erosion, habitat degradation and browsing by feral goats and deer, and seed predation by rats are the major threats affecting the survival of

Kokia kauaiensis

(Wood and Perlman 1993; USFWS 1998a; HINHP Database 1999).

Labordia lydgatei

Labordia lydgatei,

a member of the Logania family (Loganiaceae), is a much-branched perennial shrub or small tree with sparsely hairy, square stems. The small size of the flowers and capsules borne on sessile inflorescences distinguish it from other members of the genus growing in the same area (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Immature fruits were seen on two plants during surveys in 1991 and 1992 by botanists from NTBG, and remnants of old fruiting bodies were seen on another, suggesting that the plants are self-fertile. It is also suspected that the fruits of this species are adapted for bird dispersal. Due to a lack of bird or other native pollinators, pollination may be inhibited (USFWS 1994). Microhabitat requirements for seed germination and growth may also be extremely specific. Virtually nothing is known about the life history or ecology of this species.

This species was originally known from the Wahiawa Drainage, Waioli Stream Valley, and Makaleha Mountains on Kauai (HINHP Database 1999).

Labordia lydgatei

is currently known from six populations, consisting of 37 individual plants, located on State and privately owned lands along one of the tributaries of the Wahiawa Stream, as well as in Limahuli and Lumahai Valleys (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Labordia lydgatei

is found in

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

lowland wet forest at elevations between 635 and 855 m (2,080 to 2800 ft). Associated native plants include

Psychotria

sp.,

Hedyotis terminalis

sp.,

Cyanea

sp.,

Cyrtandra

sp.,

Labordia hirtella

(NCN),

Antidesma platyphyllum

var.

hildebrandi, Syzygium sandwicensis, Ilex anomala,

and

Dubautia knudsenii

(USFWS 1994; HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Competition from alien plants poses the greatest threat to the survival of

Labordia lydgatei

(56 FR 47695). Additional threats include habitat degradation from feral pigs; rats, a potential seed predator; landslides and erosion; and a lack of dispersal, germination or pollination agents (USFWS 1994).

Labordia tinifolia

var.

wahiawaensis

Labordia tinifolia

var.

wahiawaensis,

a member of the Logania family (Loganiaceae), is a shrub or small tree with hairless, cylindrical young branches. This long-lived perennial species differs from others of the genus by having a long common flower cluster stalk, hairless young stems and leaf surfaces, transversely wrinkled capsule valves, and corolla lobes usually 1.7 to 2.3 mm (0.1 in.) long (Wagner

et al.

1999). Three varieties of

Labordia tinifolia

are recognized: var.

lanaiensis

on Lanai and Molokai; var.

tinifolia

on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii; and var.

wahiawaensis,

endemic to Kauai. Variety

wahiawaensis

is distinguished from the other two by its larger corolla (Wagner

et al.

1999).

No life history information for this subspecies is currently available.

Labordia tinifolia

var.

wahiawaensis

is only known from one population with a total of 20-30 individual plants on private land in the Wahiawa Drainage in the Wahiawa Mountains from (GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999).

Labordia tinifolia

var.

wahiawaensis

grows along streambanks in lowland wet forests dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha

at elevations between 300 to 920 m (985 to 3,020 ft), with

Cheirodendron

sp.,

Dicranopteris linearis, Cyrtandra

sp.,

Antidesma

sp.,

Psychotria

sp.,

Hedyotis terminalis,

or

Athyrium microphyllum

(HINHP Database 1999).

The primary threats to the remaining individuals of

Labordia tinifolia

var.

wahiawaensis

are competition with alien plants, habitat degradation by feral pigs, trampling by humans, and a risk of extinction from catastrophic random events or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals in a single population (61 FR 53070).

Lipochaeta fauriei

Lipochaeta fauriei,

a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a perennial herb with somewhat woody, erect or climbing stems. This short-lived perennial species differs from other species on Kauai by having a greater number of disk and ray flowers per flower head, longer ray flowers, and longer leaves and leaf stalks (Gardner 1976, 1979; USFWS 1995; Wagner

et al.

1985, 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Lipochaeta fauriei.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically and currently,

Lipochaeta fauriei

is known from Olokele Canyon on Kauai (Gardner 1979, HINHP Database 1999). This species is now also found on State and privately owned lands in Poopooiki, Haeleele, and Hikimoe Valleys (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999). Currently there is a total of four populations with 132 individuals (HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999). A population in Koaie Canyon previously thought to be

L. fauriei

was later identified as

L. subcordata

(USFWS 1995).

This species grows most often in moderate shade to full sun and is usually found on the sides of steep gulches in diverse lowland mesic forests between 480 and 900 m (1,575 and 2,950 ft) elevation (Wagner

et al.

1999). Associated native plant taxa include

Myrsine lanaiensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Acacia koa, Pleomele aurea, Sapindus oahuensis

(lonomea),

Nestegis sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Psychotria mariniana, Psychotria greenwelliae, Kokia kauaiensis, Diospyros

sp. and

Hibiscus waimeae

(HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Major threats to

Lipochaeta fauriei

are predation and habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs, and competition with invasive alien plants. Fire is also a significant threat to

L. fauriei

due to the invasion of

Melinis minutiflora,

a fire-adapted grass that creates unnaturally high fuel loads. The small total number of individuals makes the species susceptible to extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive vigor (59 FR 9304; USFWS 1995; HINHP Database 1999).

Lipochaeta micrantha

Lipochaeta micrantha,

a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a somewhat woody short-lived perennial herb. The small number of disk florets separates this species from the other members of the genus on the island of Kauai. The two recognized varieties of this species, var.

exigua

and var.

micrantha,

are distinguished by differences in leaf length and width, degree of leaf dissection, and the length of the ray florets (Gardner 1976, 1979; Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life histories of

Lipochaeta micrantha

var.

exigua

or

L. m.

var.

micrantha.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically,

Lipochaeta micrantha

var.

exigua

was only known from the Haupu Range on Kauai. Currently, three populations of

L. m.

var.

exigua,

with 102-112 individuals, are known from privately owned land in the vicinity of Haupu Range and southwest of Hokunui summit (HINHP 1999; GDSI 1999). Historically,

L. m.

var.

micrantha

was known from Olokele Canyon, Hanapepe Valley, and the Koloa District on Kauai (HINHP Database 1999). Currently, this variety is only known from three populations totalling 56 to 66 individuals in the Koaie branch of Waimeae Canyon (State owned land) (HINHP 1999; GDSI 1999).

Lipochaeta micrantha

var.

exigua

grows on cliffs, ridges, or slopes in grassy, shrubby or dry mixed communities between 305-430 m (1,000-1,400 ft) elevation with

Artemisia australis, Bidens sandvicensis, Plectranthus parviflorus

(ala ala wai nui),

Chamaesyce celastroides, Diospyros

sp.,

Canthium odoratum, Neraudia

sp.,

Pipturus

sp.,

Hibiscus kokio, Sida fallax, Eragrostis

sp. (kawelu),

and Lepidium bidentatum

(anaunau) (USFWS 1995; HINHP 1999).

Lipochaeta micrantha

var.

micrantha

grows on basalt cliffs, stream banks, or level ground in mesic or diverse

Metrosideros polymorpha-Diospyros

sp. forest between 610-720 m (2,000-2,360 ft) elevation with

Lobelia niihauensis, Chamaesyce celastroides

var.

hanapepensis, Neraudia kauaiensis, Rumex

sp. (dock or sorrel),

Nototrichium

sp.,

Artemisia

sp.,

Dodonaea viscosa, Antidesma

sp.,

Hibiscus

sp.,

Xylosma

sp.,

Pleomele

sp.,

Melicope

sp.,

Bobea

sp., and

Acacia koa

(USFWS 1995; HINHP 1999).

The major threats to both varieties of

Lipochaeta micrantha

are habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats, and

competition with alien plant species, such as

Lantana

camara,

Pluchea carolinensis, Erigeron karvinskianus,

and

Stachytarpheta dichotoma.

The species is also threatened by extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing populations (Lorence and Flynn 1991; USFWS 1995; HINHP Database 1999).

Lipochaeta waimeaensis

Lipochaeta waimeaensis,

a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a low growing, somewhat woody, short-lived perennial herb. This species is distinguished from other

Lipochaeta

on Kauai by leaf shape and the presence of shorter leaf stalks and ray florets (Gardner 1976, 1979; Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Lipochaeta waimeaensis.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Lipochaeta waimeaensis

is known only from the original site of discovery along the rim of Kauai's Waimeae Canyon on State and privately owned lands. There are no more than 100 individuals (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).

This population grows on eroded soil on a precipitous, shrub-covered gulch in a diverse lowland mesic forest between 350 and 400 m (1,150 and 1,310 ft) elevation with

Dodonaea viscosa

and

Lipochaeta connata

(nehe) (HINHP Database 1999; Wagner

et al.

1999).

The major threats to

Lipochaeta waimeaensis

are competition from alien plants and habitat destruction by feral goats, whose presence exacerbates the existing soil erosion problem at the site. The single population, and thus the entire species, is threatened by extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals (59 FR 9304).

Melicope haupuensis

Melicope haupuensis,

a member of the citrus family (Rutaceae), is a small long-lived perennial tree. Unlike other taxa of this genus on Kauai, the exocarp and endocarp are hairless and the sepals are covered with dense hairs (Stone

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Melicope haupuensis.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

For 62 years,

Melicope haupuensis

was known only from the site of its original discovery on the north side of Haupu Ridge on Kauai (HINHP Database 1999). This population is now gone. The species is now known from single trees at three separate locations on State owned land (along the banks of Koaie Stream in Waimeae Canyon, Awaawapuh, and Honopu) (GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Melicope haupuensis

grows on moist talus slopes in

Metrosideros polymorpha

-dominated lowland mesic forests or

Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa

montane mesic forest at elevations between 375 and 1,075 m (1,230 to 3,530 ft). Associated species include

Dodonaea viscosa, Diospyros

sp.,

Psychotria mariniana, P. greenwelliae, Melicope ovata

(alani),

M. anisata, M. barbigera

(alani),

Dianella sandwicensis, Pritchardia minor

(loulu),

Tetraplasandra waimeae

(oheohe),

Claoxylon sandwicensis, Cheirodendron trigynum, Pleomele aurea, Cryptocarya mannii

(holio),

Pouteria sandwicensis, Bobea brevipes, Hedyotis terminalis, Elaeocarpus bifidus,

and

Antidesma

sp. (HINHP Database 1999).

