International Support for the U.S.-Led War on Terrorism

Congressional research reportAug 8, 2003

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Order Code RL31152

CRS Report for Congress

Received through the CRS Web

International Support for the

U.S.-Led War on Terrorism

Updated August 8, 2003

-name redacted-, Huda Aden, and -name redactedForeign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division

-name redactedSpecialist in National Defense

Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division

Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

International Support for the

U.S.-Led War on Terrorism

Summary

Since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, the U.S.-led

war on terrorism has evolved from ridding Afghanistan of the ruling Taliban regime

and seeking to prevent Al Qaeda from using the nation as a base for worldwide

operations to encompass confronting and defeating terrorism in a number of

countries. Many countries and international organizations have become involved in

the war on terrorism, ranging from military support and basing rights to

reconstruction assistance and diplomatic support.

This report summarizes international support for the ongoing war on terrorism,

based largely on information from open source materials regarding the diplomatic,

intelligence, law enforcement, financial, and military contributions of international

organizations and individual nations. The report does not cover international

contributions to postwar Iraq or involvement in the U.S.-led coalition in the Iraq war.

(See CRS Report RL31843, Iraq: Foreign Stances Toward U.S. Policy.)

For additional information on the U.S. and international response to terrorism,

as well as further country or regional discussions, see the CRS Terrorism Electronic

Briefing Book at:[http://www.congress.gov/brbk/html/ebter1.html].

Contents

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

International Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Regional Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Appendix: Links for Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

U.N. Action Against Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

U.N. Security Council Resolutions Regarding Afghanistan . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Counter- terrorism Resolutions and Actions by Country and Region . . . . . 45

Groups Allegedly Affiliated with Al Qaeda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

List of Tables

Table 1. Status of Key Al Qaeda-Linked Suspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Table 2. Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund (ARTF)

Actual and Expected Donor Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Table 3. Direct Foreign Military - Related Support (Offered or Provided)

for the U.S.-Led War in Afghanistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Table 4. Detail of Foreign Military - Related Support (Offered or Provided)

for the US-Led War in Afghanistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Table 5. Counter-Terrorism Measures Approved or Considered . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

International Support for the

U.S.-Led War on Terrorism

Overview

The U.S.-led war on terrorism1 has received broad-based international support.

Initially, this effort focused primarily on ridding Afghanistan2 of the ruling Taliban

regime and the Al Qaeda terrorist network. Today, the United States is involved in

counter-terrorism activities around the world, including places such as the Horn of

Africa,3 the former Soviet state of Georgia, and Southeast Asia,4 particularly the

Philippines.

As the war on terrorism has expanded, U.S. officials have indicated there might

be “increased reliance on covert operators, as opposed to a third full-fledged military

campaign,” similar to operations in Pakistan and Yemen.5 There has also been

discussion of a possible U.S. military presence in Palestine territories and Israel to

help quell the terrorist violence that threatens the Administration’s Middle East plan

there.6 Additionally, Indonesia, North Korea, Iran, and Syria are still widely cited as

The first U.S. action in the war on terrorism occurred on September 15, 2001, when

President Bush authorized a partial mobilization of the Reserves and National Guard for

homeland defense and civil support missions (Operation Noble Eagle). Congress then passed

a Joint Resolution (S.J. Res. 23) authorizing the use of U.S. Armed forces. President Bush

signed this into law (P.L. 107-40) on September 18, 2001. The U.S. military forces first

attacked targets in Afghanistan on October 7, 2001.

For further reading on U.S. policy in Afghanistan, see CRS Report RL30588, Afghanistan:

Current Issues and U.S. Policy Concerns.

The Pentagon has initiated a new counter-terrorism operation under the newly formed

command of the Combined Joint Task Force-Horn of Africa. Countries covered under this

command include Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, and Yemen.

Approximately 2,000 U.S. armed services personnel have been deployed to camp Lemonier

Djibouti since the end of December 2002. The Task Force has not yet launched any major

combat operations.

According to the Washington Times on May 2, 2003, documents uncovered since the

ousting of Taliban forces have revealed an Al Qaeda-related group in Asia referred to by

U.S. intelligence as Jemaah Islamiah (JI). Discovered documents have already helped block

an attack in Singapore as well as provided information on the groups plans in pro-Western

governments of Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. JI is suspected of the

Bali nightclub bombing in 2002.

War on Terrorism in ‘cleanup’ phase, Washington Times, May 2, 2003.

“Profile: Diplomatic Efforts to Forum Truce Between Israel and Militant Palestinian

(continued...)

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possible terrorist “hot spots.” Questions have been raised concerning North Korea

and Iran, which have existing nuclear weapons’ programs, and Syria because of

reports that Iraqi leaders may have hidden weapons of mass destruction there.7 This

report does not treat the possibility of an expanding list of “rogue” states, but instead

focuses on global support for the U.S.-led war against international terrorist

organizations such as Al Qaeda.

Some believe there is an inescapable connection between the global war on

terrorism and the recent war in Iraq. President Bush has asserted that the war against

Iraq was both a “victory” and “a crucial advance in the campaign against terror.”8

Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz further characterized the security of

Iraq as “the central battle in the global war on terror.”9 Others doubt Administration

assertions that Hussein had an extensive chemical or biological weapon’s stockpile

or a nuclear weapon program, and skepticism about Administration charges that

Hussein would have been likely to share those weapons with terrorist organizations.

Since the war in Iraq, “U.S. teams . . . are attempting to uncover linkages, if any,

between the former regime of Saddam Hussein and Al Qaeda, but little evidence has

been presented thus far and many experts are skeptical that such linkage existed.”10

Although widespread international disagreement concerning the rationale for the

U.S.-led war against Iraq may have potentially threatened the level of cooperation on

the war on terrorism, this threat has not materialized in any obvious way. This report

does not, however, address the issues surrounding the justification for a U.S.-led

invasion against Iraq.11

Since the start of the war on terrorism in September 2001, the number of

terrorists attacks and fatalities linked to terrorism have declined. According to the

Patterns of Global Terrorism report,12 terrorist attacks numbered 199 in 2002,

compared to 355 in 2001. Despite some reported indications of progress, the Al

Qaeda network has apparently “regrouped” in an attempt to oppose the U.S. military

presence in Afghanistan, Iraq, and elsewhere in the region, as well as U.S.

involvement in the Middle East peace process. With nearly an estimated third of the

senior Al Qaeda members now reportedly captured or killed as well as the loss of

(...continued)

Groups Continue,” NPR. All Things Considered, June 16, 2003.

For further reading, see CRS Issue Brief IB92075, Syria: U.S. Relations and Bilateral

Issues.

White House, Office of the Press Secretary, “President Bush Announces Combat

Operations in Iraq have Ended,” May 1, 2003.

U.S. Department of State, Defense Link, “Deputy Secretary Wolfowitz Interview on CBS

Face the Nation,” News Transcript, July 27, 2003.

For further reading, see CRS Electronic Briefing Book, Terrorism, page on “Al Qaeda”

at [http://www.congress.gov/brbk/html/ebter131.htm].

For further reading, see CRS Report RS21325, Iraq: Divergent Views on Military Action,

March 31, 2003.

U.S. Department of State, Patterns of Global Terrorism 2002, April 2003,

[http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2002/pdf].

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Afghanistan as a base, and the assets of more than $125 million in terrorist related

financial assets frozen from 166 countries,13 Al Qaeda has proven itself capable of

adapting to changing circumstances, including replacing some key leaders and

decentralizing parts of its operations. (For further reading, see CRS Report RS21529,

Al Qaeda and the Iraq Conflict.)

In May 2003, the twin terrorist attacks in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and Casablanca,

Morocco (the first major incidents since the Iraq war) tempered optimism that Al

Qaeda was crippled and unable to launch major terrorist strikes.14 Before then, the

targets appeared to have shifted from high-profile Western targets to “soft” targets

in Muslim countries. The coordination of suicide attacks and car bombs also

represents an apparent tactical shift.

The war on terrorism is not only global in reach, but it is being fought by a

coalition of nations on many fronts, including diplomatic, intelligence, law

enforcement, financial, and military. Since the attacks in Morocco and Saudi Arabia,

renewed diplomatic support for the war on terrorism, especially from key allies in

the Middle East, has apparently strengthened the coalition as the threat posed by

terrorism became more evident.15

The work by U.S. and foreign intelligence and law enforcement officials have

resulted in the capture of a number of top Al Qaeda operatives, including Khalid

Sheik Mohammed, Ramzi Binalshibh, and Abu Zubeida. Since September 11, more

than 3,000 Al Qaeda members have reportedly been taken into custody.16 Others

implicated in the September 11 conspiracy have also been captured or arrested

abroad. (For more on the status of key Al Qaeda-linked suspects, see Table 1.)

Although the arrests of key Al Qaeda suspects have dominated recent headlines,

no less important, is the crackdown on terrorist financing. The March 2003 arrest

of Mustafa Ahmed al-Hawsawi and the January 2003 arrest of a Yemeni cleric, Sheik

Mohammed Ali Hasan Al-Moayad, have reportedly helped disrupt the terrorist

financial machinery.17 Al-Hawsawi is believed to have set up the bank accounts used

by the September 11 hijackers, and al-Moayad has been tied to Brooklyn’s Al Farouq

Ibid.

Elliott, Michael. “Why the War on Terror Will Never End: Bomb attacks in Riyadh and

Casablanca suggest that even on the run, Al-Qeada is a resilient threat to the West,” Time,

May 18, 2003.

At the start of the war on terrorism, President Bush identified two coalition objectives: “to

do everything possible to eliminate the threat posed by international terrorism; to deter states

from supporting, supporting, harboring or acting complicity with international terrorist

groups.” U.S. White House. “Campaign Against Terrorism: A Coalition Update,” Report,

2003.

U.S. Department of State, Patterns of Global Terrorism 2002, April 2003,

[http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2002/pdf]; See also CRS Report RS21529, Al Qaeda

and the Iraq Conflict.

“The Cash Squeeze on Terror Inc,” BusinessWeek Online, March 17, 2003.

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mosque, which allegedly provided material support for terrorist operations.18 Adel

Batterjee, a Saudi businessman and founder of Chicago-based Benevolence

International Foundation, one of the largest Islamic charities in the U.S., continues

to be sought by investigators as is Al Qaeda’s financial mastermind, Sheik Said alMasri, who remains at-large.19

According to the Terrorist Asset Report,20 The U.S. Department of Treasury has

blocked the assets of terrorists “organization/related designees,”21 totaling

$6,270,521. And nearly $124 million in suspected assets have been frozen

worldwide.22 In an effort to disrupt terrorist financing, President Bush signed

Executive Order 13224 on September 23, 2001. The Order initially froze all U.S.based assets of 27 organizations and individuals, and further authorized the Secretary

of the Treasury or Secretary of State to add to that list. (For further reading, see CRS

Report RL31658, Terrorist Financing: The U.S. and International Response.)

On the military front, nearly 11,00023 soldiers from more than 23 nations remain

in Afghanistan in search of remnants of Taliban and Al Qaeda forces in an effort to

further disable the terrorist network.24 Other military actions in connection to the

war on terrorism continue to be conducted. Training missions and operations with

Pakistani special forces are ongoing near the Afghan/Pakistan border, as well as with

forces in the Philippines, Georgia, Yemen, and Djibouti in order to bolster command

and control operations against Al Qaeda and other international terrorists.

Despite efforts in Afghanistan, the security situation remains tenuous for

international peacekeepers. As remnants of Taliban and Al Qaeda allies have been

driven from Kabul, they have waged a “spring offensive” from the southern province

of Afghanistan against peacekeepers challenging the foreign military presence in

Afghanistan and the war in Iraq.25 ISAF Commander Norbert van Heyst has reported

increasing level of attacks throughout the country since March 2003.26

Ibid; United States Mission to the European Union, “Arrest of Al Qaeda Leader Seen as

Blow to Global Terrorist Network,” March 4, 2003.

Op.Cit.

U.S. Department of Treasury, Terrorist Assets Report, Calendar Year 2002, Annual

Report to Congress on Assets in the United States of Terrorist Countries and International

Terrorism Program Designee, 2003.

These organizations/designees include: Al Qaeda, Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad,

Kahane Chair, and Taliban.

“The Cash Squeeze on Terror Inc,” BusinessWeek Online, March 17, 2003.

Exact figures on force size fluctuates between reporting sources. Troop size ranges from

10,000 to 11,000.

Pittman, Todd. “Top American Official to reassure Karzai of U.S. commitment to

Afghanistan.” Associated Press. May 9, 2003.

U.S. Target Militants Leaders in Southern Afghan Assault, Washington Post, March 21,

2003.

“Attacks in Afghanistan doubled in May-ISAF commander,” Agence France-Presse, July

(continued...)

