National Security, Department of State, and Related Programs Appropriations: A Guide to Component Accounts
Congressional research reportMay 7, 2026
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National Security, Department of State, and
Related Programs Appropriations: A Guide to
Component Accounts
May 7, 2026
Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
R48939
SUMMARY
National Security, Department of State, and
Related Programs Appropriations: A Guide to
Component Accounts
National Security, Department of State, and Related Programs (NSRP) appropriations legislation
funds many U.S. nondefense international affairs activities. Between FY2008 and FY2025, the
bill was titled Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (SFOPS)
appropriations. Within NSRP appropriations, the Department of State and Related Programs
(Title I) portion makes up about one-third of the funding, and the various foreign assistance
accounts compose the remainder. For FY2026, NSRP is one of 12 appropriations acts that fund
the federal government.
R48939
May 7, 2026
Emily M. McCabe
Specialist in Foreign
Assistance and Foreign
Policy
Cory R. Gill
Analyst in Foreign Affairs
Carlos Acevedo
Budget Analyst
Congress appropriated NSRP funds for FY2026 in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2026
(Division F of P.L. 119-75). Division F of the act is divided into seven titles. Each title funds a
variety of government activities, ranging from government agencies’ operational and
administrative costs to direct grant funds for private nonprofit or multilateral organizations. By title, NSRP provisions set out
activities as follows:
•
Title I—Department of State and Related Programs funds State Department diplomatic programs and
general operations, including Foreign and Civil Service personnel salaries and training, public diplomacy
and cultural exchange programs, information technology maintenance and modernization, dues to the
United Nations (UN) and other international organizations, international broadcasting, and embassy
construction and diplomatic security. It also provides funding to U.S. diplomacy-focused nongovernmental
organizations and legislative commissions.
•
Title II—Administration of Assistance funds general operations and oversight of foreign assistance but
not foreign assistance programs.
•
Title III—Bilateral Economic Assistance is the primary funding source for the U.S. government’s
humanitarian and international development programs. It includes bilateral assistance for disaster relief,
global health, and economic development activities, as well as funding for several independent
development-oriented agencies, notably the Millennium Challenge Corporation and Peace Corps.
•
Title IV—International Security Assistance is the primary title for U.S. security cooperation programs
abroad outside of the Defense appropriations bill. It includes counternarcotics and rule-of-law
strengthening programs; nonproliferation, anti-terrorism, and demining programs; some assistance to
foreign militaries; and some funding for international peacekeeping efforts.
•
Title V—Multilateral Assistance contributes funds to several multilateral finance and grant-making
institutions.
•
Title VI—Export and Investment Assistance funds the three U.S. government export promotion
agencies: the Export-Import Bank, the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (DFC), and the
Trade and Development Agency.
•
Title VII—General Provisions guides the allocation of funds appropriated in other titles and lays out
restrictions and priorities for programming.
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Contents
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1
Account Descriptions ...................................................................................................................... 2
Title I—Department of State and Related Programs ....................................................................... 2
Administration of Foreign Affairs ............................................................................................. 3
Diplomatic Programs (DP) ................................................................................................. 3
Consular and Border Security Programs (CBSP) ............................................................... 3
Capital Investment Fund (CIF) ........................................................................................... 4
Office of Inspector General (OIG) ...................................................................................... 4
Educational and Cultural Exchange Programs (ECE) ........................................................ 4
Representation Expenses .................................................................................................... 4
Protection of Foreign Missions and Officials ..................................................................... 4
Embassy Security, Construction, and Maintenance (ESCM) .............................................. 4
Emergencies in the Diplomatic and Consular Service (EDCS) .......................................... 5
Repatriation Loans Program Account ................................................................................. 5
Payment to the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT) ........................................................... 5
International Center, Washington, DC ................................................................................ 5
Payment to the Foreign Service Retirement and Disability Fund ....................................... 5
International Organizations ....................................................................................................... 5
Contributions to International Organizations (CIO) ........................................................... 6
Contributions for International Peacekeeping Activities (CIPA) ........................................ 6
International Commissions........................................................................................................ 6
Related Agency: U.S. Agency for Global Media (USAGM) .................................................... 6
International Broadcasting Operations (IBO) ..................................................................... 7
Broadcasting Capital Improvements (BCI)......................................................................... 7
Related Programs ...................................................................................................................... 7
The Asia Foundation ........................................................................................................... 7
United States Institute of Peace (USIP) .............................................................................. 7
Center for Middle Eastern-Western Dialogue Trust Fund .................................................. 7
Eisenhower Exchange Fellowship Program ....................................................................... 8
Israeli Arab Scholarship Program (IASP) ........................................................................... 8
East-West Center ................................................................................................................. 8
National Endowment for Democracy (NED)...................................................................... 8
Other Commissions ................................................................................................................... 9
Commission for the Preservation of America’s Heritage Abroad ....................................... 9
United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) ...................... 9
Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) ........................................... 9
Congressional-Executive Commission on the People’s Republic of China (CECC) ........ 10
United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission .................................. 10
House Democracy Partnership (HDP) .............................................................................. 10
Title II—Administration of Assistance .......................................................................................... 10
Operating Expenses (OE) ........................................................................................................ 10
Office of Inspector General ......................................................................................................11
Title III—Bilateral Economic Assistance .......................................................................................11
Global Health Programs (GHP) ...............................................................................................11
International Humanitarian Assistance (IHA) ..........................................................................11
United States Emergency Refugee and Migration Assistance (ERMA) Fund ........................ 12
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National Security Investment Programs (NSIP) ..................................................................... 12
Democracy Fund ..................................................................................................................... 12
Independent Agencies ............................................................................................................. 12
Peace Corps....................................................................................................................... 13
Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) ...................................................................... 13
Inter-American Foundation (IAF) ..................................................................................... 13
United States African Development Foundation (USADF) .............................................. 13
United States Foundation for Natural Security and Counterterrorism .............................. 13
Department of the Treasury ..................................................................................................... 14
International Affairs Technical Assistance ........................................................................ 14
Debt Restructuring ............................................................................................................ 14
Title IV—International Security Assistance .................................................................................. 14
Department of State................................................................................................................. 14
International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement (INCLE) ..................................... 14
Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, Demining, and Related Programs (NADR) ................ 14
Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) ...................................................................................... 14
Funds Appropriated to the President ....................................................................................... 15
International Military Education and Training (IMET) .................................................... 15
Foreign Military Financing Program (FMF) ..................................................................... 15
Title V—Multilateral Assistance ................................................................................................... 15
International Organizations and Programs (IO&P) ................................................................. 15
International Financial Institutions.......................................................................................... 15
Global Environment Facility (GEF) ................................................................................. 16
World Bank: International Development Association (IDA) ............................................ 16
Asian Development Fund (AsDF) .................................................................................... 16
African Development Bank (AfDB) ................................................................................. 16
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). ...................................... 16
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) ................................................ 16
Treasury International Assistance Programs ..................................................................... 16
Title VI—Export and Investment Assistance ................................................................................ 17
Export-Import Bank of the United States ................................................................................ 17
U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (DFC) ................................................ 17
Trade and Development Agency (TDA) ................................................................................. 17
Title VII—General Provisions ....................................................................................................... 17
Tables
Table 1. FY2026 NSRP Appropriations, by Title ............................................................................ 1
Table A-1. List of Acts Authorizing NSRP Account Activities, by Date of Enactment ................ 19
Appendixes
Appendix. National Security, Department of State, and Related Programs Authorizing
Legislation and U.S. Code References ....................................................................................... 19
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Contacts
Author Information........................................................................................................................ 20
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Introduction
The National Security, Department of State, and Related Programs (NSRP) appropriations
legislation1 is one of 12 appropriations bills that Congress considers annually to fund U.S.
