Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2001

Order Code RL30172

CRS Report for Congress

Received through the CRS Web

Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces

Abroad, 1798-2001

Updated February 5, 2002

Richard F. Grimmett

Specialist in National Defense

Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division

Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces

Abroad, 1798-2001

Summary

This report lists hundreds of instances in which the United States has used its

armed forces abroad in situations of military conflict or potential conflict or for other

than normal peacetime purposes. It was compiled in part from various older lists and

is intended primarily to provide a rough survey of past U.S. military ventures abroad,

without reference to the magnitude of the given instance noted. The listing often

contains references, especially from 1980 forward, to continuing military deployments

especially U.S. military participation in multinational operations associated with

NATO or the United Nations. Most of these post-1980 instances are summaries based

on Presidential reports to Congress related to the War Powers Resolution. A

comprehensive commentary regarding any of the instances listed is not undertaken

here.

The instances differ greatly in number of forces, purpose, extent of hostilities,

and legal authorization. Eleven times in its history the U.S. has formally declared war

against foreign nations. These eleven U.S. war declarations encompassed five

separate wars: the war with Great Britain declared in 1812, the war with Mexico

declared in 1846, the War with Spain declared in 1898, the First World War, during

which the U.S. declared war with Germany and with Austria-Hungary during 1917,

World War II, during which the U.S. declared war against Japan, Germany and Italy

in 1941, and against Bulgaria, Hungary and Rumania in 1942.

Some of the instances were extended military engagements that might be

considered undeclared wars. These include the Undeclared Naval War with France

from 1798 to 1800; the First Barbary War from 1801 to 1805; the Second Barbary

War of 1815; the Korean War of 1950-53; the Vietnam War from 1964 to 1973; and

the Persian Gulf War of 1991. With the exception of the Korean War, all of these

conflicts received Congressional authorization in some form short of a formal

declaration of war. Other, more recent instances often involve deployment of U.S.

military forces as part of a multinational operation associated with NATO or the

United Nations.

The majority of the instances listed prior to World War II were brief Marine or

Navy actions to protect U.S. citizens or promote U.S. interests. A number were

actions against pirates or bandits. Some were events, such as the stationing of

Marines at an Embassy or legation, which later were considered normal peacetime

practice. Covert actions, disaster relief, and routine alliance stationing and training

exercises are not included here, nor are the Civil and Revolutionary Wars and the

continual use of U.S. military units in the exploration, settlement, and pacification of

the Western part of the United States.

Instances of Use of United States Armed

Forces Abroad, 1798-2001

The following list reviews hundreds of instances in which the United States has

utilized military forces abroad in situations of military conflict or potential conflict to

protect U.S. citizens or promote U.S. interests. The list does not include covert

actions or numerous instances in which U.S. forces have been stationed abroad since

World War II in occupation forces or for participation in mutual security

organizations, base agreements, or routine military assistance or training operations.

Because of differing judgments over the actions to be included, other lists may include

more or fewer instances.1

The instances vary greatly in size of operation, legal authorization, and

significance. The number of troops involved range from a few sailors or Marines

landed to protect American lives and property to hundreds of thousands in Korea and

Vietnam and millions in World War II. Some actions were of short duration and some

lasted a number of years. In some instances a military officer acted without

authorization; some actions were conducted solely under the President’s powers as

Chief Executive or Commander in Chief; other instances were authorized by Congress

in some fashion; In eleven separate cases (listed in bold-face type) the United States

formally declared war against foreign nations. For most of the instances listed,

however, the status of the action under domestic or international law has not been

addressed. Most instances listed since 1980, are summaries of U.S. military

deployments reported to Congress by the President as a result of the War Powers

Resolution. Several of these Presidential reports are summaries of activities related

to an on-going operation previously reported. It is important to note that inclusion in

this list does not connote either legality or level of significance of the instance

described.

1

Other lists include Goldwater, Senator Barry. War Without Declaration. A Chronological

List of 199 U.S. Military Hostilities Abroad Without a Declaration of War. 1798-1972.

Congressional Record, V. 119, July 20, 1973: S14174-14183; U.S. Department of State.

Armed Actions Taken by the United States Without a Declaration of War, 1789-1967.

Research Project 806A. Historical Studies Division. Bureau of Public Affairs; Collins, John

M. America’s Small Wars. New York, Brassey’s, 1990. For a discussion of the evolution

of lists of military actions and legal authorization for various actions, see Wormuth, Francis

D. and Edwin B. Firmage, To Chain the Dog of War; the War Power of Congress in History

and Law. Dallas, Southern Methodist University Press, 1986. P. 133-149.

1798-1800— Undeclared Naval War with France. This contest included land

actions, such as that in the Dominican Republic, city of Puerto Plata,

where marines captured a French privateer under the guns of the forts.

Congress authorized military action through a series of statutes.

1801-05—

Tripoli. The First Barbary War included the U.S.S. George

Washington and Philadelphia affairs and the Eaton expedition, during

which a few marines landed with United States Agent William Eaton

to raise a force against Tripoli in an effort to free the crew of the

Philadelphia. Tripoli declared war but not the United States,

although Congress authorized U.S. military action by statute.

1806—

Mexico (Spanish territory). Capt. Z. M. Pike, with a platoon of

troops, invaded Spanish territory at the headwaters of the Rio Grande

on orders from Gen. James Wilkinson. He was made prisoner without

resistance at a fort he constructed in present day Colorado, taken to

Mexico, and later released after seizure of his papers.

1806-10—

Gulf of Mexico. American gunboats operated from New Orleans

against Spanish and French privateers off the Mississippi Delta, chiefly

under Capt. John Shaw and Master Commandant David Porter.

1810—

West Florida (Spanish territory). Gov. Claiborne of Louisiana, on

orders of the President, occupied with troops territory in dispute east

of Mississippi as far as the Pearl River, later the eastern boundary of

Louisiana. He was authorized to seize as far east as the Perdido

River.

1812—

Amelia Island and other parts of east Florida, then under Spain.

Temporary possession was authorized by President Madison and by

Congress, to prevent occupation by any other power; but possession

was obtained by Gen. George Matthews in so irregular a manner that

his measures were disavowed by the President.

1812-15—

War of 1812. On June 18, 1812, the United States declared war

between the United States and the United Kingdom of Great

Britain and Ireland. Among the issues leading to the war were

British interception of neutral ships and blockades of the United States

during British hostilities with France.

1813—

West Florida (Spanish territory). On authority given by Congress,

General Wilkinson seized Mobile Bay in April with 600 soldiers. A

small Spanish garrison gave way. The U.S. advanced into disputed

territory to the Perdido River, as projected in 1810. No fighting.

1813-14—

Marquesas Islands. U.S. forces built a fort on the island of Nukahiva

to protect three prize ships which had been captured from the British.

1814—

Spanish Florida. Gen. Andrew Jackson took Pensacola and drove out

the British with whom the United States was at war.

1814-25—

Caribbean. Engagements between pirates and American ships or

squadrons took place repeatedly especially ashore and offshore about

Cuba, Puerto Rico, Santo Domingo, and Yucatan. Three thousand

pirate attacks on merchantmen were reported between 1815 and 1823.

In 1822 Commodore James Biddle employed a squadron of two

frigates, four sloops of war, two brigs, four schooners, and two

gunboats in the West Indies.

1815—

Algiers. The second Barbary War was declared against the United

States by the Dey of Algiers of the Barbary states, an act not

reciprocated by the United States. Congress did authorize a military

expedition by statutes. A large fleet under Decatur attacked Algiers and

obtained indemnities.

1815—

Tripoli. After securing an agreement from Algiers, Decatur

demonstrated with his squadron at Tunis and Tripoli, where he secured

indemnities for offenses during the War of 1812.

1816—

Spanish Florida. United States forces destroyed Nicholls Fort, called

also Negro Fort, which harbored raiders making forays into United

States territory.

1816-18—

Spanish Florida - First Seminole War. The Seminole Indians, whose

area was a haven for escaped slaves and border ruffians, were attacked

by troops under Generals Jackson and Gaines and pursued into

northern Florida. Spanish posts were attacked and occupied, British

citizens executed. In 1819 the Floridas were ceded to the United

States.

1817—

Amelia Island (Spanish territory off Florida). Under orders of

President Monroe, United States forces landed and expelled a group of

smugglers, adventurers, and freebooters.

1818—

Oregon. The U.S.S. Ontario, dispatched from Washington, landed at

the Columbia River and in August took possession of Oregon territory.

Britain had conceded sovereignty but Russia and Spain asserted claims

to the area.

1820-23—

Africa. Naval units raided the slave traffic pursuant to the 1819 act of

Congress.

1822—

Cuba. United States naval forces suppressing piracy landed on the

northwest coast of Cuba and burned a pirate station.

1823—

Cuba. Brief landings in pursuit of pirates occurred April 8 near

Escondido; April 16 near Cayo Blanco; July 11 at Siquapa Bay; July 21

at Cape Cruz; and October 23 at Camrioca.

1824—

Cuba. In October the U.S.S. Porpoise landed bluejackets near

Matanzas in pursuit of pirates. This was during the cruise authorized

in 1822.

1824—

Puerto Rico (Spanish territory). Commodore David Porter with a

landing party attacked the town of Fajardo which had sheltered pirates

and insulted American naval officers. He landed with 200 men in

November and forced an apology. Commodore Porter was later courtmartialed for overstepping his powers.

1825—

Cuba. In March cooperating American and British forces landed at

Sagua La Grande to capture pirates.

1827—

Greece. In October and November landing parties hunted pirates on

the islands of Argenteire, Miconi, and Androse.

1831-32—

Falkland Islands. Captain Duncan of the U.S.S. Lexington

investigated the capture of three American sealing vessels and sought

to protect American interests.

1832—

Sumatra. February 6 to 9. A naval force landed and stormed a fort to

punish natives of the town of Quallah Battoo for plundering the

American ship Friendship.

