CRS Bibliography on U.S. Arms Sales for High School Debaters
Congressional research reportJun 6, 2019
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116TH CONGRESS 1ST SESSION/SENATE DOCUMENT 116–5
NATIONAL DEBATE TOPIC FOR HIGH
SCHOOLS, 2019–2020
Resolved: The United States Federal
Government Should Substantially Reduce
Direct Commercial Sales and/or Foreign
Military Sales of Arms from the United States
NATIONAL DEBATE TOPIC FOR HIGH SCHOOLS, 2019–2020
Pursuant to 44 U.S.C. Section 1333
Compiled by the Congressional Research Service
Library of Congress
U.S. Government Publishing Office
Washington, DC 2019
44 U.S.C., SECTION 1333
CHAPTER 13—PARTICULAR REPORTS AND DOCUMENTS
Sec. 1333. National high school and college debate topics
(a) The Librarian of Congress shall prepare compilations of pertinent excerpts,
bibliographical references, and other appropriate materials relating to:
(1) the subject selected annually by the National University Extension Association as the national high school debate topic and
(2) the subject selected annually by the American Speech Association as the
national college debate topic.
In preparing the compilations the Librarian shall include materials which in his
judgment are representative of, and give equal emphasis to, the opposing points of
view on the respective topics.
(b) The compilations on the high school debate topics shall be printed as Senate
documents and the compilations on the college debate topics shall be printed as
House of Representative documents, the cost of which shall be charged to the
congressional allotment for printing and binding. Additional copies may be
printed in the quantities and distributed in the manner the Joint Committee
on Printing directs.
(P.L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1270)
Historical and Revision Notes
Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., Supp. III, Sec. 170 [Sec. 276a] (Dec. 30, 1963, Pub.
L. 88–246, Secs. 1, 2, 77 Stat. 802)
(II)
CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD ............................................................................................................
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................
SUMMARY ...............................................................................................................
BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS .............................................................
GENERAL OVERVIEWS ........................................................................................
SELECTED LEGISLATION, TREATIES, AND POLICY DOCUMENTS ......
REQUEST AND PROCUREMENT PROCESS .................................................
IMPACT ON THE DEFENSE INDUSTRIAL BASE ........................................
IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
AND MILITARY ALLIANCES ........................................................................
SPECIFIC CASES ...................................................................................................
ASIA AND THE PACIFIC ...................................................................................
MIDDLE EAST ....................................................................................................
SUBJECT BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................
(III)
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Foreword
The 2019–2020 high school debate topic is: ‘‘Resolved: The United States
Federal Government Should Substantially Reduce Direct Commercial Sales and/or
Foreign Military Sales of Arms from the United States.’’
In compliance with 44 U.S.C., Section 1333, the Congressional Research
Service (CRS) and the Researcher and Reference Services Division of the Library
of Congress prepared this bibliography to assist high school debaters in researching
this topic. This bibliography is intended to assist debaters in the identification of
references and resources on the subject. In selecting items for inclusion in this bibliography, the Library of Congress has sampled a wide spectrum of opinions reflected
in the current literature on this topic. No preference for any policy is indicated by
the selection or positioning of articles, books, or websites cited, nor is the Library’s
disapproval of any policy, position, or article to be inferred from its omission.
The bibliography was prepared by Audrey Crane-Hirsch, Caitlin Curran,
and Laura Deal of the Knowledge Services Group, CRS, and by Kenneth Drexler
and William R. Elsbury, of the History and Genealogy Section, Library of Congress,
under the direction of project team leader Elizabeth Larson, with assistance from
Paul K. Kerr.
We wish the best to each debater as they research, prepare, and present
arguments on this year’s topic.
Mary B. Mazanec, Director
Congressional Research Service
(V)
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NATIONAL DEBATE TOPIC FOR HIGH SCHOOLS, 2019-2020
RESOLVED: THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
SHOULD SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCE DIRECT COMMERCIAL
SALES AND/OR FOREIGN MILITARY SALES OF ARMS
FROM THE UNITED STATES
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE 2019-2020
HIGH SCHOOL DEBATE TOPIC
Compiled by
Audrey Crane-Hirsch,
Caitlin Curran,
Laura Deal,
Knowledge Services Group,
Congressional Research Service
and by
Kenneth Drexler,
William R. Elsbury,
History and Genealogy Section,
Library of Congress
Under the direction of Elizabeth Larson,
Knowledge Services Group,
Congressional Research Service
June 2019
Introduction
The 2019-2020 high school debate topic is: “Resolved: The United States Federal Government
Should Substantially Reduce Direct Commercial Sales and/or Foreign Military Sales of Arms
from the United States.” The topic is selected annually by ballot of the delegates from the
National Catholic Forensic League, the National Debate Coaches Association, and the
National Speech and Debate Association, all organized under the umbrella organization,
the National Federation of State High School Associations.