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General Akin Zorlu, formerly the Turkish commander of the ISAF,27 handed

over command to Germany and the Netherlands on February 10, 2003. Germany and

the Netherlands will remain in charge until August 2003, when NATO28 will assume

command of the ISAF. The ISAF has completed 176 projects, with another 44

reported as ongoing and 38 more under planning.29 Reconstruction efforts have

aimed at improving health, education, and the infrastructure within Kabul. One of the

most significant military efforts has been the ongoing destruction of caches of Sovietmade missiles, which began May 12 and was expected to be completed on June 9,

2003.30

A number of countries and organizations continue to assist in the reconstruction

of Afghanistan. At the second international donor31 meeting in March 2003, donors

pledged $1.7 billion for fiscal year 2003.32 (For a detailed summary of contributions

toward the Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund (ARTF), see Table 2.) (For more

details on Afghanistan reconstruction, see CRS Report RL31759, Reconstruction

Assistance in Afghanistan: Goals, Priorities, and Issues for Congress.)

Since December 2002, efforts in Afghanistan have focused on diplomacy,

intelligence, law enforcement, and reconstruction assistance — supported by limited

military operations. As a result, the following country overviews do not include a

detailed discussion of earlier military efforts in Afghanistan. Instead, foreign military

support to Operation Enduring Freedom is outlined in Table 3 and Table 4.

(...continued)

2, 2003.

The last updated report (December 2002) listed 23 nations as participants to the ISAF. The

number has been varying from 18-29. Exact figures fluctuate between reporting sources.

Similarly, force size fluctuates, ranging from 4,500-5000 troops.

This will be the first “out of area” European mission for NATO in the history of Europe.

Pittman, Todd. “Top American Official to reassure Karzai of U.S. commitment to

Afghanistan,” Associated Press, May 9, 2003.

The cache of more than 200 Soviet missiles is the legacy of two decades under Soviet

occupation in the 1980s.

The 22 donors include: Bahrain, Canada, Denmark, European Commission, Finland,

Germany, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,

Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, and United

States.

“Donor Pledges $1.7 billion for fiscal 2003,” Japan Economic Newswire, March 17, 2003.

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This report does not list all the measures taken, but provides a fairly detailed

summary of international support related to the war on terrorism by country and

major international organizations,33 both governmental and nongovernmental. The

report will be updated as necessary.

Response

International Organizations

United Nations (UN). The United Nations has played an important role in

establishing global standards against terrorism, including active monitoring of

nations’ implementation of those standards. The Security Council’s Counterterrorism Committee has been monitoring nations’ commitment and adoption of

Security Council Resolution 1373 on money laundering. Since the attacks on 9/11,

the committee received 343 status reports from nations on their progress in

implementing the United Nations resolutions on terrorism, and has offered feedback

in 243 detailed letters to states. The committee is devising a plan of action for

countries that did not submit reports.

World Bank (WB). In May 2002, the Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund

(ARTF) was established, which is administered by the World Bank, and jointly

managed by UNDP, the Asian Development Bank, Islamic Development Bank, and

the World Bank. The ARTF assists the Afghanistan Interim Administration in

funding reconstruction projects and covering expenses, such as salaries for civil

servants, health workers, teachers, and police. Donations have also helped clear

Afghanistan’s debt with the World Bank, making it eligible to borrow from the

World Bank for the first time since 1979. The World Bank has approved an interestfree loan of $108 million to Afghanistan to fund the Emergency Transport

Rehabilitation Project. The project’s objective is to overcome transportation barriers

in Afghanistan, like disintegrating pavements, damaged tunnels, and collapsed

bridges.34

At the Tokyo conference on reconstruction assistance to Afghanistan, the World

Bank pledged a total of $570 million, parts of which will be disbursed as grants and

the rest as long-term, zero-interest credits. The International Conference on

From open sources, it is often difficult to determine the specific type and amounts of

assistance individual countries have provided. Some statistics in the media are reported, but

no details are available. Similarly, it is sometimes difficult to discern exactly what the

United Sates has requested of other countries, and precisely what other countries have

pledged . Secretary of Defense Ronald Rumsfeld has declined to openly describe the

support being given to the United States, stating instead that each country is doing what

they’re doing slightly differently, and have their own way of characterizing it. Secretary

Rumsfeld further said that “the mission determines that coalition, the coalition must not

determine the mission.” (Cahlink, George, “War on terrorism is history in the making,

general says,” Daily Briefing, GovExec.com, October 18,2001.) Some pledges of

support, therefore, continue to be ambiguous or deliberately vague.

DevNews Media Center, March 12, 2003.

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Reconstruction Assistance to Afghanistan was held in Tokyo January 21-22, 2002.

Ministers and representatives from 61 countries and 21 international organizations

attended. The conference was chaired by Japan, the United States, the European

Union, and Saudi Arabia. Afghan representatives, including President Karzai,

presented their plans for the reconstruction of their country. In support of these plans,

donor countries pledged more than $1.8 billion for 2002. Some made multi-year

pledges. The cumulative amount was more than $4.5 billion. The World Bank

became the principal administrator of the trust fund, superceding the UNDP. The

United Nations and international financial institutions, such as the World Bank,

played a key role in organizing and leading the conference.35

Regional Organizations

Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). In February 2003, 300

representatives from the 21 member countries of APEC renewed their commitment

to combat terrorism in a two-day meeting in Bangkok. They established a CounterTerrorism Task Force with a “focus on port, maritime and aviation security, and other

means of ensuring secure trade.”36 The Task Force facilitates access to information

on counter-terrorism measures for member countries and encourages increased

cooperation between law enforcement officials and between the public and private

sectors.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The Police Chiefs

of ASEAN nations agreed on January 22, 2003 to establish an ASEAN AntiTerrorism Task Force to curb terrorist activity and collaborate in response to terrorist

attacks. National task forces are expected to conduct risk assessments and facilitate

international cooperation on examination of witnesses, searching and seizing of

evidence, evacuating and treating victims, and conducting forensic examinations and

criminal investigations. (For further reading, see CRS Report RL31672, Terrorism

in Southeast Asia.)

European Union (EU). The EU is actively promoting cooperation between

member states on the intelligence front of the fight against terrorism, including the

development of a common European arrest warrant. Other efforts include devising

a common definition of terrorism and money laundering, requiring the reporting of

suspicious financial transactions, and developing a common list of terrorist

organizations. In a show of collaboration, intelligence services, judicial authorities,

and various EU agencies, including Eurojust and Europol, have been engaging in

inter-agency dialogue to better combat terrorism. Europol organized a special

antiterrorist team that will cooperate with its U.S. counterparts.37 (For further reading,

see CRS Report RL31509, Europe and Counterterrorism: Strengthening Police and

Judicial Cooperation.)

Tokyo Conference: [http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/middle_e/afghanistan/min0201/].

Agence France Presse, February 25, 2003.

Europol: http://www.europol.eu.int/home.htm.

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The European Union continues to play a role on the reconstruction of

Afghanistan. In Tokyo, at the International Conference on Reconstruction Assistance

to Afghanistan, the EU pledged 2.3 billion Euros (about $2.27 billion) for

reconstruction over the period from 2002 -2006. For 2002, up to 200 million Euros

(about $197 million) have been pledged together with similar yearly contributions for

the period 2003-2006.38

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). In a landmark decision on

April 16, 2003, NATO agreed to assume leadership of the International Security

Assistance Force (ISAF). For the first time, NATO will oversee a mission outside

of the North Atlantic region. NATO will succeed Germany/Netherlands in its

command of the ISAF on August 11, 2003. This command was formerly held by

Turkey and Great Britain. NATO member countries have already contributed 95

percent of the troops deployed to ISAF.39

In March 2003, NATO naval forces began monitoring merchant ships in the

Straits of Gibralter. Earlier in October 2001, NATO’s naval fleet, consisting of nine

ships from eight countries, patrolled the eastern Mediterranean, in conjunction with

a separate NATO-member fleet off the eastern coast of Africa. To date, NATO’s

maritime forces continue to escort and to monitor merchant ships and to document

suspicious activities. NATO forces have monitored more than 25,000 ships in the

region.

Countries40

Afghanistan. After decades of foreign occupation, civil strife and devastation,

Afghanistan’s major task is to rebuild its economy and infrastructure. On June 13,

2002, Hamid Karzai was elected by the Loya Jirga (Grand Assembly) as head of the

Afghan Transitional Authority. The new Afghan administration approved the

stationing of ISAF troops near Kabul, regarding it as a sign of global commitment to

peace in their country. President Hamid Karzai has taken the lead in his country’s

reconstruction process. At the recent donor conference in March 2003, he presented

a reconstruction budget, totaling of $1.7 million for the coming fiscal year.41

Albania. Albania has been fighting the war on terrorism on three fronts:

intelligence-sharing, law enforcement, and financial. On the intelligence and law

enforcement front, Albanian police and justice authorities are strengthening

background checks and implementing tighter immigration controls. Al Qaeda

fighters are reported to have been infiltrating the ranks of ethnic Albanian guerrilla

forces in Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia, and Kosovo.

EU and Afghanistan:

[http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/afghanistan/docs/tokyo.htm].

“Afghanistan: NATO prepares to take ISAF command,” Reliefweb, July 18, 2003.

See footnote 33.

Xinhua (Chinese News Agency), March 16, 2003.

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On the financial front, Albania froze the accounts and assets of Jasin Kadi, a

Saudi businessman with major business holdings in Albania. Kadi, thought to

support Al Qaeda, is linked to suspected terrorist Abdel Latifi, whom Albania

extradited in November 1999. In addition, the bank accounts of several Arab

companies, which were being administered by the Arab-Albanian Islamic Bank and

the International Trade Bank of Malaysia, have now been frozen. Al Qaeda accounts

were among them.

Algeria. A special security force unit of the People’s National Army (ANP)

continues to seek the release of the 15 remaining European tourist being held

hostage by armed groups, allegedly linked to Al Qaeda. Despite reports of their

reported release on May 19, 2003, their exact whereabouts or status of release

remains unknown.42 Ten of the 32 hostages were freed in May 2003 when security

forces launched an assault against the armed groups, which uncovered 13 Egyptianmade rocket-launchers. This armed recovery confirmed allegations made in July of

2002 by U.S. intelligence services of the possible use of Algeria as a rear base for

remaining Al Qaeda operatives.43

Other efforts by Algerian officials have resulted in the arrest of nine members

of the Salafi Group for Call and Combat, including Mansouri Meliani, Saad

Maouchi, and Llhouari Maouchi in October 2002.44 In a September 12, 2002 raid

in Batna, Emad Abdelwahid Ahmed Alwan, also known as Abu Mohammed, was

killed. Alwan was allegedly one of Al Qaeda’s top operatives in Africa.

Australia. Australia has committed $524 million in support of the fight against

terrorism for 2001-2003 and another $40 million to aid in rebuilding Afghanistan.

Austria. Austria has provided financial support toward the war on terrorism

in the amount of $329 million, channeled through the EU. Austria has also donated

$1 million in emergency aid to Afghanistan and has given 10 scholarships to Afghan

women.

Belgium. Belgian authorities arrested Jerome Courtailler, brother of David

Courtailler. The brothers are accused of ties to Al Qaeda.45 In December 2001,

Tarek Maaroufi was arrested for planning to bomb the U.S. Consulate in Milan and

for his role in the assassination of Massoud.46 On September 13, 2001, Belgian

authorities arrested Nizar Trabelsi for “attempting to use explosives, association with

criminals, possession of arms of war and holding false documents.”47 Trabelsi led a

terror cell in Brussels and is linked to an attempted attack on NATO’s Brussels

headquarters.

“Hope for hostages,” Daily Telegraph, July 18, 2003.

BBC Monitoring International Reports, May 18, 2003.

BBC, October 14, 2002.

The Miami Herald, September 8, 2002.

Sydney Morning Herald, July 20, 2002.

Agence France Presse, October 3, 2001.

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In assistance to Afghanistan, Belgium led the largest humanitarian assistance

mission, which provided 198,413 pounds of high protein food supplement to feed

starving children there. This mission reportedly set the standards for later

humanitarian operations. A Belgian Air Force aircraft delivered this supplement,

and a Belgian airbus was used to supply 250,000 vaccinations for children.

Bosnia. On the law enforcement and intelligence front, Bosnian police arrested

two Egyptian terrorists in July 2002, Al Sherif Hassan Mahmoud Saad and Al

Hussein Arman Ahmed, suspected of having close ties to bin Laden.48

Besides intelligence and investigative efforts, the Bosnian government has

frozen the assets of several Islamic charities and foundations suspected of having ties

to Al Qaeda and bin Laden, including the Benevolence International Foundation, AlHaramain Islamic Foundation, and the Global Relief Fund.49

Brazil. Brazil has been investigating several possible links to terrorism within

its territory. Brazil detained Assad Ahmad Barakta, a Lebanon native suspected of

funding Hezbollah. Barakta is on the U.S. list of wanted terror financiers.50

Bulgaria. Although unconfirmed, Bulgaria reportedly responded favorably to

requests to send its instructors in the continued effort to rebuild a new Afghan army.51

The Bulgarian government also issued orders to all Bulgarian commercial banks and

financial institutions to check and freeze any possible accounts or assets possessed

by persons or organizations designated on the U.S. terrorist list. A similar order has

been issued to the Customs Agency to check customs records against the same lists.