government discretionary activities. NSRP funds many U.S. government nondefense international
affairs activities and programs.2 Congress structures NSRP into several titles, which consist of
broad spending categories. These titles are subdivided into paragraphs that each address one
component account, a funding line item that includes one or several activities of the government.
A single component account may cover one agency’s entire annual budget, grant funds to an
independent organization, or fund multiple activities associated with statutory authorities, among
other things.
Congress appropriated NSRP funds for FY2026 in Division F of the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2026 (P.L. 119-75). Division F is divided into seven titles, each associated with the following
activities:
Table 1. FY2026 NSRP Appropriations, by Title
Title
Title Name
Activities
I
Department of State and
Related Programs
State Department diplomatic engagement programs, personnel costs,
general operations, information technology programs, public diplomacy and
cultural exchanges, dues to international organizations and peacekeeping
missions, international broadcasting, embassy construction and security,
and direct funding to foreign affairs-focused nongovernmental organizations
and legislative commissions.
II
Administration of
Assistance
Development and humanitarian assistance personnel and administration
activities worldwide, as well as oversight. Excludes program
implementation, which Title III funds.
III
Bilateral Economic
Assistance
U.S. foreign assistance programs for economic development, global health,
international disaster assistance, democracy programs, and several
development-focused independent agencies.
IV
International Security
Assistance
U.S. foreign assistance for counternarcotics, weapons nonproliferation,
anti-terrorism, and demining activities; peacekeeping operations; and
various forms of military assistance.
V
Multilateral Assistance
Funding to several multilateral development banks and UN-system
organizations.
VI
Export and Investment
Assistance
Funding for U.S. agencies promoting export and investment abroad.
VII
General Provisions
Cross-cutting guidance on programmatic priorities, use of funds, funding to
specific regions and countries, and restrictions on funding.
Source: Division F of P.L. 119-75.
1 Between FY2008 and FY2025, the legislation was the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related
Programs (SFOPS) appropriations. For more, see CRS Report R40482, Department of State, Foreign Operations, and
Related Programs Appropriations: A Guide to Component Accounts, by Cory R. Gill and Emily M. McCabe.
2 The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) assigns three-digit codes to the various functions of the government.
International affairs, designated “the 150 Account,” also contains several subfunctions. For example, subfunction 151
encompasses international development and humanitarian assistance. International Commissions accounts are the only
NSRP appropriations outside the 150 Account—they are part of the 300 Natural Resources Budget Function.
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Many of the component accounts within these titles correspond to one or several authorities in
statute. Title 22 of the U.S. Code contains many of these authorities. Major acts in Title 22
include the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956 (P.L. 84-885; hereinafter the Basic
Authorities Act), the Foreign Service Act of 1980 (P.L. 96-465), and the Foreign Assistance Act
of 1961 (P.L. 87-195; hereinafter the FAA), among others. This report identifies the statutory
authorities that correspond with each component account. A list of these major acts, and crossreferences to their location in the U.S. Code, are in Table A-1. For information on NSRP funding
levels, trends, and congressional action, see CRS Report R48624, Department of State, Foreign
Operations, and Related Programs: FY2026 Budget and Appropriations.
FY2026 NSRP Appropriations: Key Considerations3
Several issues should be taken into account when reviewing this report:
•
Congress may create, eliminate, or consolidate component accounts and has made adjustments to account
structure over the years. This report profiles component accounts only if they were funded for FY2026
through P.L. 119-75.4
•
Several activities that may be considered international affairs activities are included in other appropriations
bills. Food assistance,5 some global epidemic prevention activities,6 and various security assistance and
international energy activities are examples.
•
Figures in the President’s budget include estimated revenues from government-collected fees for some
accounts.7 These revenues need not be appropriated if Congress has previously authorized their use for an
activity. Congress often sets a ceiling for total expenditures to such a component account.
•
Public law requires that most NSRP funding be authorized prior to obligating or expending funds. If Congress
does not enact an NSRP authorization of appropriations, it must enact a waiver to this requirement, which it
does routinely.8
Account Descriptions
Title I—Department of State and Related Programs
Title I, which accounts for approximately 33% of FY2026 NSRP funding (excluding
supplemental funding, which is often weighed toward other titles), funds priorities including (1)
State Department diplomatic engagement programs, personnel costs, and general operations; (2)
public diplomacy and cultural exchange programs; (3) embassy construction and diplomatic
security activities; (4) information technology modernization and maintenance; (5) dues payments
to international organizations and peacekeeping missions; (6) participation in international
3 For a general overview of the appropriations process, see CRS Report R42388, The Congressional Appropriations
Process: An Introduction, coordinated by James V. Saturno.
4 Congress may make these changes at its own initiative or at the President’s request. To compare with the SFOPS
legislation from FY2025, refer to CRS Report R40482, Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related
Programs Appropriations: A Guide to Component Accounts, by Cory R. Gill and Emily M. McCabe.
5 On food aid, see CRS In Focus IF13162, U.S. International Food Assistance Primer, by Rhoda Margesson, Emily M.
McCabe, and Benjamin Tsui.
6 Many of these activities are managed by the Department of Health and Human Services, in particular the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention.
7 See below, for example, the Consular and Border Security Programs under Title I; contributions to international
financial institutions under Title V; and the Export-Import Bank and Overseas Private Investment Corporation under
Title VI.
8 For example, see §7022 of P.L. 119-75.
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commissions; (7) U.S. government nonmilitary international broadcasting; and (8) several foreign
affairs-focused nongovernmental organizations and legislative commissions.
Administration of Foreign Affairs
The Administration of Foreign Affairs heading provides funding for the State Department’s
diplomatic engagement programs, personnel, and operations. It is composed of the following
component accounts.