Habitat degradation by feral goats and competition with invasive alien plant taxa are the major threats to

Melicope haupuensis.

In addition, this species may be susceptible to the black twig borer (

Xylosandrus compactus

). The existence of only three known trees constitutes an extreme threat of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, or reduced reproductive vigor (59 FR 9304; Hara and Beardsley 1979; Medeiros

et al.

1986; HINHP Database 1999).

Munroidendron racemosum

Munroidendron racemosum,

a member of the ginseng family (Araliaceae), is a small tree with a straight gray trunk crowned with spreading branches. This long-lived perennial species is the only member of a genus endemic to Hawaii. The genus is distinguished from other closely related Hawaiian genera of the family by its distinct flower clusters and corolla (Constance and Affolter 1999).

Reproduction occurs year-round, with flowers and fruits found throughout the year. Self pollination is assumed to occur since viable seeds have been produced by isolated individuals. Pollinators have not been observed, but insect pollination is likely. Dispersal mechanisms are unknown (USFWS 1995).

Historically,

Munroidendron racemosum

was known from scattered locations throughout the island of Kauai (HINHP Database 1999). Populations are now known from the Na Pali Coast within Na Pali Coast State Park and Hono O Na Pali NAR, in the Poomau and Koaie branches of Waimeae Canyon, in the Haupu Range area, and on Nounou Mountain. There are currently 15 known populations with a total of 58 to 98 individuals on State and privately owned lands (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).

Munroidendron racemosum

is typically found on steep exposed cliffs or on ridge slopes in coastal to lowland mesic forests between 120 and 400 m (395 and 1,310 ft) elevation (Lowrey 1999). Associated plant taxa include

Pisonia umbellifera

(papala kepau),

Canavalia galeata

(awikiwiki),

Sida fallax, Brighamia insignis, Canthium odoratum, Psychotria

sp.,

Nestegis sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra

sp.,

Bobea timonioides

(ahakea),

Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Pleomele

sp.,

Pouteria sandwicensis,

and

Diospyros

sp. (59 FR 9304; Gagne and Cuddihy 1999; HINHP Database 1999).

The major threat to

Munroidendron racemosum

is competition with alien plant species, such as

Aleurites moluccana, Psidium guajava, Lantana camara,

and

Leucaena leucocephala.

Other threats include habitat degradation by feral goats, fire, and fruit predation by rats. In addition, a mature, cultivated tree was observed being killed by an introduced insect of the long-horned beetle family (Cerambycidae) and there is the potential of the beetle attacking and damaging or killing wild trees. Because each population of this species contains only a small number of trees, and the total number of individuals is less than 100, the species is threatened by extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and reduced reproductive vigor (59 FR 9304; USFWS 1995; HINHP Database 1999).

Myrsine linearifolia

Myrsine linearifolia,

a member of the myrsine family (Myrsinaceae), is a branched shrub. This long-lived perennial species is distinguished from others of the genus by the shape, length, and width of the leaves, length of the petals, and number of flowers per cluster (Wagner

et al.

1999).

No life history information for this species is currently available.

Historically,

Myrsine linearifolia

was found at scattered locations on Kauai: Olokele Valley, Kalualea, Kalalau Valley, Kahuamaa Flat, Limahuli-Hanakapiai Ridge, Koaie Stream, Pohakuao, Namolokama Summit

Plateau, and Haupu (HINHP Database 1999). There are currently eight populations with 360 to 421 individuals on State and privately owned lands (GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999). The populations are found in Kalalau Valley, Kahuamaa Flat, Limahuli Valley, Hanakapiai Ridge, Koaie Stream, Pohakuao, Namolokama Summit Plateau, and the Wahiawa Drainage (HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Myrsine linearifolia

typically grows from 585 to 1,280 m (1,920 to 4,200 ft) elevation, in diverse mesic or wet lowland or montane

Metrosideros polymorpha

forest, with

Cheirodendron

sp. or

Dicranopteris linearis

as co-dominant species (Wood and Perlman 1993; HINHP Database 1999). Plants growing in association with this species include

Dubautia

sp.,

Cryptocarya mannii, Sadleria pallida

(amau),

Myrsine

sp.,

Syzygium sandwicensis, Machaerina angustifolia, Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis terminalis, Cheirodendron

sp.,

Bobea brevipes, Nothocestrum

sp. (aiae),

Melicope

sp.,

Eurya sandwicensis

(anini),

Psychotria

sp.,

Lysimachia

sp. (kolokolo kuahiwi), and native ferns (61 FR 53070; HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Competition with alien plants, such as

Erigeron karvinskianus, Lantana camara, Rubus argutus, Psidium cattleianum, Rubus rosaefolius,

and

Kalanchoe pinnata,

and habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats are the major threats to

Myrsine linearifolia

(61 FR 53070).

Nothocestrum peltatum

Nothocestrum peltatum,

a member of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), is a small tree with ash-brown bark and woolly stems. The usually peltate leaves and shorter leaf stalks separate this species from others in the genus (Symon 1999).

Although plants of this long-lived perennial species have been observed flowering, they rarely set fruit. This could be the result of a loss of pollinators, reduced genetic variability, or an inability to fertilize itself (59 FR 9304). Little else is known about the life history of

Nothocestrum peltatum.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically,

Nothocestrum peltatum

was known from Kauai at Kumuwela, Kaholuamanu, and the region of Nualolo (HINHP Database 1999). This species is now known from a total of nine populations with 19 individuals, located near the Kalalau Lookout area, Kalalau Valley, Awaawapuhi and Makaha Valleys, Waimeae Canyon, Nualolo, and Kawaiula, all on State owned land; the species may occur on or near land under Federal jurisdiction in Kokee State Park (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

This species generally grows in rich soil on steep slopes in montane mesic or lowland mesic or wet forest dominated by

Acacia koa

or a mixture of

Metrosideros polymorpha

and

A. koa

between 915 and 1,220 m (3,000 and 4,000 ft) elevation. Associated plants include

Antidesma

sp.,

Dicranopteris linearis, Bobea brevipes, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Alphitonia ponderosa, Melicope anisata, M. barbigera, M. haupuensis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Dianella sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, Claoxylon sandwicensis, Cheirodendron trigynum, Psychotria mariniana, P. greenwelliae, Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex anomala, Xylosma

sp.,

Cryptocarya mannii, Coprosma

sp.,

Pleomele aurea, Diplazium sandwicensis, Broussaisia arguta,

and

Perrottetia sandwicensis

(Sohmer and Gustafson 1987; HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Competition with alien plants, such as

Passiflora mollissima, Lantana camara, Rubus argutus,

and

Erigeron karvinskianus,

and habitat degradation by feral pigs, deer, and red jungle fowl (

Gallus gallus

) constitute the major threats to

Nothocestrum peltatum.

This species is also threatened by fire, risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (

e.g.,

landslides or hurricanes), and reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals (59 FR 9304; HINHP Database 1999).

Panicum niihauense

Panicum niihauense,

a member of the grass family (Poaceae), is a perennial bunchgrass with unbranched culms (aerial stems). This short-lived perennial species is distinguished from others in the genus by the shape of the inflorescence branches, which are erect, and the arrangement of the spikelets, which are densely clustered (Davids 1999).

Little is known about the life history of this species. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Panicum niihauense

was known historically from Niihau and one location on Kauai (HINHP Database 1999). Currently this species is only known from the Polihale State Park area on State and privately owned land, and may occur on or near the federally owned Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF) on Kauai (GDSI 1999). The single population of 23 individuals is found scattered in sand dunes in a coastal shrubland at elevations of 100 m (330 ft) or less (HINHP Database 1999). Associated plant taxa include

Dodonaea viscosa, Cassytha filiformis

(kaunaoa pehu),

Sporobolus

sp.,

Scaevola sericea

(naupaka kahakai),

Sida fallax,

and

Vitex rotundifolia

(kolokolo kahakai) (HINHP Database 1999).

Primary threats to

Panicum niihauense

are destruction by off-road vehicles, competition with alien plant taxa, and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (e.g., landslides or hurricanes) and reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals in the one remaining population (61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 1999).

Phyllostegia knudsenii

Phyllostegia knudsenii,

a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is an erect herb or vine. This short-lived perennial species is distinguished from others in the genus by its specialized flower stalk; it differs from the closely related

P. floribunda

by often having four flowers per group (Wagner

et al.

1999).

No life history information for this species is currently available.

Until 1993,

Phyllostegia knudsenii

was only known from the site of its original discovery made in the 1800s from the woods of Waimeae on Kauai (Sherff 1935; HINHP Database 1999; Wagner

et al.

1999). There are currently two known populations with a total of 8 to 17 individuals on State owned land in Koaie Canyon (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).

Phyllostegia knudsenii

is found in

Metrosideros polymorpha

lowland mesic or wet forest between 865-975 m elevation (2,840-3,200 ft) (HINHP Database 1999). Associated species include

Perrottetia sandwicensis, Cyrtandra kauaiensis

(hai wale),

Cyrtandra paludosa

(hai wale),

Elaeocarpus bifidus, Claoxylon sandwicensis, Cryptocarya mannii, Ilex anomala, Myrsine linearifolia, Bobea timonioides, Selaginella arbuscula

(lepelepeamoa),

Diospyros sp., Zanthoxylum dipetalum, Pittosporum

sp.,

Tetraplasandra

sp.,

Pouteria sandwicensis,

and

Pritchardia minor

(61 FR 53070).

Major threats to

Phyllostegia knudsenii

include habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats, competition with alien plants, and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (e.g., landslides and hurricanes) and reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals in the only known population (61 FR 53070; USFWS 1998a).

Phyllostegia wawrana

Phyllostegia wawrana,

a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is a perennial vine that is woody toward the base and has long, crinkly hairs along the stem. This short-lived perennial species can be distinguished from the related

P. floribunda

and

P. knudsenii,

by its less specialized flower stalk (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Seeds were observed in the wild in August (USFWS 1998a). No additional life history information for this species is currently available.