In addition, new measures to tighten arms export control, oversee trade in dual-use

goods, and strengthen border and customs controls are also reported.

Cambodia. Cambodia has contributed to the financial war on terrorism, as

well as assistance to Afghanistan. The National Bank of Cambodia (NBC) has

instructed all financial and banking institutions to freeze assets of persons and

entities involved in terrorist activities, as listed by the U.N. Security Council and the

United States. The NBC has also issued orders to prohibit transactions with persons

or entities considered having links to terrorism.

In assistance to Afghanistan, the Cambodian government has offered to share

its de-mining expertise with the new Afghan government.

Canada. Beginning in August 2003, Canada will deploy 3,000 troops to

Afghanistan over a period of a year as part of the ISAF peacekeeping mission. On

August 17, 2003, Canadian Brigadier General Peter Devlin succeeded Germany’s

Reuters, July 26, 2002.

U.S. Department of State, Patterns of Global Terrorism 2002, April 2003.

www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2002/pdf.

The Miami Herald, September 8, 2002.

“Bulgarian Army Chief says Participation in Building New Afghan Army “Almost

Certain,”“ Financial Times Information, May 15, 2003.

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Brigadier General Werner Freer as commander of the Kabul Multinational Brigade,

responsible for providing security for the reestablishment of the community in Kabul

and surrounding areas. The Brigade is part of the ISAF.

Besides peacekeeping support, Canadian authorities have custody over Nageeb

Abdul Jabar Mohammed Al-Hadi for suspected connection with the September 11

attacks.52 In December 2001, Nabil Al- Marabh was arrested while trying to illegally

cross the U.S.-Canadian border, and was returned to Canada to answer forgery

charges. Al- Marabh allegedly transferred money and documents to Atta and alShehhi, two of the September 11 hijackers. He is also the suspected leader of the

Toronto-based Al Qaeda cell.53

In terms of Afghan reconstruction, Canada has provided $116.5 million in

humanitarian assistance. As of July 2002, nearly $58 million had been allocated to

support emergency relief and reconstruction in Afghanistan in the form of medical,

food, and refugee assistance.

Chile. To date, Chile has sustained its effort in intelligence-sharing and

investigations, as well as fighting against terrorist financing. Chilean authorities

detained 11 Lebanese nationals for alleged ties to Ahhad Mohamed Barracked,

suspected by Interpol of financing Al Qaeda or Hezbollah.54

China. See People’s Republic of China

Cyprus. Nationally, Cyprus has created a Mobile Immediate Action Unit to

combat terrorism. This Unit consists of a specially trained antiterrorist squad as well

as police officers skilled in investigating terrorist activities. The Unit is acting in

cooperation with European, neighboring, and other countries.

Egypt. The Mubarak regime has stepped up arrests and prosecutions of

Islamist militants, including some accused of funding terrorism groups, such as

Hamas. Ayman Al-Zawahiri was sentenced to death in absentia in Egypt for plotting

anti-government activities. Al-Zawahiri, a key figure linked to the September 11

terrorist attacks, served as second in command to Osama bin Laden. Al-Zawahiri has

led an Egyptian Islamic group for the past ten years which seeks to topple the

Mubarak regime.

Finland. In terms of assistance to Afghanistan, Finland pledged 10 million

Euros (about $8.8 million) annually over a three-year period to the Afghanistan

Reconstruction Trust Fund during the Tokyo conference. .

Agence France Presse, September 8, 2002.

The News Tribune, September 29, 2002.

Op.Cit.

CRS-12

France. French authorities apprehended Karim Mehdi, of Moroccan descent,

in connection to ongoing investigations of the September 11 terrorist attacks.55 Mehdi

is believed to be connected to the Al Qaeda network operating out of Hamburg,

Germany.

Other efforts have included the detention of people on terror related charges.

In October 2001, Djamel Beghal, alleged to be Al Qaeda’s Paris chief, was extradited

to France56 after being arrested by U.A.E. authorities in July 2001.57 After the

September 11 attacks, Kamel Daoudi was arrested in Britain and later extradited to

France.58 Daoudi allegedly maintained communication between Al Qaeda cells via

the Internet.59 Eleven suspected members of Tafkir al-Hijra, a fundamentalist Islamic

group linked to Al Qaeda, have been arrested by French authorities. David Courtailler

was also arrested for his connections to Moussaoui and the Al Qaeda bombing of the

American embassy in Kenya.60

Georgia. On the law enforcement and intelligence front, special forces in

Georgia captured 15 Arab militants linked to Al Qaeda, including Saif al- Islam el

Masry, and turned them over to the United States in October 2002.

Germany. Germany currently shares joint command with the Netherlands of

the ISAF. The German contingent totals 2,25061 in number, comprising more than

half of the ISAF troops.

In terms of military assistance to Afghanistan, Germany is taking the lead in

international support for building an Afghan police force. It donated $9.4 million to

train and to equip the Afghan police force. In addition to providing funds, busses,

and trainers, Germany has also worked with the United States to employ Afghan war

widows to make uniforms for the Kabul police.

Germany has also provided a wide range of reconstruction and humanitarian aid.

In 2001, Germany provided $46.2 million in humanitarian aid and developmentoriented assistance to Afghanistan. It also chaired the Afghanistan Support Group,

a coordination mechanism for humanitarian donors. At the Tokyo Conference,

Germany pledged $69.4 million in 2002 and a total of $278 million for reconstruction

efforts over the next four years. Germany was one of the first nations to contribute

to the Afghanistan Interim Authority Fund, a trust fund within the U.N. framework

to support the work of the Interim Government, with a contribution of $1.7 million.

Germany served as host of the U.N. Talks on Afghanistan, which produced the Bonn

Associated Press, June 5, 2003.

The Miami Herald, September 8, 2002.

Toronto Star, January 8, 2002.

The Guardian, September 5, 2002.

Agence France Presse, January 17, 2002.

The Ottawa Citizen, August 11, 2002.

On July 30, 2003, the German Embassy provided such figure.

CRS-13

Agreement, a blueprint for the political stabilization of Afghanistan over the next

three years.

Since September 11, German law enforcement officials have arrested several

key suspected terrorists. On October 10, 2002, German police arrested Abdelghani

Mzoudi in Hamburg for allegedly providing logistical support to the September 11

hijackers.62 Also in October 2002, Mounir el Motassadeq was charged with 300

counts of aiding and abetting murder and accused of belonging to the Hamburg cell

that led the September 11 attacks.63 Motassadeq was arrested in Hamburg in

November 2001.64 In October 2001, Mohammed Awani Ben Belgacem was arrested

by German authorities and later extradited to Italy.65 Belgacem, reportedly a senior

Al Qaeda member, was accused of obtaining chemical weapons and explosives for

Al Qaeda’s European cells.66

Honduras. According to Honduran officials, “the country is in good standing

with a recent evaluation of its programs to prevent financing of terrorism and asset

laundering.” (Tegucigalpa La Tribuna (Internet Version-WWW) in Spanish

[http://www.latribuna.hn].)

Hungary. In terms of reconstruction assistance to Afghanistan, Hungary has

promised $1 million in humanitarian aid to Afghanistan. So far, it has delivered

approximately $364,000, and the remainder will be delivered over the course of

2003.

India. Besides providing intelligence information about terrorist training camps

used by Osama bin Laden supporters, India has contributed to the law enforcement

front. Indian police arrested four Harkat-ul-Jehadi-e-Islami (HUJI) terrorists,

including Aftab Ahmed Ansari wanted for the bombing of a U.S. Embassy office in

Calcutta in October 2002.67 In April 2002, Indian authorities arrested Al Qaeda

member Mohammed Afroz Abdul Razzak.68 Razzk is accused of playing a role in

the Al Qaeda plot to attack the British parliament and other London targets on

September 11, 2001.69

In reconstruction aid to Afghanistan, India pledged $100 million at the

International Conference on Reconstruction Assistance to Afghanistan in Tokyo.

BBC News, October 10, 2002.

ABCnews.com, October 22, 2002.

The Miami Herald, September 8, 2002.

La Padania, March 2, 2002.

The Miami Herald, September 8, 2002.

The Miami Herald 9/8/02, Asia Pulse, October 11, 2002.

Agence France Presse, September 14, 2002.

The Miami Herald, September 8, 2002.

CRS-14

Indonesia. Police in Indonesia are quietly stepping up cooperation with

countries in the region. Indonesia has established tripartite cooperation with Malaysia

and the Philippines in addition to a bilateral agreement with Australia concerning

information and intelligence-sharing to combat terrorism.

Bali bomb investigators arrested several key suspects with alleged ties to Al

Qaeda. The trial of the first of these suspects, Ambrose, began May 12, 2003. The

alleged mastermind of the Bali blasts, Imam Sumatra, was arrested in February 2003

and awaits trial.70 On October 12, 2002, two coordinated bombs killed about 190

people on the Indonesian island of Bali. One of these bombings, near the U.S.

consular office, indicates the United States may have been specifically targeted.71 In

April 2003, 18 suspected members of Jemaah Islamiah (JI) were arrested, including

the group’s leader, who is said to have links with Al Qaeda.

In mid-October 2002, Indonesian authorities reportedly questioned Abu Bakar

Bashir, prominent Muslim cleric with alleged terrorist links.72 Bashir is an alleged

leader of the militant Jemaah Islamiah (JI), a terrorist group reportedly linked to Al

Qaeda, which seeks to establish a South East Asian Islamic state. Indonesian police

continue to crack down on Islamic militants belonging to JI. Muhammad Saad Iqbal

Madni was also arrested in Jakarta and handed over to U.S. authorities.73 In late

2002, the Indonesian government declared fundamentalist Islamic group JI a terrorist

organization linked to Al Qaeda and one that allegedly helped carry out the Bali

bombings.74

On June 5, 2002, the Indonesian police arrested an alleged Al Qaeda financier,

who operates under the name of Omar al-Farouq. In September 2002, information

provided by Omar al-Farouq led to the arrest of a German citizen Seyam Reda, who

is suspected of links to Al Qaeda. Prior to Reda’s arrest, the Indonesian authorities

had agreed to turn over suspects to the United States for questioning elsewhere, but

now the Government of Indonesia has decided to detain and interrogate Reda in

Indonesia.

Iran. On a diplomatic front, the United States and Iran have recently conducted

talks on issues of common concern. Under the auspices of the United Nations,

United States and Iranian officials met in May 3, 2003 in Geneva to discuss issues

concerning Afghanistan, Iraq, Middle East peace process, and terrorism. This is the

Seth Mydas, “Bali Bombing Case Opens with Morning-Long Indictment,” New York

Times, May 13, 2003. (See also CRS Report RL31672, Terrorism in Southeast Asia.)

U.S. Department of State, Patterns of Global Terrorism 2002, April 2003.

www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2002/pdf.

Economic Intelligence Unit, October 18, 2002.

The Washington Post, October 6, 2002.

The New York Times, October 16, 2002.

CRS-15

first in a series of expected talks. While the talks were amicable, they do not

represent renewed diplomatic relations between the countries.75

Additionally, Iran turned over 16 suspected Al Qaeda fighters to Saudi Arabia

in June 2002. These fighters had sought refuge in Iran after fleeing Afghanistan. “In

May [2002], anti-American clerical leaders deported six Saudi citizens suspected of

Al Qaeda membership to Saudi Arabia.”76 In February 2002, Iranian authorities

arrested 150 foreign nationals suspected of being Al Qaeda members.77 Despite these

apparent forward steps, some U.S. officials maintain that Iran is assisting and

sheltering Al Qaeda leaders and fighters.

Iran remains an active supporter of the interim government in Afghanistan,

recently signing five memoranda of understanding with the Afghan government,

outlining political, economic, and cultural cooperation. Iran offered support in

improving Afghan infrastructure, combating poppy-production, and training Afghan

police, army, and journalists. The Iranian government has also begun construction

of a road between Herat and Eslam Qala in Afghanistan. In Tokyo at the

International Conference on Reconstruction to Afghanistan, Iran pledged $560

million over the next five years.

Israel. Israel’s main contribution to the U.S. war on terrorism has been

continued intelligence cooperation, which was considered extensive even before

September 11. Referring to shared intelligence information, Prime Minister Sharon

stated that Israel was “assisting but not participating” in the war effort. In view of

this, Israeli consultants have advised American officials, security experts, and

business leaders about homeland security preparations, and Israeli special forces have

reportedly helped train their U.S. counterparts concerning the workings of known

Islamic terrorist groups.

Italy. Besides military support, Italy’s contribution to the war on terror ranges

from security stabilization and humanitarian assistance to law enforcement and

intelligence cooperation. In reconstruction assistance to Afghanistan, Italy has

provided more than $33 million in humanitarian assistance. Italy is also engaged in

rebuilding the Afghan judiciary.