1833—

Argentina. October 31 to November 15. A force was sent ashore at

Buenos Aires to protect the interests of the United States and other

countries during an insurrection.

1835-36—

Peru. December 10, 1835, to January 24, 1836, and August 31 to

December 7, 1836. Marines protected American interests in Callao and

Lima during an attempted revolution.

1836—

Mexico. General Gaines occupied Nacogdoches (Tex.), disputed

territory, from July to December during the Texan war for

independence, under orders to cross the “imaginary boundary line” if

an Indian outbreak threatened.

1838-39—

Sumatra. December 24, 1838, to January 4, 1839. A naval force

landed to punish natives of the towns of Quallah Battoo and Muckie

(Mukki) for depredations on American shipping.

1840—

Fiji Islands. July. Naval forces landed to punish natives for attacking

American exploring and surveying parties.

1841—

Drummond Island, Kingsmill Group. A naval party landed to avenge

the murder of a seaman by the natives.

1841—

Samoa. February 24. A naval party landed and burned towns after the

murder of an American seaman on Upolu Island.

1842—

Mexico. Commodore T.A.C. Jones, in command of a squadron long

cruising off California, occupied Monterey, Calif., on October 19,

believing war had come. He discovered peace, withdrew, and saluted.

A similar incident occurred a week later at San Diego.

1843—

China. Sailors and marines from the St. Louis were landed after a clash

between Americans and Chinese at the trading post in Canton.

1843—

Africa. November 29 to December 16. Four United States vessels

demonstrated and landed various parties (one of 200 marines and

sailors) to discourage piracy and the slave trade along the Ivory coast,

and to punish attacks by the natives on American seamen and shipping.

1844—

Mexico. President Tyler deployed U.S. forces to protect Texas against

Mexico, pending Senate approval of a treaty of annexation. (Later

rejected.) He defended his action against a Senate resolution of

inquiry.

1846-48—

Mexican War. On May 13, 1846, the United States recognized the

existence of a state of war with Mexico. After the annexation of

Texas in 1845, the United States and Mexico failed to resolve a

boundary dispute and President Polk said that it was necessary to

deploy forces in Mexico to meet a threatened invasion.

1849—

Smyrna. In July a naval force gained release of an American seized by

Austrian officials.

1851—

Turkey. After a massacre of foreigners (including Americans) at Jaffa

in January, a demonstration by the Mediterranean Squadron was

ordered along the Turkish (Levant) coast.

1851—

Johanns Island (east of Africa). August. Forces from the U.S. sloop

of war Dale exacted redress for the unlawful imprisonment of the

captain of an American whaling brig.

1852-53—

Argentina. February 3 to 12, 1852; September 17, 1852 to April 1853.

Marines were landed and maintained in Buenos Aires to protect

American interests during a revolution.

1853—

Nicaragua. March 11 to 13. U.S. forces landed to protect American

lives and interests during political disturbances.

1853-54—

Japan. Commodore Perry and his navel expedition made a display of

force leading to the “opening of Japan.”

1853-54—

Ryukyu and Bonin Islands. Commodore Perry on three visits before

going to Japan and while waiting for a reply from Japan made a naval

demonstration, landing marines twice, and secured a coaling concession

from the ruler of Naha on Okinawa; he also demonstrated in the Bonin

Islands with the purpose of securing facilities for commerce.

1854—

China. April 4 to June 15 to 17. American and English ships landed

forces to protect American interests in and near Shanghai during

Chinese civil strife.

1854—

Nicaragua. July 9 to 15. Naval forces bombarded and burned San Juan

del Norte (Greytown) to avenge an insult to the American Minister to

Nicaragua.

1855—

China. May 19 to 21. U.S. forces protected American interests in

Shanghai and, from August 3 to 5 fought pirates near Hong Kong.

1855—

Fiji Islands. September 12 to November 4. An American naval force

landed to seek reparations for depredations on American residents and

seamen.

1855—

Uruguay. November 25 to 29. United States and European naval

forces landed to protect American interests during an attempted

revolution in Montevideo.

1856—

Panama, Republic of New Grenada. September 19 to 22. U.S. forces

landed to protect American interests during an insurrection.

1856—

China. October 22 to December 6. U.S. forces landed to protect

American interests at Canton during hostilities between the British and

the Chinese, and to avenge an assault upon an unarmed boat displaying

the United States flag.

1857—

Nicaragua. April to May, November to December. In May

Commander C.H. Davis of the United States Navy, with some marines,

received the surrender of William Walker, who had been attempting to

get control of the country, and protected his men from the retaliation

of native allies who had been fighting Walker. In November and

December of the same year United States vessels Saratoga, Wabash,

and Fulton opposed another attempt of William Walker on Nicaragua.

Commodore Hiram Paulding’s act of landing marines and compelling

the removal of Walker to the United States, was tacitly disavowed by

Secretary of State Lewis Cass, and Paulding was forced into

retirement.

1858—

Uruguay. January 2 to 27. Forces from two United States warships

landed to protect American property during a revolution in

Montevideo.

1858—

Fiji Islands. October 6 to 16. A marine expedition chastised natives

for the murder of two American citizens at Waya.

1858-59—

Turkey. The Secretary of State requested a display of naval force

along the Levant after a massacre of Americans at Jaffa and mistreatment elsewhere “to remind the authorities (of Turkey) of the power of

the United States.”

1859—

Paraguay. Congress authorized a naval squadron to seek redress for

an attack on a naval vessel in the Parana River during 1855. Apologies

were made after a large display of force.

1859—

Mexico. Two hundred United States soldiers crossed the Rio Grande

in pursuit of the Mexican bandit Cortina.

1859—

China. July 31 to August 2. A naval force landed to protect American

interests in Shanghai.

1860—

Angola, Portuguese West Africa. March 1. American residents at

Kissembo called upon American and British ships to protect lives and

property during problems with natives.

1860—

Colombia(Bay of Panama). September 27 to October 8. Naval forces

landed to protect American interests during a revolution.

1863—

Japan. July 16. The U.S.S. Wyoming retaliated against a firing on the

American vessel Pembroke at Shimonoseki.

1864—

Japan. July 14 to August 3. Naval forces protected the United States

Minister to Japan when he visited Yedo to negotiate concerning some

American claims against Japan, and to make his negotiations easier by

impressing the Japanese with American power.

1864—

Japan. September 4 to 14. Naval forces of the United States, Great

Britain, France, and the Netherlands compelled Japan and the Prince of

Nagato in particular to permit the Straits of Shimonoseki to be used by

foreign shipping in accordance with treaties already signed.

1865—

Panama. March 9 and 10. U.S. forces protected the lives and property

of American residents during a revolution.

1866—

China. From June 20 to July 7, U.S. forces punished an assault on the

American consul at Newchwang.

1866—

Mexico. To protect American residents, General Sedgwick and 100

men in November obtained surrender of Matamoras. After 3 days he

was ordered by U.S. Government to withdraw. His act was repudiated

by the President.

1867—

Nicaragua. Marines occupied Managua and Leon.

1867—

Formosa. June 13. A naval force landed and burned a number of huts

to punish the murder of the crew of a wrecked American vessel.

1868—

Japan (Osaka, Hiolo, Nagasaki, Yokohama, and Negata). February

4 to 8, April 4 to May 12, June 12 and 13. U.S. forces were landed to

protect American interests during the civil war in Japan.

1868—

Uruguay. February 7 and 8, 19 to 26. U.S. forces protected foreign

residents and the customhouse during an insurrection at Montevideo.

1868—

Colombia. April. U.S. forces protected passengers and treasure in

transit at Aspinwall during the absence of local police or troops on the

occasion of the death of the President of Colombia.

1870—

Mexico. June 17 and 18. U.S. forces destroyed the pirate ship

Forward, which had been run aground about 40 miles up the Rio

Tecapan.

1870—

Hawaiian Islands. September 21. U.S. forces placed the American flag

at half mast upon the death of Queen Kalama, when the American

consul at Honolulu would not assume responsibility for so doing.

1871—

Korea. June 10 to 12. A U.S. naval force attacked and captured five

forts to punish natives for depredations on Americans, particularly for

murdering the crew of the General Sherman and burning the schooner,

and for later firing on other American small boats taking soundings up

the Salee River.

1873—

Colombia (Bay of Panama). May 7 to 22, September 23 to October 9.

U.S. forces protected American interests during hostilities between

local groups over control of the government of the State of Panama.

1873-96—

Mexico. United States troops crossed the Mexican border repeatedly

in pursuit of cattle thieves and other brigands. There were some

reciprocal pursuits by Mexican troops into border territory. Mexico

protested frequently. Notable cases were at Remolina in May 1873 and

at Las Cuevas in 1875. Washington orders often supported these

excursions. Agreements between Mexico and the United States, the

first in 1882, finally legitimized such raids. They continued

intermittently, with minor disputes, until 1896.

1874—

Hawaiian Islands. February 12 to 20. Detachments from American

vessels were landed to preserve order and protect American lives and

interests during the coronation of a new king.

1876—

Mexico. May 18. An American force was landed to police the town

of Matamoras temporarily while it was without other government.

1882—

Egypt. July 14 to 18. American forces landed to protect American

interests during warfare between British and Egyptians and looting of

the city of Alexandria by Arabs.

1885—

Panama (Colon). January 18 and 19. U.S. forces were used to guard

the valuables in transit over the Panama Railroad, and the safes and

vaults of the company during revolutionary activity. In March, April,

and May in the cities of Colon and Panama, the forces helped

reestablish freedom of transit during revolutionary activity.

1888—

Korea. June. A naval force was sent ashore to protect American

residents in Seoul during unsettled political conditions, when an

outbreak of the populace was expected.

1888—

Haiti. December 20. A display of force persuaded the Haitian

Government to give up an American steamer which had been seized on

the charge of breach of blockade.

1888-89—

Samoa. November 14, 1888, to March 20, 1889. U.S. forces were

landed to protect American citizens and the consulate during a native

civil war.