Phyllostegia wawrana

was reported to be found at Hanalei on Kauai in the 1800s and along Kokee Stream in 1926. Currently, populations are reported in the Makaleha Mountains, Honopu Valley, and Hanakoa Valley. A total of four populations with 29-49 individuals are found on State and privately owned lands. In addition, this species may occur on or near land under Federal jurisdiction in Kokee State Park (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).

This species grows between 780 and 1,200 m elevation (2,560 to 3,940 ft) in

Metrosideros polymorpha

-dominated lowland or montane wet or mesic forest with

Cheirodendron

sp. or

Dicranopteris linearis

as co-dominant species (HINHP Database 1999). Associated species include

Delissea rivularis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Vaccinium

sp.,

Broussaisia arguta, Myrsine lanaiensis, Psychotria

sp.,

Dubautia knudsenii, Scaevola procera

(naupaka kuahiwi),

Gunnera

sp.,

Pleomele aurea, Claoxylon sandwicense, Elaphoglossum

sp.,

Hedyotis

sp.,

Sadleria

sp., and

Syzygium sandwicensis

(61 FR 53070; HINHP Database 1999).

Major threats to

Phyllostegia wawrana

include habitat degradation by feral pigs and competition with alien plant species, such as

Rubus rosaefolius, Passiflora mollissima, Rubus argutus, Melastoma candidum, Erigeron karvinskianus,

and

Erechtites valerianefolia

(61 FR 53070; USFWS 1998a).

Poa mannii

Poa mannii,

a member of the grass family (Poaceae), is a perennial grass with short rhizomes (underground stems) and erect, tufted culms. All three native species of

Poa

in the Hawaiian Islands are endemic to the island of Kauai.

Poa mannii

is distinguished from both

P. siphonoglossa

and

P. sandvicensis

by its fringed ligule and from

P. sandvicensis

by its shorter panicle branches (O'Connor 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Poa mannii.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, this species was found in Olokele Gulch on Kauai (O'Connor 1999). Currently, there is a total of six populations with 163-168 individuals on State owned land in Kalalau Valley, Makaha Valley, Koaie Valley, and Waialae Valley (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

This species typically grows on cliffs, rock faces, or stream banks in lowland or montane wet, mesic, or dry

Metrosideros polymorpha

forests or

Acacia koa-M. polymorpha

montane mesic forest at elevations between 460 and 1,150 m (1,510 and 3,770 ft). Associated species include

Chamaesyce celastroides

var.

hanapepensis, Artemisia australis, Bidens sandwicensis, Lobelia sandwicensis

(NCN),

Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, Eragrostis variabilis, Panicum lineale, Mariscus phloides

(NCN),

Luzula hawaiiensis

(NCN),

Carex meyenii, C. wahuensis

(NCN),

Cyrtandra wawrae

(haiwale),

Exocarpos luteolus, Labordia helleri

(kamakahala),

Nototrichium

sp.,

Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope anisata, M. barbigera, M. pallida, Pouteria sandwicensis, Schiedea membranacea, Diospyros sandwicensis, Psychotria mariniana, P. greenwelliae, Kokia kauaiensis, Alectryon macrococcus, Antidesma platyphyllum, Bidens cosmoides, Dodonaea viscosa,

and

Schiedea amplexicaulis

(NCN) (59 FR 56330; HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Poa mannii

survives only in very steep areas that are inaccessible to goats, suggesting that goat herbivory may have eliminated this species from more accessible locations, as is the case for other rare plants from northwestern Kauai. Threats to

P. mannii

include habitat damage, trampling, and browsing by feral goats, and competition with invasive alien plants.

Erigeron karvinskianus

has invaded Kalalau, Koaie, and Waialae Valleys, three of the areas where

P. mannii

occurs.

Lantana camara

threatens all known populations, and

Rubus argutus

threatens the populations in Kalalau and Waialae Valleys.

Poa mannii

is also threatened by fire, and reduced reproductive vigor and/or extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, due to the small number of existing populations and individuals (59 FR 56330).

Poa sandvicensis

Poa sandvicensis

is a perennial grass (family Poaceae) with densely tufted, mostly erect culms.

Poa sandvicensis

is distinguished from closely related species by its shorter rhizomes, shorter culms which do not become rush-like with age, closed and fused sheaths, relatively even-edged ligules, and longer panicle branches (O'Connor 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Poa sandvicensis.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically, this species was known from six areas on the island of Kauai: the rim of Kalalau Valley in Na Pali Coast State Park; Halemanu and Kumuwela Ridges and Kauaikanana drainage in Kokee State Park; Awaawapuhi Trail in Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve; Kohua Ridge/Mohihi drainage in both the Forest Reserve and Alakai Wilderness Preserve; and Kaholuamanu (57 FR 20580; Hitchcock 1922; HINHP Database 1999). Hillebrand's (1888) questionable reference to a Maui locality is most likely an error (57 FR 20580; Hitchcock 1922). Currently, there is a total of nine populations with 1,841 individuals occurring on State and privately owned lands (GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Poa sandvicensis

is known to be extant at the rim of Kalalau Valley in Na Pali Coast State Park; Awaawapuhi Trail, Kumuwela Ridge and Kauaikanana drainage in Kokee State Park; and Kohua Ridge and Mohihi drainage (HINHP Database 1999).

Poa sandvicensis

grows on wet, shaded, gentle to usually steep slopes, ridges, and rock ledges in semi-open to closed, mesic to wet, diverse montane forest dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha

, at elevations of 1,035 to 1,250 m (3,400 to 4,100 ft) (HINHP Database 1999). Associated native species include

Dodonaea viscosa, Dubautia

sp.,

Coprosma

sp.,

Melicope

sp.,

Dianella sandwicensis, Alyxia olivaeformis, Bidens

sp.,

Dicranopteris linearis, Schiedea stellarioides, Peperomia macraeana, Claoxylon sandwicense, Acacia koa, Psychotria

sp.,

Hedyotis

sp.,

Scaevola

sp.,

Cheirodendron

sp., and

Syzygium sandwicensis

(57 FR 20580; HINHP Database 1999).

The greatest immediate threats to the survival of

Poa sandvicensis

are competition from alien plants, such as

Erigeron karvinskianus, Rubus argutus, Passiflora mollissima

and

Hedychium

sp.; erosion caused by feral pigs and goats; and State forest reserve trail maintenance activities and human recreation. In addition, naturally occurring events could constitute a threat of extinction or reduced reproductive vigor due to the species'

small population size with its limited gene pool (57 FR 20580; USFWS 1995).

Poa siphonoglossa

Poa siphonoglossa

is a perennial grass (family Poaceae). It differs from

P. sandvicensis

principally by its longer culms, lack of a prominent tooth on the ligule, and shorter panicle branches.

Poa siphonoglossa

has extensive tufted and flattened culms that cascade from banks in masses. Short rhizomes, long culms, closed and fused sheaths, and lack of a tooth on the ligule separate

P. siphonoglossa

from

P. mannii

and other closely related species (O'Connor 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Poa siphonoglossa.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically,

Poa siphonoglossa

was known from five sites on the island of Kauai: Kohua Ridge in Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve; near Kaholuamanu; Kaulaula Valley in Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve; Kuia Valley; and Kalalau (HINHP Database 1999). Currently, there are a total of five populations with 50 individuals on State owned land in three of these historic areas: Kohua Ridge, Kuia Valley, and Kalalau (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Poa siphonoglossa

typically grows on shady banks near ridge crests in mesic

Metrosideros polymorpha

forest between about 1,000 to 1,200 m (3,280 and 3,940 ft) elevation (Hitchcock 1922; HINHP Database 1999). Associated species include native species such as

Acacia koa, Psychotria

sp.,

Scaevola

sp.,

Alphitonia ponderosa, Zanthoxylum dipetalum, Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Hedyotis

sp.,

Melicope

sp.,

Vaccinium

sp.,

Styphelia tameiameiae, Carex meyenii, C. wahuensis

, and

Wilkesia gymnoxiphium

(57 FR 20580).

The primary threat to the survival of

Poa siphonoglossa

is habitat degradation and/or herbivory by feral pigs and deer. The alien plant

Rubus argutus

invading Kohua Ridge constitutes a probable threat to that population (HINHP Database 1999 ). A limited gene pool and potential for one disturbance event to destroy the majority of known individuals are also serious threats to this species (57 FR 20580; USFWS 1995).

Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii

Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii

of the palm family (Arecaceae) is a fan-leaved tree about 7 to 15 m (23 to 50 ft) tall. This species is distinguished from others of the genus by the thin leaf texture and drooping leaf segments, tan woolly hairs on the underside of the petiole and the leaf blade base, stout hairless flower clusters that do not extend beyond the fan-shaped leaves, and the smaller spherical fruit (Read and Hodel 1999).

Historically,

Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii

was found at three sites in the eastern and central portions of the island of Niihau. Trees were found on Kaali Cliff and in Mokouia and Haao Valleys at elevations between 70 and 270 m (230 and 885 ft) on privately owned land (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999). The most recent observations indicate that two plants still remain on Kaali Cliff (Read and Hodel 1999).

The substrate in the seepage area where this species currently occurs is rocky talus (HINHP Database 1999). Native plants that have been found in the area include

Brighamia insignis, Cyperus trachysanthos, Lipochaeta lobata

var.

lobata

(nehe), and

Lobelia niihauensis

(HINHP Database 1999). Originally a component of the coastal dry forest, this species now occurs only in a rugged and steep area where it receives some protection from grazing animals (61 FR 41020).

The species is threatened by habitat degradation and/or herbivory by cattle, feral pigs, and goats and seed predation by rats. Small population size, limited distribution, and reduced reproductive vigor makes this species particularly vulnerable to extinction (61 FR 41020).

Pritchardia napaliensis

Pritchardia napaliensis

, a member of the palm family (Arecaceae), is a small palm with about 20 leaves and an open crown. This species is distinguished from others of the genus that grow on Kauai by having about 20 flat leaves with pale scales on the lower surface that fall off with age, inflorescences with hairless main axes, and globose fruits less than 3 cm (1.2 in.) long (Read and Hodel 1999).