On the law enforcement and intelligence front, Italian police arrested 28

Pakistanis suspected of having ties with Al Qaeda in May 2003. Police officials

found 28 ounces of explosives, long fuses, and detonators at the scene of the raid. In

October 2002, trials began in Milan for terrorists suspects, including Abdelkader

Mahmoud Es Sayed, who is being tried in absentia. Three of Es Sayed’s associates,

including Yassine Chekkouri, Abdelhalim Hafed Remadna, and Nabil Benattia, are

on trial for their involvement in suspect activities involving the Milan Islamic

“U.S. in ‘Useful’ Talks with Iran; The meetings have focused recently in Iraq, Middle East

peace efforts and terrorism,” Los Angeles Times, May 13, 2003.

The Miami Herald, September 8, 2002.

CNN.com, February 14, 2002.

CRS-16

Cultural Institute.78 In the July 2002, Police in Milan arrested nine people on charges

of providing logistical support and false papers to Al Qaeda members, including Said

Kazdali and Mohammed Kazdali. In February 2002, Essid Sami Ben Khamias, an

Al Qaeda leader and suspected associate of Atta, was convicted in Italian court.

Khamias was arrested in Milan in April 2001. He was also tried in absentia in

Tunisia, convicted of assisting the terrorist network, and sentenced to 20 years in

prison.

Japan. In assistance to Afghanistan, Japan has provided relief supplies for

Afghan refugees, including 1,840 tents and 18,000 blankets to the U.N. Refugee

Agency (UNHCR) in Pakistan. At the International Conference on Reconstruction

Assistance to Afghanistan, Japan pledged to provide $250 million in 2002 and $500

million over the next two and one-half years. On December 22, 2001, the Japanese

government pledged $1 million to the U.N. Afghanistan Interim Authority Fund that

was established within the U.N. Development Program (UNDP).

Jordan. After being arrested in Syria, Raed Hijazi was extradited to Jordan,

when he was condemned to death on February 11, 2002 for planning attacks against

U.S. and Jewish tourists visiting Jordan.79 Hijazi has also been linked to several of

the September 11 hijackers.

Kazakhstan. In a show of continued support for the war on terrorism,

Kazakhstan has provided access of its Shymkent airport to Norway and Denmark for

antiterror operations in Central Asia and Afghanistan.80 Under this provision, the two

countries may make unscheduled landings.

Kuwait. Administration officials have praised Kuwait for actions taken to

freeze the financial assets of terrorist and their supporters. In recent months, the

government of Kuwait has taken control of all domestic charities in an attempt to

monitor assets that may be filtered to terrorist groups. Kuwait’s government has

agreed to fully cooperate with U.S. inter-agency teams, including FBI, IRS, and

Departments of States, Justice, and Treasury, attempting to trace the money trail

from Kuwaiti companies, charities, and organizations to terrorist groups.

Kyrgyzstan. Under the U.N. World Food Program (WFP), Kyrgyzstan —

along with Russia and Tajikistan — has delivered 16,500 tons of flour and wheat to

the northern provinces of Afghanistan for emergency postwar relief.

Latvia. In human assistance to Afghanistan, Latvia has sent blankets, candles,

and buckets to Afghan refugees for emergency postwar relief.

Lebanon. On October 16, 2001, Lebanese authorities arrested Daniel Samarji

and Bilal Othman, suspected of Isbat al-Ansar membership and charged with

Chicago Tribune, October 8, 2002.

Agence France Press, November 14, 2002.

Agence France Press, May 8, 2003.

CRS-17

planning terrorist acts and trading arms.81 Lebanese authorities claim that the two

suspects belong to a group on the U.S. list of terrorist organizations.82

Lithuania. In assistance to Afghanistan, the Lithuanian government has

allocated emergency humanitarian assistance funding for Afghan refugees.

Additionally, the Lithuanian government has arrested alleged Hamas and Hizballah

operatives, and has seized terrorists funds wired to a Lithuanian bank.

Luxembourg. Luxembourg made financial contributions to the Afghan

National Army Trust Fund.

Malaysia. In October 2002, Malaysian forces arrested Ahmed Ibrahim Bilal,

charged with conspiracy to conspire with Al Qaeda, who was later extradited to the

United States.83 In April 2002, Malaysian police arrested 14 members of an Islamic

extremist group linked to the Al Qaeda terror network (Malaysia Mujahiddeen group

- KMM), including Sejahratul Dursina, wife of Yazid Sufaat, who is suspected of

abetting the 9/11 hijackers, planning the Bali attacks, and making bombs for Jemaah

Islamiah. In December 2001 and January 2002, Malaysian authorities detained 47

suspects linked to Al Qaeda, including Yazid Sufaat.84 Malaysia’s Internal Security

Act allows authorities to detain without trial anyone it suspects of threatening

national security.85

Morocco. On the heels of the 2003 Riyadh attacks, Morocco became the next

target for a terrorist attack. On May 17, 2003, suicide bombings left approximately

41 dead. Local fundamentalists are reportedly believed to be behind the bombings

in Casablanca. Moroccan investigators arrested eight of the 14 suspects, all

identified as Moroccans and allegedly connected to “earlier killings of people it

called ‘nonbelievers’.”86

Such cooperative efforts led to the arrest of Mohammed Heidar Zammar by

Moroccan Police and his extradition to Syria.87 Moroccan officials detained Abu

Zubair, a senior Al Qaeda leader and associate of Abu Zubaydah. In June 2002,

Moroccan authorities arrested alleged Al Qaeda members, including Zuhair Hilal

NewsMax.com, October 16, 2001.

Ibid.

CNN.com, October 8, 2002.

The Miami Herald, September 8, 2002.

CNN.com, April 18, 2002.

Richburg, Keith B. “Most of Suicide Bombers Identified as Moroccans; Links Sought to

Earlier Killings of ‘Nonbelievers’ by Local Extremists,” The Washington Post, May 19,

2003.

The Independent, September 16, 2002.

CRS-18

Mohamed al-Tbaithi, Hilal Jaber Aouad al- Assiri, and Abdullah M’Sfer Ali alGhamdi.88

The Netherlands. Germany and the Netherlands are in joint command of the

ISAF until August 11, 2003. Since September 11, the Netherlands has pledged $153

million for humanitarian and reconstruction assistance to Afghanistan, most of which

has already been disbursed.89 Civil Military Operations (CMO), in cooperation with

the Netherlands Armed Forces and the Afghanistan Interim Authority, have rebuilt

three schools in Kabul. The Netherlands CMO has built a playground at Lycee

Botkhak elementary school in Kabul. Plans to finance and rebuild additional schools

and water projects in Afghanistan are underway.

Besides assistance to Afghanistan, Dutch authorities have charged four men

suspected of working for Djamel Beghal in France with targeting the U.S. embassy

in Paris and a U.S. military base in Belgium.90 On August 30, 2002, Dutch authorities

arrested eight people suspected of recruiting combatants for Al Qaeda, including

Mohammed Berkous, Jerome Courtailler, Saaid Ibrahim, and Amine Mezbar.91

Courtailler is the alleged leader of the Rotterdam Al Qaeda cell.92 On February 27,

2002, Amor ben Mohamed Sliti, the alleged leader of an Al Qaeda assassination

team, was arrested in the Netherlands after being extradited from Iran.93

New Zealand. New Zealand is contributing about $190,000 to projects

identified in the U.N. Immediate and Transitional Assistance Program and about

$120,000 for New Zealand NGO activities in Afghanistan. New Zealand has already

contributed about $480,000 to the U.N. Consolidated Appeal for Afghanistan. New

Zealand was the first non-European country to join Afghanistan’s international

peacekeeping force, which continued to provide personnel support through 2002.

New Zealand has also been forthcoming with intelligence support. New

Zealand’s Waihopai monitoring station is part of the five-nation ECHELON

intelligence-gateway network. New Zealand’s counter-terrorism police are

cooperating with Italian and U.S. officials to investigate potential links between

cyanide threats to U.S. Embassies in New Zealand and Rome.

Norway. Besides military support, Norway is participating in the ISAF with

the deployment of mine clearing experts. An area of 750,000 square meters at the

Kandahar and Bagram airfields and their surroundings were cleared of mines by

Norwegian personnel. In a joint unit with the Netherlands and Denmark, Norway

provided tactical airlift and humanitarian assistance. Norway has also donated

CNN.com, June 17, 2002.

On July 25, 2003, the Netherlands embassy provided current figures on assistance to

Afghanistan.

Agence France Presse, September 14, 2002.

Ibid.

The Columbian, September 3, 2002.

The Times, February 28, 2002.

CRS-19

supplies and equipment for a 700-man light infantry battalion in an effort to rebuild

the Afghan army.

At the Tokyo International Conference on Reconstruction Assistance to

Afghanistan, Norway pledged $40 million to support the Afghanistan reconstruction

effort. On January 1, 2002, Norway became the chair of the donor organization

Afghanistan Support Group.

Pakistan. At the request of the United Nations, in 2003 Pakistan froze the bank

accounts of a Kuwaiti charity, Lajna al-Dawah al-Islamia, which reportedly is linked

to Al Qaeda.

In April and May 2003, Pakistan arrested ten men suspected of having ties with

Al Qaeda, including Waleed Mohammad bin Attash. Bin Attash is suspected of

involvement in the bombing of the USS Cole and the September 11 attacks.94

Pakistani authorities found 150kg of explosives and 200 detonators in his possession.

In doing so, Pakistani officials believe they foiled a major Al Qaeda attack.

Pakistan has provided broad-based support for CIA and FBI searches for Al

Qaeda members, which led to a number of arrests. The most significant arrest to the

war on terror was that of Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, a senior member of the Al

Qaeda leadership and reported mastermind of the September 11 attacks. He is now

in U.S. custody. Other arrests in 2002 included: Abdul Wahid, an Al Qaeda

suspect;95 six Islamic militants, including Sharib Ahmad, who allegedly organized

the June 14 car bomb attack on the U.S. consulate;96 ten suspected terrorists,

including Ramzi Binalshibh, friend and roommate of Atta, an alleged September 11

plotter;97 Sheikh Ahmed Salim, who reportedly directed and funded Al Qaeda in

Pakistan;98 and Abu Zubeida, Al Qaeda’s logistical planner for the September 11

attacks and alleged to be a top lieutenant of Osama bin Laden.99 Zubeida is now in

American custody. Pakistan has also outlawed a number of extremists’ organizations,

including Lashkar-e-Tayyiba, Jaish-e-Mohammed, Tehrik-i-Jafria Pakistan, and

Tekrik-i-Nifaz-i-Shariat-Mohammadi.

In Tokyo at the International Conference on Reconstruction Assistance to

Afghanistan, Pakistan pledged to donate $100 million over five years, and the private

joint-venture Premier-Shell Pakistan has committed $200 million in aid for the

rehabilitation of Afghan refugees.

World Markets Research Centre, March 1, 2003.

Reuters, October 24, 2002.

U.S. News and World Report, September 30, 2002.

Ibid.

The Independent, September 16, 2002.

Los Angeles Times, April 1, 2002.

CRS-20

Paraguay. Paraguay has joined with Argentina and Brazil, in a collaborative

effort, to investigate the possibility of Hezbollah and Hamas fund-raising and other

terrorist activity in the Tri-Border Area (TBA).100

People’s Republic of China (PRC). In renewed diplomatic support to the

war on terrorism, China announced in March 2003 that terrorism would be the focus

of its “Strike Hard” anti-crime campaign, giving new impetus to the newlyestablished antiterrorism bureau in the Ministry of Public Safety.101

Besides support on intelligence matters, U.S. and PRC officials regularly hold

expert-level consultations on combating terrorist financing, conduct semiannual

counter-terrorism consultations, and share information through law enforcement

channels. China has pledged to cut off financial flows to terrorists. In Macau,

financial authorities have directed banks to search for terrorist accounts.

China also announced that it will provide $150 million in assistance to

Afghanistan for its reconstruction.

Peru. On May 25, 2002, the Peruvian police arrested three Shining Path

suspects for their role in the car bombing, which took place outside the U.S. Embassy

on March 20, 2002.102

Philippines. President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo committed her country’s full

support to the United States, including intelligence sharing, unconditional overflight

permission, uses of military facilities, logistical support, food, medicine, and medical

personnel following September 11.

The Filipino government has been combating Abu Sayyaf, a group known to

have connections to Osama bin Laden. On June 21, 2002, Filipino soldiers killed

Abu Sabaya, a top leader of Abu Sayyaf, and captured some Abu Sayyaf members.

On April 18, 2002, Filipino authorities sentenced Indonesian bomb expert Fathur

Rohman al-Ghozi, a member of Jemaah Islamiah (JI), to up to 12 years in prison for

holding two fake passports and possession of explosives.103 President Arroyo ordered

the release104 of Abdul Jamal Balfas and Tamsil Linrung for insufficient evidence

related to charges of explosive possession, but Philippine court found Agus Dwikarna

100

The TBA, the shared border of Paraguay, Brazil and Argentina, “has long been

characterized as a regional hub for Hizballah and Hamas fund-raising activity” although not

substantiated by intelligence sources, according to Patterns of Global Terrorism 2002, April

2003.

101

“Chinese Authorities Make Crime Terrorism Focus of Crime Crackdown,” Dow Jones

International News, March 11, 2003. Jiang Zhuqing and Liu Li,”China Joins Frontline

Fight Against Terrorism,” China Daily, March 11, 2003.