1889—

Hawaiian Islands. July 30 and 31. U.S. forces protected American

interests at Honolulu during a revolution.

1890—

Argentina. A naval party landed to protect U.S. consulate and legation

in Buenos Aires.

1891—

Haiti. U.S. forces sought to protect American lives and property on

Navassa Island.

1891—

Bering Strait. July 2 to October 5. Naval forces sought to stop seal

poaching.

1891—

Chile. August 28 to 30. U.S. forces protected the American consulate

and the women and children who had taken refuge in it during a

revolution in Valparaiso.

1893—

Hawaii. January 16 to April 1. Marines were landed ostensibly to

protect American lives and property, but many believed actually to

promote a provisional government under Sanford B. Dole. This action

was disavowed by the United States.

1894—

Brazil. January. A display of naval force sought to protect American

commerce and shipping at Rio de Janeiro during a Brazilian civil war.

1894—

Nicaragua. July 6 to August 7. U.S. forces sought to protect

American interests at Bluefields following a revolution.

1894-95—

China. Marines were stationed at Tientsin and penetrated to Peking

for protection purposes during the Sino-Japanese War.

1894-95—

China. A naval vessel was beached and used as a fort at Newchwang

for protection of American nationals.

1894-96—

Korea. July 24, 1894 to April 3, 1896. A guard of marines was sent

to protect the American legation and American lives and interests at

Seoul during and following the Sino-Japanese War.

1895—

Colombia. March 8 to 9. U.S. forces protected American interests

during an attack on the town of Bocas del Toro by a bandit chieftain.

1896—

Nicaragua. May 2 to 4. U.S. forces protected American interests in

Corinto during political unrest.

1898—

Nicaragua. February 7 and 8. U.S. forces protected American lives

and property at San Juan del Sur.

1898—

The Spanish-American War. On April 25, 1898, the United States

declared war with Spain. The war followed a Cuban insurrection

against Spanish rule and the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine in the harbor

at Havana.

1898-99—

China. November 5, 1898 to March 15, 1899. U.S. forces provided

a guard for the legation at Peking and the consulate at Tientsin during

contest between the Dowager Empress and her son.

1899—

Nicaragua. American and British naval forces were landed to protect

national interests at San Juan del Norte, February 22 to March 5, and

at Bluefields a few weeks later in connection with the insurrection of

Gen. Juan P. Reyes.

1899—

Samoa. February-May 15. American and British naval forces were

landed to protect national interests and to take part in a bloody

contention over the succession to the throne.

1899-1901— Philippine Islands. U.S. forces protected American interests following

the war with Spain and conquered the islands by defeating the Filipinos

in their war for independence.

1900—

China. May 24 to September 28. American troops participated in

operations to protect foreign lives during the Boxer rising, particularly

at Peking. For many years after this experience a permanent legation

guard was maintained in Peking, and was strengthened at times as

trouble threatened.

1901—

Colombia (State of Panama). November 20 to December 4. U.S.

forces protected American property on the Isthmus and kept transit

lines open during serious revolutionary disturbances.

1902—

Colombia - April 16 to 23. U.S. forces protected American lives and

property at Bocas del Toro during a civil war.

1902—

Colombia (State of Panama). September 17 to November 18. The

United States placed armed guards on all trains crossing the Isthmus to

keep the railroad line open, and stationed ships on both sides of

Panama to prevent the landing of Colombian troops.

1903—

Honduras. March 23 to 30 or 31. U.S. forces protected the American

consulate and the steamship wharf at Puerto Cortez during a period of

revolutionary activity.

1903—

Dominican Republic. March 30 to April 21. A detachment of marines

was landed to protect American interests in the city of Santo Domingo

during a revolutionary outbreak.

1903—

Syria. September 7 to 12. U.S. forces protected the American

consulate in Beirut when a local Moslem uprising was feared.

1903-04—

Abyssinia. Twenty-five marines were sent to Abyssinia to protect the

U.S. Consul General while he negotiated a treaty.

1903-14—

Panama. U.S. forces sought to protect American interests and lives

during and following the revolution for independence from Colombia

over construction of the Isthmian Canal. With brief intermissions,

United States Marines were stationed on the Isthmus from November

4, 1903, to January 21, 1914, to guard American interests.

1904—

Dominican Republic. January 2 to February 11. American and British

naval forces established an area in which no fighting would be allowed

and protected American interests in Puerto Plata and Sosua and Santo

Domingo City during revolutionary fighting.

1904—

Tangier, Morocco. “We want either Perdicaris alive or Raisula dead.”

A squadron demonstrated to force release of a kidnapped American.

Marines were landed to protect the consul general.

1904—

Panama. November 17 to 24. U.S. forces protected American lives

and property at Ancon at the time of a threatened insurrection.

1904-05—

Korea. January 5, 1904, to November 11, 1905. A guard of Marines

was sent to protect the American legation in Seoul during the RussoJapanese War.

1906-09—

Cuba. September 1906 to January 23, 1909. U.S. forces sought to

restore order, protect foreigners, and establish a stable government

after serious revolutionary activity.

1907—

Honduras. March 18 to June 8. To protect American interests during

a war between Honduras and Nicaragua, troops were stationed in

Trujillo, Ceiba, Puerto Cortez, San Pedro, Laguna and Choloma.

1910—

Nicaragua. May 19 to September 4. U.S. forces protected American

interests at Bluefields.

1911—

Honduras. January 26. American naval detachments were landed to

protect American lives and interests during a civil war in Honduras.

1911—

China. As the nationalist revolution approached, in October an ensign

and 10 men tried to enter Wuchang to rescue missionaries but retired

on being warned away, and a small landing force guarded American

private property and consulate at Hankow. Marines were deployed in

November to guard the cable stations at Shanghai; landing forces were

sent for protection in Nanking, Chinkiang, Taku and elsewhere.

1912—

Honduras. A small force landed to prevent seizure by the government

of an American-owned railroad at Puerto Cortez. The forces were

withdrawn after the United States disapproved the action.

1912—

Panama. Troops, on request of both political parties, supervised

elections outside the Canal Zone.

1912—

Cuba. June 5 to August 5. U.S. forces protected American interests

on the Province of Oriente, and in Havana.

1912—

China. August 24 to 26, on Kentucky Island, and August 26 to 30 at

Camp Nicholson. U.S. forces protected Americans and American

interests during revolutionary activity.

1912—

Turkey. November 18 to December 3. U.S. forces guarded the

American legation at Constantinople during a Balkan War.

1912-25—

Nicaragua. August to November 1912. U.S. forces protected

American interests during an attempted revolution. A small force,

serving as a legation guard and seeking to promote peace and stability,

remained until August 5, 1925.

1912-41—

China. The disorders which began with the overthrow of the dynasty

during Kuomintang rebellion in 1912, which were redirected by the

invasion of China by Japan, led to demonstrations and landing parties

for the protection of U.S. interests in China continuously and at many

points from 1912 on to 1941. The guard at Peking and along the route

to the sea was maintained until 1941. In 1927, the United States had

5,670 troops ashore in China and 44 naval vessels in its waters. In

1933 the United States had 3,027 armed men ashore. The protective

action was generally based on treaties with China concluded from 1858

to 1901.

1913—

Mexico. September 5 to 7. A few marines landed at Ciaris Estero to

aid in evacuating American citizens and others from the Yaqui Valley,

made dangerous for foreigners by civil strife.

1914—

Haiti. January 29 to February 9, February 20 to 21, October 19.

Intermittently U.S. naval forces protected American nationals in a time

of rioting and revolution.

1914—

Dominican Republic. June and July. During a revolutionary

movement, United States naval forces by gunfire stopped the

bombardment of Puerto Plata, and by threat of force maintained Santo

Domingo City as a neutral zone.

1914-17—

Mexico. Undeclared Mexican-American hostilities followed the

Dolphin affair and Villa’s raids and included capture of Vera Cruz and

later Pershing’s expedition into northern Mexico.

1915-34—

Haiti. July 28, 1915, to August 15, 1934. U.S. forces maintained

order during a period of chronic political instability.

1916—

China. American forces landed to quell a riot taking place on

American property in Nanking.

1916-24—

Dominican Republic. May 1916 to September 1924. American naval

forces maintained order during a period of chronic and threatened

insurrection.

1917—

China. American troops were landed at Chungking to protect

American lives during a political crisis.

1917-18—

World War I. On April 6, 1917, the United States declared war

with Germany and on December 7, 1917, with Austria-Hungary.

Entrance of the United States into the war was precipitated by

Germany’s submarine warfare against neutral shipping.

1917-22—

Cuba. U.S. forces protected American interests during an insurrection

and subsequent unsettled conditions. Most of the United States armed

forces left Cuba by August 1919, but two companies remained at

Camaguey until February 1922.

1918-19—

Mexico. After withdrawal of the Pershing expedition, U.S. troops

entered Mexico in pursuit of bandits at least three times in 1918 and six

times in 1919. In August 1918 American and Mexican troops fought

at Nogales.

1918-20—

Panama. U.S. forces were used for police duty according to treaty

stipulations, at Chiriqui, during election disturbances and subsequent

unrest.

1918-20—

Soviet Russia. Marines were landed at and near Vladivostok in June

and July to protect the American consulate and other points in the

fighting between the Bolshevik troops and the Czech Army which had

traversed Siberia from the western front. A joint proclamation of

emergency government and neutrality was issued by the American,

Japanese, British, French, and Czech commanders in July. In August

7,000 men were landed in Vladivostok and remained until January

1920, as part of an allied occupation force. In September 1918, 5,000

American troops joined the allied intervention force at Archangel and

remained until June 1919. These operations were in response to the

Bolshevik revolution in Russia and were partly supported by Czarist or

Kerensky elements.

1919—

Dalmatia. U.S. forces were landed at Trau at the request of Italian

authorities to police order between the Italians and Serbs.

1919—

Turkey. Marines from the U.S.S. Arizona were landed to guard the

U.S. Consulate during the Greek occupation of Constantinople.