This selective bibliography, with brief annotations, is intended to assist debaters in identifying
resources and references on the national debate topic. It lists citations to journal articles, books,
congressional publications, legal cases, and websites. The bibliography is divided into three broad
sections: basic concepts and definitions, general overviews, and specific cases.
Summary
The purpose of the bibliography is to provide students with a brief overview of information
related to the 2019-2020 high school debate topic.
This compilation is not intended to provide complete coverage of the topic. Further research
on the topic may be accomplished at high school, public, and research libraries.
In addition to the resources included in this bibliography, there are many more international
organizations, U.S. government agencies, and non-governmental organizations that provide
information on the debate topic and sub-topics on their websites. Debaters are encouraged
to consult library resources as well as the internet for their research.
(3)
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Basic Concepts and Definitions
Books
McCallister, Ernest B., ed. The Management of Security Cooperation. “Green Book” 39th ed.
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH: DISCS, 2019.
Available at
https://www.discs.dsca.mil/_pages/resources/default.aspx?section=publications&type=greenbook.
This annually revised publication is used by Defense Institute of Security Cooperation Studies
to help in understanding the policy, precedent and procedure of security cooperation activities.
It is an academic document and should not be construed as representing official policies of the
U.S. government. Annex A and Annex B contain abbreviations, acronyms and a glossary
of selected terms.
Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated
Terms. Washington, DC: The Joint Staff, 2019.
Available at https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/pubs/dictionary.pdf.
The purpose of this dictionary is to standardize terminology so that communication and mutual
understanding may be improved between Department of Defense (DOD) agencies, other U.S.
government agencies, and U.S. allies. The definition for Foreign Military Sales (FMS) is found
on page 89.
Reports
U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Political-Military Affairs. “U.S. Arms Sales and Defense
Trade: Fact Sheet.” Last revised May 21, 2019.
Available at https://www.state.gov/u-s-arms-sales-and-defense-trade/.
The Department of State’s Bureau of Political-Military Affairs (PM) oversees most governmentto-government arms sales. Under Foreign Military Sales (FMS), PM’s Office of Regional
Security and Arms Transfers (PM/RSAT) manages the FMS process in close cooperation
with the Department of Defense’s Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA).
U.S. Government Accountability Office. Foreign Military Sales: Controls Should Be
Strengthened to Address Substantial Growth in Overhead Account Balances, GAO-18-401.
May 10, 2018.
Available at https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-18-401.
This report describes the growth of the Foreign Military Sales (FMS) administrative account
and the FMS contract administration services (CAS) account and recommends changes in account
controls to better manage these FMS fee accounts.
Websites
National Defense Industrial Association. “Foreign Military Sales vs Direct Commercial Sales.”
Available at http://www.ndia.org/policy/international/fms-vs-dcs.
This webpage from the National Defense Industrial Association describes and compares Foreign
Military Sales and Direct Commercial Sales.
U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency. “FAQ.”
Available at https://www.dsca.mil/resources/faq.
Frequently asked questions about Foreign Military Sales, including a description of the program
and comparisons to Direct Commercial Sales.
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U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency. “Foreign Military Sales (FMS).”
Available at https://www.dsca.mil/programs/foreign-military-sales-fms.
This webpage contains a description of the Foreign Military Sales program, with links
to information about related programs.
U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency. “Foreign Military Sales (FMS) Video.”
Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hlAghDl_fJ0.
A video tutorial of the Foreign Military Sales (FMS) process presented by Lieutenant General
(LTG) Charles Hooper. General Hooper is the Director of the Defense Security
Cooperation Agency.
U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DCSA). “Publications.”
Available at https://www.dsca.mil/publications.
A list of the guides, handbooks, manuals, and videos on the policies and procedures of the
Foreign Military Sales (FMS) program published by the DCSA.
U.S. Department of State. “Bureau of Political Military Affairs (PM).”
Available at https://www.state.gov/bureaus-offices/under-secretary-for-arms-control-andinternational-security-affairs/bureau-of-political-military-affairs/.
The Bureau of Political Military Affairs (PM) provides policy direction in the areas of
international security, security assistance, military operations, defense strategy and plans,
and defense trade.
U.S. Department of State. “Third Party Transfers and Foreign Military Sales Teams
and Functions.”
Available at https://2009-2017.state.gov/t/pm/rsat/c14021.htm.
This site describes the responsibilities and functions of the Third Party Transfers Team and the
Foreign Military Sales Team, and provides links to related topics such as the transfer process
and the legal basis for arms transfers.
General Overviews
Selected Legislation, Treaties, and Policy Documents
The following resources give examples of legislation, treaties, and policy documents that have
had an impact on arms sale policy. This list is not intended to be comprehensive.
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, Pub. L. No. 87-195, 22 U.S.C. 2151.
