Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
Congressional research reportJun 7, 2023
Ask Donna
What actually matters in this document.
Text
Instances of Use of United States Armed
Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
Updated June 7, 2023
Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
R42738
SUMMARY
Instances of Use of United States Armed
Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
R42738
June 7, 2023
Barbara Salazar Torreon
Senior Research Librarian
This report lists hundreds of instances in which the United States has used its Armed Forces
abroad in situations of military conflict or potential conflict or for other than normal peacetime
purposes. It was compiled in part from previous CRS products and is intended primarily to
Sofia Plagakis
provide a general survey of past U.S. military ventures abroad, without reference to the
Research Librarian
magnitude of the given instance noted. The listing often contains references, especially from
1980 forward, to continuing military deployments, especially U.S. military participation in
multinational operations associated with NATO or the United Nations. Most of these post-1980
instances are summaries based on presidential reports to Congress related to the War Powers
Resolution. A comprehensive commentary regarding any of the instances listed is not undertaken here.
The instances differ greatly in number of forces, purpose, extent of hostilities, and legal authorization. Eleven times in its
history, the United States has formally declared war against foreign nations. These 11 U.S. war declarations encompassed
five separate wars: the war with Great Britain declared in 1812; the war with Mexico declared in 1846; the war with Spain
declared in 1898; the First World War, during which the United States declared war with Germany and with Austria-Hungary
during 1917; and World War II, during which the United States declared war against Japan, Germany, and Italy in 1941, and
against Bulgaria, Hungary, and Rumania in 1942.
Some of the instances were extended military engagements that might be considered undeclared wars. These instances
include the Undeclared Naval War with France from 1798 to 1800; the First Barbary War from 1801 to 1805; the Second
Barbary War of 1815; the Korean War of 1950-1953; the Vietnam War from 1964 to 1973; the Persian Gulf War of 1991;
global actions against foreign terrorists after the September 11, 2001, attacks on the United States; and the war with Iraq in
2003. With the exception of the Korean War, all of these conflicts received congressional authorization in some form short of
a formal declaration of war. Other, more recent instances have often involved deployment of U.S. military forces as part of a
multinational operation associated with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) or the United Nations.
The majority of the instances listed prior to World War II were brief Marine Corps or Navy actions to protect U.S. citizens or
promote U.S. interests. A number were engagements against pirates or bandits. Covert operations, domestic disaster relief,
and routine alliance stationing and training exercises are not included here, nor are the Civil and Revolutionary Wars and the
continual use of U.S. military units in the exploration, settlement, and pacification of the western part of the United States.
For additional information, see CRS Report RL31133, Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force:
Historical Background and Legal Implications, by Jennifer K. Elsea and Matthew C. Weed, CRS Report R42699, The War
Powers Resolution: Concepts and Practice, by Matthew C. Weed; and CRS In Focus IF10539, Defense Primer: Legal
Authorities for the Use of Military Forces, by Jennifer K. Elsea, CRS In Focus IF10535, Defense Primer: Congress’s
Constitutional Authority with Regard to the Armed Forces, by Jennifer K. Elsea, and CRS In Focus IF10534, Defense
Primer: President’s Constitutional Authority with Regard to the Armed Forces, by Jennifer K. Elsea.
Congressional Research Service
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
Contents
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1
Listing of Notable Deployments of U.S. Military Forces Overseas, 1798-April 2023 ................... 2
Related CRS Products ................................................................................................................... 53
Sources .......................................................................................................................................... 54
Contacts
Author Information........................................................................................................................ 54
Congressional Research Service
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
Introduction
The following list reviews hundreds of instances in which the United States has used military
forces abroad in situations of military conflict or potential conflict to protect U.S. citizens or
promote U.S. interests. The list does not include covert actions or the many occurrences in which
U.S. forces have been stationed abroad since World War II in occupation forces or for
participation in mutual security organizations, base agreements, or routine military assistance or
training operations. Because of differing judgments over the actions to be included, other lists
may include more or fewer instances.1
The instances vary greatly in size of operation, legal authorization, and significance. The number
of troops involved ranges from a few sailors or marines landed to protect American lives and
property to hundreds of thousands in Korea and Vietnam and millions in World War II. Some
actions were of very short duration, and some lasted years. In some examples, a military officer
acted without authorization; some actions were conducted solely under the President’s powers as
Chief Executive or Commander in Chief; other instances were authorized by Congress in some
fashion. In 11 separate cases (listed in bold-face type), the United States formally declared war
against foreign nations. For most of the instances listed, however, the status of the action under
domestic or international law has not been addressed. Most occurrences listed since 1980 are
summaries of U.S. military deployments reported to Congress by the President as a result of the
War Powers Resolution. Several of these presidential reports are summaries of activities related to
an ongoing operation previously reported. Note that inclusion in this list does not connote either
the legality or the level of significance of the instance described. This report covers uses of U.S.