1919—

Honduras. September 8 to 12. A landing force was sent ashore to

maintain order in a neutral zone during an attempted revolution.

1920—

China. March 14. A landing force was sent ashore for a few hours to

protect lives during a disturbance at Kiukiang.

1920—

Guatemala. April 9 to 27. U.S. forces protected the American

Legation and other American interests, such as the cable station, during

a period of fighting between Unionists and the Government of

Guatemala.

1920-22—

Russia (Siberia). February 16, 1920, to November 19, 1922. A

Marine guard was sent to protect the United States radio station and

property on Russian Island, Bay of Vladivostok.

1921—

Panama - Costa Rica. American naval squadrons demonstrated in

April on both sides of the Isthmus to prevent war between the two

countries over a boundary dispute.

1922—

Turkey. September and October. A landing force was sent ashore with

consent of both Greek and Turkish authorities, to protect American

lives and property when the Turkish Nationalists entered Smyrna.

1922-23—

China. Between April 1922 and November 1923 marines were landed

five times to protect Americans during periods of unrest.

1924—

Honduras. February 28 to March 31, September 10 to 15. U.S. forces

protected American lives and interests during election hostilities.

1924—

China. September. Marines were landed to protect Americans and

other foreigners in Shanghai during Chinese factional hostilities.

1925—

China. January 15 to August 29. Fighting of Chinese factions

accompanied by riots and demonstrations in Shanghai brought the

landing of American forces to protect lives and property in the

International Settlement.

1925—

Honduras. April 19 to 21. U.S. forces protected foreigners at La

Ceiba during a political upheaval.

1925—

Panama. October 12 to 23. Strikes and rent riots led to the landing

of about 600 American troops to keep order and protect American

interests.

1926-33—

Nicaragua. May 7 to June 5, 1926; August 27, 1926 to January 3,

1933. The coup d’etat of General Chamorro aroused revolutionary

activities leading to the landing of American marines to protect the

interests of the United States. United States forces came and went

intermittently until January 3, 1933.

1926—

China. August and September. The Nationalist attack on Hankow

brought the landing of American naval forces to protect American

citizens. A small guard was maintained at the consulate general even

after September 16, when the rest of the forces were withdrawn.

Likewise, when Nationalist forces captured Kiukiang, naval forces

were landed for the protection of foreigners November 4 to 6.

1927—

China. February. Fighting at Shanghai caused American naval forces

and marines to be increased. In March a naval guard was stationed at

the American consulate at Nanking after Nationalist forces captured the

city. American and British destroyers later used shell fire to protect

Americans and other foreigners. Subsequently additional forces of

marines and naval vessels were stationed in the vicinity of Shanghai and

Tientsin.

1932—

China. American forces were landed to protect American interests

during the Japanese occupation of Shanghai.

1933—

Cuba. During a revolution against President Gerardo Machado naval

forces demonstrated but no landing was made.

1934—

China. Marines landed at Foochow to protect the American

Consulate.

1940—

Newfoundland, Bermuda, St. Lucia, Bahamas, Jamaica, Antigua,

Trinidad, and British Guiana. Troops were sent to guard air and naval

bases obtained by negotiation with Great Britain. These were

sometimes called lend-lease bases.

1941—

Greenland. Greenland was taken under protection of the United States

in April.

1941—

Netherlands (Dutch Guiana). In November the President ordered

American troops to occupy Dutch Guiana, but by agreement with the

Netherlands government in exile, Brazil cooperated to protect

aluminum ore supply from the bauxite mines in Surinam.

1941—

Iceland. Iceland was taken under the protection of the United States,

with consent of its government, for strategic reasons.

1941—

Germany. Sometime in the spring the President ordered the Navy to

patrol ship lanes to Europe. By July U.S. warships were convoying

and by September were attacking German submarines. In November,

the Neutrality Act was partly repealed to protect U.S. military aid to

Britain.

1941-45—

World War II. On December 8, 1941, the United States declared

war with Japan, on December 11 with Germany and Italy, and on

June 5, 1942, with Bulgaria, Hungary and Rumania. The United

States declared war against Japan after the surprise bombing of Pearl

Harbor, and against Germany and Italy after those nations, under the

dictators Hitler and Mussolini, declared war against the United States.

The U.S. declared war against Bulgaria, Hungary and Rumania in

response to the declarations of war by those nations against the United

States.

1945—

China. In October 50,000 U.S. Marines were sent to North China to

assist Chinese Nationalist authorities in disarming and repatriating the

Japanese in China and in controlling ports, railroads, and airfields.

This was in addition to approximately 60,000 U.S. forces remaining in

China at the end of World War II.

1946—

Trieste. President Truman ordered the augmentation of U.S. troops

along the zonal occupation line and the reinforcement of air forces in

northern Italy after Yugoslav forces shot down an unarmed U.S. Army

transport plane flying over Venezia Giulia. Earlier U.S. naval units had

been dispatched to the scene.

1948—

Palestine. A marine consular guard was sent to Jerusalem to protect

the U.S. Consul General.

1948—

Berlin. After the Soviet Union established a land blockade of the U.S.,

British, and French sectors of Berlin on June 24, 1948, the United

States and its allies airlifted supplies to Berlin until after the blockade

was lifted in May 1949.

1948-49—

China. Marines were dispatched to Nanking to protect the American

Embassy when the city fell to Communist troops, and to Shanghai to

aid in the protection and evacuation of Americans.

1950-53—

Korean War. The United States responded to North Korean invasion

of South Korea by going to its assistance, pursuant to United Nations

Security Council resolutions. U.S. forces deployed in Korea exceeded

300,000 during the last year of the conflict. Over 36,600 U.S. military

were killed in action.

1950-55—

Formosa (Taiwan). In June 1950 at the beginning of the Korean War,

President Truman ordered the U.S. Seventh Fleet to prevent Chinese

Communist attacks upon Formosa and Chinese Nationalist operations

against mainland China.

1954-55—

China. Naval units evacuated U.S. civilians and military personnel

from the Tachen Islands.

1956—

Egypt. A marine battalion evacuated U.S. nationals and other persons

from Alexandria during the Suez crisis.

1958—

Lebanon. Marines were landed in Lebanon at the invitation of its

government to help protect against threatened insurrection supported

from the outside. The President’s action was supported by a

Congressional resolution passed in 1957 that authorized such actions

in that area of the world.

1959-60—

The Caribbean. 2d Marine Ground Task Force was deployed to

protect U.S. nationals during the Cuban crisis.

1962—

Thailand. The 3d Marine Expeditionary Unit landed on May 17, 1962

to support that country during the threat of Communist pressure from

outside; by July 30 the 5,000 marines had been withdrawn.

1962—

Cuba. On October 22, President Kennedy instituted a “quarantine” on

the shipment of offensive missiles to Cuba from the Soviet Union. He

also warned the Soviet Union that the launching of any missile from

Cuba against any nation in the Western Hemisphere would bring about

U.S. nuclear retaliation on the Soviet Union. A negotiated settlement

was achieved in a few days.

1962-75—

Laos. From October 1962 until 1975, the United States played an

important role in military support of anti-Communist forces in Laos.

1964—

Congo. The United States sent four transport planes to provide airlift

for Congolese troops during a rebellion and to transport Belgian paratroopers to rescue foreigners.

1964-73—

Vietnam War. U.S. military advisers had been in South Vietnam for a

decade, and their numbers had been increased as the military position

of the Saigon government became weaker. After citing what he termed

were attacks on U.S. destroyers in the Tonkin Gulf, President Johnson

asked in August 1964 for a resolution expressing U.S. determination

to support freedom and protect peace in Southeast Asia. Congress

responded with the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, expressing support for “all

necessary measures” the President might take to repel armed attack

against U.S. forces and prevent further aggression. Following this

resolution, and following a Communist attack on a U.S. installation in

central Vietnam, the United States escalated its participation in the war

to a peak of 543,000 by April 1969.

1965—

Dominican Republic. The United States intervened to protect lives

and property during a Dominican revolt and sent more troops as fears

grew that the revolutionary forces were coming increasingly under

Communist control.

1967—

Congo. The United States sent three military transport aircraft with

crews to provide the Congo central government with logistical support

during a revolt.

1970—

Cambodia. U.S. troops were ordered into Cambodia to clean out

Communist sanctuaries from which Viet Cong and North Vietnamese

attacked U.S. and South Vietnamese forces in Vietnam. The object of

this attack, which lasted from April 30 to June 30, was to ensure the

continuing safe withdrawal of American forces from South Vietnam

and to assist the program of Vietnamization.

1974—

Evacuation from Cyprus. United States naval forces evacuated U.S.

civilians during hostilities between Turkish and Greek Cypriot forces.

1975—

Evacuation from Vietnam. On April 3, 1975, President Ford reported

U.S. naval vessels, helicopters, and marines had been sent to assist in

evacuation of refugees and U.S. nationals from Vietnam.2

1975—

Evacuation from Cambodia. On April 12, 1975, President Ford

reported that he had ordered U.S. military forces to proceed with the

planned evacuation of U.S. citizens from Cambodia.

1975—

South Vietnam. On April 30, 1975, President Ford reported that a

force of 70 evacuation helicopters and 865 marines had evacuated

about 1,400 U.S. citizens and 5,500 third country nationals and South

Vietnamese from landing zones near the U.S. Embassy in Saigon and

the Tan Son Naut. Airfield.

2

This and subsequent mentions of Presidential reports or notifications refer to reports the

President has submitted to Congress related to the War Powers Resolution (Public Law 91148, November 7, 1973). For a discussion of the War Powers Resolution and various types

of reports required under it, see The War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance, CARS

Issue Brief IB81050.

1975—

Mayaguez incident. On May 15, 1975, President Ford reported he had

ordered military forces to retake the SS Mayaguez, a merchant vessel

en route from Hong Kong to Thailand with a U.S. citizen crew which

was seized by Cambodian naval patrol boats in international waters and

forced to proceed to a nearby island.