Available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-75/pdf/STATUTE-75-Pg424-2.pdf.
The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 outlines the basis of the United States' foreign assistance
policies and programs. Part II of the law authorizes military assistance to allied countries,
including Foreign Military Sales "to any friendly country or international organization."
House Office of the Legislative Counsel. Compilation of the Arms Export Control Act
[Pub. L. 90-629, as amended through Pub .L. 115-232]. Sept. 25, 2018.
Available at https://legcounsel.house.gov/Comps/Arms%20Export%20Control%20Act.pdf.
The Arms Export Control Act (AECA) of 1976 amended the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961
and updated the laws regulating Foreign Military Sales. It authorizes the President to control the
import and export of defense articles and defense services. It also requires congressional
notification for Foreign Military Sales valued over specific amounts. Note: This compilation does
not represent the official version of any federal statue. The official version of federal law is found
in the United States Statutes at Large and in the United States Code.
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Waltz, Susan. "U.S. Small Arms Policy: Having it Both Ways." World Policy Journal 24, no. 2
(Summer 2007): 67-80.
Available at https://read.dukeupress.edu/world-policy-journal/article/24/2/67/100195/U-S-SmallArms-Policy-Having-It-Both-Ways.
The author reviews U.S. laws and regulations regarding foreign sales of small arms and argues
that there is a gap between the stated policy of accountability and transparency and
actual practice.
Reports
Mahanty, Daniel and Annie Shiel. With Great Power: Modifying U.S. Arms Sales to Reduce
Civilian Harm. Washington, DC: The Center for Civilians in Conflict and the
Stimson Center, 2018.
Available at
https://www.stimson.org/content/great-power-modifying-us-arms-sales-reduce-civilian-harm-0.
This report provides an overview of existing international and domestic arms sale regulations
and proposes changes to existing U.S. laws and policy in order to reduce civilian harm associated
with U.S.-sold weapons.
U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. The U.S. Export Control System
and the Export Control Reform Initiative, by Ian F. Fergusson and Paul K. Kerr. R41916.
Available at https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R41916.
This report describes the federal regulations and government agencies involved in the export
of sensitive materials and technologies from the United States, including defense articles
and services.
Websites
Office of Export Control. Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation. "Overview
of U.S. Export Control System."
Available at https://2009-2017.state.gov/strategictrade/overview/index.htm.
This site from the Department of State explains the policy goals and building blocks of the U.S.
export control system. It outlines the parts of U.S. law related to exports, including the Arms
Export Control Act, International Traffic in Arms Regulations, and the U.S. Munitions List.
Request and Procurement Process
Articles
Little, Thomas D. "End-use Monitoring is the Key to Success in Foreign Military Sales."
Army Sustainment Magazine, Sept.-Oct. 2017.
Available at
https://www.army.mil/article/192447/end_use_monitoring_is_the_key_to_success_in_foreign_
military_sales.
This article explains how the United States verifies that arms transferred via Foreign Military
Sales and Direct Commercial Sales are not used for purposes which violate the Arms Export
Control Act.
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10
Korte, Gregory. "Hawking Drones to U.S. Allies, Trump Loosens Policy on Arms Sales
to Foreign Countries." USA Today, Apr. 19, 2018.
Available at https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/04/19/trump-militaryequipment-loosens-restrictions-arms-sales/532668002/.
This article reports on the Trump Administration's policy on the sale of drones to foreign
governments and the processing of arms sales.
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). "Asia and the Middle East Lead
Rising Trend in Arms Imports, U.S. Exports Grow Significantly, Says SIPRI." SIPRI,
Mar. 12, 2018.
Available at https://www.sipri.org/news/press-release/2018/asia-and-middle-east-lead-risingtrend-arms-imports-us-exports-grow-significantly-says-sipri.
This press release discusses data released by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
covering international arms sales from 2013-2017.
Reports
Eaglen, Mackenzie, and Eric Sayers. Maintaining the Superiority of America's Defense
Industrial Base. Washington, DC: The Heritage Foundation, 2009.
Available at https://www.heritage.org/defense/report/maintaining-the-superiority-americasdefense-industrial-base.
This report asserts that America’s defense industrial base plays a vital part in providing the U.S.
military with the equipment necessary to accomplish its goals. It also states that Congress should
seek out Foreign Military Sales opportunities and streamline the sales process in order to maintain
a healthy industrial base.
Hartung, William and Christina Arabia. Trends in Major U.S. Arms Sales in 2018: The Trump
Record—Rhetoric vs. Reality. Washington, DC: Center for International Policy, 2019.
Available at https://static.wixstatic.com/ugd/3ba8a1_44475f2b94464e77b57c6d33953dc939.pdf.