No life history information for this species is currently available.

Pritchardia napaliensis

is known from four populations with 159-179 individuals on State owned land in Hoolulu and Waiahuakua Valleys in the Hono O Na Pali NAR and Alealau in Kalalau Valley (within or close to the boundaries of Hono O Na Pali NAR and Na Pali Coast State Park), Kauai (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood

in litt.

1999).

Pritchardia napaliensis

typically grows in areas from 150 to about 1,160 m (500 to about 3,800 ft) elevation in a wide variety of habitats ranging from lowland dry to mesic forests dominated by

Diospyros

sp. or montane wet forests dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha

and

Dicranopteris linearis

(61 FR 53070; HINHP Database 1999). Several associated plant species besides those mentioned above include

Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Syzygium sandwicensis, Cibotium

sp.,

Canthium odoratum, Vaccinium dentatum

(ohelo),

Dubautia knudsenii, Alsinidendron lychnoides, Poa sandvicensis, Phyllostegia electra

(NCN),

Stenogyne purpurea

(NCN),

Melicope peduncularis

(alani),

Pouteria sandwicensis, Lipochaeta connata

var.

acris

(nehe),

Nesoluma polynesicum

(keahi),

Santalum freycinetianum, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, Boehmeria grandis, Pleomele

sp.,

Psychotria

sp.,

Cheirodendron trigynum

, and

Ochrosia

sp. (holei) (HINHP Database 1999).

Major threats to

Pritchardia napaliensis

include habitat degradation and grazing by feral goats and pigs; seed predation by rats; and competition with the alien plants, such as

Kalanchoe pinnata, Erigeron karvinskianus, Lantana camara, Psidium guajava

, and possibly

Cordyline fruticosa

. The species is also threatened by vandalism and over-collection. In 1993 near the Wailua River, the Hawaiian Department of Fish and Wildlife (DOFAW) constructed a fenced enclosure around 39 recently planted

P. napaliensis

individuals. Shortly after being planted, the fence was vandalized and the 39 plants were removed (A. Kyono, pers. comm. 2000; Craig Koga, DOFAW,

in litt.

1999). Also, because of the small number of remaining populations and individuals, this species is susceptible to a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and from reduced reproductive vigor (61 FR 53070).

Pritchardia viscosa

Pritchardia viscosa

, a member of the palm family (Arecaceae), is a small palm 3 to 8 m (10 to 26 ft) tall. This species differs from others of the genus that grow on Kauai by the degree of hairiness of the lower surface of the leaves and main axis of the flower cluster, and length of the flower cluster (Read and Hodel 1999).

Historically,

Pritchardia viscosa

was known only from a 1920 collection from Kalihiwai Valley on the island of Kauai (HINHP Database 1999). It was not seen again until 1987, when Robert Read observed it in the same general area as the type locality, off the Powerline Road at 510 m (1,680 ft) elevation (61 FR 53070; HINHP Database 1999). Currently, there is one population with three individuals on privately owned

land (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).

The plants are found in a

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

lowland wet forest with

Nothocestrum

sp.,

Bobea

sp.,

Antidesma

sp.,

Cibotium

sp., and

Psychotria

sp. (61 FR 53070).

Psidium cattleianum

and alien grasses, such as

Paspalum conjugatum

, are major threats to

Pritchardia viscosa

because these alien plants are effective competitors for space, light, nutrients, and water. Rats eat the fruit of

Pritchardia viscosa

and are, therefore, a serious threat to the reproductive success of this species. At least one of the remaining mature trees has been damaged by spiked boots used either by a botanist or seed collector to scale the tree. In mid-1996, a young plant and seeds from mature

Pritchardia viscosa

plants were removed from the only known location of this species. Because of this past activity, it is reasonable to assume that these plants are threatened by over-collection and vandalism (A. Kyono, pers. comm. 2000; C. Koga,

in litt.

1999). Also, because of the small numbers of individuals in the only known population, this species is susceptible to extinction since a single naturally occurring event (e.g., a hurricane) could destroy all remaining plants (61 FR 53070).

Pteralyxia kauaiensis

Pteralyxia kauaiensis

, a member of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), is a long-lived perennial tree 3 to 8 m (10 to 26 ft) tall. The leaves are dark green and shiny on the upper surfaces, but pale and dull on the lower surfaces. This species differs from the only other taxa of this endemic Hawaiian genus in having reduced lateral wings on the seed (Lamb 1981; St. John 1981; Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Pteralyxia kauaiensis.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically,

Pteralyxia kauaiensis

was known from the Wahiawa Mountains in the southern portion of Kauai (HINHP Database 1999). This species is now known from 20 populations, with a total of 478-505 individuals in the following scattered locations on private, State lands, and perhaps on or near Federal land: Mahanaloa-Kuia Valley in Kuia NAR; Haeleele Valley; Na Pali Coast State Park; Limahuli Valley; the Koaie branch of Waimeae Canyon; Haupu Range; Wailua River; and Moloaa Forest (59 FR 9304; Wagner

et al.

1999; HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999). There is also an undocumented sighting of one individual at Makaleha, above the town of Kapaa (59 FR 9304).

This taxon is typically found in diverse mesic or wet forests at an elevation of 250 to 610 m (820 to 2,000 ft) (Wagner

et al.

1999). Associated species include

Acacia koa, Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma

sp.,

Alectryon macrococcus, Bobea timonioides, Canthium odoratum, Cyanea

sp.,

Caesalpinia kauaiensis

(uhiuhi),

Carex

sp.,

Charpentiera elliptica, Claoxylon sandwicense, Delissea

sp. (NCN),

Dodonaea viscosa, Dianella sandwicensis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Diospyros

sp.,

Euphorbia haeleeleana, Freycinetia arborea, Gardenia remyi

(nanu),

Gahnia

sp.,

Hedyotis terminalis, Hibiscus

sp.,

Kokia kauaiensis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine lanaiensis, Nesoluma polynesicum, Neraudia kauaiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pisonia sandwicensis

(papala kepau),

Peperomia macraeana, Poa sandwicensis, Pipturus

sp.,

Pouteria sandwicensis, Pritchardia

sp.,

Psychotria mariniana, Pleomele

sp.,

Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Syzygium sandwicensis, Schiedea stellarioides, Styphelia tameiameiae, Santalum freycinetianum, Tetraplasandra

sp.,

Xylosma hawaiiense

(maua), and

Zanthoxylum dipetalum

(59 FR 9304; HINHP Database 1999).

The major threats to

Pteralyxia kauaiensis

are habitat destruction by feral animals and competition with introduced plants. Animals affecting the survival of this species include feral goats and pigs, and, possibly, rats, which may eat the fruit. Fire could threaten some populations. Introduced plants competing with this species include

Psidium guajava, Erigeron karvinskianus, Aleurites moluccana, Lantana camara, Psidium cattleianum

, and

Cordyline fruticosa

(59 FR 9304; USFWS 1995; HINHP Database 1999).

Remya kauaiensis

Remya kauaiensis

, one of three species of a genus endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, is in the aster family (Asteraceae).

Remya kauaiensis

is a small short-lived perennial shrub, about 90 cm (3 ft) tall, with many slender, sprawling branches which are covered with a fine tan fuzz near their tips. The leaves, coarsely toothed along the edges, are green on the upper surface while the lower surface is covered with a dense mat of fine white hairs (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Seedlings of this taxon have not been observed. Flowers have been observed in April, May, June, and August, and are probably insect-pollinated. Seeds are probably wind or water-dispersed.

Remya kauaiensis

may be self-incompatible (56 FR 1450; Herbst 1988; USFWS 1995).

Historically, this species was found in the Na Pali Kona Forest Reserve at Koaie, Mohihi, Kalalau, Makaha, Nualolo, Kawaiula, Kuia, Honopu, Awaawapuhi, Kopakaka, and Kauhao, on Kauai (HINHP Database 1999). There are currently 14 known populations with a total of 78-86 individuals on State owned land (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999). One known population of

Remya kauaiensis

grows on the steep cliffs below the rim of Kalalau Valley, which, although at the edge of a mesic forest, receives considerably more moisture than do the other populations of the species (56 FR 1450). Other populations are scattered throughout the drier ridges of Northwest Kauai and in Waimeae Canyon (HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Remya kauaiensis

grows chiefly on steep, north or northeast-facing slopes between 850 to 1,250 m (2,800 to 4,100 ft) in elevation. It is found primarily in

Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha

lowland mesic forest with

Chamaesyce

sp. (akoko),

Nestegis sandwicensis, Diospyros

sp.,

Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope

sp.,

Pouteria sandwicensis, Schiedea membranacea, Psychotria mariniana, Dodonaea viscosa, Dianella sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra kauaiensis

, and

Claoxylon sandwicensis

(56 FR 1450; Herbst 1988; HINHP Database 1999).

The primary threats to

Remya kauaiensis

include herbivory and habitat degradation by feral goats, pigs, cattle, and deer, and competition from alien plant species. Other threats include erosion, fire, and risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining populations and individuals (56 FR 1450; USFWS 1995).

Remya montgomeryi

The genus

Remya,

in the aster family (Asteraceae), is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands.

Remya montgomeryi

was discovered in 1985 by Steven Montgomery on the sheer, virtually inaccessible cliffs below the upper rim of Kalalau Valley, Kauai. It is a small short-lived perennial shrub, about 90 cm (3 ft) tall, with many slender, sprawling to weakly erect, smooth branches. The leaves are coarsely toothed along the edges, and are green on the upper as well as lower surfaces (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Seedlings of this taxon have not been observed. Flowers have been observed in April, May, June, and August, and are probably insect-pollinated. Seeds are probably wind or water-dispersed.

Remya montgomeryi

may be self-incompatible (56 FR 1450; Herbst 1988).