military force abroad from 1798 to April 2023. It will be revised as circumstances warrant.
1 Other lists include Sen. Barry Goldwater, “War without Declaration: A Chronological List of 199 U.S. Military
Hostilities Abroad without a Declaration of War. 1798-1972,” Congressional Record, vol. 119, July 20, 1973: S14174S14183; U.S. Department of State, “Armed Actions Taken by the United States Without a Declaration of War, 17891967,” Research Project 806A, Historical Studies Division, Bureau of Public Affairs; John M. Collins, America’s Small
Wars (New York: Brassey’s, 1991). For a discussion of the evolution of lists of military actions and legal authorization
for various actions, see Francis D. Wormuth and Edwin B. Firmage, To Chain the Dog of War; the War Power of
Congress in History and Law (Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1986), pp. 133-149.
Congressional Research Service
1
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
Listing of Notable Deployments of U.S. Military
Forces Overseas, 1798-April 2023
1798-1800
Undeclared Naval War with France. This contest included land actions, such as that in the Dominican
Republic, city of Puerto Plata, where marines captured a French privateer under the guns of the forts.
Congress authorized military action through a series of statutes.
1801-1805
Tripoli, Libya. The First Barbary War included the USS George Washington and Philadelphia affairs and
the Eaton expedition, during which a few marines landed with United States Agent William Eaton to
raise a force against Tripoli in an effort to free the crew of the Philadelphia. Tripoli declared war on
the United States on May 10, 1801, and although Congress authorized U.S. military action by statute,
they never voted on a formal declaration of war.
1806
Mexico (Spanish territory). Captain Z. M. Pike, with a platoon of troops, invaded Spanish territory at the
headwaters of the Rio Grande on orders from General James Wilkinson. He was made prisoner
without resistance at a fort he constructed in present-day Colorado, taken to Mexico, and later
released after seizure of his papers.
1806-1810
Gulf of Mexico. American gunboats operated from New Orleans against Spanish and French privateers
off the Mississippi Delta, chiefly under Captain John Shaw and Master Commandant David Porter.
1810
West Florida (Spanish territory). Governor William Charles Cole Claiborne of Louisiana, on orders of
the President, occupied with troops territory in dispute east of the Mississippi River as far as the
Pearl River, later the eastern boundary of Louisiana. He was authorized to seize as far east as the
Perdido River.
1812
Amelia Island and other parts of east Florida, then under Spain. Temporary possession was authorized by
President James Madison and by Congress, to prevent occupation by any other power; but possession
was obtained by General George Matthews in so irregular a manner that his measures were
disavowed by the President.
1812-1815
War of 1812. On June 18, 1812, the United States declared war between the United
States and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Among the issues leading to
the war were British interception of neutral ships and blockades of the United States during British
hostilities with France.
1813
West Florida (Spanish territory). On authority given by Congress, General Wilkinson seized Mobile Bay
in April with 600 soldiers. A small Spanish garrison gave way. The United States advanced into
disputed territory to the Perdido River, as projected in 1810. No fighting took place.
1813-1814
Marquesas Islands. U.S. forces built a fort on the Pacific island of Nuku Hiva, the largest of the
Marquesas, to protect three prize ships which had been captured from the British.
1814
Spanish Florida. General Andrew Jackson took Pensacola Bay and drove out the British, in September
1814 with whom the United States was at war and pacified the Spanish governor of Florida. This
capture of Pensacola was crucial to Jackson securing victory during the battle of New Orleans in
November 1814.