This report argues that Foreign Military Sales contracts are concentrated in a small number
of companies, and discusses factors relating to arms sales and job creation. It also makes
recommendations aimed at improving the transparency and accountability of the
arms sales process.
Herbert, Wayne M. "The effects of the U.S. Foreign Military Sales (FMS) program in preserving
the Defense Industrial Base." PhD diss., Naval Postgraduate School, 1998.
Available at https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA357006.
This thesis examines the impact that Foreign Military Sales can have on the preservation of the
defense industrial base as well as offers recommendations for the arms transfer process.
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services. U.S. Industry Perspectives on the
Department of Defense's Policies, Roles, and Responsibilities for Foreign Military Sales, hearing.
114th Cong., 2nd sess., May 11, 2016. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Publishing
Office, 2016.
Available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-114hhrg20790/pdf/CHRG114hhrg20790.pdf.
Transcript of the hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations where a
representative from the National Defense Industrial Association and another from the Aerospace
Industries Association testified on industry’s experience with the FMS.
11
U.S. Department of Defense. Assessing and Strengthening the Manufacturing and Defense
Industrial Base and Supply Chain Resiliency of the United States: Report to President
Donald J. Trump by the Interagency Task Force in Fulfillment of Executive Order 13806.
Sept. 2018.
Available at https://media.defense.gov/2018/Oct/05/2002048904/-1/-1/1/ASSESSING-ANDSTRENGTHENING-THE-MANUFACTURING-AND%20DEFENSE-INDUSTRIAL-BASEAND-SUPPLY-CHAIN-RESILIENCY.PDF.
Following an executive order, this report details the factors impacting the defense industrial base.
It assesses the risks, identifies the impacts, and offers recommendations for improvements.
Websites
Security Assistance Monitor, Center for International Policy. "Arms Sales Dashboard."
Available at https://securityassistance.org/content/arms-sales-dashboard.
The Arms Sales Dashboard is a data visualization tool which shows U.S. arms sales by country
with data from 2000 to present. It also shows the sales by categories, including Foreign Military
Sales and Direct Commercial Sales and the recipients.
U.S. Department of Homeland Security “Defense Industrial Base Sector.”
Available at https://www.dhs.gov/cisa/defense-industrial-base-sector.
This site provides background and information on the defense industrial base sector.
Impact of International Organizations and Military Alliances
Articles
Elliot, Adriane. “Maximizing Foreign Military Sales Provides Multiple Benefits: Mission
Strengthens Readiness, Partnerships, Finances.” Army Magazine 68, no. 8 (Aug. 2018): 34-35.
This article discusses the role of the U.S. Army Security Assistance Command, which manages
foreign arms sales. It argues that Foreign Military Sales increase Army readiness, strengthen
international partnerships, and have a financial value.
Stohl, Rachel. “Questionable Reward: Arms Sales and the War on Terrorism.” Arms Control
Today 38, no. 1 (2008): 17-23.
Available at https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2008_01-02/stohl.
The author discusses the United States’ use of arms sales to countries identified as key allies in
the war on terrorism and presents possible negative long-term effects.
Van Horn, Bob. "Using Foreign Military Sales to Support Military-to-Military Cooperation."
Defense Institute of Security Assistance Management (DISAM) Journal 29, no. 2 (Apr. 2007):
149-153.
Available at https://www.discs.dsca.mil/Pubs/Indexes/Vol%2029_2/Van%20Horn.pdf.
The author argues that in some circumstances, the use of Foreign Military Sales can support
military-to-military cooperation, but should not completely replace other programs that
support cooperation.
Yarhi-Milo, Keren, Alexander Lanoszka, and Zack Cooper. “To Arm or to Ally? The Patron's
Dilemma and the Strategic Logic of Arms Transfers and Alliances.” International Security 41,
no. 2 (2016): 90-139.
Available at https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/10.1162/ISEC_a_00250.
The authors present the conditions under which great powers offer client state arms, alliance
agreements, or in some cases both.
12
Books
Root, Hilton L. "Economic Logic of the Alliance Curse." In Alliance Curse: How America Lost
the Third World, 3-14. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2008.
Available at https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/alliancecurse_chapter.pdf.
In this chapter, the author discusses the creation of asymmetric alliances through the use of arms
sales, which may result in future liabilities.
Websites
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). “Arms-control, disarmament and non-proliferation
in NATO.”
Available at http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_48895.htm.
This site provides an overview of NATO’s role in arms control, disarmament, and
non-proliferation policy.
U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Arms Control, Verification and Compliance.
“World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers.”
Available at https://www.state.gov/world-military-expenditures-and-arms-transfers/.
Website includes the "World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers" (WMEAT), a series
of publications that provide data accompanied by analyses and highlights on military spending
and arms transfers worldwide.
Specific Cases
U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency. “Major Arms Sales.”
Available at https://www.dsca.mil/major-arms-sales.