Remya montgomeryi

is known only from Kauai. Three populations with 143 individuals are reported on State owned land on the rim of Kalalau Valley and Koaie Canyon. This species may also occur on or near land under Federal jurisdiction in Kokee State Park (Herbst 1988; GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Remya montgomeryi

grows between elevation of 850 to 1,250 m (2,800 to 4,100 ft), primarily on steep, north or northeast-facing slopes or stream banks near waterfalls in

Metrosideros polymorpha

mixed mesic forest and cliffs. Associated plants include

Lysimachia glutinosa, Lepidium serra, Boehmeria grandis, Poa mannii, Stenogyne campanulata, Myrsine linearifolia, Bobea timonioides, Ilex anomala, Zanthoxylum dipetalum, Claoxylon sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra

sp.,

Artemisia

sp.,

Nototrichium

sp.,

Cyrtandra

sp.,

Dubautia plantaginea

(na ena e),

Sadleria

sp.,

Cheirodendron

sp.,

Scaevola

sp., and

Pleomele

sp. (HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

The primary threats to

Remya montgomeryi

are herbivory and habitat degradation by feral goats, pigs, cattle, and deer, and competition from alien plant species. Other threats include erosion, fire, and an increased risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (e.g., landslides or hurricanes) by virtue of the extremely small size of the populations and their limited distribution. The limited gene pool may depress reproductive vigor, or a single environmental disturbance could destroy a significant percentage of the known individuals (56 FR 1450; USFWS 1995).

Schiedea apokremnos

Schiedea apokremnos

is a low, branching short-lived perennial shrub 20 to 50 cm (8 to 20 in.) tall, of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae). The leaves are oppositely arranged, oblong, and somewhat fleshy and glabrous.

Schiedea apokremnos

is distinguished from related species by shorter sepals, nectaries, and capsules (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Schiedea apokremnos.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Schiedea apokremnos

has been collected from Nualolo Kai, Kaaweiki Ridge, and along a 10.5 km (6.5 mi) long section of the Na Pali coast including Milolii Valley, Kalalau Beach, Kaaalahina and Manono ridges, Haeleele ridge, and, as far north as, Pohakuao Valley, all on the island of Kauai (HINHP Database 1999). Currently, the species is extant at all locations except Nualolo Kai, although the Kalalau and Milolii populations have not been revisited for over six years. The Kaaweiki population is in Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve and the Haeleele ridge population is in Polihale State Park, while all others are in Na Pali Coast State Park (56 FR 49639). There is currently a total of five populations containing 311 to 1,251 individuals on State owned lands (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).

Schiedea apokremnos

grows in the crevices of near-vertical coastal cliff faces, from 60 to 330 m (200 to 1,080 ft) in elevation. The species grows in sparse dry coastal shrub vegetation along with

Heliotropium

sp. (ahinahina), Bidens sp.,

Artemisia australis, Lobelia niihauensis, Wilkesia hobdyi, Lipochaeta connata, Myoporum sandwicense, Canthium odoratum, Peperomia

sp. and

Chamaesyce

sp. (56 FR 49639; HINHP Database 1999).

The restriction of this species to inaccessible cliffs suggests that goat herbivory may have eliminated them from more accessible locations. The greatest current threat to the survival of

Schiedea apokremnos

is still herbivory and habitat degradation by feral goats, as well as competition from the alien plants

Leucaena leucocephala

(koa haole) and

Hyptis pectinata

(comb hyptis), and trampling (trails) by humans. Given the small size of most populations, restricted distribution, and limited gene pool, depressed reproductive vigor may be serious threats to the species. Some

S. apokremnos

individuals are functionally female and must be cross-pollinated to set seed. This reproductive strategy may be ineffective in populations with few individuals (56 FR 49639; USFWS 1995). In addition, a single environmental disturbance (such as a landslide or fire) could destroy a significant percentage of the extant individuals.

Schiedea helleri

Schiedea helleri,

a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a short-lived perennial vine. The stems, smooth below and minutely hairy above, are usually prostrate and at least 15 cm (6 in.), long with internodes at least 4 to 15 cm (1.6 to 6 in.) long. The opposite leaves are somewhat thick, triangular, egg-shaped to heart-shaped, conspicuously three-veined, and nearly hairless to sparsely covered with short, fine hairs, especially along the margins. This species is the only member of the genus on Kauai that grows as a vine (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Three plants were observed flowering in February (USFWS 1998a). No additional life history information for this species is currently available.

Schiedea helleri

was originally found only at a single location above Waimeae, at Kaholuamano on the island of Kauai, over 100 years ago (HINHP Database 1999). In 1993, this species was discovered on a steep wall above a side stream off Mohihi Stream, approximately 5.6 km (3.5 mi) north of the original location (61 FR 53070). Recently, a small population was discovered along the Mohihi-Waialeale Trail, and plants were found in Nawaimaka Valley (HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999). There is currently a total of two populations with 53-63 individuals on State owned land (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Schiedea helleri

is found on ridges and steep cliffs in closed

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

montane wet forest,

M. polymorpha-Cheirodendron

sp. montane wet forest, or

Acacia koa-M. polymorpha

montane mesic forest between 1,065-1,100 m (3,490-3,610 ft) elevation (HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999). Other native plants growing in association with this species include

Dubautia raillardioides

(na ena e),

Scaevola procera, Hedyotis terminalis, Syzygium sandwicensis, Melicope clusifolia, Cibotium

sp.,

Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron

sp.,

Cyanea hirtella

(haha),

Dianella sandwicensis, Viola wailenalenae

(pamakani), and

Poa sandvicensis

(HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Competition with the noxious alien plant

Rubus argutus

and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (e.g., landslides or hurricanes) and reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of extant individuals, are serious threats to

Schiedea helleri

(61 FR 53070).

Schiedea kauaiensis

Schiedea kauaiensis,

a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a generally hairless, erect subshrub. The green, sometimes purple-tinged leaves are opposite, narrowly egg-shaped or lance-shaped to narrowly or broadly elliptic. Lacking petals, the perfect flowers are borne in open branched inflorescences, and are moderately

covered with fine, short, curly, white hairs. This short-lived perennial species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by its habit, larger leaves, the hairiness of the inflorescence, the number of flowers in each inflorescence, larger flowers, and larger seeds (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of this taxon. Fruit and flowers have been observed in July and August, and flowering material has been collected in September (USFWS 1998a). There is no evidence of regeneration from seed under field conditions. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically,

Schiedea kauaiensis

was known from the northwestern side of Kauai, from Papaa to Mahanaloa. It was thought to be extinct until the two currently known populations in Mahanaloa and Kalalau Valleys, with a total of 18 individuals, were found (HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999). Both populations occur on State land—the Mahanaloa Valley population within Kuia NAR and the Kalalau Valley population within Na Pali Coast State Park (GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Schiedea kauaiensis

typically grows in diverse mesic to wet forest on steep slopes between 680-790 m elevation (2,230-2,590 ft) (HINHP Database 1999). Associated plant taxa include

Psychotria mariniana, P. hexandra, Canthium odoratum, Pisonia

sp.,

Microlepia speluncae

(NCN),

Exocarpos luteolus, Diospyros

sp.,

Peucedanum sandwicense,

and

Euphorbia haeleeleana

(61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 1999).

Threats to

Schiedea kauaiensis

include habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral goats, pigs, and cattle; competition from several alien plant taxa; predation by introduced slugs and snails; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the low number of individuals in only two known populations.

Schiedea kauaiensis

is also potentially threatened by fire (61 FR 53108; USFWS 1998a; HINHP Database 1999).

Schiedea membranacea

Schiedea membranacea,

a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a perennial herb. The unbranched, fleshy stems rise upwards from near the base and are somewhat sprawling. During dry seasons, the plant dies back to a woody, short stem at or beneath the ground surface. The oppositely arranged leaves are broadly elliptic to egg-shaped, generally thin, have five to seven longitudinal veins, and are sparsely covered with short, fine hairs. The perfect flowers have no petals, are numerous, and occur in large branched clusters. This short-lived perennial species differs from others of the genus that grow on Kauai by having five-to seven-nerved leaves and a herbaceous habit (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Plants marked in Mahanaloa Gulch on Kauai in 1987 were alive in 1997, despite Hurricane Iniki. However, there was no evidence of recruitment in the population, despite the production of abundant seed during all years of observation (1987, 1994-1997) (USFWS 1998a). Introduced snails have been observed feeding on flowers and developing seed capsules, and garlic snails (

Oxychilus alliarius

) were common near the plants. It seems very likely that introduced molluscs are responsible for the failure of recruitment. Under greenhouse conditions, this species, as well as other

Schiedea

species, is extremely sensitive to slugs and snails, further suggesting that the introduction of these alien species has had detrimental effects on

Schiedea

species in natural conditions. In addition, research suggests that this species largely requires outcrossing for successful germination and survival to adulthood (USFWS 1998a). Pollinators for

Schiedea membranacea

are unknown, since none have been seen during the daytime, and none were observed during one set of night observations (USFWS 1998a).

Schiedea membranacea

is known from the western side of the island of Kauai, at Mahanaloa-Kuia, Paaiki, Kalalau, Nualolo, Wainiha, and Waialae Valleys (including Kuia NAR and Na Pali Coast State Park) (61 FR 53070; Wood and Perlman 1993; HINHP Database 1999). There is currently a total of nine populations containing 199-203 individuals, on State and privately owned lands. This species may also occur on or near land under Federal jurisdiction in Kokee State Park (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood,

in litt

. 1999 ).

This species is typically found on cliffs and cliff bases in mesic or wet habitats, open to closed lowland, montane shrubland, or forest dominated by

Acacia koa, Pipturus

sp. or

Metrosideros polymorpha

between 520 and 1,160 m (1,700 and 3,800 ft) elevation. Associated native plants species include

Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope

sp.,

Pouteria sandwicensis, Poa mannii, Hibiscus waimeae, Psychotria mariniana, Canthium odoratum, Pisonia

sp.,

Perrottetia sandwicensis, Scaevola procera, Sadleria cyatheoides

(amau),

Diplazium sandwicensis, Thelypteris sandwicensis, Boehmeria grandis, Dodonaea viscosa, Myrsine

sp.,

Bobea brevipes, Alyxia olivaeformis, Psychotria greenwelliae, Pleomele

sp.,

Alphitonia ponderosa, Joinvillea ascendens

ssp.

ascendens

(ohe),

Athyrium sandwicensis

(akolea),

Machaerina angustifolia, Cyrtandra paludosa, Touchardia latifolia, Thelypteris cyatheoides

(kikawaio),

Lepidium serra, Eragrostis variabilis, Remya kauaiensis, Lysimachia kalalauensis

(NCN),

Labordia helleri, Mariscus pennatiformis, Asplenium praemorsum

(NCN), and

Poa sandvicensis

(61 FR 53070; HINHP Database 1999).