Diplomatic Programs (DP)
DP, the principal operating account of the State Department, includes four funding categories:
•
•
•
•
Human Resources funds the salaries of domestic and overseas Foreign and Civil
Service employees, Foreign Service Institute training programs, and Bureau of
Global Talent Management operating costs.
Overseas Programs funds operations and management costs at the State
Department’s overseas posts, along with diplomatic engagement and public
diplomacy programs to advance U.S. national security and foreign policy
interests.
Diplomatic Policy and Support funds the State Department’s strategic and
managerial units, such as the Office of the Secretary and the Bureaus of
Administration, Budget and Planning, Diplomatic Technology, and Intelligence
and Research, among others.
Security Programs serves as the primary funding source for the Worldwide
Security Protection item of Diplomatic Programs, which funds the Bureau of
Diplomatic Security and other bureaus implementing programs to protect the
State Department’s staff, property, and information. Among other operating units,
this category also funds the Special Presidential Envoy for Hostage Affairs,
which is tasked with securing the freedom of U.S. nationals held hostage or
wrongfully detained abroad.
Consular and Border Security Programs (CBSP)
Congress established CBSP in 2017 and directed the State Department to deposit several consular
fees and surcharges into this account that it is authorized by various laws to collect and expend on
consular services, including passport and visa processing.9 While fees the State Department
deposits into CBSP primarily fund the Bureau of Consular Affairs (CA), some fees are allocated
to other bureaus that support CA’s operations. As it is almost entirely fee-funded, CBSP does not
usually receive an annual appropriation from Congress. In recent years, Congress has provided
budget authority under this heading for the State Department to expend passport application and
execution fee collections, as required by Section 7069(e) of the Department of State, Foreign
Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2022 (Division K of P.L. 117-103). Other
fee collection statutes authorize the State Department to expend fees without further provision of
budget authority.
9 Title VII, §7081 of the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2017
(Division J of P.L. 115-31), codified at 8 U.S.C. §1715.
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Capital Investment Fund (CIF)
Congress authorized the CIF in 1994 to provide for “the procurement and enhancement of
information technology [IT] and other related capital investments” at the State Department and
ensure the efficient management of such resources.10 In recent years, the State Department has
utilized the CIF to modernize its IT infrastructure and strengthen cybersecurity.
Office of Inspector General (OIG)
This account funds the State Department’s Office of Inspector General (OIG). The OIG conducts
independent audits, inspections, evaluations, and investigations of the programs and operations of
the State Department and the U.S. Agency for Global Media. Congress also directly funds the
Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR) through this account.
Congress has authorized both the OIG and SIGAR in statute.11
Educational and Cultural Exchange Programs (ECE)
ECE funds the State Department’s management of U.S. educational, professional, and cultural
exchanges, such as the Fulbright Program, the International Visitor Leadership Program, and the
Citizen Exchange Programs. Authority for these programs derives from the Mutual Educational
and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 (also referred to as the Fulbright-Hays Act; P.L. 87-256).
Representation Expenses
The Representation Expenses account provides for expenses involved with establishing and
maintaining U.S. diplomatic relationships abroad, including U.S. government representation at
cultural and traditional events, such as national holidays.12
Protection of Foreign Missions and Officials
As authorized in law, this account funds reimbursable expenses to municipal, state, and federal
law enforcement agencies throughout the United States, along with qualified security
professionals, for “extraordinary” protective services provided to foreign missions and officials.13
Embassy Security, Construction, and Maintenance (ESCM)
ESCM provides for the acquiring, designing, constructing, operating, maintaining, leasing, and
disposing of U.S. embassies and other diplomatic properties around the world. Congress
designates a share of the ESCM appropriation for Worldwide Security Upgrades, which, along
with contributions from other agencies with personnel assigned to U.S. overseas posts, funds
much of the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of such posts.
10 Title I, §135, of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, FY1994-1995 (P.L. 103-236), as amended (22 U.S.C.
§2684a).
11 Title I, §209, of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 (P.L. 96-465), as amended (22 U.S.C. §3929); Title IV, §413, of the
Omnibus Diplomatic Security and Antiterrorism Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-399), as amended (22 U.S.C. §4861); and
Division A, Title XII, §1229, of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 (P.L. 110-181), as
amended (5 U.S.C. §415 note).
12 Title I, §905, of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 (P.L. 96-465), as amended (22 U.S.C. §4085).
13 Title II, §214, of the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956 (P.L. 84-885), as amended (22 U.S.C. §4314)
and §605(a) of the Secret Service Authorization and Technical Modification Act of 2005 (Title VI of P.L. 109-177),
codified at 18 U.S.C. §3056A(d).
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Emergencies in the Diplomatic and Consular Service (EDCS)
Congress authorized the EDCS account to meet several requirements, including emergency
evacuations of U.S. diplomats and their families or, in some circumstances, private U.S. citizens
or third-country nationals. It also funds some travel costs of senior Administration officials and
expenses involved with the hosting of international summits and conferences in the United
States.14 Additionally, this account funds the State Department’s Rewards Program, through
which rewards are transmitted for information on matters including international terrorism,
international narcotics-related activities, transnational organized crime, foreign election
interference, and war crimes.15
Repatriation Loans Program Account
As authorized in law, the Repatriation Loans Program account subsidizes small loans for
temporary subsistence, transportation, and other related expenses to assist destitute U.S. citizens
abroad who are unable to fund their return to the United States.16
Payment to the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT)
The Taiwan Relations Act (P.L. 96-8) provides that U.S. relations with Taiwan shall be carried out
through the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT), a nonprofit, private corporation created shortly
after the United States changed its diplomatic recognition from Taipei to Beijing in 1979.17 AIT’s
Taipei office performs many of the same functions as U.S. embassies elsewhere. This account
funds AIT costs and core activities that AIT implements on behalf of the U.S. government.
International Center, Washington, DC
The International Center, or International Chancery Center (ICC), is a diplomatic enclave sited on
a 47-acre lot located in Washington, DC.18 The International Center Act (P.L. 90-553) authorizes
the State Department to use fees paid by executive agencies and foreign governments for use of
the ICC to fund ICC operations and maintenance, subject to congressional appropriations.
Payment to the Foreign Service Retirement and Disability Fund
This account provides mandatory funding comprising State Department contributions to the
Foreign Service Retirement and Disability System and the Foreign Service Pension System, as
authorized in the Foreign Service Act of 1980 (P.L. 96-465).19
International Organizations
The State Department uses funds provided in the following two accounts under the International
Organizations heading to pay the United States’ assessed contributions (membership dues) to
14 §4(a) and (b) of the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956 (P.L. 84-885), as amended (22 U.S.C. §2671).
15 The Rewards Program is authorized pursuant to §36 of the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956 (P.L. 84-
885), as amended (22 U.S.C. §2708).