1814-1825
Caribbean. Engagements between pirates and American ships or squadrons took place repeatedly,
especially ashore and offshore about Cuba, Puerto Rico, Santo Domingo, and Yucatan. Three
thousand pirate attacks on merchantmen were reported between 1815 and 1823. In 1822,
Commodore James Biddle deployed a squadron of two frigates, four sloops of war, two brigs, four
schooners, and two gunboats in the West Indies.
1815
Algiers. The second Barbary War was declared against the United States by the Bey of Algiers of the
Barbary states, an act not reciprocated by the United States. Congress did authorize a military
expedition by statutes. A large fleet under U.S. Commodore Stephen Decatur attacked Algiers and
obtained indemnities.
Tripoli, Libya. After securing an agreement from Algiers, Decatur demonstrated with his squadron at
Tunis and Tripoli, where he secured indemnities for offenses during the War of 1812.
Congressional Research Service
2
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
1816
Spanish Florida. U.S. forces destroyed Nicholls Fort, located in present Franklin County, Florida, which
harbored raiders making forays into United States territory.
1816-1818
Spanish Florida—First Seminole War. The Seminole Indians, whose area was a haven for escaped slaves
and border ruffians, were attacked by troops under Generals Andrew Jackson and Edmund P. Gaines
and pursued into northern Florida. Spanish posts were attacked and occupied, British citizens
executed. In 1819, the Floridas were ceded to the United States.
1817
Amelia Island (Spanish territory off northeast Florida). Under orders of President James Monroe, United
States forces landed and expelled a group of smugglers, adventurers, and freebooters.
1818
Oregon. The USS Ontario landed at the Columbia River and in August took possession of the Oregon
territory. Britain had ceded sovereignty, but Russia and Spain asserted claims to the area.
1820-1823
Africa. Naval units raided the slave traffic pursuant to the Act of 1819 by Congress which authorized
U.S. armed vessels to interdict slave traders in an attempt to stop slave trade at its source and return
slaves to Africa.
1822
Cuba. United States naval forces suppressing piracy landed on the northwest coast of Cuba and
burned a pirate station.
1823
Cuba. Brief landings in pursuit of pirates occurred April 8, 1823, near Escondido; April 16 near Cayo
Blanco; July 11 at Siquapa Bay; July 21 at Cape Cruz; and October 23 at Camarioca.
1824
Cuba. In October 1824, the USS Porpoise landed bluejackets near Matanzas in pursuit of pirates.
Puerto Rico (Spanish territory). Commodore David Porter with a landing party of 200 attacked the town
of Fajardo, which had sheltered pirates and insulted American naval officers forcing an apology.
Commodore Porter was later court-martialed for overstepping his authority.
1825
Cuba. In March 1825, cooperating American and British forces landed at Sagua La Grande, along the
north coast of the Villa Clara province, to capture pirates.
1827
Greece. In October and November 1827, landing parties hunted pirates on the Mediterranean islands
of Argentière, Miconi, and Andros.
1831-1832
Falkland Islands/Malvinas, Argentina. Captain Duncan of the USS Lexington investigated the capture of
three American sealing vessels and sought to protect American interests.2
1832
Sumatra. From February 6 to 9, 1832, a naval force landed and stormed a fort to punish residents of
the town of Quallah Battoo for plundering the American ship Friendship.
1833
Argentina. From October 31 to November 15, 1833, a naval force was sent ashore at Buenos Aires to
protect the interests of the United States and other countries during an insurrection.
1835-1836
Peru. December 10, 1835, to January 24, 1836, and August 31 to December 7, 1836. Marines
protected American interests in Callao and Lima during an attempted revolution.
1836
Mexico. General Gaines occupied Nacogdoches (Texas), disputed territory, from July to December
1836, during the Texan war for independence under orders to cross the “imaginary boundary line” if
an Indian outbreak threatened.
1838-1839
Sumatra. December 24, 1838, to January 4, 1839. A naval force landed to punish residents of the
towns of Quallah Battoo and Muckie (Meukek) for depredations on American shipping.
1840
Fiji Islands. July. Naval forces landed to punish inhabitants for attacking American exploring and
surveying parties.