Habitat degradation by feral goats, and pigs, and deer; competition with the alien plant species

Erigeron karvinskianus, Lantana camara, Rubus argutus, R. rosaefolius, Psidium cattleianum, Ageratina riparia

(Hamakua pamakani), and

Passiflora mollissima;

loss of pollinators; and landslides are the primary threats to

Schiedea membranacea.

Based on observations indicating that snails and slugs may consume seeds and seedlings, it is likely that introduced molluscs also represent a major threat to this species (61 FR 53070; Wood and Perlman 1993; USFWS 1998a).

Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda and Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina

Schiedea spergulina,

a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a short-lived perennial subshrub. The opposite leaves are very narrow, one-veined, and attached directly to the stem. The flowers are unisexual, with male and female flowers on different plants. Flowers occur in compact clusters of three. The capsular fruits contain nearly smooth, kidney-shaped seeds. Of the 22 species in this endemic genus, only two other species have smooth seeds.

Schiedea spergulina

differs from those two in having very compact flower clusters. The two weakly defined varieties differ primarily in the degree of hairiness of the inflorescences, with

S. s.

var.

leiopoda

being the less hairy of the two (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life histories of either

Schiedea spergulina

var.

leiopoda

or

Schiedea spergulina

var.

spergulina.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically,

Schiedea spergulina

var.

leiopoda

was found on a ridge on the east side of Hanapepe on Kauai (HINHP Database 1999). One population with 35-50 individuals is now known to

grow in Lawai Valley on Kauai on privately owned land (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).

Schiedea spergulina

var.

spergulina

was historically found in Olokele Canyon, but is now known only from Kalalau rim and Waimeae Canyon on Kauai. A total of three populations numbering over 200 individuals is reported on State and privately owned lands. However, it has been estimated that this species may number in the thousands on Kauai (USFWS 1995; HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).

Both varieties of

Schiedea spergulina

are usually found on bare rock outcrops or sparsely vegetated portions of rocky cliff faces or cliff bases in diverse lowland mesic forest at elevations between 180 and 800 m (590 and 2,625 ft) (59 FR 9304; Wagner

et al

. 1999). Associated plants include

Bidens sandvicensis, Doryopteris

sp. (kumuniu),

Peperomia leptostachya

(ala ala wai nui),

Plectranthus parviflorus, Heliotropium

sp., and

Nototrichium sandwicense

(kului) (59 FR 9304; Lorence and Flynn 1991; USFWS 1995; HINHP Database 1999).

The major threats to

Schiedea spergulina

var.

leiopoda

are habitat destruction by feral goats and competition with alien plants such as

Leucaena leucocephala, Lantana camara,

and

Furcraea foetida

(Mauritius hemp). Individuals have also been damaged and destroyed by rock slides. This variety is potentially threatened by pesticide use in nearby sugarcane fields, as well as a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (e.g., hurricanes) and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals (59 FR 9304; Lorence and Flynn 1991; USFWS 1995).

Schiedea spergulina

var.

spergulina

is threatened by competition with alien plant taxa, including

Erigeron karvinskianus, Lantana camara, Melia azedarach,

and

Triumfetta semitriloba

(Sacramento bur). The area in which this variety grows is used heavily by feral goats, and there is evidence that plants are being browsed and trampled (59 FR 9304; Lorence and Flynn 1991; HINHP Database 1999).

Schiedea stellarioides

Schiedea stellarioides,

a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a slightly erect to prostrate subshrub with branched stems. The opposite leaves are very slender to oblong-elliptic, and one-veined. This short-lived perennial species is distinguished from others of the genus that grow on Kauai by the number of veins in the leaves, shape of the leaves, presence of a leaf stalk, length of the flower cluster, and shape of the seeds (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Plants were observed flowering in the field in February (USFWS 1995). No additional life history information for this species is currently available.

Historically,

Schiedea stellarioides

was found at the sea cliffs of Hanakapiai Beach, Kaholuamano-Opaewela region, the ridge between Waialae and Nawaimaka Valleys, and Haupu Range on the island of Kauai (HINHP Database 1999). This species is now found only at the ridge between Waialae and Nawaimaka Valleys on State land, just 0.8 kilometer (0.5 mile) northwest of the Kaholuamano-Opaewela region and in upper Kawaiiki (K. Wood,

in litt.

1999; HINHP Database 1999). There is a total of two populations with 400 individuals on State owned land (HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999; GDSI 1999).

Schiedea stellarioides

is found on steep slopes in closed

Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha

lowland to montane mesic forest or shrubland between 610 and 1,120 m (2,000 and 3,680 ft) elevation. Associated plant species include

Nototrichium

sp., Artemisia sp.,

Dodonaea viscosa, Melicope

sp.,

Dianella sandwicensis, Bidens cosmoides, Mariscus

sp., and

Styphelia tameiameiae

(61 FR 53070; HINHP Database 1999).

The primary threats to this species include habitat degradation and herbivory by feral pigs and goats, competition with the alien plants

Melinis minutiflora

and

Rubus argutus,

and a risk of extinction of the two remaining population from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes (61 FR 53070).

Stenogyne campanulata

Stenogyne campanulata,

a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is described as a vine with four-angled, hairy stems. A short-lived perennial species,

Stenogyne campanulata

is distinguished from closely related species by its large and very broadly bell-shaped calyces that nearly enclose the relatively small, straight corollas, and by small calyx teeth that are half as long as wide (Weller and Sakai 1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Stenogyne campanulata.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Stenogyne campanulata

is known from one to three populations with 22-32 individuals which were originally discovered on the cliffs of Kalalau to below Puu o Kila, on State-owned land in the Na Pali Coast State Park (GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999).

Stenogyne campanulata

grows on the rock face of a nearly vertical, north-facing cliff in diverse lowland or montane mesic forest at an elevation of 1,085 m (3,560 ft). The associated shrubby vegetation includes native species such as

Heliotropium

sp.,

Lepidium serra, Lysimachia glutinosa, Perrottetia sandwicensis,

and

Remya montgomeryi

(57 FR 20580; Weller and Sakai 1999).

The restriction of this species to virtually inaccessible cliffs suggests that herbivory by feral goats may have eliminated it from more accessible locations. Goat herbivory and habitat degradation remain the primary threat. Feral pigs have disturbed vegetation in the vicinity of these plants. Erosion caused by feral goats or pigs exacerbates the potential threat of landslides.

Erigeron karvinskianus

and

Rubus argutus

are the primary alien plants threatening

Stenogyne campanulata.

The small number of individuals and its restricted distribution are serious potential threats to the species. The limited gene pool may depress reproductive vigor, or a single environmental disturbance such as a landslide could destroy all known extant individuals (57 FR 20580).

Viola helenae

Viola helenae

is a small, unbranched perennial subshrub with an erect stem in the violet family (Violaceae). The hairless leaves are clustered on the upper part of the plant and are lance-shaped with a pair of narrow, membranous stipules (leaf-like structures) below each leaf. The small, pale lavender or white flowers are produced on stems either singly or in pairs in the leaf axils. The fruit is a capsule that splits open at maturity, releasing the pale olive brown seeds (St. John 1989; Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history and ecology of

Viola helenae.

Wagner

et al.

(1999) stated that the flowers are all chasmogamous (open at maturity for access by pollinators) and not cleistogamous (remain closed and self-fertilize in the bud) as in certain other violets. Therefore, it is likely that its flowers require pollination by insects for seed set. Mature flowering plants do produce seed; however, seed viability may be low and microhabitat requirements for germination and growth may be very specific. Seeds planted at NTBG on Kauai failed to germinate, although they may not have been sufficiently mature when collected and violet seeds are often very slow to germinate. The seeds are jettisoned when the capsule splits open, as in most species of the genus (USFWS 1994).

Historically,

Viola helenae

was known from four populations, two along either branch of the Wahiawa Stream on Kauai (56 FR 47695). Currently, there are five known populations, with a total of 137 individual plants, on privately owned land within the Wahiawa Drainage (GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999; USFWS 1994). This species is found in

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

lowland wet forest growing on stream banks or adjacent valley bottoms in light to moderate shade between 610-855 m elevation (2,000-2,800 ft) (USFWS 1994; HINHP Database 1999).

Threats include competition from alien plant species, including

Psidium cattleianum, Melastoma candidum,

potentially

Melaleuca quinquenervia, Stachytarpheta dichotoma, Rubus rosaefolius, Elephantopus mollis, Erechtites valerianefolia,

and various alien grasses; trampling and browsing damage by feral pigs; landslides and erosion; and hurricanes (56 FR 47695; USFWS 1994).

Viola kauaiensis

var.

wahiawaensis

Viola kauaiensis,

a member of the violet family (Violaceae), is a short-lived perennial herb with upward curving or weakly rising, hairless, lateral stems. The species is distinguished from others of the genus by its nonwoody habit, widely spaced kidney-shaped leaves, and by having two types of flowers: conspicuous, open flowers and smaller, unopened flowers. Two varieties of the species are recognized, both occurring on Kauai: var.

kauaiensis

and var.

wahiawaensis. Viola kauaiensis

var.

wahiawaensis

is distinguished by having broadly wedge-shaped leaf bases (USFWS 1998a;Wagner

et al.

1999).

Five Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis plants were observed in flower in December 1994 (USFWS 1998a). No additional life history information for this species is currently available.

Viola kauaiensis

var.

wahiawaensis

is known only from two populations in the Wahiawa Mountains of Kauai with a total of 13 individual plants on State and privately owned lands (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999). This taxon is not known to have occurred beyond its current range.

Viola kauaiensis

var.

wahiawaensis

is found in open montane bog or wet shrubland between 640 and 865 m (2,100 and 2,840 ft) elevation. It is found to be associated with

Metrosideros polymorpha, Dicranopteris linearis, Diplopterygium pinnatum

(NCN) and

Syzygium sandwicensis

(61 FR 53070; Lorence and Flynn 1991; USFWS 1998a; HINHP Database 1999).