16 See §4(b) and (d) of the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956 (P.L. 84-885), as amended (22 U.S.C.
§2671).
17 §6 of the Taiwan Relations Act (P.L. 96-8), codified at 22 U.S.C. §3305.
18 International Center Act of 1968 (P.L. 90-553), as amended.
19 Title I, Chapter 8, of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 (P.L. 96-465), as amended (Title 22, Chapter 52, Subchapter
VIII, of the U.S. Code).
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many international organizations and peacekeeping efforts that it supports. The State Department
provides these assessed contributions pursuant to various treaties and laws. For example, the
United Nations Participation Act authorizes United States participation in and funding of the
United Nations (UN).20 Title V of NSRP appropriates voluntary contributions to multilateral
organizations.
Contributions to International Organizations (CIO)
CIO funds the United States’ assessed contributions to the budget of the United Nations, UN
affiliated agencies, inter-American organizations, and other international organizations.
Contributions for International Peacekeeping Activities (CIPA)
CIPA funds the United States’ assessed contributions to UN peacekeeping operations worldwide,
as well as contributions to the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals.
International Commissions
Accounts under the International Commissions heading fund U.S. obligations under law or treaty
to several bilateral and multilateral commissions, including
•
•
•
the International Boundary and Water Commission (between the United States
and Mexico) and the Community Assistance Program of the North American
Development Bank (formerly the Border Environment Cooperation Commission
between the United States and Mexico);
the International Joint Commission and the International Boundary Commission
(both between the United States and Canada); and
several international fisheries commissions, such as the Great Lakes Fishery
Commission and the International Pacific Halibut Commission.
Related Agency: U.S. Agency for Global Media (USAGM)
The sole listing under the “Related Agency” heading, USAGM is the independent federal agency
established in 1999 (as the Broadcasting Board of Governors) to coordinate and supervise U.S.
government-funded international broadcasting to foreign publics. Led by USAGM’s Chief
Executive Officer, the agency supervises and supports seven distinct entities: two federal
organizations, the Voice of America and the Office of Cuba Broadcasting, and five nonprofit
organizations receiving federal grants from USAGM, which are Radio Free Europe/Radio
Liberty, Radio Free Asia, the Middle East Broadcasting Networks, the Open Technology Fund,
and the Frontline Media Fund.21 The heading is divided into two accounts, as follows.
20 UN Participation Act (P.L. 79-264), as amended (Title 22, Chapter 7, Subchapter XVI, of the U.S. Code).
21 USAGM, “Structure,” at https://www.usagm.gov/who-we-are/organizational-chart/. For more information, see CRS
Report R46968, U.S. Agency for Global Media: Background, Governance, and Issues for Congress, by Matthew C.
Weed. In March 2025, the President ordered suspension of much USAGM activity. That order is the object of court
action.
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International Broadcasting Operations (IBO)
IBO is the USAGM core operating account. USAGM uses IBO resources to operate all of its
aforementioned media organizations, while also meeting related program delivery and support
costs.
Broadcasting Capital Improvements (BCI)
BCI funds major capital projects, improvements, and maintenance of both USAGM’s global
transmission network and its digital multimedia infrastructure.
Related Programs
Through the Related Programs heading, Congress funds several nongovernmental entities that
pursue objectives aligned with U.S. foreign policy goals. Many of these organizations were
created by acts of Congress. Congress funds several of these organizations by providing them
authority to use interest and earnings generated from trust funds Congress established to fund
their operations.
The Asia Foundation
The Asia Foundation is an international nonprofit organization based in San Francisco that
implements programming across Asia and the Pacific focused on matters including governance,
economic growth, education and leadership, environment and climate resilience, international
cooperation, and women’s empowerment. The annual appropriation Congress provides the Asia
Foundation is authorized pursuant to the Asia Foundation Act of 1983.22 In addition to the U.S.
government, foreign governments and multilateral institutions, foundations, corporations, and
individuals fund the Asia Foundation’s work.23
United States Institute of Peace (USIP)
Established by Congress in 1984, USIP serves as an “independent, nonpartisan institute that
supports the Executive Branch in resolving violent conflict abroad.”24
Center for Middle Eastern-Western Dialogue Trust Fund
Congress created the Center for Middle Eastern-Western Dialogue (Hollings Center) in 2004 and
provided it with a dedicated trust fund.25 Based in Istanbul, the Hollings Center promotes
dialogue between the United States and nations with predominantly Muslim populations that is
intended to generate new thinking on key international issues and deepen channels of
communication among opinion leaders and experts.26
22 The Asia Foundation Act (Title IV of P.L. 98-164), as amended (Title 22, Chapter 54, Subchapter I, of the U.S.
Code).
23 Asia Foundation, “About the Asia Foundation,” at https://asiafoundation.org/about/ and Asia Foundation, Annual
Report 2025, at https://asiafoundation.org/the-asia-foundation-2025-annual-report/.
24 United States Institute of Peace Act (Title XVII of P.L. 98-525), as amended (Title 22, Chapter 56, of the U.S. Code)
and U.S. Institute of Peace “About the Institute of Peace,” at https://www.usip.org/.
25 “International Center for Middle Eastern-Western Dialogue Trust Fund” subheading and §633 of the Commerce,
Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2004 (Division B, Titles IV and VI, of P.L.
108-199), codified at 22 U.S.C. §2078.
26 Hollings Center, “Our History,” at https://hollingscenter.org/who-we-are/.
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Eisenhower Exchange Fellowship Program
The Eisenhower Exchange Fellowship Program brings professionals who are rising leaders in
their countries to the United States and sends their U.S. counterparts abroad for learning and
networking opportunities.27 In 1990, Congress created a dedicated trust fund for the Eisenhower
Program.28
Israeli Arab Scholarship Program (IASP)
Congress authorized the IASP in 1991, providing the program with an endowment enabling it to
fund scholarships for Israeli Arabs to attend institutions of higher education in the United States.29
East-West Center
Congress authorized the establishment of the East-West Center in 1960.30 Based in Hawaii, the
East-West Center promotes better relations and understanding between the United States and
Asia-Pacific nations through cooperative study, research, and dialogue. In addition to U.S.
government funding, it receives support from foreign governments, private agencies, individuals,
foundations, and corporations.31
National Endowment for Democracy (NED)
Congress authorized federal funding for the NED in 1983.32 NED is an independent, nonprofit
organization dedicated to fostering the growth of democratic institutions abroad, including
political parties, trade unions, free markets, and business organizations.33 NED maintains four
“core institutes,” each affiliated with a U.S. domestic organization. The National Democratic
Institute (NDI) and the International Republican Institute (IRI), which are affiliated with the two
major American political parties, are nonpartisan entities that promote and bolster electoral
democracy.34 The Center for International Private Enterprise, affiliated with the U.S. Chamber of
Commerce, leads global programs intended to advance economic freedoms and strengthen
democratic resilience, while the Solidarity Center, allied with the AFL-CIO, supports labor rights
in workplaces abroad.35 NED also receives funding from the Democracy Fund in Title III.