102

Associated Press, June 12, 2002.

103

CNN.com, April 19, 2002.

104

“Indonesian militant seeks acquittal in Philippine court,” Agence France-Presse, August

23, 2002.

CRS-21

guilty of explosives violations.105 On September 14, 2002, Usakar Mukawat, a

suspected member of Jemaah Islamiah, was arrested for allegedly taking part in the

April bomb attacks in General Santos.106 In October 2002, Filipino authorities

arrested Abdulmukim, the alleged head of the explosives team for Abu Sayyaf in

Manilia.107 Other bombings subsequently occurred in Mindanao cities, including one

which killed a U.S. special forces soldier in October 2002.108

President Bush lauded the decision of the Philippine Department of Foreign

Affairs to ask Iraqi diplomat Husham Hussain to leave the country February 7, 2003,

following new Philippine intelligence reports that Hussain has links to Abu Sayyaf.109

Qatar. In terms of assistance to Afghanistan, Qatar has provided aid to the

National Army and a promise to build two hospitals.

Republic of China (Taiwan). In assistance to Afghanistan, the government

of Taiwan donated over $100 million in aid to Afghanistan and victims of the

September 11 attacks. Taiwan-based nongovernmental organizations have also

donated over $13 million in humanitarian and relief supplies.110

Romania. Romania’s motorized infantry battalion serving in Afghanistan

was extended until December 2003. In support of the Afghan National Army,

Romania has contributed a large quantity of training equipment: 1,000 AK-47 assault

rifles, 300,000 rounds of ammunition, magazines and cleaning sets.

Romania has also established a National Coordination Center to facilitate the

movement of land, air, and naval forces of NATO countries.

Russia. In assistance to Afghanistan, Russia has cleaned out and reconstructed

the Salang Tunnel, a tunnel connecting the northern and southern provinces of

Afghanistan. In January 2002, the tunnel opened for regular traffic, allowing

transportation of thousands of tons of food, medicine, and supplies. Also, in January

2002, a joint Russian-German project completed the construction of a pontoon

passage across Pianj River, which opened a continuous route from Tajikistan to the

central region of Afghanistan for delivery of international humanitarian assistance.

The Russian government also opened three Russian air corridors for humanitarian

assistance to the war zone. Russia has already transported more than 420,000 tons

of food and 2,100 tons of medicine to Afghanistan. In November 2001, Russia

105

CNN.com, May 12, 2002.

106

U.S. News and World Report, September 30, 2002.

107

The Washington Post, November 15, 2002.

108

“American, Filipino Soldier Killed in Zambo Blast, 21 Injured,” Minda News, October

2, 2002.

109

110

Ferdie J. Maglalang, “Bush Lauds Arroyo,” Manila Bulletin, February 13, 2003.

“Taiwan Has Made Significant Contributions to War on Terrorism,” Central News

Agency, January 25, 2003.

CRS-22

established the first coalition hospital in Kabul, treating more than 6,000 patients. In

January 2002, the hospital was turned over to local authorities.

Russian special forces and former Soviet special forces have passed on

strategically significant advice regarding Operation Enduring Freedom based on their

combat experiences in Afghanistan. Russia has supplied maps of cave complexes in

Afghanistan.

Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia pledged to increase cooperation in the fight

against terrorism following the May 12, 2003 bombings of three Western housing

compounds in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, which left nearly 34 dead, including eight

Americans and nine attackers. Saudi Arabia’s Interior Minister Nayef reported that

at least 30 suspects have been identified with links to the bombings, but the total

number of arrests remains unclear.111 Earlier on May 6, 2003, police raided a

suspected hideout, uncovering a large weapons cache, linked to the same militants

thought to be responsible for the Riyadh bombings.

Although the Saudis have recently been more cooperative with U.S.

investigators, FBI agents have been limited to inspection of the Riyadh blast area

only.112 Still, the Saudi government and the United States continue to publicly limit

details of Saudi cooperation in response to internal criticism of the foreign presence

in Saudi Arabia and other middle eastern countries. Prior to the May attacks, Saudi

Arabia, home to the bin Laden family, reportedly provided the United States with

intelligence information and has allowed overflights, refueling operations, and

logistical support for U.S. operations. Reports indicate that Saudi Arabia allowed the

use of Prince Sultan Air Base for coordination of air operations over Afghanistan.

Recent reports suggest that the Saudis have moved to restrict the funding of

identified terrorist groups. The Saudi regime has frozen terrorist assets in the country

and indicates plans to investigate fund raising and money laundering as a connection

to terrorist activity. In the first such joint U.S.-Saudi designation, Saudi Arabia, in

early March 2002, shut down branches of the Riyadh-based charity, Al-Hartman

Islamic Foundation, in Somalia and Albania.

In Tokyo at the International Conference on Reconstruction Assistance to

Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia pledged $220 million in humanitarian assistance to

Afghanistan over the next three years.

Singapore. A joint statement issued by President Bush and Singapore’s Prime

Minister Goh Chock Tong in Washington on May 7, 2003 reaffirmed Singapore’s

commitment to redouble antiterrorism efforts both bilaterally and through

111

Simpson, Cam. “Saudis arrest 4 in blasts; Suspects, some dead attackers linked to Al

Qaeda,” Chicago Tribune, May 19, 2003; “Saudis Arrest Five More in bombing Probe,”

Associated Press, June 14, 2003.

112

Ibid.

CRS-23

multilateral organizations.113 On September 16, 2002, Singaporean authorities

announced the arrest of 21 men, allegedly members of Jemaah Islamiah. The men

had been arrested in August for reportedly planning to bomb U.S. embassies.114

Police detained 13 members of an Al Qaeda-linked group that planned a string of

seven truck bombings against the U.S., Israeli, and Australian embassies.115 In

December 2001, Singapore’s Internal Security Department arrested 15 suspects for

alleged involvement in plans to bomb several American sites in Singapore.

Singapore has also taken measures to combat terrorism include banning militant

Muslim groups in Singapore and introducing legislation to prevent money

laundering.

Slovenia. Slovenia donated over 80 metric tons of arms and ammunition for

equipping and training the Afghan National Army. It also provided de-mining and

mine victims assistance.

South Korea. South Korean C-130s have flown 18 flights between Seoul and

Diego Garcia to transport over 45 tons of humanitarian relief supplies valued at $12

million. South Korea has also pledged $45 million in aid to Afghanistan over a 30month period. This will be used to help rebuild Afghanistan’s medical, education,

and economic infrastructure. In March 2002, Kim Sang-tae, director of the Korea

International Cooperation Agency (KOICA), was dispatched to Kabul to serve as a

resident official. He will serve as liaison for the South Korea’s reconstruction

projects in Afghanistan and will open a Korean mission in Kabul.

Spain. Spain has apprehended over 20 individuals thought to have links to Al

Qaeda. In January 2003, Spain arrested 16 suspected terrorists in a major raid that

involved more than 150 antiterrorism police officers. Prime Minister Jose Maria

Aznar referred to the arrests as an ‘extraordinarily important strike in the war against

terror’.116 Bomb-making materials were found at the scene of the arrest, and Prime

Minister Aznar stated that police thwarted a ‘major terrorist attack’.117

Although Spain provides police intelligence support to the war on terrorism,

Spanish authorities are reluctant to extradite Al Qaeda terrorist suspects to the United

States to face military tribunals. On July 17, 2002, Spanish police arrested three

suspected Al Qaeda members of Syrian origin, including Ghasoub al-Abrash,

Abdalrahman Alarnaot, and Mohamed Khair. Khair was an alleged Al Qaeda

financier, forced to leave Syria due to his membership in the Muslim Brotherhood.118

In November 2001, Spanish authorities arrested 18 members of two Al Qaeda cells,

including Yusuf Galan and Imad Eddin Barakat Yarkas (a.k.a. Abu Dahdah), alleged

113

Agence France-Presse, May 7, 2003.

114

U.S. News and World Report, September 30, 2002.

115

The Miami Herald, September 8, 2002.

116

BBC News, January 24, 2003.

117

Ibid.

118

The Christian Science Monitor, July 17, 2002.

CRS-24

leader of Al Qaeda’s Spanish cells. Yarkas helped recruit pilots who committed the

September 11 attacks on the United States. He had contacts with Mohammed Haydar

Zammar, who recruited Mohammed Atta for the September 11 attacks.119 Spanish

authorities have also arrested Mohammed Bensakhria, aide to bin Laden and

probable associate of Atta.

Sweden. As a neutral country, Sweden is prohibited from taking part in any

military action, but has contributed to the ISAF and shared intelligence with the

United States and its allies. On August 29, 2002, Kerim Chatty, an alleged Al Qaeda

supporter, was arrested for carrying a gun when he attempted to board a Ryanair

flight from Stockholm to England. 120

In terms of aid to Afghanistan, Sweden has pledged $100 million in

humanitarian aid and reconstruction assistance for the period 2002-2004. At the

International Conference on Reconstruction Assistance to Afghanistan, Sweden

pledged over $13 million in assistance. In the fall of 2002, Swedish engineers and

a locally recruited workforce began construction of three bridges along the road

between Jalalabad and Kabul.

Sweden is hosting and chairing the Stockholm Process, aimed at making the

U.N. Security Council’s sanctions more effective. Sweden is also an active

participant in the multilateral Financial Action Task Force, and has supported recent

proposals to strengthen the instruments to combat terrorism financing. To this end,

Sweden has frozen funds and assets belonging to entities and individuals named on

lists pursuant to U.N. resolutions.

Switzerland. Despite policies of neutrality and customer confidentiality,

Switzerland, a global center for banking and finance, took strict measures against

terrorist financing. Switzerland complied with the U.N. resolutions on terrorist

financing, and by September 2002, it had frozen 72 bank accounts and $22.64 million

in assets possibly connected to the Taliban, bin Laden, and supporters of Al Qaeda.121

Also in September 2002, the Swiss attorney general visited Washington, D.C. to

reinforce the country’s commitment to the global war on terrorism. To this end, U.S.

and Swiss officials signed a new accord improving and increasing cooperation

between the two countries.122 Additionally, on January 2003, Swiss authorities gave

the United States records of a Swiss account owned by the Islamic Benevolence

International Foundation, which is believed to have links with Al Qaeda.

In assistance to Afghanistan, Switzerland pledged $18 million over two years

at the International Conference on Reconstruction Assistance to Afghanistan in

Tokyo.

119

El Pais, October 15, 2002.

120

U.S. News and World Report, September 30, 2002.

121

“Swiss holds $22 mln in ‘terror’ funds,” Reuters News, September 12, 2002.

122

Sands, David R. “Swiss attorney general says bin Laden has lots of cash,” Washington

Times, September 5, 2002.

CRS-25

Syria. In a renewed show of cooperation, Syrian authorities delivered Farouk

Hijazi to U.S. authorities at the Iraqi border in late April 2003.123 Hijazi, “a long time

Iraqi spy” and a suspect in the assassination plot against former President George

Bush, is believed to be the number three person in Iraq’s intelligence apparatus,

“responsible for overseeing foreign covert operations for Hussein.”124 James

Woolsey, former CIA director, said that “Hijazi’s capture was the biggest catch so

far...and that Hijazi is a key link between Hussein and terrorist organizations,

including Al Qaeda.”125

Syria has also reportedly shared extensive intelligence on Islamic radicals with

possible Al Qaeda connections. In August 2002, Nabil al-Marabh was sentenced to

eight months in jail for illegally entering the United States to be followed by

deportation to Syria.126 In June 2002, Syrian officials announced that they had

arrested Mohammed Heidar Zammar, an associate of Mohammed Atta and

accomplice in the September 11 attacks, who had been extradited to Syria from

Morocco. 127 Syrian officials extradited bin Laden aide and associate Rifai Ahmed

Taha to Egypt.

Taiwan. See Republic of China.

Thailand. Thailand is spearheading APEC counter-terrorism capacitybuilding efforts in preparation for the annual APEC leaders’ meeting scheduled for

Bangkok in October 2003. Nationally, Thailand tightened its antiterrorism measures

following intelligence reports, which reported that Thailand was one of 11 nations

targeted by Iraqi sleeper-cell agents for attacks following the U.S.-led war in Iraq.128

The Thai government also pledged to exchange intelligence information in order

to block financial flows to terrorists. The Thai government’s cooperation includes

identifying terrorist assets, reinforcing money laundering legislation, and passing new

antiterrorism measures. It is also involved in operation and coordination efforts of

the multilateral cooperation on anti-money laundering, called the EGMONT

GROUP, and is a member of the Asia-Pacific Group on Money Laundering.

Thailand has expressed interest in joining the intelligence-sharing network recently

established between Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines.

In terms of aid to Afghanistan, Thailand donated 3,000 metric tons of rice

through the U.N. World Food Program and the Thai Red Cross Society donated

10,000 blankets to Afghanistan in November 2001.

123

Los Angeles Times, April 26, 2003.

124

Ibid.

125

Ibid.

126

New York Times, September 4, 2002.

127

The New York Times, June 19, 2002.

128

“Thailand Among 11 Countries on Iraq’s Hit List,”Straits Times, April 1, 2003.