1841
Taputeoiea (Tabiteuea) or Drummond’s Island, Kingsmill Group. A naval party landed to avenge the
murder of Navy Seaman John Anderson by indigenous warriors.
2 Christian J. Maisch, “The Falkland/Malvinas Islands Clash of 1831–32: U.S. and British Diplomacy in the South
Atlantic,” Diplomatic History, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Spring 2000), at https://www.jstor.org/stable/24913798.
Congressional Research Service
3
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
Samoa. February 24, 1841, a naval party landed and burned towns after the murder of an American
sailor on Upolu Island. This was the second engagement with islanders of the Pacific Ocean during the
United States Exploring Expedition.
1842
Mexico. Commodore T.A.C. Jones, in command of a squadron long cruising off California, occupied
Monterey, CA, on October 19, 1842, believing war had come. That not being the case, he withdrew.
1843
China. Sailors and marines from the USS St. Louis were landed after a clash between Americans and
Chinese at the trading post in Canton (Guangzhou).
Africa. From November 29 to December 16, 1843, four United States vessels demonstrated and
landed various parties (one of 200 marines and sailors) to discourage piracy and the slave trade along
the Ivory Coast and to punish attacks by the locals on American merchant seamen and shipping.
1844
Mexico. U.S. President John Tyler deployed U.S. forces to protect Texas against Mexico, pending
Senate approval of a treaty of annexation (later rejected). He defended his action against a Senate
resolution of inquiry.
1846-1848
Mexican War. On May 13, 1846, the United States recognized the existence of a state of
war with Mexico. After the annexation of Texas in 1845, the United States and Mexico failed to
resolve a boundary dispute, and U.S. President James K. Polk said that it was necessary to deploy
forces in Mexico to meet a threatened invasion.
1849
Smyrna (İzmir, Turkey). In July, a naval force gained release of an American seized by Austrian officials.
1851
Turkey. After a massacre of foreigners (including Americans) at Jaffa in January 1851, a demonstration
by the Mediterranean Squadron was ordered along the Turkish (Levant) coast.
Johanns Island (east of Africa). August. Forces from the U.S. sloop of war USS Dale exacted redress for
the unlawful imprisonment of the captain of an American whaling brig.
1852-1853
Argentina. February 3 to 12, 1852; September 17, 1852, to April 1853. Marines were landed and
maintained in Buenos Aires to protect American interests during a revolution.
1853
Nicaragua. From March 11 to 13, 1853, U.S. forces landed to protect American lives and interests
during political disturbances.
1853-1854
Japan. Commodore Matthew C. Perry and his naval expedition made a display of force leading to the
“opening of Japan.”
Ryukyu and Bonin Islands. Commodore Perry on three visits before going to Japan and while waiting
for a reply from Japan made a naval demonstration, landing marines twice, and secured a coaling
concession from the ruler of Naha on Okinawa. Perry also held a naval demonstration in the Bonin
Islands, an archipelago of over 30 subtropical and tropical islands over 600 miles south of Tokyo, with
the purpose of securing facilities for commerce.
1854
China. April 4 to June 15 to 17, 1854. American and English ships landed forces to protect American
interests in and near Shanghai during Chinese civil strife.
Nicaragua. July 9 to 15. Naval forces bombarded and burned San Juan del Norte (Greytown) to
avenge an insult to the American Minister to Nicaragua.
1855
China. May 19 to 21, 1855. U.S. forces protected American interests in Shanghai and, from August 3
to 5, fought pirates near Hong Kong.
Fiji Islands. September 12 to November 4, 1855. An American naval force landed to seek reparations
for depredations on American residents and seamen.
Uruguay. November 25 to 29, 1855. United States and European naval forces landed to protect
American interests during an attempted revolution in Montevideo.
1856
Panama, Republic of New Grenada. September 19 to 22, 1856. U.S. forces landed to protect American
interests during an insurrection.
China. October 22 to December 6, 1856. U.S. forces landed to protect American interests at Canton
(Guangzhou) during hostilities between the British and the Chinese and to avenge an assault upon an
unarmed boat displaying the United States flag.