1976—

Lebanon. On July 22 and 23, 1974, helicopters from five U.S. naval

vessels evacuated approximately 250 Americans and Europeans from

Lebanon during fighting between Lebanese factions after an overland

convoy evacuation had been blocked by hostilities.

1976—

Korea. Additional forces were sent to Korea after two American

soldiers were killed by North Korean soldiers in the demilitarized zone

between North and South Korea while cutting down a tree.

1978—

Zaire. From May 19 through June 1978, the United States utilized

military transport aircraft to provide logistical support to Belgian and

French rescue operations in Zaire.

1980—

Iran. On April 26, 1980, President Carter reported the use of six U.S.

transport planes and eight helicopters in an unsuccessful attempt to

rescue American hostages being held in Iran.

1981—

El Salvador. After a guerilla offensive against the government of El

Salvador, additional U.S. military advisers were sent to El Salvador,

bringing the total to approximately 55, to assist in training government

forces in counterinsurgency.

1981—

Libya. On August 19, 1981, U.S. planes based on the carrier U.S.S.

Nimitz shot down two Libyan jets over the Gulf of Sidra after one of

the Libyan jets had fired a heat-seeking missile. The United States

periodically held freedom of navigation exercises in the Gulf of Sidra,

claimed by Libya as territorial waters but considered international

waters by the United States.

1982—

Sinai. On March 19, 1982, President Reagan reported the deployment

of military personnel and equipment to participate in the Multinational

Force and Observers in the Sinai. Participation had been authorized by

the Multinational Force and Observers Resolution, Public Law 97-132.

1982—

Lebanon. On August 21, 1982, President Reagan reported the

dispatch of 80 marines to serve in the multinational force to assist in

the withdrawal of members of the Palestine Liberation force from

Beirut. The Marines left Sept. 20, 1982.

1982-1983— Lebanon. On September 29, 1982, President Reagan reported the

deployment of 1200 marines to serve in a temporary multinational force

to facilitate the restoration of Lebanese government sovereignty. On

Sept. 29, 1983, Congress passed the Multinational Force in Lebanon

Resolution (P.L. 98-119) authorizing the continued participation for

eighteen months.

1983—

Egypt. After a Libyan plane bombed a city in Sudan on March 18,

1983, and Sudan and Egypt appealed for assistance, the United States

dispatched an AWACS electronic surveillance plane to Egypt.

1983-89—

Honduras. In July 1983 the United States undertook a series of

exercises in Honduras that some believed might lead to conflict with

Nicaragua. On March 25, 1986, unarmed U.S. military helicopters and

crewmen ferried Honduran troops to the Nicaraguan border to repel

Nicaraguan troops.

1983—

Chad. On August 8, 1983, President Reagan reported the deployment

of two AWACS electronic surveillance planes and eight F-15 fighter

planes and ground logistical support forces to assist Chad against

Libyan and rebel forces.

1983—

Grenada. On October 25, 1983, President Reagan reported a landing

on Grenada by Marines and Army airborne troops to protect lives and

assist in the restoration of law and order and at the request of five

members of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States.

1984—

Persian Gulf. On June 5, 1984, Saudi Arabian jet fighter planes, aided

by intelligence from a U.S. AWACS electronic surveillance aircraft and

fueled by a U.S. KC-10 tanker, shot down two Iranian fighter planes

over an area of the Persian Gulf proclaimed as a protected zone for

shipping.

1985—

Italy. On October 10, 1985, U.S. Navy pilots intercepted an Egyptian

airliner and forced it to land in Sicily. The airliner was carrying the

hijackers of the Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro who had killed an

American citizen during the hijacking.

1986—

Libya. On March 26, 1986, President Reagan reported to Congress

that, on March 24 and 25, U.S. forces, while engaged in freedom of

navigation exercises around the Gulf of Sidra, had been attacked by

Libyan missiles and the United States had responded with missiles.

1986—

Libya. On April 16, 1986, President Reagan reported that U.S. air and

naval forces had conducted bombing strikes on terrorist facilities and

military installations in Libya.

1986—

Bolivia. U.S. Army personnel and aircraft assisted Bolivia in anti-drug

operations.

1987-88—

Persian Gulf. After the Iran-Iraq War resulted in several military

incidents in the Persian Gulf, the United States increased U.S. joint

military forces operations in the Persian Gulf and adopted a policy of

reflagging and escorting Kuwaiti oil tankers through the Gulf.

President Reagan reported that U.S. Navy ships had been fired upon or

struck mines or taken other military action on September 23, October

10, and October 20, 1987 and April 19, July 4, and July 14, 1988. The

United States gradually reduced its forces after a cease-fire between

Iran and Iraq on August 20, 1988.

1988—

Panama. In mid-March and April 1988, during a period of instability

in Panama and as pressure grew for Panamanian military leader General

Manuel Noriega to resign, the United States sent 1,000 troops to

Panama, to “further safeguard the canal, U.S. lives, property and

interests in the area.” The forces supplemented 10,000 U.S. military

personnel already in Panama.

1989—

Libya. On January 4, 1989, two U.S. Navy F-14 aircraft based on the

U.S.S. John F. Kennedy shot down two Libyan jet fighters over the

Mediterranean Sea about 70 miles north of Libya. The U.S. pilots said

the Libyan planes had demonstrated hostile intentions.

1989—

Panama. On May 11, 1989, in response to General Noriega’s

disregard of the results of the Panamanian election, President Bush

ordered a brigade-sized force of approximately 1,900 troops to

augment the estimated 11,000 U.S. forces already in the area.

1989—

Andean Initiative in War on Drugs. On September 15, 1989, President

Bush announced that military and law enforcement assistance would be

sent to help the Andean nations of Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru combat

illicit drug producers and traffickers. By mid-September there were

50-100 U.S. military advisers in Colombia in connection with transport

and training in the use of military equipment, plus seven Special Forces

teams of 2-12 persons to train troops in the three countries.

1989—

Philippines. On December 2, 1989, President Bush reported that on

December 1 U.S. fighter planes from Clark Air Base in the Philippines

had assisted the Aquino government to repel a coup attempt. In

addition, 100 marines were sent from the U.S. Navy base at Subic Bay

to protect the U.S. Embassy in Manila.

1989-90—

Panama. On December 21, 1989, President Bush reported that he had

ordered U.S. military forces to Panama to protect the lives of American

citizens and bring General Noriega to justice. By February 13, 1990,

all the invasion forces had been withdrawn.

1990—

Liberia. On August 6, 1990, President Bush reported that a reinforced

rifle company had been sent to provide additional security to the U.S.

Embassy in Monrovia, and that helicopter teams had evacuated U.S.

citizens from Liberia.

1990—

Saudi Arabia. On August 9, 1990, President Bush reported that he

had ordered the forward deployment of substantial elements of the U.S.

armed forces into the Persian Gulf region to help defend Saudi Arabia

after the August 2 invasion of Kuwait by Iraq. On November 16,

1990, he reported the continued buildup of the forces to ensure an

adequate offensive military option.

1991—

Iraq. On January 18, 1991, President Bush reported that he had

directed U.S. armed forces to commence combat operations on January

16 against Iraqi forces and military targets in Iraq and Kuwait, in

conjunction with a coalition of allies and U.N. Security Council

resolutions. On January 12 Congress had passed the Authorization for

Use of Military Force against Iraq Resolution (P.L. 102-1). Combat

operations were suspended on February 28, 1991.

1991—

Iraq. On May 17, 1991, President Bush stated in a status report to

Congress that the Iraqi repression of the Kurdish people had

necessitated a limited introduction of U.S. forces into northern Iraq for

emergency relief purposes.

1991—

Zaire. On September 25-27, 1991, after widespread looting and

rioting broke out in Kinshasa, U.S. Air Force C-141s transported 100

Belgian troops and equipment into Kinshasa. U.S. planes also carried

300 French troops into the Central African Republic and hauled back

American citizens and third country nationals from locations outside

Zaire.

1992—

Sierra Leone. On May 3, 1992, U.S. military planes evacuated

Americans from Sierra Leone, where military leaders had overthrown

the government.

1992—

Kuwait. On August 3, 1992, the United States began a series of

military exercises in Kuwait, following Iraqi refusal to recognize a new

border drawn up by the United Nations and refusal to cooperate with

U.N. inspection teams.

1992—

Iraq. On September 16, 1992, President Bush stated in a status report

to Congress that he had ordered U.S. participation in the enforcement

of a prohibition against Iraqi flights in a specified zone in southern Iraq,

and aerial reconnaissance to monitor Iraqi compliance with the ceasefire resolution.

1992—

Somalia. On December 10, 1992, President Bush reported that he had

deployed U.S. armed forces to Somalia in response to a humanitarian

crisis and a U.N. Security Council Resolution determining that the

situation constituted a threat to international peace. This operation,

called Operation Restore Hope, was part of a U.S.-led United Nations

Unified Task Force (UNITAF) and came to an end on May 4, 1993.

U.S. forces continued to participate in the successor United Nations

Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM II), which the U.N. Security Council

authorized to assist Somalia in political reconciliation and restoration

of peace.

1993—

Iraq. On January 19, 1993, President Bush said in a status report that

on December 27, 1992, U.S. aircraft had shot down an Iraqi aircraft in

the prohibited zone; on January 13 aircraft from the United States and

coalition partners had attacked missile bases in southern Iraq; and

further military actions had occurred on January 17 and 18.

Administration officials said the United States was deploying a

battalion task force to Kuwait to underline the continuing U.S.

commitment to Kuwaiti independence.

1993—

Iraq. On January 21, 1993, shortly after his inauguration, President

Clinton said the United States would continue the Bush policy on Iraq,

and U.S. aircraft fired at targets in Iraq after pilots sensed Iraqi radar

or anti-aircraft fire directed at them

1993—

Bosnia. On February 28, 1993, the United States began an airdrop of

relief supplies aimed at Muslims surrounded by Serbian forces in

Bosnia.