CRS-26

Tunisia. In early March 2003, President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali called for an

international conference on terrorism to “establish an international code of ethics to

which all parties will be committed. This code will help establish a responsible

dialogue that transcends double standards and defines common denominators for

combating terrorism.”129

As a result of intelligence-sharing, a Tunisian military court convicted Jaber

Trabelsi in June 2002 of being a member of al-Sunna wal Djamaa, an Islamic

militant group linked to Al Qaeda. Trabelsi was sentenced to eight years in prison

followed by five years of house arrest.130 Additionally, Belgacem Nawab was

arrested in connection for the April Bombing of a synagogue in Djerba.131 Tunisian

authorities extradited Samem Zirda, alleged Al Qaeda member, to the United

States.132 The same court convicted 34 Islamic militants of Al Qaeda links in January

2002, including contacts with the network’s ‘Milan cell’ suspected of recruiting

militants and training them in Afghanistan. The court sentenced these men to eight

to 20 years in prison.133 Almost all of these suspects were tried in absentia, including

Essid Sami Ben Khemais (who may have known the hijacker Atta), who was arrested

in Italy in April for an alleged plot to launch a poison chemical attack in Europe.

Turkey. Turkey assigned five ships to participate in NATO counter-terrorism

operations in the Mediterranean Sea. In assistance to Afghanistan, Turkey pledged

$5 million over five years for reconstruction, based on commitments made at the

International Conference on Reconstruction Assistance to Afghanistan in Tokyo.

Turkey also increased security along its borders, enabling border guards to arrest

Al Qaeda operatives. In February 2002, Turkish officials arrested three Al Qaeda

suspects believed to have been en route to Israel to carry out a suicide bomb attack.

The suspects included Mustafa Hasan, Ahmet Mahmud, and Firas Suleiman.134

Notably, Turkey allowed the United States to transport Guantanamo detainees

through Turkish bases.

Turkmenistan. On the humanitarian front, Turkmenistan allowed U.N.

agencies to set up cross-border operations to move emergency aid from the eastern

city of Turkmenabad to Andkhvoy in northern Afghanistan. Defense Secretary

Donald H. Rumsfeld commented that Turkmenistan’s significant contribution to the

129

“President Ben Ali Calls for an International Conference on Terrorism,” Africa News,

March 5, 2003.

130

Reuters, June 27, 2002.

131

Agence France Presse, September 14, 2002.

132

Ibid.

133

Ibid.

134

BBC News, February 14, 2002.

CRS-27

humanitarian effort in Afghanistan “has undoubtedly saved the lives of the Afghan

people.”135

United Arab Emirates (UAE). The UAE support includes law enforcement,

intelligence, and assistance to Afghanistan. On the law enforcement and intelligence

front, Djamel Beghal, alleged to be Al Qaeda’s Paris chief, was extradited to France

in October 2001.136 Beghal had been arrested by U.A.E. authorities in July 2001.137

Kamel Daoudi was also arrested in October 2001 for playing a logistical role in the

September 11 attacks. Daoudi was extradited to Paris.138 In terms of aid to

Afghanistan, UAE pledged $36 million at the International Conference on

Reconstruction Assistance to Afghanistan to Tokyo.

United Kingdom. Britain pledged £200 million (about $282 million) in aid

over the next five years for reconstruction. Since September 11, £60 million (about

$85.5 million) has been provided by the UK for humanitarian assistance, including

allocations to U.N. agencies, the International Committee of the Red Cross, and other

NGOs.

Since September 11, British authorities have arrested eleven people connected

to Al Qaeda, including Amar Makhloulif, accused of being one of Britain’s Al Qaeda

leaders. British authorities have agreed to extradite Makhloulif to the United States.

On September 21, 2001, British authorities arrested Lofti Raissi, who allegedly

trained some of the September 11 hijackers. He was released due to a lack of

substantial evidence, but U.S. authorities are still pursuing Raissi as a suspect.

Uzbekistan. Uzbek authorities reopened the country’s border crossing with

Afghanistan, the Friendship Bridge at Termez, facilitating the safe flow of

humanitarian assistance to the Afghan people. Prior to the reopening of the bridge,

some aid groups were forced to haul supplies on lengthy trips through Turkmenistan

and then into Afghanistan.

Vietnam. In terms of aid to Afghanistan’s reconstruction, the government

pledged an aid package worth $300,000. This package includes food, medicines, and

other forms of humanitarian assistance.

Yemen. FBI information led Yemeni officials to the arrest of 30 militants

thought responsible for the slaying of American missionaries.139 Official state news

sources report that Yemen has taken action to move against foreigners who are

studying in the country’s religious schools and are thought to be tied to Al Qaeda.

Over 100 foreigners from countries including Indonesia, Pakistan, Egypt, Libya,

Britain, France, and Somalia have been arrested and deported for overstaying their

135

AFIS, April 28, 2002.

136

The Miami Herald, September 8, 2002.

137

Toronto Star, January 8, 2002.

138

The Guardian, September 5, 2002.

139

Kelley, Jack. “Yemen Arrests 30 Militants,” USA Today, January 2, 2003.

CRS-28

visas and for other questionable activities. In late October 2002, Yemeni authorities

detained 20 people in connection with the attack on the French oil tanker Limburg.140

On November 2, 2002, Qaed Senyan al-Harithi (a.k.a. Abu Ali) was reportedly killed

in a car explosion in the Marib province.141

Since September 11, Yemen has increased its intelligence cooperation by

attempting to track down members of Al Qaeda and stepping up cooperation in the

USS Cole bombing investigation. Yemeni authorities arrested 85 people with

suspected links to Al Qaeda and the October 2000 attack on the USS Cole. In

December 2001, government forces launched operations in the country’s Marib

region in search of suspected Al Qaeda operatives. Although the offensive did not

lead to the capture of Al Qaeda leaders, it demonstrated what is generally considered

a good faith effort on the part of Yemen to cooperate in the war on terrorism.

140

The Washington Post, October 31, 2002.

141

The Washington Post, November 4, 2002.

CRS-29

Table 1. Status of Key Al Qaeda-Linked Suspects

At-Large

Captured

Presumed Dead or Killed

Osama bin Laden

Khalid Sheikh Mohammed

Mohammed Atef

Ayman al-Zawahiri

Abu Zubaydah

Al-Qaed Senyan al-Harthi

Shaikh Saiid al-Masei

Ramzi Binalshibh

Mohammed Saleh

Saif al-Adel

Mohammed Haydar Zammar

Tariq Anwar al-Sayyid Ahmad

Abu Mohammed al-Masri

Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri

Abu Jafar al-Jaziri

Sulaiman Abu Ghaith

Anas al-Liby

Abu Salah al-Yemeni

Thirwat Salah Shirhata

Omar al-Faraq

Hamza al-Qatari

Abu Musab Zarqawi

Mohsen F

Abu Ali Harthi

Amin at-Haq

Homamed Sadeek Odeh

Mahfouz Ould Walid

Abu Zubair Haili

Ridwuan Islamuddin

Zacarias Moussaoui

Zaid Khayr

Mohammed Salah

Midhat Mursi

Tawfiq Attash Khallad

Abu Hafs the Mauritanian

Abd al-Libi al-Iraqi

Ahmad Said al-Kadr

Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi

Mohammed Jamal Khalifa

Mounir el-Motassadeq

Saad al-Sharif

Richard Reid

Abu Basir al-Yemeni

Mohammed Omar Abdel-Rahman

Abd al-Aziz al-Jamal

Ahmad Omar Abdel-Rahmn

Bilal bin Marwan

Shaikh Siid

Saqar al-Jadawi

Abdul Rahim Riyadh

Saad bin Laden

Nizar Trabelsi

Sa’id Bahaji

Djemal Beghal

Mohamed Bensakhria

Kamel Daoudi

Zakariya Essabar

David Courtailler

Mustafa Ahmed al — Hisawi

Yusuf Galan

Ridvan Isamuddin (Hambali)

Raed Hijazi

Abu Walid

Nabil al-Marabh

Abu Qatada

Essid Sami Benkhemais

Imad Eddin Barakat Yarkas

Sources: Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Most Wanted Terrorists,

[http://www.fbi.gov/mostwant/terrorists/fugitives.htm]. Efreedom News, Al Qaeda and the Taliban,

[http://www.efreedomnews.com]; Who’s Who in Al Qaeda, BBC News, [http://www.bbc.co.uk]; and

Wanted in War on Terrorism, USA Today, March 3, 2003.

Note: Suspects include those individuals appearing on the U.S. terrorist’s list and the FBI most

wanted as well as those linked to the September 11 attacks. Other arrests are discussed throughout the

report. Mamoun Darkazanli and Mohammed Belfas, although generally presumed to have connections

with Al Qaeda, have not been arrested due to insubstantial evidence.

CRS-30

Table 2. Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund (ARTF)

Actual and Expected Donor Contributions

(As of May 31, 2003)

(Afghan Solar Year) US$ Million

Donor*

Bahrain

Canada

Denmark

European

Commission

Finland

Germany

India

Iran

Ireland

Italy

Japan MoF

Japan MoFA

Korea

Kuwait

Portugal

Luxembourg

Netherlands

Norway

Saudi Arabia

Sweden

Switzerland

Turkey

U.S.

TOTAL

SY1381

Total Paid-in

(3/21/20023/20/2003)

0.504

SY1382 Total

Paid-in

(3/21/20033/20/2004)

0.000

17.394

5.000

15.870

27.780

10.000

67.746

10.386

5.000

15.026

10.386

5.000

51.876

2.792

10.068

0.000

0.200

1.000

17.000

2.500

2.000

5.000

0.200

1.000

33.667

6.818

10.000

3.103

0.673

0.500

15.078

38.000

190.867

2.792

21.068

0.000

1.200

2.650

17.000

2.500

2.000

10.000

0.200

1.000

72.167

21.518

10.000

9.103

0.673

0.500

70.903

58.000

411.804

0.000

5.000

0.000

7.825

0.000

43.237

0.000

11.000

0.000

1.000

1.650

0.000

5.000

0.000

38.500

14.700

0.000

6.000

0.000

55.825

20.000

220.937

SY1381

Expected

SY1382

Expected

0.000

Source: World Bank, [http://www.worldbank.org/artf]

* The table lists only those pledges that have been formally confirmed.

Note: Solar Year represents Afghanistan’s budgeting cycle, which begins March 21, 2002 and ends

March 20, 2003.

CRS-31

Table 3. Direct Foreign Military - Related Support (Offered or

Provided) for the U.S.-Led War in Afghanistan

Country

Afghanistan

Albania

Australia

Combat

Troopsa

Military Equipment

Elite

commando

detachment

and 30 special

forces

850-1,300

troops; elite

Special Air

Services, 150

special forces

troops

Austria

Azerbaijan

Bahrain

Belgium

Bulgaria

Canada

Non-Combat Units

Small arms, ammunition,

mortars, and shells to

equip one battalion of the

Afghan National Army

National command element,

offered troops to ISAF, and

representatives to

CENTCOM

72 soldiers to ISAF

30 military personnel to ISAF

Maintains fighter units on

continuous alert to provide

combat air patrols

One officer to CENTCOM,

one to Regional Air

Movement Control Center as

deputy chief of operations, 50

troops to ISAF, and four

aircrews to support homeland

security efforts at Tinker Air

Force Base

Deployed peacekeepers and

40-person Nuclear,

Biological, Chemical (NBC)

decontamination unit to

support ISAF

Command unit, 50 personnel

at CENTCOM, specialized

ground forces in a component

of JTF-2, 175 National

Support Unit provides

administrative and logistical

support to Operation Apollo,

and light infantry battle group

deployed as part of TF

Rakkasan with 830 personnel

Two KB 707 tanker

aircraft (with support

crew), four F/A-18

aircraft (with support

crew), two frigates,

amphibious landing ship,

two P-3 Orion long range

maritime patrol aircraft,

and

C-130 aircraft

C-130 Air Force aircraft

with crew, including

maintenance

Access to excavation and

construction equipment

and supplied Afghan

Interim Government with

arms and ammunition on

an assistance basis

Six warships, several Sea

King helicopters, six Air

Force planes, CF-18

fighter jets, three

humanitarian assistance

ships, CC 150 Polaris,

three C-130 aircraft, two

CP 140 Aurora aircraft,

and 12 COYOTE

armored reconnaissance

vehicles

CRS-32

Country

Combat

Troopsa

Czech

Republic

Denmark

Egypt

Ethiopia

Estonia

Finland

France

4,200 troops

to Afghanistan

and Manas

Airfield in

Kyrgyzstan

Germany

3,900 troops

(including

special forces)