27 Eisenhower Fellowships, “Fellowship Programs,” at https://www.efworld.org/fellowship-programs/.
28 Eisenhower Exchange Fellowship Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-454), as amended (20 U.S.C. Chapter 63).
29 Title II, §214, of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993 (P.L. 102-138), codified at 22
U.S.C. §2452 note.
30 Center for Cultural and Technical Interchange Between East and West Act of 1960 (Chapter VII of P.L. 86-472), as
amended (22 U.S.C. Chapter 29, Subchapter I).
31 East-West Center, “Mission,” at https://www.eastwestcenter.org/about/mission.
32 National Endowment for Democracy Act (Title V of P.L. 98-164), as amended (22 U.S.C. Chapter 54, Subchapter
II).
33 National Endowment for Democracy, “About the National Endowment for Democracy,” at https://www.ned.org/
about/.
34 National Democratic Institute, “Who We Are,” at https://www.ndi.org/who-we-are, and International Republican
Institute, “About IRI,” at https://www.iri.org/about/.
35 Center for International Private Enterprise, “Who We Are,” at https://www.cipe.org/who-we-are, and Solidary
Center, https://www.solidaritycenter.org.
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Other Commissions
Congress has established several commissions to advance selected U.S. foreign policy objectives.
Most of these commissions are listed under the Legislative Branch Boards and Commissions in
the President’s budget request to Congress. However, Congress funds these commissions through
NSRP, given their international affairs focus.
Commission for the Preservation of America’s Heritage Abroad
Congress created the Commission for the Preservation of America’s Heritage Abroad in 1985.36
This 21-member independent executive agency seeks to identify cemeteries, monuments, and
historic buildings in Eastern and Central Europe that are associated with the heritage of U.S.
citizens (especially American Jews) and works to obtain assurances from the governments of the
region that they will be protected and preserved. The commission also facilitates private and
foreign government site restoration, preservation, and memorialization projects.37
United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF)
Congress created USCIRF in 1998 and has tasked it with reviewing the facts and circumstances
of violations of religious freedom around the world and providing policy recommendations and
options to the President, the Secretary of State, and Congress on matters involving international
religious freedom.38 Of USCIRF’s nine voting commissioners (excluding the Ambassador-atLarge for International Religious Freedom, whom Congress has designated shall serve as a
nonvoting member), three are appointed by the President and six are appointed by congressional
leadership.39
Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)
Congress established the CSCE (also known as the U.S. Helsinki Commission) in 1976.40 The
CSCE monitors compliance with the Helsinki Final Act and promotes human rights, democracy,
and economic, environmental, and military cooperation in the 57-country Organization for
Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE).41 Members of Congress serve on the commission
with executive branch officials.42
36 Title XIII, §1303, of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985 (P.L. 99-83), as amended
(54 U.S.C. Chapter 3123).
37 Commission for the Preservation of America’s Heritage Abroad, “About,” at https://www.heritageabroad.gov/about.
38 Title II of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 (P.L. 105-292) as amended (22 U.S.C. Chapter 73
Subchapter II).
39 United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, “Frequently Asked Questions,” at
https://www.uscirf.gov/about-uscirf/frequently-asked-questions.
40 A bill to establish a Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (P.L. 94-304), as amended (22 U.S.C.
Chapter 45).
41 Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, “About the Commission on Security and Cooperation in
Europe,” at https://www.csce.gov/about-commission-security-and-cooperation-europe/. For more information on the
Helsinki Final Act, see Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, “The Helsinki Process and the OSCE,” at
https://www.csce.gov/helsinki-process-and-osce/.
42 Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, “Commissioners,” at https://www.csce.gov/commissioners/.
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Congressional-Executive Commission on the People’s Republic of China
(CECC)
Congress created the CECC in 2000, providing it with a mandate to monitor human rights and the
development of the rule of law in the People’s Republic of China and to issue annual reports to
Congress that outline its findings and provide recommendations for legislative or executive
action.43 Members of Congress serve on the CECC with executive branch officials.44
United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission
Congress created the United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission in 2000,
tasking it with monitoring, investigating, and reporting to Congress on the national security
implications of the bilateral trade and economic relationship between the United States and the
People’s Republic of China, while also providing recommendations for legislative and executive
action.45 Congressional leadership appoint the commission’s members.46
House Democracy Partnership (HDP)
The House of Representatives first established the House Democracy Partnership pursuant to
H.Res. 135 in the 109th Congress.47 HDP “facilitates peer-to-peer Member exchanges and
technical assistance directly with international counterparts, reinforcing U.S. leadership while
deepening cooperation with strategically important nations.”48 The commission comprises 20
Members of Congress.
Title II—Administration of Assistance
This title provides operational and oversight funds for the U.S. foreign assistance programs
funded in Title III.
Operating Expenses (OE)
The OE account is to carry out Section 667 of the Foreign Assistance Act (FAA) of 1961, as
amended, which authorizes funding for operating expenses of “the agency primarily responsible”
for administering the assistance authorized in Part I of the act.49 Such funds provide for overseas
and domestic operational expenses for foreign assistance, including salaries and benefits, staff
training, physical security, and information technology maintenance.
43 Title III of the U.S.-China Relations Act of 2000 (Division B of P.L. 106-286), as amended (22 U.S.C. Chapter 77
Subchapter II).
44 Congressional-Executive Commission on China, “About,” at https://www.cecc.gov/about.
45 Division A, Title XII, §1238, of the Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (P.L.
106-398), as amended (22 U.S.C. §7002).
46 U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, “About Us,” at https://www.uscc.gov/about-us.
47 House Democracy Partnership, “About,” at https://hdp.house.gov/about.
48 House Democracy Partnership, “About,” at https://hdp.house.gov/about.
49 An annotated version of the FAA is available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-1071/pdf/COMPS1071.pdf.
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Office of Inspector General
This account supports operational costs of the Office of the Inspector General overseeing foreign
assistance. The OIG conducts audits and investigations of foreign assistance programs, as well as
of the Millennium Challenge Corporation, the Inter-American Foundation, and the United States
African Development Foundation.
Title III—Bilateral Economic Assistance
Under this title, funds are appropriated in support of U.S. government departments and
independent agencies conducting humanitarian, development, and other programs meeting U.S.
foreign policy objectives throughout the world.