1993—

Bosnia. On April 13, 1993, President Clinton reported U.S. forces

were participating in a NATO air action to enforce a U.N. ban on all

unauthorized military flights over Bosnia-Hercegovina.

1993—

Iraq. In a status report on Iraq of May 24, President Clinton said that

on April 9 and April 18 U.S. planes had bombed or fired missiles at

Iraqi anti-aircraft sites that had tracked U.S. aircraft.

1993—

Somalia. On June 10, 1993, President Clinton reported that in

response to attacks against U.N. forces in Somalia by a factional

leader, the U.S. Quick Reaction Force in the area had participated in

military action to quell the violence. On July 1 President Clinton

reported further air and ground military operations on June 12 and June

17 aimed at neutralizing military capabilities that had impeded U.N.

efforts to deliver humanitarian relief and promote national

reconstruction, and additional instances occurred in the following

months.

1993—

Iraq. On June 28, 1993, President Clinton reported that on June 26

U.S. naval forces had launched missiles against the Iraqi Intelligence

Service’s headquarters in Baghdad in response to an unsuccessful

attempt to assassinate former President Bush in Kuwait in April 1993.

1993—

Iraq. In a status report of July 22, 1993, President Clinton said on

June 19 a U.S. aircraft had fired a missile at an Iraqi anti-aircraft site

displaying hostile intent. U.S. planes also bombed an Iraqi missile

battery on August 19, 1993.

1993—

Macedonia. On July 9, 1993, President Clinton reported the

deployment of 350 U.S. soldiers to the former Yugoslav Republic of

Macedonia to participate in the U.N. Protection Force to help maintain

stability in the area of former Yugoslavia.

1993—

Haiti. On October 20, 1993, President Clinton reported that U.S. ships

had begun to enforce a U.N. embargo against Haiti.

1994—

Bosnia. On February 17, 1994, President Clinton reported that the

United States had expanded its participation in United Nations and

NATO efforts to reach a peaceful solution to the conflict in former

Yugoslavia and that 60 U.S. aircraft were available for participation in

the authorized NATO missions.

1994—

Bosnia. On March 1, 1994, President Clinton reported that on

February 28 U.S. planes patrolling the “no-fly zone” in former

Yugoslavia under the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) shot

down 4 Serbian Galeb planes.

1994—

Bosnia. On April 12, 1994, President Clinton reported that on April

10 and 11, U.S. warplanes under NATO command had fired against

Bosnian Serb forces shelling the “safe” city of Gorazde.

1994—

Rwanda. On April 12, 1994, President Clinton reported that combatequipped U.S. military forces had been deployed to Burundi to conduct

possible non-combatant evacuation operations of U.S. citizens and

other third-country nationals from Rwanda, where widespread fighting

had broken out. By September 30, 1994, all U.S. troops had departed

from Rwanda and surrounding nations. In the Defense Appropriations

Act for FY1995 (P.L. 103-335, signed September 30, 1994), Congress

barred use of funds for U.S. military participation in or around Rwanda

after October 7, 1994, except for any action necessary to protect U.S.

citizens.

1994—

Macedonia. On April 19, 1994, President Clinton reported that the

U.S. contingent in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia had

been augmented by a reinforced company of 200 personnel.

1994—

Haiti. On April 20, 1994, President Clinton reported that U.S. naval

forces had continued enforcement of the U.N. embargo in the waters

around Haiti and that 712 vessels had been boarded since October 20,

1993.

1994—

Bosnia. On August 22, 1994, President Clinton reported the use on

August 5 of U.S. aircraft under NATO to attack Bosnian Serb heavy

weapons in the Sarajevo heavy weapons exclusion zone upon request

of the U.N. Protection Forces.

1994—

Haiti. On September 21, 1994, President Clinton reported the

deployment of 1,500 troops to Haiti to restore democracy in Haiti.

The troop level was subsequently increased to 20,000.

1994—

Bosnia. On November 22, 1994, President Clinton reported the use of

U.S. combat aircraft on November 21, 1994, under NATO, to attack

bases used by Serbs to attack the town of Bihac in Bosnia.

1994—

Macedonia. On December 22, 1994, President Clinton reported that

the U.S. Army contingent in the former Yugoslav Republic of

Macedonia continued its peacekeeping mission and that the current

contingent would soon be replaced by about 500 soldiers from the 3rd

Battalion, 5th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Armored Division from

Kirchgons, Germany.

1995—

Somalia. On March 1, 1995, President Clinton reported that on

February 27, 1995, 1,800 combat-equipped U.S. armed forces

personnel began deployment into Mogadishu, Somalia, to assist in the

withdrawal of U.N. forces assigned there to the United Nations

Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM II). This mission was completed on

March 3, 1995.

1995—

Haiti. On March 21, 1995, President Clinton reported that U.S.

military forces in Haiti as part of a U.N. Multinational Force had been

reduced to just under 5,300 personnel. He noted that as of March 31,

1995, approximately 2,500 U.S. personnel would remain in Haiti as

part of the U.N. Mission in Haiti (UNMIH).

1995—

Bosnia. On May 24, 1995, President Clinton reported that U.S.

combat-equipped fighter aircraft and other aircraft continued to

contribute to NATO’s enforcement of the no-fly zone in airspace over

Bosnia-Herzegovina. U.S. aircraft, he noted, were also available for

close air support of U.N. forces in Croatia. Roughly 500 U.S. soldiers

continued to be deployed in the former Yugoslav Republic of

Macedonia as part of the U.N. Preventive Deployment Force

(UNPREDEP). U.S. forces continued to support U.N. refugee and

embargo operations in this region.

1995—

Bosnia. On September 1, 1995, President Clinton reported that “U.S.

combat and support aircraft” had been used beginning on August 29,

1995, in a series of NATO air strikes against Bosnian Serb Army

(BSA) forces in Bosnia-Herzegovina that were threatening the U.N.declared safe areas of Sarajevo, Tuzla, and Gorazde. He noted that

during the first day of operations, “some 300 sorties were flown against

23 targets in the vicinity of Sarajevo, Tuzla, Gorazde and Mostar.”

1995—

Haiti. On September 21, 1995, President Clinton reported that

currently the United States had 2,400 military personnel in Haiti as

participants in the U.N. Mission in Haiti (UNMIH). In addition, 260

U.S. military personnel were assigned to the U.S. Support Group Haiti.

1995—

Bosnia. On December 6, 1995, President Clinton reported to

Congress, that he had “ordered the deployment of approximately 1,500

U.S. military personnel to Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia as part

of a NATO “enabling force” to lay the groundwork for the prompt and

safe deployment of the NATO-led Implementation Force (IFOR),”

which would be used to implement the Bosnian peace agreement after

its signing. The President also noted that he had authorized deployment

of roughly 3,000 other U.S. military personnel to Hungary, Italy, and

Croatia to establish infrastructure for the enabling force and the IFOR.

1995—

Bosnia. On December 21, 1995, President Clinton reported to

Congress that he had ordered the deployment of approximately 20,000

U.S. military personnel to participate in the NATO-led Implementation

Force (IFOR) in the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina, and

approximately 5,000 U.S. military personnel would be deployed in

other former Yugoslav states, primarily in Croatia. In addition, about

7,000 U.S. support forces would be deployed to Hungary, Italy and

Croatia and other regional states in support of IFOR’s mission.

1996—

Haiti. On March 21, 1996, President Clinton reported to Congress

that beginning in January 1996 there had been a “phased reduction” in

the number of United States personnel assigned to the United Nations

Mission in Haiti (UNMIH). As of March 21, 309 U.S. personnel

remained a part of UNMIH. These U.S. forces were “equipped for

combat.”

1996—

Liberia. On April 11, 1996, President Clinton reported to Congress

that on April 9, 1996 due to the “deterioration of the security situation

and the resulting threat to American citizens” in Liberia he had ordered

U.S. military forces to evacuate from that country “private U.S.

citizens and certain third-country nationals who had taken refuge in the

U.S. Embassy compound....”

1996—

Liberia. On May 20, 1996, President Clinton reported to Congress the

continued deployment of U.S. military forces in Liberia to evacuate

both American citizens and other foreign personnel, and to respond to

various isolated “attacks on the American Embassy complex” in

Liberia. The President noted that the deployment of U.S. forces would

continue until there was no longer any need for enhanced security at

the Embassy and a requirement to maintain an evacuation capability in

the country.

1996—

Central African Republic. On May 23, 1996, President Clinton

reported to Congress the deployment of U.S. military personnel to

Bangui, Central African Republic, to conduct the evacuation from that

country of “private U.S. citizens and certain U.S. Government

employees,” and to provide “enhanced security for the American

Embassy in Bangui.”

1996—

Bosnia. On June 21, 1996, President Clinton reported to Congress that

United States forces totaling about 17,000 remain deployed in Bosnia

“under NATO operational command and control” as part of the NATO

Implementation Force (IFOR). In addition, about 5,500 U.S. military

personnel were deployed in Hungary, Italy and Croatia, and other

regional states to provide “logistical and other support to IFOR.” The

President noted that it was the intention that IFOR would complete the

withdrawal of all troops in the weeks after December 20, 1996, on a

schedule “set by NATO commanders consistent with the safety of

troops and the logistical requirements for an orderly withdrawal.” He

also noted that a U.S. Army contingent (of about 500 U.S. soldiers)

remained in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia as part of the

United Nations Preventive Deployment Force (UNPREDEP).

1996—

Rwanda and Zaire. On December 2, 1996, President Clinton reported

to Congress that to support the humanitarian efforts of the United

Nations regarding refugees in Rwanda and the Great Lakes Region of

Eastern Zaire, he had authorized the use of U.S. personnel and aircraft,

including AC-130U planes to help in surveying the region in support

of humanitarian operations, although fighting still was occurring in the

area, and U.S. aircraft had been subject to fire when on flight duty.