Non-Combat Units

Military Equipment

Three personnel at

CENTCOM, 250 specialists

trained in anti-chemical

protection, special task force

unit on antiterrorism, 150

medical personnel (including

doctors) to support ISAF,

and peacekeeping troops in

the Balkans through a joint

battalion of Czech and Slovak

troops

77 C-130 aircraft crew and

personnel, 100 special

operation forces troops, five

personnel at CENTCOM, 34

troops to ISAF, working in

mine clearing, military police,

and ISAF staff

Three representatives to

CENTCOM

Liaison officers to

CENTCOM

Two explosive detection

canine units for airbase

operations

Liaison team to CENTCOM

and civil-military cooperation

unit with 30 officers

15 personnel to CENTCOM,

60 French instructors for

training an Afghan army

battalion, and 520 troops to

ISAF (areas of mine clearing,

ground troops, helicopter

pilots, and hospital staff)

TU-154 aircraft to

transport persons and

cargo and 1,000 military

uniforms to the Afghan

National Army

50 reconnaissance crew;

medical crew; NATO AWAC

crews, and 1,200 soldiers to

ISAF

C-130 Aircraft and six F16 aircraft to Manas

Ten cargo handlers as part

of Danish contingent to

Manas

Only carrier battle group,

six Mirage-2000 fighter

planes, air reconnaissance

assets, refuelers, C-160

and C-130 for

humanitarian assistance

and mission air support,

and two KC-135 aircraft

deployed for aerial

refueling to Manas

Combat ships and

maritime aircraft,

armored reconnaissance

vehicles, and “Flying

Hospital” (medical

evacuation Airbus A130)

CRS-33

Country

Combat

Troops

Greece

Guatemala

Hungary

Ireland

Italy

2,700 troops,

additional 1,000

offered, and

1,475 sent to the

Gulf

Military Equipment

Three personnel at

CENTCOM, one air force

officer assigned as

operations officer of the

RAMCC, one Naval liaison

officer deployed to Bahrain,

team of Navy commandos

to CENTCOM (AOR),

engineering company of

112 men, and 56 security

support team

30 soldiers as part of

Central American

contingent for humanitarian

work

Health unit

Seven personnel

participating in ISAF

Frigate (with 210 crew

members), one S-70 BA

Aegean Hawk helicopter,

countermine ship, offered

two more vessels, Air Force

sorties, 64 engineering

vehicles, and two C-130

transport aircraft

13 personnel at

CENTCOM, 400 troops

participating in ISAF, and

engineering team deployed

to Bagram for the repair of

the runway

1,500 troops (Self-Defense

Forces) provided logistical

support, 1,200 personnel

dispatched to the Indian

Ocean to provide at-sea

refueling

Offered troops for

peacekeeping operations,

two representatives to

CENTCOM, “Aardvark”

mine clearing unit, planning

officer to RAMCC, and

medical support at a

hospital in Mazer-e-Sharif

Officers to CENTCOM for

training

Liaison officer to

CENTCOM

Three representatives to

CENTCOM

Five representatives to

CENTCOM

Japan

Jordan

Kazakhstan

Kenya

Kuwait

Kyrgystan

Lativa

Non-Combat Units

Pledged 12

soldiers to

Kyrgyzstan

Military medics to ISAF

Armored regiment,

reconnaissance and

transport planes, warships

and vehicles to check for

biological and chemical

weapons, carrier battle

group, three C-130 aircraft,

one Boeing 707, one AN124, and one IL-76

Three destroyers, two oiler

supply ships, C-130 fleet,

and U-4 aircraft provided

airlift support

Ten cargo handlers

CRS-34

Country

Combat

Troops

Lithuania

Macedonia

Malaysia

The Netherlands

Offered 1,400

troops

New Zealand

Special Air

Service (SAS)

troops

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Qatar

Non-Combat Units

12 military medical

personnel as part of a Czech

field hospital, 40 special

operation forces, and

representative to

CENTCOM

Two officers taking part in

the ISAF as part of the

Turkish contingent

Medical team to help

Afghan refugees in Pakistan

485 personnel, including

224 military personnel to

ISAF, personnel at

CENTCOM, military

personnel accompanied

various aircraft and naval

ships (35 in the Carribean

with a P-3C Orion, 166 on

the HNLMS Van Galen, 30

in Kyrgyzstan with a C-130,

one in Qatar with a KDC-10

tank/transport aircraft, and

23 in United Arab Emirates

with a P-3C Orion)

30 soldiers participate in

ISAF, seven-person air

loading team to support the

ISAF, and six personnel are

staff officers in the ISAF.

162 personnel to support

operations in Afghanistan,

six personnel at

CENTCOM; special forces;

20 personnel to ISAF

(including mine clearing

experts and an engineering

unit)

275 troops (including

military engineers, chemical

and biological weapons

specialists); five personnel

at CENTCOM; combat

engineers and logistics

platoon forces; and Polish

demining crews

Liaison representatives to

CENTCOM, eight

personnel deployed to

ISAF, medical team with

two doctors, three nurses,

and three technicians

Three representatives to

CENTCOM

Military Equipment

Six fighter planes, support

planes, three frigates, two

minesweepers, a submarine,

deployed six F-16 aircraft to

Manas, and C-130 carried

out humanitarian assistance

flights

C-130 aircraft for

humanitarian efforts and

logistics

15 hardened vehicles, C-130

transport aircraft, six F-16

aircraft to Manas, and

supplies and equipment for

the Afghan army

C-130 with crew and

maintenance team, including

15 personnel

CRS-35

Country

Romania

Combat

Troops

450 soldiers

Russia

Slovakia

South Korea

Spain

Sweden

450 military

personnel

Non-Combat Units

Infantry battalion of 405;

nuclear, biological, and

chemical company of 70,

and 10 staff officers; three

liaison officers to

CENTCOM; 58 troops,

including police and

intelligence officers to the

ISAF; and mine and

clearing equipment and

engineers

Liaison officers to

CENTCOM and mine

clearing experts

Liaison officer to

CENTCOM, 40 strong

peacekeeping unit to ISAF,

special forces regiment,

NBC reconnaissance units,

and a mobile field hospital

Five personnel to

CENTCOM and Level II

hospital with 90 personnel

Nine personnel at

CENTCOM; staff officers

to Permanent Joint

Headquarters (PJHQ) and

European Command; 30

personnel to ISAF in the

areas of engineering,

explosive ordnance

disposal, logistics,

helicopter support, and air

transport support; and

maintained a 50-person

hospital at Bagram

Two representatives to

CENTCOM, intelligence

unit of 45 to ISAF, 20

professionals from the

Swedish Rescue Services

Agency to assist in

logistical support for

humanitarian aid

distribution, and 31 soldiers

to the ISAF

Military Equipment

C-130 aircraft and training

equipment for the Afghan

National Army (1,000 AK47 assault rifles, 300, 000

rounds of ammunition,

magazines and cleaning

sets)

Soviet-made guns, artillery,

and tanks to Northern

Alliance

Naval vessel and C-130

One hercules airplane and

two helicopters, one P-3B to

Djibouti, two C-130s

(offered another C-130) to

Manas, one supply ship

deployed to CENTCOM

region, SAR helicopters,

and two frigates to the

CENTCOM region.

CRS-36

Country

Combat

Troops

Thailand

Turkey

United Arab

Emirates (UAE)

23,000 troops,

1,700 person

infantry battleUnited Kingdom group skilled in

mountain and

cold-weather

combat

Uzbekistan

Non-Combat Units

Military engineering

battalion task force of 1,000

for infrastructure

construction and de-mining

efforts, military medical

officers for peacekeeping

forces, offered experts in

prosthetic limbs, assistance

to train people with

disabilities, and training in

sustainable development

Special forces and

equipment to train antiTaliban fighters, three

personnel to CENTCOM,

90 special forces to train

Northern Alliance forces,

1,400 troops to ISAF, three

officers and one

noncommissioned officer to

ISAF headquarters,

personnel assisting in

training and equipping

Afghan National Guard, Air

Force personnel conducted

site surveys for

humanitarian assistance,

Close Air Support, and

airborne operations

Three personnel to

CENTCOM,

200 Royal Marine

commandos trained in

mountain and winter

warfare on “stand-by,” 400

commandos placed on “high

readiness,” elite Special Air

Service and reinforced by

100 British commandos, 40

personnel to CENTCOM,

led ISAF with 1,800 troops

Four representatives to

CENTCOM

Military Equipment

KC-135 aerial refueling,

ambulance, minibus, a

mortar gun, and other

armored vehicles to ISAF

C-130 aircraft for

humanitarian assistance

Heavy tanks; self-propelled

guns and missile launchers;

three dozen warships,

including its largest aircraft

carrier with a squadron of

Harrier jets and an assault

ship with marines and army

commandos; and 11-ship

naval armada

Leased IL-76 transport

aircraft

a. The “x” signifies contributions, though no specific amount was indicated.

CRS-37

Table 4. Detail of Foreign Military - Related Support

(Offered or Provided) for the US-Led War in Afghanistan

Country

Basing

Rights

Afghanistan

Bagram

Albania

Maritime

Access

Overflight

Rights

Other Facilities a

and Post-War Aid

Airports

Austria

X (and transit

flights)

Azerbaijan

Bahrain

Bangladesh

Bulgaria

Hosts the headquarters of U.S.

Navy’s Fifth Fleet, Bahrain royal

air base houses U.S. aircraft,

agreed to house officers of the

Marine Central Command

Refueling facilities

X (for

military and

humanitaria

n aircraft)

Hosted deployment of six U.S.

KC-135 aircraft and 200 support

personnel at Burgas

Cambodia

Cyprus

Airport facilities

Czech Republic

Djibouti

X (air space en

route to conflict

zone)

Egypt

Ethiopia

Landing facilities to U.S. aircraft

Landing support and hosts

Coalition forces from France,

Germany, the U.K., and the

United States

France

Georgia

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Site Surveys

Landing clearances

Iceland

Keflavik airport

Ireland

Airfields

Jordan

Kazakhstan

Kenya

Airport and offer to host U.S.

troops; allows use of Shymkent

airport by Denmark and Norway

for antiterrorism operations

CRS-38

Country

Kuwait

Basing

Rights

Maritime

Access

X (Camp

Doha and

Ali Salem

and Ahmed

Al Jaber)

Overflight

Rights

Kyrgyzstan

Lativa

Other Facilities a

and Post-War Aid

Manas international airport and

road and rail infrastructure for

humanitarian assistance

Lithuania

Airports

Malaysia

Moldova

Oman

Chisinau Airport

Airfields at Seeb, Thumrait, and

Masirah Island

Philippines

Portugal

Landing rights at Lajes Air Base

Romania

Air, land, and maritime facilities

Russia

Allowed U.S. troops to be based

in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan

Qatar

Saudi Arabia

X (AlUdeid)

Prince

Sultan Air

Base

Slovakia

Tajikistan

Three air

bases

(transit

point)

Turkey

Eight air

bases,

including

Incirlik

Turkmenistan

X (for

humanitarian aid)

Ukraine

United Arab

Emirates (UAE)

Uzbekistan

Refueling support for

humanitarian support

Hosted 1,500 U.S. troops

a. Allowing use of the country’s infrastructure and other assets, including training and interviewing

facilities.

CRS-39

Table 5. Counter-Terrorism Measures

Approved or Considered

Organization/

Country

Financial

Action Task

Force (FATF)

Asia Pacific

Economic

Cooperation

(APEC)

Association of

Southeast

Asian Nations

(ASEAN)

International

Regional

National

Eight Special

Recommendations on

Terrorist Financing

APEC Leaders Statement on

Counter-terrorism

European

Union (EU)

Organization of

American

States (OAS)

Organization

for Security

and

Cooperation in

Europe

(OSCE)

Shanghai

Cooperation

Organization

(SCO)

Albania

U.N. Res. 52/164 and

54/109

Algeria

U.N. Res. 54/109

Angola

Antigua &

Barbuda

Argentina

U.N. Sec. Res. 1373

U.N. Res. 54/109

Australia

U.N. Res. 52/164

Regional framework for

fighting transnational crime

and ASEAN plan of action;

Declaration on Joint Action to

Counter Terrorism; and

Support to APEC declaration

EU Directive on Combating

Money Laundering

Inter-American Treaty of

Reciprocal Assistance and

Hemispheric Cooperation to

Prevent, Eliminate, Combat

Terrorism Resolution, InterAmerican Committee Against

Terrorism, and InterAmerican Convention Against

Terrorism

Antiterror policy and

Counter-terrorism plan

(Bucharest Conference

December 2001)

Counter-terrorism body in

Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan

OAU “Convention on the

Prevention and Combating of

Terrorism”

Nassau Declaration on

International Terrorism

Cooperation with Brazil and

Paraguay

ANZUS Security Treaty

Antiterrorism

legislation

Antiterrorism financing

Financial Intelligence

Unit

Antiterrorism

legislation and

Australian Transaction

Reports and Analysis

Center (AUSTRAC)

CRS-40

Organization/

International

Country

Austria

U.N. Res. 54/109

Azerbaijan

Bahamas

Bahrain

Bangladesh

U.N. Res. 52/164 and

54/109

U.N. Res. 54/109 and

1333

Belize

U.N. Res. 54/109

Brazil

Bulgaria

Financial Intelligence

unit; Antiterrorism

financing

Nassau Declaration on

International Terrorism

Antiterrorism financing

OAU “Convention on the

Prevention and Combating of

Terrorism”