Listing of the notifications to Congress of possible major arms sales approved by the Department
of State. The notifications contain the name of the country, the type of equipment, and the
estimated cost of the sale. The listings on this page are of all countries in reverse chronological
order. Country-specific information can be found by typing the country name in a search bar
at the top right of the page.
Asia and the Pacific
Articles
Abercrombie, Cara. “Removing Barriers to U.S.-India Defense Trade.” Carnegie Endowment for
International Peace, Jan. 10, 2018.
Available at https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/01/10/removing-barriers-to-u.s.-india-defensetrade-pub-75206.
Abercrombie contends that increased defense trade between the U.S. and India will strengthen
the strategic partnership between the two countries. The author investigates bureaucratic obstacles
that might currently hinder arms trade and offers suggestions for improving existing policies.
13
Bitzinger, Richard. “Asia’s Arms Bazaar: Growing Market for China, US.” RSIS Commentaries,
no. 158 (Oct. 2018).
Available at https://www.rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/rsis/co18159-asias-arms-bazaar-growingmarket-for-china-us/.
The author provides an overview of the current state of the Asian arms market, including recent
sales data. He contends that an increasing demand in the region for more sophisticated weapons
is good news for both Chinese and American defense companies.
Caverley, Jonathan D. and Ethan B. Kapstein. “Who's Arming Asia?” Survival 58, no. 2 (Mar. 18,
2016): 167-184.
The authors contend that U.S. arms sales are a critical component of maintaining influence in
Asia. They argue that a recent decline in U.S. market share puts American foreign policy goals
in the region at risk.
Dasgupta, Sunil and Stephen P. Cohen. "Arms Sales for India: How Military Trade could
Energize U.S.-Indian Relations." Foreign Affairs 90, no. 2 (Mar. 2011): 22-26.
The authors examine the strategic benefits of arms sales between the U.S. and India, as well as
current obstacles to growth. The authors contend that political concessions will need to be made
by both countries in order to increase military trade.
Dorschner, Jon P. "Are South Asian Arms Sales in the U.S. National Interest?" American
Diplomacy (Apr. 27, 2016): 1-3.
Available at http://americandiplomacy.web.unc.edu/2016/05/are-south-asian-arms-sales-in-the-us-national-interest-the-foreign-policy-implications/.
Dorschner argues that India’s reliance on arms purchased from the United States and other
nations is detrimental to the national interests of both countries. The author states that both liberal
and realist arguments can be used to back his viewpoint.
Farley, Robert. “Can China Replace the United States as the World's Top Arms Dealer?” The
Diplomat, Nov. 21, 2017.
Available at https://thediplomat.com/2017/11/can-china-replace-the-us-as-the-worlds-toparms-dealer/.
The author contends that China may soon replace the U.S. as the global leader in the international
arms market.
Harold, Scott W. “Why Has Obama Lifted the Arms Sales Ban on Vietnam?” Newsweek,
May 25, 2016.
Available at https://www.newsweek.com/why-has-obama-lifted-arms-sales-ban-vietnam-463435.
This article examines the reasons behind the decision to lift the arms sales ban on Vietnam. The
author contends that U.S. arms sales will help further enhance U.S. influence in Vietnam and the
entire region.
Harper, Jon. "Industrial Concerns Shaping Asia-Pacific Arms Market." National Defense 102,
no. 775 (June 2018): 27-29.
Available at http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2018/6/6/industrial-concernsshaping-asia-pacific-arms-market.
This article explores the current state of the Asian-Pacific weapons market, with an emphasis
on U.S. arms deals. It predicts that demand in the Asia-Pacific market will remain strong in the
foreseeable future, offering the U.S. strategic and commercial opportunities.
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.RN3LLQ)HQDQG'DYLG-)LUHVWHLQ. Threading the Needle: Proposals for U.S. and Chinese
Actions on Arms Sales to Taiwan1HZ<RUN (DVW:HVW,QVWLWXWH
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16
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services. The Military Posture and Security
Challenges in the Indo-Asia-Pacific Region, hearing. 115th Cong., 2nd sess., Feb. 14, 2018.
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Publishing Office, 2018.
Available at https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CHRG-115hhrg28993/CHRG-115hhrg28993.
This hearing looks at defense and security issues related to the Indo-Asia-Pacific Region. The
statement of Admiral Harry B. Harris Jr, U.S. Navy Commander, U.S. Pacific Command, presents
an overview of military relations in the region, including some references to Direct Commercial
Sales (DCS) and Foreign Military Sales (FMS) to specific countries.
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific.
Renewing Assurances: Strengthening U.S.-Taiwan Ties, hearing. 115th Cong., 1st sess.,
June 15, 2017. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Publishing Office, 2017.
Available at https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CHRG-115hhrg25846/CHRG-115hhrg25846.