1996—

Bosnia. On December 20, 1996, President Clinton reported to

Congress that he had authorized U.S. participation in an IFOR

follow-on force in Bosnia, known as SFOR (Stabilization Force), under

NATO command. The President said the U.S. forces contribution to

SFOR was to be “about 8,500" personnel whose primary mission is to

deter or prevent a resumption of hostilities or new threats to peace in

Bosnia. SFOR’s duration in Bosnia is expected to be 18 months, with

progressive reductions and eventual withdrawal.

1997—

Albania. On March 15, 1997, President Clinton reported to Congress

that on March 13, 1997, he had utilized U.S. military forces to

evacuate certain U.S. Government employees and private U.S. citizens

from Tirana, Albania, and to enhance security for the U.S. Embassy in

that city.

1997—

Congo and Gabon. On March 27, 1997, President Clinton reported to

Congress that, on March 25, 1997, a standby evacuation force of U.S.

military personnel had been deployed to Congo and Gabon to provide

enhanced security for American private citizens, government

employees, and selected third country nationals in Zaire, and to be

available for any necessary evacuation operation.

1997—

Sierra Leone. On May 30, 1997, President Clinton reported to

Congress that on May 29 and May 30, 1997, U.S. military personnel

were deployed to Freetown, Sierra Leone, to prepare for and undertake

the evacuation of certain U.S. government employees and private U.S.

citizens.

1997—

Bosnia. On June 20, 1997, President Clinton reported to Congress that

U.S. Armed Forces continued to support peacekeeping operations in

Bosnia and other states in the region in support of the NATO-led

Stabilization Force (SFOR). He reported that currently most U.S.

military personnel involved in SFOR were in Bosnia, near Tuzla, and

about 2,800 U.S. troops were deployed in Hungary, Croatia, Italy, and

other regional states to provide logistics and other support to SFOR.

A U.S. Army continent of about 500 also remained in the Former

Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia as part of the U.N. Preventive

Deployment Force (UNPREDEP).

1997—

Cambodia. On July 11, 1997, President Clinton reported to Congress

that in an effort to ensure the security of American citizens in

Cambodia during a period of domestic conflict there, he had deployed

a Task Force of about 550 U.S. military personnel to Utapao Air Base

in Thailand. These personnel were to be available for possible

emergency evacuation operations in Cambodia as deemed necessary.

1997—

Bosnia. On December 19, 1997, President Clinton reported to

Congress that he intended “in principle” to have the United States

participate in a security presence in Bosnia when the NATO SFOR

contingent withdrew in the summer of 1998.

1998—

Guinea-Bissau. On June 12, 1998, President Clinton reported to

Congress that, on June 10, 1998, in response to an army mutiny in

Guinea-Bissau endangering the U.S. Embassy, U.S. government

employees and citizens in that country, he had deployed a standby

evacuation force of U.S. military personnel to Dakar, Senegal, to

remove such individuals, as well as selected third country nationals,

from the city of Bissau. The deployment continued until the necessary

evacuations were completed.

1998—

Bosnia. On June 19, 1998, President Clinton reported to Congress

regarding activities in the last six months of combat-equipped U.S.

forces in support of NATO’s SFOR in Bosnia and surrounding areas

of former Yugoslavia.

1998—

Kenya and Tanzania. On August 10, 1998, President Clinton reported

to Congress that he had deployed, on August 7, 1998, a Joint Task

Force of U.S. military personnel to Nairobi, Kenya, to coordinate the

medical and disaster assistance related to the bombings of the U.S.

Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. He also reported that teams of 50100 security personnel had arrived in Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar es

Salaam, Tanzania, to enhance the security of the U.S. Embassies and

citizens there.

1998—

Albania. On August 18, 1998, President Clinton reported to Congress

that he had, on August 16, 1998, deployed 200 U.S. Marines and 10

Navy SEALS to the U.S. Embassy compound in Tirana, Albania, to

enhance security against reported threats against U.S. personnel.

1998—

Afghanistan and Sudan. On August 21, 1998, by letter, President

Clinton reported to Congress that he had authorized airstrikes on

August 20th against camps and installations in Afghanistan and Sudan

used by the Osama bin Laden terrorist organization. The President did

so based on what he viewed as convincing information that the bin

Laden organization was responsible for the bombings, on August 7,

1998, of the U.S. Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania.

1998—

Liberia. On September 29, 1998, President Clinton reported to

Congress that on September 27, 1998 he had, due to political instability

and civil disorder in Liberia, deployed a stand-by response and

evacuation force of 30 U.S. military personnel to augment the security

force at the U.S. Embassy in Monrovia, and to provide for a rapid

evacuation capability, as needed, to remove U.S. citizens and

government personnel from the country.

1998—

Iraq. During the period from December 16-23, 1998, the United

States, together with the United Kingdom, conducted a bombing

campaign, termed Operation Desert Fox, against Iraqi industrial

facilities deemed capable of producing weapons of mass destruction,

and against other Iraqi military and security targets.

1998-1999— Iraq. Beginning in late December 1998, and continuing during 1999,

the United States, together with forces of the coalition enforcing the

“no-fly” zones over Iraq, conducted military operations against the

Iraqi air defense system on numerous occasions in response to actual

or potential threats against aircraft enforcing the “no-fly” zones in

northern and southern Iraq.

1999—

Bosnia. On January 19, 1999, President Clinton reported to Congress

that he was continuing to authorize the use of combat-equipped U.S.

Armed Forces in Bosnia and other states in the region as participants

in and supporters of the NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR). He

noted that the U.S. SFOR military personnel totaled about 6,900, with

about 2,300 U.S. military personnel deployed to Hungary, Croatia,

Italy and other regional states. Also some 350 U.S. military personnel

remain deployed in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

(FYROM) as part of the UN Preventative Deployment Force

(UNPREDEP).

1999—

Kenya. On February 25, 1999, President Clinton reported to Congress

that he was continuing to deploy U.S. military personnel in that country

to assist in providing security for the U.S. embassy and American

citizens in Nairobi, pending completion of renovations of the American

embassy facility in Nairobi, subject of a terrorist bombing in August

1998.

1999—

Yugoslavia. On March 26, 1999, President Clinton reported to

Congress that, on March 24, 1999, U.S. military forces, at his

direction, and in coalition with NATO allies, had commenced air

strikes against Yugoslavia in response to the Yugoslav government’s

campaign of violence and repression against the ethnic Albanian

population in Kosovo.

1999—

Yugoslavia/Albania. On April 7, 1999, President Clinton reported to

Congress, that he had ordered additional U.S. military forces to

Albania, including rotary wing aircraft, artillery, and tactical missiles

systems to enhance NATO’s ability to conduct effective air operations

in Yugoslavia. About 2,500 soldiers and aviators are to be deployed as

part of this task force. The President also reported the deployment of

U.S. military forces to Albania and Macedonia to support humanitarian

disaster relief operations for Kosovar refugees.

1999—

Yugoslavia/Albania. On May 25, 1999, President Clinton reported to

Congress, “consistent with the war Powers Resolution” that he had

directed “deployment of additional aircraft and forces to support

NATO’s ongoing efforts [against Yugoslavia], including several

thousand additional U.S. Armed Forces personnel to Albania in support

of the deep strike force located there.” He also directed that additional

U.S. forces be deployed to the region to assist in “humanitarian

operations.”

1999—

Yugoslavia/Kosovo. On June 12, 1999, President Clinton reported to

Congress, “consistent with the War Powers Resolution” that he had

directed the deployment of about “7,000 U.S. military personnel as the

U.S. contribution to the approximately 50,000-member, NATO-led

security force (KFOR)” currently being assembled in Kosovo. He also

noted that about “1,500 U.S. military personnel, under separate U.S.

command and control, will deploy to other countries in the region, as

our national support element, in support of KFOR.”

1999—

Bosnia. On July 19, 1999, President Clinton reported to Congress

“consistent with the War Powers Resolution” that about 6,200 U.S.

military personnel were continuing to participate in the NATO-led

Stabilization Force (SFOR) in Bosnia, and that another 2,200 personnel

were supporting SFOR operations from Hungary, Croatia, and Italy.

He also noted that U.S. military personnel remain in the Former

Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to support the international security

presence in Kososo (KFOR).

1999—

East Timor. On October 8, 1999, President Clinton reported to

Congress “consistent with the War Powers Resolution” that he had

directed the deployment of a limited number of U.S. military forces to

East Timor to support the U.N. multinational force (INTERFET)

aimed at restoring peace to East Timor. U.S. support has been limited

initially to “communications, logistics, planning assistance and

transportation.” The President further noted that he had authorized

deployment of the amphibious ship USS BELLEAU WOOD, together

with its helicopters and her complement of personnel from the 31st

Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations Capable) (MEU SOC))

to the East Timor region, to provide helicopter airlift and search and

rescue support to the multinational operation. U.S. participation was

anticipated to continue until the transition to a U.N. peacekeeping

operation was complete.

1999—

Yugoslavia/Kosovo. On December 15, 1999, President Clinton

reported to Congress “consistent with the War Powers Resolution”

that U.S. combat-equipped military personnel continued to serve as

part of the NATO-led security force in Kosovo (KFOR). He noted that

the American. contribution to KFOR in Kosovo was “approximately

8,500 U.S. military personnel.”U.S. forces were deployed in a sector

centered around “Urosevac in the eastern portion of Kosovo.” For U.S.

KFOR forces, “maintaining public security is a key task.” Other U.S.

military personnel are deployed to other countries in the region to serve

in administrative and logistics support roles for U.S. forces in KFOR..

Of these forces, about 1,500 U.S. military personnel are in Macedonia

and Greece, and occasionally in Albania.

1999-2000— Iraq. At various times during 1999, and continuing throughout 2000

the United States, together with forces of the coalition enforcing the

“no-fly” zones over Iraq, conducted military operations against the

Iraqi air defense system on numerous occasions in response to actual

or potential threats against aircraft enforcing the “no-fly” zones in

northern and southern Iraq.