Global Health Programs (GHP)
GHP supports multiple health assistance activities conducted by the State Department (FAA
§104). It is divided into two components. General Global Health funding provides for programs
focused on combating infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis. Programs
also focus on immunization, oral rehydration, maternal and child health, vulnerable children, and
family planning and reproductive health. Appropriations for Global Health-HIV/AIDS are the
largest source of funding for the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). Funds
may be transferred to programs implemented by the Department of Defense, the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, and the Peace Corps, among others. A specified amount from the
Global Health-HIV/AIDS line supports the U.S. contribution to the multilateral Global Fund to
Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria.
International Humanitarian Assistance (IHA)
A new account established in the FY2026 NSRP law, the IHA account combines authorities
previously under the International Disaster Assistance (IDA) and Migration and Refugee
Assistance (MRA) accounts. Funds for IHA provide relief and rehabilitation to nations struck by
natural and manmade disasters and emergencies (FAA, §491[b]). The account also provides
emergency food assistance using what is referred to as “market-based approaches” (i.e., cash
transfers, food vouchers, and food sourced either in the country or region in which it will be
provided) to complement commodity food aid provided through the Food for Peace Act, Title II
Grants account in the agriculture appropriation (FAA, §491[c]). IHA funds also may support
refugee assistance and protection activities worldwide pursuant to the Migration and Refugee
Assistance Act of 1962, as amended (P.L. 87-510). These may include U.S. contributions to UN
entities such as the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the International
Organization for Migration (IOM), as well as organizations such as the International Committee
for the Red Cross. The account also funds resettlement of refugees to other countries as well as
processing and initial placement of refugees to the United States.50
50 Congress funds refugee expenses after initial settlement in the United States under the Department of Health and
Human Services’ Refugee and Entrant Assistance account.
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United States Emergency Refugee and Migration Assistance
(ERMA) Fund
ERMA is a humanitarian contingency fund for rapid deployment in unanticipated urgent refugee
and migrant emergencies. Appropriations typically replenish this account up to a congressionally
authorized level, and the executive branch must notify Congress when funds are used.
National Security Investment Programs (NSIP)
A new account established in the FY2026 NSRP law, the NSIP account combines authorities
previously under the Development Assistance (DA), Economic Support Fund (ESF), and
Assistance for Europe, Eurasia, and Central Asia (AEECA) accounts. Supported programs may
include those
•
•
•
•
aligned with priorities in Part I of the FAA, including sectors referenced in
Chapters 1 and 2 targeting agriculture and rural development (§103); education
and human capital (§105); energy (§106(b)); urban economic and social
development (§106(d)); technical cooperation and development (§106(d)(1));
economic development research and evaluation (§106(d)(2)); disaster
preparedness and reconstruction (§106(d)(3)); U.S. citizen-sponsored schools and
hospitals overseas (§214); and micro-, small-, and medium-enterprise
development programs (including credit access) (§252);
in sub-Saharan Africa specifically, pursuant to the priorities for that region
described in FAA Chapter 10, including agricultural production and natural
resources, health, voluntary family planning services, education, and incomegenerating activities (§496);
authorized under Part II, Chapter 4, of the FAA (§531), supporting economic
assistance, in part to advance U.S. political and strategic goals in countries of
special importance to U.S. foreign policy; and
authorized under the FAA (§498-499), the FREEDOM Support Act (P.L. 102511), and the Support for Eastern European Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989
(P.L. 101-179), providing economic assistance to once-Communist states of the
former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.
Democracy Fund
This account supports democracy promotion programs overseen by the State Department’s
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (DRL). Authorities for this account are found
throughout the FAA, but specific reference to the Democracy Fund was added in 2002 (§664, P.L.
107-228). The account is also meant to carry out the purposes of Sections 502(b)(3) and (5) of the
National Endowment for Democracy Act (P.L. 98-164).
Independent Agencies
Several agencies operate independently and report directly to the Executive Office of the
President.
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Peace Corps51
The Peace Corps sends U.S. volunteers to developing countries to provide technical aid and to
promote mutual understanding on a people-to-people basis between the United States and citizens
of foreign nations (Peace Corps Act of 1961, P.L. 87-293).
Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC)52
The MCC provides large-scale, five-year development grants to foreign governments. Known as
“compacts” and underpinned by bilateral agreements, these grants are intended to promote
economic growth and to eliminate extreme poverty in countries chosen and determined to be
eligible, in part, based on their demonstrated commitment to just and democratic governance;
investment in health, education, and the environment; and support for economic freedom.
Congress established and authorized the MCC in the Millennium Challenge Act of 2003 (Title VI
of P.L. 108-199).
Inter-American Foundation (IAF)
The IAF is a nonprofit corporation that finances small-scale enterprise and grassroots community
self-help activities aimed at the social and economic development of low-income communities in
Latin America, as originally set out in the Foreign Assistance Act of 1969 (P.L. 91-179), which
established it as an independent entity.
United States African Development Foundation (USADF)
The USADF is a nonprofit corporation that finances small-scale enterprise and grassroots
community self-help activities aimed at the social and economic development of marginalized
populations and communities in Africa. Modeled after the IAF, it was established by the African
Development Foundation Act in 1980 (Title V of P.L. 96-533).
United States Foundation for Natural Security and Counterterrorism
The U.S. Foundation for Natural Security and Counterterrorism is a nonprofit corporation that is
to provide grants to support protected and conserved areas in eligible countries with “a high
degree of biodiversity or species and ecosystems of significant ecological value.”53 Congress
directed the Secretary of State to establish the Foundation in Subtitle A of Title LI of Division E
of the Servicemember Quality of Life Improvement and National Defense Authorization Act for
Fiscal Year 2025 (P.L. 118-159), referring to the foundation as the U.S. Foundation for
International Conservation. Section 7034(k) of the FY2026 NSRP law renamed the foundation to
the U.S. Foundation for Natural Security and Counterterrorism.
51 For further information on the Peace Corps, see CRS Report RS21168, The Peace Corps: Overview and Issues, by
Nick M. Brown.
52 For further information on the Millennium Challenge Corporation, see CRS Report RL32427, Millennium Challenge
Corporation: Overview and Issues, by Nick M. Brown.
53 Section 5102(b)(1) of P.L. 118-159.
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Department of the Treasury
International Affairs Technical Assistance
This program deploys financial advisors to provide technical assistance to developing or
transitional countries in support of economic reforms, with a focus on banking and financial
institutions, financial crimes, government debt, revenue policy, and budget and financial
accountability (FAA §129, added in 1998 by P.L. 105-277).
Debt Restructuring
Appropriations for this account seek to help some of the world’s poorest countries achieve
economic stability and growth, and reduce poverty. Certain debt restructuring and relief may be
pursuant to multilateral cooperation, such as the Paris Club debt restructurings and the “Common
Framework for Debt Treatments beyond the Debt Service Suspension Initiative.” Such amounts
may also be provided notwithstanding any other provision of law.