This hearing looks at the current state of U.S.-Taiwan relations that includes testimony and
statistics related to U.S. arms sales. It contains testimony from the U.S.-Taiwan Business Council,
American Enterprise Institute, and the Global Taiwan Institute.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific
Affairs. Evaluating U.S. Policy on Taiwan on the 35th Anniversary of the Taiwan Relations Act
(TRA). 113th Congress, 2nd sess., Apr. 3, 2014. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing
Office, 2014.
Available at https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CHRG-113shrg91138/CHRG-113shrg91138.
This hearing looks at U.S. policy on Taiwan on the 35th anniversary of the Taiwan Relations Act
of 1979. References to U.S. arms sales to Taiwan can be found throughout the hearing.
U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Political-Military Affairs. “U.S. Security Cooperation
with Japan: Fact Sheet.” Last revised May 21, 2019.
Available at https://www.state.gov/u-s-security-cooperation-with-japan/.
This fact sheet presents an overview of U.S. security cooperation with Japan, including a brief
summary of U.S. arms sales.
U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Political-Military Affairs. “U.S. Security Cooperation
with Korea: Fact Sheet.” Last revised May 21, 2019.
Available at https://www.state.gov/u-s-security-cooperation-with-korea/.
This fact sheet presents an overview of U.S. security cooperation with South Korea, including
a brief summary of U.S. arms sales.
U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Public Affairs. “U.S. Security Cooperation with Vietnam:
Fact Sheet.” Last revised Aug. 16, 2018.
Available at https://www.state.gov/u-s-security-cooperation-with-vietnam/.
This fact sheet presents an overview of U.S. security cooperation with Vietnam, including a brief
summary of U.S. arms sales.
U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. India-U.S. Relations: Issues
for Congress, by K. Alan Kronstadt and Shayerah Ilias Akhtar. R44876.
Available at https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R44876.
This report explores the current state of U.S.-Indian relations, including a brief overview
of defense trade between the two countries.
U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. Taiwan: Issues for Congress,
by Susan V. Lawrence and Wayne M. Morrison. R44996.
Available at https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R44996.
This report presents an overview of U.S. relations with Taiwan. It contains a detailed section on
U.S. arms sales to Taiwan.
17
U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. The U.S.-Japan Alliance, by Emma
Chanlett-Avery and Ian E. Rinehart. RL33740.
Available at https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RL33740.
This report offers an overview of the U.S.-Japan alliance. It includes sections on U.S. arms sales
to Japan and defense industry cooperation and co-production of weapons systems.
U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. U.S.-Vietnam Economic and Trade
Relations: Key Issues in 2018, by Michael F. Martin. R45172.
Available at https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R45172.
This report provides an overview of U.S.-Vietnam trade relations. It includes a section
on U.S. arms sales to Vietnam.
Middle East
Articles
Bacher, Ariel. “JCPOA: Implications and Effects on Our Foreign Military Sales Program.” Public
Contract Law Journal 46, no. 4 (Summer 2017): 873-893.
The author argues that Israel’s ability to engage in a preemptive strike against potential Iranian
nuclear weapon development, possibly facilitated by Iran’s 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan
of Action (JCPOA), is a military and foreign policy benefit to the United States, made possible
primarily through Israeli acquisition of U.S. weapons through the Foreign Military Sales (FMS)
program. The author contends that the Arms Export Control Act (AECA) should be amended,
to ensure that Israel’s access to the FMS program is not curtailed on grounds that such a
preemptive attack might not be considered “legitimate self-defense” under the current
AECA statute.
Dewan, Angela. Graphics by Henrik Petterson. “These Are the Countries Still Selling Arms
to Saudi Arabia.” CNN, Nov. 23, 2018.
Available at
https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/22/middleeast/arms-exports-saudi-arabia-intl/index.html.
This article provides statistics on the countries selling arms to Saudi Arabia. The United
Kingdom, the second-largest supplier to Saudi Arabia, decreased its deliveries by almost 50%
from 2016 to 2017, while the U.S. nearly doubled its exports.
Gilsinan, Kathy. “Why the U.S Can’t Quit Saudi Arabia.” The Atlantic, Oct. 16, 2018.
Available at https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/10/jamal-khashoggiamerican-saudi-counterterrorism-relationship/573148/.
The author traces the history of U.S.-Saudi relations with a focus on recent events. She examines
the tensions of a relationship described as founded on shared interests, but not shared values.
“The Global Arms Trade: Masters of War.” The Economist 428, no. 9105,
Aug. 18, 2018: 47-48.
The article reports that the international arms market is volatile, with total demand growing, more
sellers, and a buyer’s market for developing nations. It contends that U.S. arms-export policy
delicately balances economic and geopolitical opportunity against preventing the transfer of
technologies that could destabilize war zones or be used against the United States—a strategy
some commentators argue can be counter-productive.