2000—

Bosnia. On January 25, 2000, President Clinton reported to Congress

“consistent with the War Powers Resolution” that the U.S. continued

to provide combat-equipped U.S. Armed Forces to Bosnia and

Herzegovina and other states in the region as part of the NATO led

Stabilization Force (SFOR). The President noted that the U.S. force

contribution was being reduced from “approximately 6,200 to 4,600

personnel,” with the U.S. forces assigned to Multinational Division,

North, centered around the city of Tuzla. He added that approximately

1,500 U.S. military personnel were deployed to Hungary, Croatia, and

Italy to provide “logistical and other support to SFOR,” and that U.S.

forces continue to support SFOR in “efforts to apprehend persons

indicted for war crimes.”

2000—

East Timor. On February 25, 2000, President Clinton reported to

Congress “consistent with the War Powers Resolution” that he had

authorized the participation of a small number of U.S. military

personnel in support of the United Nations Transitional Administration

in East Timor (UNTAET), which has a mandate to maintain law and

order throughout East Timor, and to facilitate establishment of an

effective administration there, delivery of humanitarian assistance and

support the building of self-government. The President reported that

the U.S. contingent was small: three military observers, and one judge

advocate. To facilitate and coordinate U.S. military activities in East

Timor, the President also authorized the deployment of a support

group (USGET), consisting of 30 U.S. personnel. U.S. personnel

would be temporarily deployed to East Timor, on a rotational basis,

and through periodic ship visits, during which U.S. forces would

conduct “humanitarian and assistance activities throughout East

Timor.” Rotational activities should continue through the summer of

2000.

2000—

Sierra Leone. On May 12, 2000, President Clinton, “consistent with

the War Powers Resolution” reported to Congress that he ad ordered

a U.S. Navy patrol craft to deploy to Sierra Leone to be ready to

support evacuation operations from that country if needed. He also

authorized a U.S. C-17 aircraft to deliver “ammunition, and other

supplies and equipment” to Sierra Leone in support of United Nations

peacekeeping operations there.

2000—

Yugoslavia/Kosovo. On June 16, 2000, President Clinton reported to

Congress, “consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” that the U.S.

was continuing to provide military personnel to the NATO-led KFOR

security force in Kosovo. U.S. forces were numbered at 7,500, but

were scheduled to be reduced to 6,000 when ongoing troop rotations

were completed. U.S. forces in Kosovo are assigned to a sector

centered near Gnjilane in eastern Kosovo. Other U.S. military

personnel are deployed to other countries serving in administrative and

logistics support roles, with approximately 1,000 U.S. personnel in

Macedonia, Albania and Greece.

2000—

Bosnia. On July 25, 2000, President Clinton reported to Congress,

“consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” that combat-equipped

U.S. military personnel continued to participate in the NATO-led

Stabilization Force (SFOR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina, being deployed

to Bosnia, and other states in the region in support of peacekeeping

efforts in former Yugoslavia. U.S. military personnel levels have been

reduced from 6,200 to 4,600. Apart from the forces in Bosnia,

approximately 1,000 U.S. personnel continue to be deployed in support

roles in Hungary, Croatia, and Italy.

2000—

East Timor. On August 25, 2000, President Clinton reported to

Congress,”consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” that the

United States was currently contributing three military observers to the

United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET)

that is charged by the UN with restoring and maintaining peace and

security there. He also noted that the U.S. was maintaining a military

presence in East Timor separate from UNTAET, comprised of about

30 U.S. personnel who facilitate and coordinate U.S. military activities

in East Timor and rotational operations of U.S. forces there. U.S.

forces currently conduct humanitarian and civic assistance activities for

East Timor’s citizens. U.S. rotational presence operations in East

Timor are presently expected, the President said, to continue through

December 2000.

2000—

Yemen. On October 14, 2000, President Clinton reported to Congress,

“consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” that on October 12,

2000, in the wake of an attack on the USS COLE in the port of Aden,

Yemen, he had authorized deployment of about 45 military personnel

from U.S. Naval Forces Central Command to Aden to provide

“medical, security, and disaster response assistance.” The President

further reported that on October 13, 2000 about 50 U.S. military

security personnel arrived in Aden, and that additional “security

elements” may be deployed to the area, to enhance the ability of the

U.S. to ensure the security of the USS COLE and the personnel

responding to the incident. In addition, two U.S. Navy surface

combatant vessels are operating in or near Yemeni territorial waters to

provide communications and other support, as required.

2000—

Yugoslavia/Kosovo. On December 18, 2000, President Clinton

reported to Congress, “consistent with the War Powers Resolution,”

that the United States was continuing to provide approximately 5,600

U.S. military personnel in support of peacekeeping efforts in Kosovo

as part of the NATO-led international security force in Kosovo

(KFOR). An additional 500 U.S. military personnel are deployed as the

National Support Element in Macedonia, with an occasional presence

in Albania and Greece. U.S. forces are assigned to a sector centered

around Gnjilane in the eastern portion of Kosovo. The President noted

that the mission for these U.S. military forces is maintaining a safe and

secure environment through conducting “security patrols in urban areas

and in the countryside throughout their sector.”

2001—

East Timor. On March 2, 2001, President George W. Bush reported

to Congress, “consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” that U. S.

armed forces were continuing to support the United Nations

peacekeeping effort in East Timor aimed at providing security and

maintaining law and order in East Timor, coordinating delivery of

humanitarian assistance, and helping establish the basis for self-

government in East Timor. The U.S. currently has three military

observers attached to the United Nations Transitional Administration

in East Timor (UNTAET). The United States also has a separate

military presence, the U.S. Support Group East Timor (USGET), of

approximately 12 U..S. personnel, including a security detachment,

which “facilitates and coordinates” U.S. military activities in East

Timor.

2001—

Yugoslavia/Kosovo. On May 18, 2001, President George W. Bush

reported to Congress, “consistent with the War Powers

Resolution,”that the United States was continuing to provide

approximately 6,000 U.S. military personnel in support of

peacekeeping efforts in Kosovo as part of the NATO-led international

security force in Kosovo (KFOR). An additional 500 U.S. military

personnel are deployed as the National Support Element in Macedonia,

with an occasional presence in Greece and Albania. U.S. forces in

Kosovo are assigned to a sector centered around Gnjilane in the eastern

portion. President Bush noted that the mission for these U.S. military

forces is maintaining a safe and secure environment through conducting

security patrols in urban areas and in the countryside through their

sector.

2001—

Bosnia. On July 25, 2001, President George W. Bush reported to

Congress, “consistent with the War Powers Resolution, about 3,800

combat-equipped U.S. Armed Forces continued to be deployed in

Bosnia and Herzegovina, and other regional states as part of the

NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR). Most were based at Tuzla in

Bosnia. About 500 others were based in Hungary, Croatia, and Italy,

providing logistical and other support.

2001—

Iraq. At various times throughout 2001, the United States, together

with forces of the coalition enforcing the “no-fly” zones over Iraq,

conducted military operations against the Iraqi air defense system on

numerous occasions in response to actual or potential threats against

aircraft enforcing the “no-fly” zones in northern and southern Iraq.

2001—

East Timor. On August 31, 2001, President George W. Bush reported

to Congress, “consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” that U. S.

armed forces were continuing to support the United Nations

peacekeeping effort in East Timor aimed at providing security and

maintaining law and order in East Timor, coordinating delivery of

humanitarian assistance, and helping establish the basis for selfgovernment in East Timor. The U.S. currently has three military

observers attached to the United Nations Transitional Administration

in East Timor (UNTAET). The United States also has a separate

military presence, the U.S. Support Group East Timor (USGET), of

approximately 20 U..S. personnel, including a security detachment,

which “facilitates and coordinates” U.S. military activities in East

Timor, as well as a rotational presence of U.S. forces through

temporary deployments to East Timor. The President stated that U.S.

forces would continue a presence through December 2001, while

options for a U.S. presence in 2002 are being reviewed, with the

President’s objective being redeployment of USGET personnel, as

circumstances permit.

2001—

Terrorism threat. On September 24, 2001, President George W.

Bush reported to Congress, “consistent with the War Powers

Resolution,” and “Senate Joint Resolution 23” that in response to

terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon he had

ordered the “deployment of various combat-equipped and combat

support forces to a number of foreign nations in the Central and Pacific

Command areas of operations.” The President noted in efforts to

“prevent and deter terrorism” he might find it necessary to order

additional forces into these and other areas of the world....” He stated

that he could not now predict “the scope and duration of these

deployments,” nor the “actions necessary to counter the terrorist threat

to the United States.”

2001—

Afghanistan. On October 9, 2001, President George W. Bush

reported to Congress, “consistent with the War Powers Resolution,”

and “Senate Joint Resolution 23” that on October 7, 2001, U.S.

Armed Forces “began combat action in Afghanistan against Al Qaida

terrorists and their Talban supporters.” The President stated that he

had directed this military action in response to the September 11, 2001

attacks on U.S. “territory, our citizens, and our way of life, and to the

continuing threat of terrorist acts against the United States and our

friends and allies.”This military action was “part of our campaign

against terrorism” and was “designed to disrupt the use of Afghanistan

as a terrorist base of operations.”

2001—

Yugoslavia/Kosovo. On , November 19, 2001, President George W.

Bush reported to Congress, “consistent with the War Powers

Resolution,” that the United States was continuing to provide

approximately 5,500 U.S. military personnel in support of

peacekeeping efforts in Kosovo as part of the NATO-led international

security force in Kosovo (KFOR). An additional 500 U.S. military

personnel are deployed as the National Support Element in Macedonia,

with an occasional presence in Greece and Albania. U.S. forces in

Kosovo are assigned to a sector centered around Gnjilane in the eastern

portion. President Bush noted that the mission for these U.S. military

forces is maintaining a safe and secure environment through conducting

security patrols in urban areas and in the countryside through their

sector.