The primary threats to

Viola kauaiensis

var.

wahiawaensis

are a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and from reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing populations and individuals; habitat degradation through the rooting activities of feral pigs; and competition with alien plants, such as

Juncus planifolius

(NCN) and

Pterolepis glomerata

(NCN) (61 FR 53070; Lorence and Flynn 1991; USFWS 1994; HINHP Database 1999).

Wilkesia hobdyi

Wilkesia hobdyi,

a member of the sunflower family (Asteraceae), is a short-lived perennial shrub which branches from the base. The tip of each branch bears a tuft of narrow leaves growing in whorls joined together into a short sheathing section at their bases. The cream-colored flower heads grow in clusters (St. John 1971; Carr 1982a, 1999b).

This species is probably pollinated through outcrossing and is probably self-incompatible. Insects are the most likely pollinators. In 1982, Carr reported that reproduction and seedling establishment were occurring and appeared sufficient to sustain the populations. Flowering was observed most often in the winter months, but also during June. Fruits may be dispersed when they stick to the feathers of birds. Densities reach one plant per square meter (approximately one square yard) in localized areas, and hybridization with

Wilkesia gymnoxiphium

may be occurring (Carr 1982a).

First collected in 1968 on Polihale Ridge, Kauai, this species was not formally described until 1971 (St. John 1971). Currently, there are seven populations with a total of 336 to 401 individuals (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999). This species occurs on State and privately owned lands and may occur on or near land Federal land or land under Federal jurisdiction on Makaha Ridge and in Kokee State Park (GDSI 1999). There are populations in the Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve, growing on the north-facing, nearly vertical rock outcrops near the summits of the adjacent Polihale and Kaaweiki ridges (HINHP Database 1999). There are also plants growing on a cliff face in Waiahuakua Valley, on the boundary between the Hono O Na Pali NAR and the Na Pali Coast State Park, approximately 16 km (10 mi) northeast of the other populations (HINHP Database 1999).

Wilkesia hobdyi

grows on coastal dry cliffs or very dry ridges from 275 to 400 m (900 to 1,310 ft) in elevation. The associated native vegetation includes

Artemisia

sp.,

Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, Lipochaeta connata, Lobelia niihauensis, Peucedanum sandwicense, Hibiscus kokio

ssp.

saint johnianus

(kokio),

Canthium odoratum, Peperomia

sp.,

Myoporum sandwicense, Sida fallax, Waltheria indica

(uhaloa),

Dodonaea viscosa,

and

Eragrostis variabilis

(57 FR 27859; USFWS 1995; Wagner

et al.

1999).

The greatest immediate threats to the survival of this species are habitat disturbance and browsing by feral goats. Although the low number of individuals and their restricted habitat could be considered a potential threat to the survival to the species, the plant appears to have vigorous reproduction and may survive indefinitely if goats were eliminated from its habitat. Fire and extinction through naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, could also be threats to the survival of the species (57 FR 27859; USFWS 1995).

Xylosma crenatum

Xylosma crenatum

is a dioecious (plant bears only male or female flowers, and must cross-pollinated with another plant to produce viable seed) long-lived perennial tree in the flacourtia family (Flacourtiaceae). The tree grows up to 14 m (45 ft) tall and has dark gray bark. The somewhat leathery leaves are oval to elliptic-oval, with coarsely toothed edges and moderately hairy undersides. More coarsely toothed leaf edges and hairy undersides of the leaves distinguish

X. crenatum

from the other Hawaiian member of this genus (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Little is known about the life history of

Xylosma crenatum.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically,

Xylosma crenatum

was known from two sites on Kauai: along upper Nualolo Trail in Kuia NAR and along Mohihi Road between Waiakoali and Mohihi drainages in Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve (57 FR 20580). Currently, this species is extant on State and privately owned lands in Honopu Valley in Kokee State Park; Nawaimaka Valley in Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve; and Mahanaloa Valley, and may occur on or near land under Federal jurisdiction in the same areas. There are a total of three populations with eight individual plants total (USFWS 1995; HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).

Xylosma crenatum

is known from diverse

Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha

montane wet or mesic

forests and

M. polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

montane wet forests between 975 to 1,065 m (3,200 to 3,490 ft) elevation. The species is sometimes found along stream banks and within a planted conifer grove. The species is associated with

Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, Hedyotis terminalis, Pleomele aurea, Ilex anomala, Claoxylon sandwicense, Myrsine alyxifolia

(kolea),

Nestegis sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus, Psychotria

sp.,

Diplazium sandwichianum, Pouteria sandwicensis, Scaevola procera, Coprosma

sp.,

Athyrium sandwichianum, Touchardia latifolia, Dubautia knudsenii, Cheirodendron

sp.,

Lobelia yuccoides

(NCN),

Cyanea hirta

(haha),

Poa sandwicensis,

and

Diplazium sandwichianum

(57 FR 20580; USFWS 1995; HINHP Database 1999).

The small number of individuals and scattered distribution makes this species vulnerable to human or natural environmental disturbance.

Xylosma crenatum

is also threatened by competition from alien plants, particularly

Psidium guajava.

In addition, feral pigs may threaten this species (57 FR 20580; USFWS 1995; HINHP Database 1999).

Multi-Island Species

Adenophorus periens.

Adenophorus periens,

a member of the Grammitis family (Grammitidaceae), is a small, pendant, epiphytic (not rooted on the ground) fern. This species differs from other species in this endemic Hawaiian genus by having hairs along the pinna margins, by the pinnae being at right angles to the midrib axis, by the placement of the sori on the pinnae, and the degree of dissection of each pinna (Linney 1989).

Little is known about the life history of

Adenophorus periens,

which seems to grow only in closed canopy dense forest with high humidity. Its breeding system is unknown, but outbreeding is very likely to be the predominant mode of reproduction. Spores are dispersed by wind, possibly by water, and perhaps on the feet of birds or insects (Linney 1989). Spores lack a thick resistant coat which may indicate their longevity is brief, probably measured in days at most. Due to the weak differences between the seasons, there seems to be no evidence of seasonality in growth or reproduction.

Adenophorus periens

appears to be susceptible to volcanic emissions and/or resultant acid precipitation (Linney 1989). Additional information on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is not available.

Historically,

Adenophorus periens

was reported from Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii Island (59 FR 56333; HINHP Database 1999). Currently, it is known from several locations on Kauai, Molokai, and Hawaii (HINHP Database 1999). On Kauai, there is a total of seven populations on private and State owned lands, with 84-89 individuals, that occur on the boundary of Hono O Na Pali NAR and Na Pali Coast State Park at the head of Hanakoa drainage; Waioli Valley; Wainiha Valley; Kealia Forest Reserve; and in the Wahiawa drainage (GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999).

This species, an epiphyte usually growing on

Metrosideros polymorpha

trunks, is found in

M. polymorpha-Cibotium glaucum

lowland wet forest, open

M. polymorpha

montane wet forest, and

M. polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

lowland wet forests at elevations between 400 and 1,265 m (1,310 and 4,150 ft) (59 FR 56333). It is found in habitats of well-developed, closed canopy providing deep shade and high humidity (Linney 1989). Associated native species include

Athyrium sandwicensis, Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron trigynum, Cyanea

sp.,

Cyrtandra

sp.,

Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis terminalis, Labordia hirtella, Machaerina angustifolia, Psychotria

sp.,

P. hexandra,

and

Syzygium sandwicensis

(59 FR 56333; Linney 1989).

The threats to this species on Kauai include habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats, and competition with the alien plant

Psidium cattleianum

(59 FR 56333; HINHP Database 1999).

Alectryon macrococcus

var.

macrococcus

Alectryon macrococcus,

a member of the soapberry family (Sapindaceae), consists of two varieties,

macrococcus

and

auwahiensis,

both trees with reddish-brown branches and net-veined paper- or leather-like leaves with one to five pairs of sometimes asymmetrical egg-shaped leaflets. The underside of the leaf has dense brown hairs, persistent in

A. m.

var.

auwahiensis,

but only on leaves of young

A. m.

var.

macrococcus

plants. The only member of its genus found in Hawaii, this species is distinguished from other Hawaiian members of its family by being a tree with a hard fruit 2.5 cm (0.9 in.) or more in diameter (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Alectryon macrococcus

is a relatively slow-growing, long-lived tree that grows in xeric to mesic sites and is adapted to periodic drought. Little else is known about the life history of

Alectryon macrococcus.

Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, and specific environmental requirements are unknown.

Currently,

Alectryon macrococcus

var. macrococcus occurs on State owned land in Waimeae Canyon and in Na Pali Coast State Park on Kauai. A total of six populations of 68-83 individuals is known (GDSI 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999). This variety is also found on Oahu, Molokai, and West Maui. (57 FR 20772).

Alectryon macrococcus

var.

auwahiensis

is found only on leeward east Maui and will be reviewed further in a subsequent rule (Medeiros

et al.

1986; HINHP Database 1999).

The habitat of

Alectryon macrococcus

var.

macrococcus

on Kauai is

Diospyros

sp.-

Metrosideros polymorpha

lowland mesic forest,

M. polymorpha

mixed mesic forest, and

Diospyros

sp. mixed mesic forest on dry slopes or in gulches, between elevations of 360-1,070 m (1,180-3,510 ft) (57 FR 20772; Wagner

et al.

1999). Associated native plants include

Psychotria

sp.,

Pisonia

sp.,

Xylosma

sp.,

Streblus pendulinus, Hibiscus

sp.,

Antidesma

sp.,

Pleomele

sp.,

Acacia koa, Melicope knudsenii, Hibiscus waimeae, Pteralyxia

sp.,

Zanthoxylum

sp.,

Kokia kauaiensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Myrsine lanaiensis, Canthium odoratum, Canavalia

sp. (awikiwiki),

Alyxia olivaeformis, Nesoluma polynesicum, Munroidendron racemosum, Caesalpinia kauaiensis, Tetraplasandra

sp.,

Pouteria sandwicensis,

and

Bobea timonioides

(57 FR 20772; HINHP Database 1999).