18
Harper, Jon. “Middle East Arms Imports Expected to Remain Robust.” National Defense 102,
no. 775 (June 2018): 24-26.
Available at http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2018/6/8/middle-east-armsimports-expected-to-remain-robust.
The author surveys military sales orders by multiple countries in the Middle East, including
defensive systems such as aircraft and missile defense, as well as offensive technology such as
fighter jets, transport aircraft, helicopters, airborne platforms for intelligence, surveillance and
reconnaissance, and drones. The article observes that some countries in the Middle East
have had little trouble finding new arms sources when long-time suppliers have reduced
or ended their sales.
Osborne, Tony. “UAE Leaning to Russia Could be Price of U.S. Arms Sale Inaction.” Aviation
Week & Space Technology, Feb. 27, 2017.
The author depicts the United Arab Emirates (UAE) as a key U.S. and NATO ally in the Persian
Gulf and Middle East, but reports that the United States’ refusal to let the UAE (and other Gulf
states) acquire advanced combat aircraft, such as the U.S. F-35 fighter jet, has pushed the UAE
to partner with Russia to develop new fighter aircraft for the 2020s.
Vittori, Jodi. “American Weapons in the Wrong Hands.” Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace, Feb. 19, 2019.
Available at
https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/02/19/american-weapons-in-wrong-hands-pub-78408.
The article discusses arms purchases by Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. It articulates
reasons the United States should conduct a full-scale review of U.S. Army sales to the Gulf region
and provides examples of Gulf States diverting U.S. arms. It calls for the Department of Defense,
the Department of State, and the Department of Commerce to do a better job monitoring
arms sales.
Books
Riedel, Bruce. Kings and Presidents: Saudi Arabia and the United States since FDR. Washington,
DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2018.
The author, a former National Security Council staffer and CIA analyst, uses declassified
documents, Saudi and American memoirs, and eyewitness accounts to provide an inside look
at the complex partnership between the two countries. Includes discussions of U.S. weapons sales
to Saudi Arabia and Israel.
Reports
Council on Foreign Relations. U.S.-Saudi Arabia Relations. New York: Council on Foreign
Relations. Last updated Dec. 7, 2018.
Available at https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/us-saudi-arabia-relations.
This report provides background on the relationship between Saudi Arabia and the United States.
It discusses the seventy-year alliance, oil, defense and counterterrorism, the war in Yemen,
and financial ties.
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20
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. U.S. Policy toward a Turbulent
Middle East, hearing. 115th Cong., 2nd sess., Apr. 18, 2018. Washington, DC: U.S. Government
Publishing Office, 2018.
Available at
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-115hhrg29814/pdf/CHRG-115hhrg29814.pdf.
This hearing addressed U.S. interests concerning commercial, diplomatic, human rights, and other
issues in the Middle East. Responses from State Department officials to written “questions for the
record” after the hearing address arms sales to Libya.
U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. “U.S. Relations with Egypt: Fact
Sheet.” Last revised July 18, 2018.
Available at https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-egypt/.
This fact sheet presents an overview of United States relations with Egypt, including sections
on military and economic assistance; and bilateral economic relations.
U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. “U.S. Relations with Israel: Fact
Sheet.” Last revised May 14, 2018.
Available at https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-israel/.
This fact sheet presents an overview of United States relations with Israel, including sections
on military assistance and bilateral economic relations.
U.S. Department of State. Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs. “U.S. Relations with Turkey:
Fact Sheet.” Last revised Mar. 27, 2019.
Available at https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-turkey/.
This fact sheet presents an overview of United States relations with Turkey, including security
cooperation and bilateral economic relations.
U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. “U.S. Relations with United Arab
Emirates Fact Sheet.” Last revised Sept. 13, 2018.
Available at https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-united-arab-emirates/.
This fact sheet presents an overview of United States relations with United Arab Emirates,
including United States’ security assistance and bilateral economic relations.
U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Political-Military Affairs. “U.S. Security Cooperation with
Saudi Arabia: Fact Sheet” Last revised May 21, 2019.
Available at https://www.state.gov/u-s-security-cooperation-with-saudi-arabia/.
This fact sheet presents an overview of United States security cooperation with Saudi Arabia,
the United States’ largest Foreign Military Sales customer, including its role in counterterrorism
efforts and regional stability.
U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. Arms Sales in the Middle East:
Trends and Analytical Perspectives for U.S. Policy, by Clayton Thomas. R44984.
Available at https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R44984.
This report analyzes arms sales in the Middle East. It includes discussions on the role of arms
sales in U.S. policy, regional developments, major regional country profiles, and potential issues
for Congress.
U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. Conventional Arms Transfers to
Developing Nations, 2008–2015, by Catherine A. Theohary. R44716.
Available at https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R44716.