Title IV—International Security Assistance
Department of State
International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement (INCLE)
INCLE funds international counternarcotics activities; programs to combat transnational crime
and corruption, including combating human and wildlife trafficking; and rule-of-law activities
focused on strengthening criminal justice institutions and law enforcement capacity building (e.g.,
foreign police assistance). The State Department’s Bureau of International Narcotics and Law
Enforcement Affairs (INL) coordinates and oversees the majority of INCLE activities. INCLE
authorities primarily derive from the FAA (§481-490).
Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, Demining, and Related Programs (NADR)
This account funds a variety of State Department-managed activities aimed at countering
proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (FAA, §581-586), supporting antiterrorism training
and related activities (FAA, §571-575), and promoting demining operations in developing nations
(FAA, §301). It also funds voluntary contributions to certain nonproliferation-focused
international organizations (FAA, §301). Programs also finance certain defense articles related to
nonproliferation, demining, and antiterrorism to friendly governments (Arms Export Control Act,
§23, P.L. 90-629), and disarmament in the former Soviet Union (FREEDOM Support Act, §504,
P.L. 102-511).
Peacekeeping Operations (PKO)
Unlike the Title I Contributions to Peacekeeping Activities (CIPA) account, which provides
assessed funds for UN peacekeeping operations, the PKO account provides voluntary support for
multilateral efforts in conflict resolution, such as the training of African peacekeepers and funding
operations of the Multinational Force and Observers mission in the Sinai. The State Department
controls the funds and sets PKO program policies (FAA, §551-563). The Department of Defense
implements the activities.
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Funds Appropriated to the President
International Military Education and Training (IMET)
Through IMET, the United States provides training and education to selected foreign military and
civilian personnel on U.S. military practices and standards, including democratic values like
civilian control of the military. Participants take courses at military education facilities in the
United States or receive instruction from U.S. training teams abroad. The State Department
controls the funds and has policy authority over the program (FAA, §541-549), which the
Department of Defense implements.
Foreign Military Financing Program (FMF)
The Foreign Military Financing Program supports U.S. overseas arms transfers on a loan and
grant basis. Funding generally may be used by recipient countries only to purchase U.S. weapons,
equipment and training, though a portion of FMF to Israel may be used to support purchases from
Israeli defense firms.54 The State Department controls the funds and has policy authority (Arms
Export Control Act, §23). The Department of Defense implements this program.
Title V—Multilateral Assistance
International Organizations and Programs (IO&P)
IO&P is a State Department-administered account providing voluntary U.S. contributions to
support international organizations and entities involved in a range of development, humanitarian,
and scientific activities, including the UN Development Program (UNDP), UN Environment
Program (UNEP), UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and UN Population Fund (UNFPA). IO&P is
distinct from the CIO account under Title I, which funds assessed contributions (dues) to
international organizations. Authority is derived from the FAA (§301-307 on International
Organizations and Programs).
International Financial Institutions55
Under this category, funds are provided through the Department of the Treasury to a wide range
of multilateral financial institutions, which offer loans—both “soft” (i.e., concessional) and
“hard” (i.e., near-market rate)—and some grants to developing countries and private sector
entities in those countries. Not all international financial institutions require or receive U.S.
contributions from year to year; some receive funding under multiyear “replenishments.”
Authorizations for these contributions have historically been provided in appropriations acts of
the relevant year.
In the case of concessional lending or grant-making institutions, U.S. appropriations contribute
through annual installments toward periodically agreed donor replenishments as capital is drawn
down. Nonconcessional bank institutions typically require new financial commitments only in
54 For more on FMF for Israel, see CRS Report RL33222, U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel: Overview and Developments
since October 7, 2023, by Jeremy M. Sharp.
55 For an overview of these institutions, see CRS Report R41170, Multilateral Development Banks: Overview and
Issues for Congress, by Rebecca M. Nelson.
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order to increase the institution’s capitalization, as in the ongoing capital increase for the African
Development Bank (see below).56 For FY2026, funds were appropriated for the entities below.
Global Environment Facility (GEF)
Established by the UNDP, UNEP, and the World Bank, the GEF, administered by the World Bank,
makes grants to help developing countries deal with global environmental problems.
World Bank: International Development Association (IDA)
As the World Bank’s “soft loan” window, IDA provides concessional loans, grants, and debt relief
to the lowest-income countries in the world.
Asian Development Fund (AsDF)
The AsDF is the grants-only window of the Asian Development Bank (AsDB), which finances
economic development programs in lower-income countries in Asia and the Pacific. AsDF ceased
issuing concessional loans in 2017. AsDB now finances and issues all concessional loans directly
through its capital reserves.
African Development Bank (AfDB)
The AfDB lends at near-market rates to public and private entities, with special emphasis on
agriculture, infrastructure, and industrial development. To support a general capital increase,
legislative provisions include both paid-in capital and callable capital subscriptions.57
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD).
The EBRD lends at near-market rates to help East European and former Soviet states adopt
market economies. Private sector and privatizing public sector firms receive substantial amounts
of EBRD lending.
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
IFAD is a UN-system financial institution that issues grants and low-interest loans to developing
countries to increase rural incomes, improve nutritional levels, and advance food security.
Treasury International Assistance Programs
Funds made available for this account may be used for loan guarantees to the IBRD and Asian
Development Bank (AsDB). Funds may also be transferred to the Contributions to the
International Development Association account and Department of the Treasury accounts found
in Title III.
56 A 2010 agreement to increase the IBRD’s capitalization similarly resulted in five corresponding appropriation
installments from 2012 to 2016. A similar IBRD agreement in 2018 resulted in an appropriations request for FY2020 in
the President’s budget.
57 U.S. financial commitments to the general capital increases include “paid-in” capital (money paid directly to the
multilateral development bank) and “callable capital” (money that is a guarantee, but only paid in the event of a
default). Callable capital is denoted in legislation as a “Limitation on Callable Capital Subscriptions.”
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Title VI—Export and Investment Assistance
Export-Import Bank of the United States58
Ex-Im Bank issues direct loans, loan guarantees, and export credit insurance to support U.S.
exports of goods and services. It aims to support U.S. jobs by providing such financing and
insurance when the private sector is unwilling or unable to do so alone and/or to counter
financing offered by foreign countries through their export credit agencies. Ex-Im Bank program
and administrative expenses are financed by collections such as loan interest, risk premia, and
other fees, for which congressional appropriations establish a ceiling. Congress also provides an
appropriation for the agency’s Office of Inspector General. Ex-Im Bank’s authorizing legislation
is the Export-Import Bank Act of 1945 (P.L. 79-173).