Alectryon macrococcus

var.

macrococcus

on Kauai is threatened by feral goats and pigs; the alien plant species

Melinis minutiflora, Schinus terebinthifolius

(Christmasberry), and

Psidium cattleianum;

damage from the black twig borer; seed predation by rats and mice (

Mus domesticus

); fire; depressed reproductive vigor; seed predation by insects (probably the endemic microlepidopteran

Prays

cf.

fulvocanella

); loss of pollinators; and, due to the very small remaining number of individuals and their limited distribution, natural or human-caused environmental disturbances which could easily be catastrophic (57 FR 20772).

Bonamia menziesii

Bonamia menziesii,

a member of the morning-glory family (Convolvulaceae), is a vine with twining branches that are fuzzy when young. This species is the only member of the genus that is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and differs from other genera in the family by its two styles, longer stems and

petioles, and rounder leaves (Austin 1999).

Little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically,

Bonamia menziesii

was known from the following general areas: scattered locations on Kauai, the Waianae Mountains of Oahu, scattered locations on Molokai, one location on West Maui, and eastern Hawaii (HINHP Database 1999). Currently, it is known from Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Kauai, there are seven total populations with 37 individuals on State and privately owned lands in Kalalau Valley; scattered across the north coast from Paaiki Valley to Milolii Ridge; in Kawaiula Valley; in Haiku; in Hipalau Valley; in Mount Kahili; on Hono O Na Pali NAR; and in Wahiawa drainage. However, it has been estimated that the total number of populations and individuals on Kauai may be as high as a dozen populations with thousands of individuals (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; USFWS 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Bonamia menziesii

is found in dry, wet, or mesic forest at elevations between 150 and 850 m (500 and 2,800 ft) (59 FR 56333; Austin 1999). Associated species include

Metrosideros polymorpha, Canthium odoratum, Dianella sandwicensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope anisata, M. barbigera, Myoporum sandwicense, Nestegis sandwicense, Pisonia

sp.,

Pittosporum

sp.,

Pouteria sandwicensis,

and

Sapindus oahuensis

(HINHP Database 1999; USFWS 1999).

The primary threats to this species on Kauai include habitat degradation and possible predation by feral pigs and goats, deer, and cattle; competition with a variety of alien plants; and fire (59 FR 56333).

Centaurium sebaeoides

Centaurium sebaeoides,

a member of the gentian family (Gentianaceae), is an annual herb with fleshy leaves and stalkless flowers. This species is distinguished from

C. erythraea

(bitter herb), which is naturalized in Hawaii, by its fleshy leaves and the unbranched arrangement of the flower cluster (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Centaurium sebaeoides

has been observed flowering in April. It is possible that heavy rainfall induces flowering. Populations are found in dry areas, and plants are more likely to be found following heavy rains (USFWS 1999).

Historically and currently,

Centaurium sebaeoides

is known from scattered localities on the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui (HINHP Database 1999). Currently on Kauai, there are a total of three populations with 22-52 individuals on State owned land (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999). This species is found at Kalalau Beach, seacliffs at Pohakuao, and Awaawapuhi Valley (HINHP Database 1999).

Centaurium sebaeoides

typically grows in volcanic or clay soils or on cliffs in arid coastal areas below 250 m (820 ft) elevation (56 FR 55770; Wagner et al. 1999). Associated species include

Artemisia

sp.,

Bidens

sp.,

Chamaesyce celastroides, Dodonaea viscosa, Fimbristylis cymosa

(mau u aki aki),

Heteropogon contortus, Jaquemontia ovalifolia

(pa uohi iaka),

Lipochaeta succulenta, L. heterophylla

(nehe),

L. integrifolia

(nehe),

Lycium sandwicense, Lysimachia mauritiana

(kolokolo kuahiwi),

Mariscus phloides, Panicum fauriei

(NCN),

P. torridum

(kakonakona),

Scaevola sericea, Schiedea globosa

(NCN),

Sida fallax,

and

Wikstroemia uva-ursi

(akia) (56 FR 55770; Medeiros

et al.

1999).

The major threats to this species on Kauai include habitat degradation by feral goats and cattle; competition from the alien plant species

Casuarina equisetfolia

(paina),

Casuarina glauca

(saltmarsh),

Leucaena leucocephala, Prosopis pallida

(kiawe),

Schinus terebinthifolius, Syzygium cumini

(Java plum), and

Tournefortia argentea

(tree heliotrope); trampling by humans on or near trails; and fire (56 FR 55770; Medeiros

et al.

1999; USFWS 1999).

Cyperus trachysanthos

Cyperus trachysanthos,

a member of the sedge family (Cyperaceae), is a perennial grass-like plant with a short rhizome. The culms are densely tufted, obtusely triangular in cross section, tall, sticky, and leafy at the base. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the short rhizome, the leaf sheath with partitions at the nodes, the shape of the glumes, and the length of the culms (Koyama 1999).

Little is known about the life history of this species. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Historically,

Cyperus trachysanthos

was known on Niihau, Kauai, scattered locations on Oahu, Molokai, and Lanai (HINHP Database 1999). It is no longer extant on Molokai and Lanai. Currently, this species is reported from the Nualolo Valley on Kauai and west of Mokouia Valley on Niihau. There are two known populations, with about 300 individuals on the island of Kauai and an unknown number of individuals on Niihau (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).

Cyperus trachysanthos

is usually found in wet sites (mud flats, wet clay soil, or wet cliff seeps) on coastal cliffs or talus slopes at elevations between 3 and 160 m (10 and 525 ft).

Hibiscus tiliaceus

(hau) is often found in association with this species (61 FR 53108; Koyama 1999).

On Kauai, the threats to this species are a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, due to the small number of populations. The threats on Niihau are unknown (61 FR 53108; USFWS 1999).

Delissea undulata

ssp.

kauaiensis

Delissea undulata

, a member of the bell flower family (Campanulaceae), is an unbranched, palm-like, woody-stemmed perennial tree, with a dense cluster of leaves at the tip of the stem. One or two knob-like structures often occur on the back of the flower tube. The three recognized subspecies are distinguishable on the basis of leaf shape and margin characters:

D. undulata

ssp.

kauaiensis

, leaf blades are oval and have a flat-margin with sharp teeth;

D. undulata

ssp.

niihauensis

, leaf blades are heart shaped and have a flat-margin with shallow, rounded teeth; and

D. undulata

ssp.

undulata

, leaf blades are elliptic to lance-shaped and wavy-margin with small, sharply pointed teeth. This species is separated from the other closely related members of the genus by its large flowers and berries and broad leaf bases (Lammers 1999).

On the island of Hawaii,

Delissea undulata

ssp.

undulata

was observed in flower and fruit (immature) in August and outplanted individuals were observed in flower in July (61 FR 53124). No other life history information is currently available for any of the three varieties.

Historically and currently,

Delissea undulata

ssp.

kauaiensis

is known only from Kauai. Currently, there is one known population of five individuals on state owned land in the Kuia NAR (GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Delissea undulata

ssp.

niihauensis

was known only from Niihau, but is now considered extinct (HINHP Database 1999; Lammers 1999).

Delissea undulata

ssp.

undulata

was known from southwestern Maui and western Hawaii. Currently, this variety occurs only on the island of Hawaii (61 FR 53124; HINHP Database 1999).

Delissea undulata

ssp.

kauaiensis

occurs in open dry or mesic

Sophora chrysophylla

(mamane) and

Metrosideros polymorpha

forest at elevations of about 610-1,740 m (2,000-5,700 ft). Associated native species include

Diospyros sandwicensis

,

Dodonaea viscosa

,

Psychotria mariniana

,

P. greenwelliae

,

Santalum ellipticum

(iliahialo e),

Nothocestrum breviflorum

(aiea), and

Acacia koa

(Lammers 1999).

The threats to this subspecies on Kauai are feral goats, pigs, and cattle; small population size; competition with the alien plants

Passiflora mollissima

and

Senecio mikanioides

(German ivy); fire; introduced slugs; seed predation by rats and introduced game birds; and a risk of extinction due to random naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes (USFWS 1996).

Euphorbia haeleeleana

Euphorbia haeleeleana

, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), is a dioecious tree with alternate papery leaves. This short-lived perennial species is distinguished from others in the genus in that it is a tree, whereas most of the other species are herbs or shrubs, as well as by the large leaves with prominent veins (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Individual trees of

Euphorbia haeleeleana

bear only male or female flowers, and must be cross-pollinated from a different tree to produce viable seed.

Euphorbia haeleeleana

sets fruit between August and October (Wagner

et al.

1999; USFWS 1999). Little else is known about the life history of this species. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.

Euphorbia haeleeleana

is known historically and currently from northwestern Kauai and the Waianae Mountains of Oahu (61 FR 53108; USFWS 1999; HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999). On Kauai, there is a total of 14 populations with 522-593 individuals occurring on State and privately owned lands (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999). It is found on valley slopes and cliffs along Kauai's northwestern coast from Pohakuao to Haeleele Valley and Hipalau Valley within Waimeae Canyon, including Kuia NAR and the Na Pali Coast State Park (HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood,

in litt.

1999).

Euphorbia haeleeleana

is usually found in lowland mixed mesic or dry forest that is often dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha

,

Acacia koa

, or

Diospyros

sp. This plant is typically found at elevations between 205 and 670 m (680 and 2,200 ft), but a few populations have been found up to 870 m (2,860 ft). Associated plants include

Acacia koaia

(koaia),

Antidesma platyphyllum

,

Carex meyenii

,

Carex wahuensis

,

Claoxylon

sp.,

Diplazium sandwichianum

,

Dodonaea viscosa

,

Erythrina sandwicensis

(wiliwili),

Kokia kauaiensis

,

Pisonia sandwicensis

,

Pleomele aurea

,

Pouteria sandwicensis

,

Psychotria mariniana

,

P. greenwelliae

,

Pteralyxia sandwicensis

,

Rauvolfia sandwicensis

,

Reynoldsia sandwicensis

(ohe),

Sapindus oahuensis

,

Tetraplasandra kauaiensis

, and

Xylosma

sp. (61 FR 53108).

Threats to this species on Kauai include habitat degradation and/or destruction by deer, feral goats, and pigs; seed predation by rats; fire; and competition with alien plants (61 FR 53108; USFWS 1999).

Flueggea neowawraea

Fluegg

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