This report provides context to understand the scope and significance of foreign arms sales, both
from the United States and from other countries. Numerous tables provide quantitative data,
distinguishing the monetary value of arms agreements from arms deliveries. The report also
surveys trends and historical reasons for particular nation-to-nation relationships.
21
U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. Egypt: Background and U.S.
Relations, by Jeremy Sharp. RL33003.
Available at https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RL33003.
This report presents an overview of United States relations with Egypt. It includes sections
on U.S. military aid and arms sales, terrorism and Islamist militancy, and Egypt’s foreign policy
with other key countries.
U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. Israel: Background and U.S.
Relations, by Jim Zanotti. RL33476.
Available at https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RL33476.
This report provides background and analysis on United States relations with Israel. It includes
sections on U.S. aid and arms sales, Israeli security and challenges, and security cooperation
between the two countries.
U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. Turkey: Background and U.S.
Relations in Brief, by Jim Zanotti and Clayton Thomas. R44000.
Available at https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R44000.
This report provides background and analysis on United States relations with Turkey. It includes
sections on F-35 aircraft acquisition, Turkey’s military operations in Syria, and Turkey’s political
and economic trajectories.
U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. United Arab Emirates: Background
and U.S. Relations, by Kenneth Katzman. RS21852.
Available at https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RS21852.
This report provides background and analysis on United States relations with the United Arab
Emirates (UAE). It includes discussions on defense cooperation with the United States, including
U.S. and other arms sales; UAE policy toward regional conflicts; and human rights-related issues.
Zenko, Micah and Sarah Kreps. Limiting Armed Drone Proliferation. New York: Council on
Foreign Relations, 2014.
Available at https://www.cfr.org/report/limiting-armed-drone-proliferation.
The authors observe that although the U.S. is the world’s leader in possessing and using armed
drones, other nations are eager for the technology, either by developing internal capacities, or,
in the cases of Pakistan, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), by buying
them. The authors argue that the U.S. has a critical opportunity and a unique responsibility to
shape worldwide norms for the sale of armed drones. They urge that the U.S. should adopt a strict
export control policy.
23
SUBJECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
This section of the bibliography was compiled by the U.S. Government Publishing Office
Library Services and Content Management.
These resources are freely available through the Catalog of U.S. Government Publications,
https://catalog.gpo.gov.
Some are also available for purchase from the GPO bookstore,
https://bookstore.gpo.gov.
“Resolved: The United States Federal Government Should Substantially Reduce
Direct Commercial Sales and/or Foreign Military Sales of Arms from the United States.”
Assessing the Department of Defense’s Execution of Responsibilities in the U.S. Foreign
Military Sales Program (hearing, May 17, 2016)
Available at: http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo77715
Publisher: U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Armed Services, Subcommittee
on Oversight and Investigations
Year/Pages: 2017; 79 p.
Print price: N/A
Code of Federal Regulations, Title 15, Commerce and Foreign Trade, Parts 300-799,
Revised as of January 1, 2019
Available at: http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS494
Publisher: National Archives and Records Administration, Office of the Federal Register
Year/Pages: 2019; 1,173 p.
Print price: $68.00
Code of Federal Regulations, Title 32, National Defense, Parts 1-190, Revised
as of July 1, 2018
Available at: http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS494
Publisher: National Archives and Records Administration, Office of the Federal Register
Year/Pages: 2018; 1,115 p.
Print price: $67.00
24
Code of Federal Regulations, Title 32, National Defense, Parts 191-399, Revised
as of July 1, 2018
Available at: http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS494
Publisher: National Archives and Records Administration, Office of the Federal Register
Year/Pages: 2018; 1,206 p.
Print price: $69.00
Code of Federal Regulations, Title 32, National Defense, Parts 400-629, Revised
as of July 1, 2018
Available at: http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS494
Publisher: National Archives and Records Administration, Office of the Federal Register
Year/Pages: 2018; 465 p.
Print price: $56.00
Commercial Sales of Military Technologies (hearing, June 4, 2009)
Available at: http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo26094
Publisher: U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee
on Oversight and Investigations
Year/Pages: 2012; 121 p.
Print price: N/A
Export Controls, Arms Sales, and Reform: Balancing U.S. Interests, Part 1 (hearing,
May 12, 2011)
Available at: http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo11661
Publisher: U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs
Year/Pages: 2011; 105 p.
Print price: $11.00
25
Export Controls, Arms Sales, and Reform: Balancing U.S. Interests, Part 2 (hearing,
February 7, 2012)
Available at: http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo11661
Publisher: U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs
Year/Pages: 2012; 75 p.
Print price: $8.00
Reforming U.S. Export Controls Reforms: Advancing U.S. Army Interests
Available at: http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo64722
Publisher: Defense Dept., Army, U.S. Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute
Year/Pages: 2015; 103 p.
Print price: $14.00
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