U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (DFC)59
Launched in 2019, DFC assumed the functions of and replaced the Overseas Private Investment
Corporation and USAID’s Development Credit Authority (DCA). It uses financial tools to
promote private investment in less-developed countries and seeks to support economic
development as well as U.S. economic interests and foreign policy aims. Congress also provides
an appropriation for the agency’s Office of Inspector General. DFC derives authority from the
Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development Act of 2018 (BUILD Act, Division F
of P.L. 115-254).
Trade and Development Agency (TDA)60
TDA funds project preparation services such as feasibility studies and other activities to link U.S.
businesses to export opportunities in emerging markets for infrastructure and other development
projects (FAA, §611). For example, TDA funds reverse trade missions that bring foreign
decisionmakers to the United States.
Title VII—General Provisions
General Provisions set out limitations and prohibitions on assistance; administrative, notification,
and reporting requirements; and more detailed funding requirements for specific accounts in other
titles of the legislation. This title also specifies allocations for various aid sectors, including
education, democracy promotion, water and sanitation, and food security, as well as cross-cutting
issues such as gender equality. In addition, Title VII provides more detail about aid to certain
countries and regions. Certain general provisions are long-standing—for example Section 7008,
which restricts foreign assistance following a country’s coup d’état,61 has been included in some
58 For further discussion, see CRS In Focus IF10017, Export-Import Bank: Overview and Reauthorization Debate, by
Shayerah I. Akhtar.
59 For more on the DFC, see CRS Report R47006, U.S. International Development Finance Corporation: Overview
and Issues, by Shayerah I. Akhtar and Nick M. Brown.
60 For further discussion, see CRS In Focus IF10673, U.S. Trade and Development Agency (USTDA), by Shayerah I.
Akhtar.
61 For more, see CRS In Focus IF11267, Coup-Related Restrictions in U.S. Foreign Aid Appropriations, by Alexis
Arieff, Nick M. Brown, and Travis A. Ferrell.
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form every year since FY1985—while others may only appear in the bill for one appropriations
year.
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Appendix. National Security, Department of State,
and Related Programs Authorizing Legislation and
U.S. Code References
Table A-1. List of Acts Authorizing NSRP Account Activities, by Date of Enactment
Act Name
Public Law
U.S. Code
Export-Import Bank Act of 1945
P.L. 79-173
12 U.S.C. 635 et seq.
United Nations Participation Act of 1945
P.L. 79-264
22 U.S.C. 287 et seq.
State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956
P.L. 84-885
22 U.S.C. 2651a et seq.
Center for Cultural and Technical Interchange Between
East and West Act of 1960
Chapter VII of P.L. 86-472
22 U.S.C. 2051 et seq.
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961
P.L. 87-195
22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.
Mutual Education and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961
P.L. 87-256
22 U.S.C. 2451 et seq.
Peace Corps Act of 1961
P.L. 87-293
22 U.S.C. 2501 et seq.
Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of 1962
P.L. 87-510
22 U.S.C. 2601 et seq.
International Center Act of 1968
P.L. 90-553
None, see 82 Stat. 958.
Arms Export Control Act of 1968
P.L. 90-629
22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.
Inter-American Foundation Act of 1969
Part IV of P.L. 91-175
22 U.S.C. 290f et seq.
A bill to establish a Commission on Security and
Cooperation in Europe
P.L. 94-304
22 U.S.C. 3001 et seq.
Taiwan Relations Act of 1979
P.L. 96-8
22 U.S.C. 3301 et seq.
Foreign Service Act of 1980
P.L. 96-465
22 U.S.C. 3901 et seq.
African Development Foundation Act of 1980
Title V of P.L. 96-533
22 U.S.C. 290h et seq.
Radio Broadcasting to Cuba Act
P.L. 98-111
22 U.S.C. 1465 et seq.
The Asia Foundation Act of 1983
Title IV of P.L. 98-164
22 U.S.C. 4401 et seq.
National Endowment for Democracy Act of 1983
Title V of P.L. 98-164
22 U.S.C. 4411 et seq.
United States Institute of Peace Act of 1984
Title XVII of P.L. 98-525
22 U.S.C. 4601 et seq.
Television Broadcasting to Cuba Act
Part D of Title II of P.L.
101-246
22 U.S.C. 1465aa et
seq.
Eisenhower Exchange Fellowship Act of 1990
P.L. 101-454
20 U.S.C. 5201 et. seq.
Support for Eastern European Democracy Act of 1989
P.L. 101-179
22 U.S.C. 5401 et seq.
Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1992
and 1993
Title II, Section 214 of P.L.
102-138
22 U.S.C. 2452 note
Freedom for Russia and Emerging Eurasian Democracies
and Open Markets Support (FREEDOM Support) Act of
1992
P.L. 102-511
22 U.S.C. 5801 et seq.
Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1994
and 1995
Title I, Section 135 of P.L.
103-236
22 U.S.C. 2684a.
United States International Broadcasting Act of 1994
Title III of P.L. 103-236
22 U.S.C. 6201 et seq.
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Act Name
Public Law
U.S. Code
International Religious Freedom Act of 1998
P.L. 105-292
22 U.S.C. 6401 et seq.
Secure Embassy Construction and Counterterrorism Act
of 1999
Title VI of P.L. 106-113
22 U.S.C. 4865 et seq.
U.S.-China Relations Act of 2000
Division B, Title III of P.L.
106-286
22 U.S.C. 6911 et seq.
Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act for
Fiscal Year 2001
Division A, Title XII,
Section 1238 of P.L. 106398
22 U.S.C. 7002.
Department of State and Related Agency Appropriations
Act, 2004
Division B, Titles IV-VI of
P.L. 108-199
22 U.S.C. 2078.
Millennium Challenge Act of 2003
Division D, Title VI of P.L.
108-199
22 U.S.C. 7701 et seq.
Secret Service Authorization and Technical Modification
Act of 2005
Title VI, Section 605(a) of
P.L. 109-177
18 U.S.C. 3056A(d).
To enact title 54, U.S. Code, “National Park Service and
Related Programs,” as positive law
Section 3 of P.L. 113-287
54 U.S.C. 312301 et
seq.
Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development
(BUILD) Act of 2018
Division F of P.L. 115-254
22 U.S.C. 9601 et seq.
Source: Office of the Law Revision Counsel, U.S. House of Representatives.
Notes: Many of these acts have been amended multiple times. For the most up-to-date status of these acts, see
the U.S. Code, at http://uscode.house.gov/browse.xhtml.
Author Information
Emily M. McCabe
Specialist in Foreign Assistance and Foreign Policy
Carlos Acevedo
Budget Analyst
Cory R. Gill
Analyst in Foreign Affairs
Congressional Research Service
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NSRP Appropriations: Component Accounts
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Congressional Research Service
R48939 · VERSION 2 · NEW
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