U.N. Sec. Res. 1386

and 1373

Antiterrorism financing

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Costa Rica

Cyprus

Denmark

Djbouti

Dominica

Dominican

Republic

International

Obligations Order 2001

Antiterrorism financing

Nassau Declaration on

International Terrorism

Regional Migration

Conference (RMC)

“Declaration Against

Terrorism”; Nassau

Declaration on International

Terrorism

OAS “Resolution

Strengthening Cooperation to

Prevent, Combat, and

Eliminate Terrorism”

Cooperation with Argentina

and Paraguay

U.N. Res. 52/164 and

54/109

Burkina Faso

Cambodia

National

U.N. Sec. Res. 1386

and 1373

Barbados

Bolivia

Regional

All U.N. conventions

and protocols relating

to terrorism

U.N. Res. 54/109, also

party to three other

U.N. conventions

U.N. Res 52/164

RMC “Declaration Against

Terrorism”

U.N. 54/109 and

52/164

U.N. Res. 54/109 and

52/164

Anti-Terrorism Act and

Public Safety Act

Antiterrorism financing

Financial Information

and Analysis Unit

Antiterrorism financing

Suppression of the

Financing of Terrorism

Act

U.N. Res. 1373

RMC “Declaration Against

Terrorism”

CRS-41

Organization/

International

Country

Ecuador

Egypt

El Salvador

Eritrea

Estonia

Finland

Regional

RMC “Declaration Against

Terrorism”

Antiterrorism financing

U.N. Sec. Res. 1386

and 1373

U.N. Res. 52/164 and

54/109

U.N. Res. 52/164 and

54/109

France

Germany

Ghana

U.N. Res. 54/109

Grenada

U.N. Sec. Res. 1373

Guatemala

Guyana

Haiti

Honduras

Hungary

Iceland

Nassau Declaration on

International Terrorism

RMC “Declaration Against

Terrorism”

Nassau Declaration on

International Terrorism

Nassau Declaration on

International Terrorism

RMC “Declaration Against

Terrorism”

Prevention of Terrorism

Ordinance 2001

Trilateral Agreement with

Malaysia and Philippines on

Terrorism and Transnational

Crimes

Israel

Jamaica

Japan

Kenya

Kuwait

Latvia

Lithuanian

Luxembourg

Antiterrorism

legislation

Antiterrorism

legislation

Antiterrorism plan;

Antiterrorism financing

Antiterrorism act

U.N. Res. 52/164

U.N. Res. 52/164 and

54/109

India

Indonesia

National

Eradication of Criminal

Acts of Terrorism 2002

Prevention of Terrorism

Ordinance 2001

U.N. Sec. Res. 1333

Nassau Declaration on

and U.N. Res. 54/109 International Terrorism

U.N. Sec. Res. 1333

and 1267 and U.N.

Res 54/109

U.N. Res. 54/109, and

is party to nine other

U.N. conventions

antiterrorism Special

Measures Law 2001

Antiterrorism financing

Antiterrorism plan

Antiterrorism program

Antiterrorism plan

CRS-42

Organization/

International

Country

Malaysia

U.N. Sec. Res. 1373

Malta

Mexico

Monaco

U.N. Res. 52/164 and

54/109

U.N. Res. 54/109

Mozambique

National

Trilateral Agreement with

Indonesia and Philippines on

Terrorism and Transnational

Crimes

Antiterrorism

financing; Southeast

Asia counter-terrorism

centre

RMC “Declaration Against

Terrorism”

U.N. Res. 52/164 and

54/109

Montserrat

Morocco

Regional

Nassau Declaration on

International Terrorism

U.N. Sec. Res. 1386

and 1373; and U.N.

Res. 54/109

U.N. Res. 54/109

Netherlands

New Zealand

Nicaragua

Norway

ANZUS Security Treaty

U.N. Sec. Res. 1267

and 1386

U.N. Res. 52/164 and

54/109

Panama

RMC “Declaration Against

Terrorism”

RMC “Declaration Against

Terrorism”

Cooperation with Brazil and

Argentina

Paraguay

People’s

Republic of

China

Peru

Review of antiterrorism

laws

Antiterrorism action

plan

Terrorism Suppression

Act 2002; antiterrorism

financing

Antiterrorism action

plan

U.N. Res. 54/109

Philippines

Portugal

U.N. Res. 52/164

Qatar

People’s

U.N. Res. 54/109

Republic of

China (PRC)

Republic of

China (Taiwan)

Russia

U.N. Res. 54/109

Saudi Arabia

Senegal

Trilateral Agreement with

Indonesia and Malaysia on

Terrorism and Transnational

Crimes

Antiterrorism financing

Terrorism Task Force

Antiterrorism financing

CRS-43

Organization/

International

Country

Singapore

St. Kitts and

Nevis

St. Lucia

St. Vincent

Slovakia

Slovenia

South Africa

South Korea

Spain

U.N. Res. 1333

U.N. Res. 52/164 and

54/109

U.N. Res. 52/164 and

54/109

Commonwealth

Commission on

Terrorism

U.N. Res. 54/109

U.N. Res. 52/164 and

54/109

Suriname

Sweden

Tajikistan

Tanzania

Thailand

Trinidad and

Tobago

Tunisia

Turkey

Ukraine

United Arab

Emirates

United

Kingdom

Regional

National

Antiterrorism plan

Nassau Declaration on

International Terrorism

Nassau Declaration on

International Terrorism

OAU “Convention on the

Prevention and Combating of

Terrorism”

Nassau Declaration on

International Terrorism

U.N. Res. 52/164 and

54/109

U.N. Res. 52/164 and

54/109

U.N. Sec. Res. 1373

Ratified 5 different

U.N. conventions on

terrorism

Acceded to 11 of the

U.N. conventions

against terrorism

U.N. Res. 54/109

U.N. Res. 52/164

Antiterrorism financing

Antiterrorism plan,

antiterrorism financing,

amending Anti-Money

Laundering Act of 1999

Nassau Declaration on

International Terrorism

Antiterrorism financing

Anti-Terrorism, Crime

and Security Act 2001

Note: This list represents only a sample of international, regional, and national counter terrorism

measures adopted by country, and is not exhaustive. See Appendix: Links for Abbreviations, U.N.

Security Council Resolutions Regarding Afghanistan, for further information to some of the counterterrorism measures mentioned herein.

CRS-44

Appendix: Links for Abbreviations

U.N. Action Against Terrorism

U.N. Resolution 49/60: Declaration on Measures to Eliminate International

Terrorism (12/94)

[http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/49/a49r060.htm]

U.N. Resolution 54/109: Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of

Terrorism (12/99)

[http://www.un.org/law/cod/finterr.htm]

U.N. Resolution 52/164: Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings

(12/97)

[http://www.un.org/ga/documents/gares52/res52164.htm]

U.N. Resolution 1373 (9/28/01) to combat international terrorism

[http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2001/sc7158.doc.htm]

U.N. Security Council Resolutions Regarding Afghanistan

U.N. Resolution 1267 (10/99) on the situation in Afghanistan

[http://usinfo.state.gov/regional/nea/sasia/afghan/un/res1267.htm]

U.N. Resolution 1333 (12/00) on the situation in Afghanistan

[http://usinfo.state.gov/regional/nea/sasia/afghan/un/res1333.pdf]

U.N. Resolution 1363 (7/01) on the situation in Afghanistan

[http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/2001/res1363e.pdf]

U.N. Resolution 1378 (11/01) on the situation in Afghanistan

[http://usinfo.state.gov/topical/pol/terror/01111512.htm]

U.N. Resolution 1383 (12/01) on the situation in Afghanistan

[http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/2001/res1383e.pdf]

U.N. Resolution 1386 (12/01) on the situation in Afghanistan

[http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/2001/res1386e.pdf]

U.N. Resolution 1388 (1/02) on the situation in Afghanistan

[http://daccess-ods.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N02/212/87/PDF/N0221287.pdf?O

penElement]

U.N. Resolution 1390 (1/02) on the situation in Afghanistan

[http://daccess-ods.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N02/216/02/PDF/N0221602.pdf?O

penElement]

CRS-45

U.N. Resolution 1401 (2002) on the situation in Afghanistan

[http://daccess-ods.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N02/309/14/PDF/N0230914.pdf?O

penElement]

Military Terms

Airborne Early Warning and Control Force (AWACS)

[http://www.e3a.nato.int/]

U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM)

[http://www.centcom.mil/aboutus/aboutus.html]

ECHELON

[http://www.telsec.com.br/echelon.html]

Multinational Interception Operations (MIF)

[http://www.minister.defence.gov.au/Hilltpl.cfm?CurrentId=1400]

Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF)

[http://www.army.mil/enduringfreedom/default.html]

Operation Noble Eagle

[http://www.af.mil/news/efreedom/index.shtml]

Regional Air Movement Control Center (RAMCC)

[http://www.centaf.af.mil/ramcc/]

Counter- terrorism Resolutions and Actions by Country and

Region142

The Arab Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism

[http://www.al-bab.com/arab/docs/league/terrorism98.html]

Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 (Great Britain)

http://www.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts2001/20010024.htm

Anti-Terrorism Special Measures Law 2001 (Japan)

[http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/n-america/us/terro0109/speech/pm1029.html]

ANZUS Security Treaty

[http://usembassy-australia.state.gov/anzus/index.html]

ASEAN Declaration on Joint Action to Counter Terrorism

http://www.state.gov/coalition/dplm/8819.htm]

142

This list represents only a sample of counter terrorism resolutions and actions, and is not

exhaustive.

CRS-46

Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Center (AUSTRAC)

[http://www.austrac.gov.au]

Canada’s Anti-Terrorism Act

[http://www.parl.gc.ca/37/1/parlbus/chambus/house/bills/government/C-36/C-36_

1/C-36TOCE.html]

Executive Order 13224 (9/23/01)

[http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/2001/6531.html]

European Union Directive on Money Laundering:

[http://europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/en/finances/general/launden.htm]

Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FINCEN)

[http://www.ustreas.gov/fincen/]

Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism 2002 (Indonesia)

http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/forum/forumnew65.php

Hemispheric Cooperation to Prevent, Eliminate, and Combat Terrorism:

[http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/ga-res99/eres1650.htm]

International Law Enforcement Academy

[http://www.usis.hu/ilea.html]

Law of the Ukraine “On preventing and counteracting the legalization (laundering)

of incomes acquired by criminal means” 2002

http://www.icps.com.ua/docs/nl/full/eng/nl_eng_20021209_0169.pdf

Nassau Declaration on International Terrorism:

[http://www.caricom.org/archives/nassaudeclaration%20on%20territorism.htm]

Organization for African Unity (OAU) “Convention on the Prevention and

Combating of Terrorism”

[http://www.iss.co.za/African_facts/RegOrganisations/unity_to_union/pdfs/oau/tr

eaties/Algiers_convention.pdf]

Prevention of Terrorism Ordinance 2001 (India)

[http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/terrorism/terrorism3a.htm]

Prevention of Terrorism Ordinance 2001 (Israel)

[http://www.ict.org.il/counter_ter/law/lawdet.cfm?lawid=11]

Regional Migration Conference (RMC) “Declaration Against Terrorism”

[http://www.rcmvs.org/7a_1.html]

Terrorism Suppression Act 2002 (New Zealand)

[http://www.aph.gov.au/library/intguide/law/crimlaw.htm#terrnz]

CRS-47

Trilateral Agreement on Terrorism and Transnational Crimes

[http://www.gov.ph/news/default.asp?newsid=1479]

U.S.- India Joint Working Group on Counter-terrorism

[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2002/11922.html]

U.S.-Pakistan Joint Working Group on Counter-terrorism

[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2002/10019.html]

Groups Allegedly Affiliated with Al Qaeda143

The Advice and Reform Committee

Asbat al- Ansar (Lebanon)

Harakat ul-Ansar/Mujahadeen (Pakistan)

Al-Badar (Pakistan)

Armed Islamic Group/GIA (Algeria)

Saafi Group for Proselytism and Combat/GSPD (Algeria)

Talaa al Fath (Vanguards of Conquest)

The Groupe Roubaix (Canada/France)

Harakat ul Jihad (Pakistan)

Jamiat-ul-Ulema-e-Pakistan (Pakistan)

Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam/JUI (Pakistan)

Hezbollah (Lebanon)

Hezb ul-Mujahideen (Pakistan)

al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group, Egypt)

al-Hadith (Pakistan)

Hamas (Palestinian Authority)

Bayt al-Imam (Jordan)

Islamic Jihad (Palestinian Authority)

Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan

al-Jihad (Bangladesh)

al-Jihad (Egypt)

al-Jihad (Yemen)

Laskar e-Toiba (Pakistan)

Lebanese Partisans League

Libyan Islamic Group

Moro Islamic Liberation Front (Philippines)

Partisans Movement (Kashmir)

Abu Sayyff (Philippines)

al-Ittihad (Somalia)

Ulema Union of Afghanistan

143

Alexander, Yonah. Usama Bin Laden’s Al-Al-Qaeda: Profile of a Terrorist Network.

New York: Transnational Publishers, Inc., 2001.

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