Congressional Research Service
4
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
1857
Nicaragua. April to May, November to December 1857. In May, Commander C.H. Davis, with some
marines, received the surrender of William Walker, who had been attempting to gain control of the
country and protected his men from the retaliation of local allies who had been fighting Walker. In
November and December of the same year, United States vessels Saratoga, Wabash, and Fulton
opposed another attempt by William Walker to take control of Nicaragua. Commodore Hiram
Paulding’s act of landing marines and compelling the removal of Walker to the United States was
tacitly disavowed by Secretary of State Lewis Cass, and Paulding was forced into retirement.
1858
Uruguay. January 2 to 27, 1858. Forces from two United States warships landed to protect American
property during a revolution in Montevideo.
Fiji Islands. October 6 to 16, 1858. A U.S. marine expedition burned an indigenous village in retaliation
for the murder of two American traders on the island of Waya.
1858-1859
Turkey. The Secretary of State requested a display of naval force along the Levant after a massacre of
Americans at Jaffa and mistreatment elsewhere “to remind the authorities (of Turkey) of the power
of the United States.”
1859
Paraguay. Congress authorized a naval squadron to seek redress for an attack on a naval vessel in the
Parana River during 1855. Apologies were made after a large display of force.
Mexico. Two hundred United States soldiers crossed the Rio Grande in pursuit of the Mexican bandit
Juan Cortina.
China. July 31 to August 2, 1859. A naval force landed to protect American interests in Shanghai.
1860
Angola, Portuguese West Africa. March 1, 1860. American residents at Kissembo called upon American
and British ships to protect lives and property during problems with locals.
Colombia (Bay of Panama). September 27 to October 8, 1860. Naval forces landed to protect
American interests during a revolution.
1863
Japan. July 16. The USS Wyoming retaliated against a firing on the American vessel Pembroke at
Shimonoseki.
1864
Japan. July 14 to August 3, 1864. Naval forces protected the United States Minister to Japan when he
visited Yedo (Edo) to negotiate American claims against Japan and to make his negotiations easier by
impressing the Japanese with American power.
Japan. September 4 to 14, 1864. Naval forces of the United States, Great Britain, France, and the
Netherlands compelled Japan and the Prince of Nagato in particular to permit the Straits of
Shimonoseki to be used by foreign shipping in accordance with treaties already signed.
1865
Panama. March 9 and 10, 1865. U.S. forces protected the lives and property of American residents
during a revolution.
1866
China. From June 20 to July 7, 1866, U.S. forces punished an assault on the American consul at
Newchwang (Yingkou).
Mexico. To protect American residents, General Sedgwick and 100 men in November compelled the
surrender of Matamoras. Three days later, he was ordered to withdraw and the act was repudiated
by the President.
1867
Nicaragua. Marines occupied Managua and Leon.
Formosa. June 13, 1867. A naval force landed and burned a number of huts to punish the murder of
the crew of a wrecked American vessel.
1868
Japan (Osaka, Hiolo, Nagasaki, Yokohama, and Negata). February 4 to 8, April 4 to May 12, June 12 and
13, 1868. U.S. forces were landed to protect American interests during the civil war in Japan.
Uruguay. February 7 and 8, 19 to 26, 1868. U.S. forces protected foreign residents and the
customhouse during an insurrection at Montevideo.
Colombia. April. U.S. forces protected passengers and treasure in transit at Aspinwall (Colón) in the
absence of local police or troops on the occasion of the death of the president of Colombia.
1870
Mexico. June 17 and 18, 1870. U.S. forces destroyed the pirate ship Forward, which had run aground in
the Rio Tecapán.
Congressional Research Service
5
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
Hawaiian Islands. September 21. U.S. forces landed and placed the American flag at the Honolulu
consulate at half-mast upon the death of Queen Kalama.
1871
Korea. June 10 to 12, 1871. A U.S. naval force attacked and captured five forts to punish locals for
depredations on Americans, particularly for murdering the crew of the USS General Sherman and
burning the schooner and for later firing on other American small boats taking soundings up the Salee
River.
1873
Colombia (Bay of Panama). May 7 to 22, September 23 to October 9, 1873. U.S. forces protected
American interests during hostilities between local groups over control of the government of the
State of Panama.
1873-1896
Mexico. United States troops crossed the Mexican border repeatedly in pursuit of cattle thieves and
other brigands. There were some reciprocal pursuits by Mexican troops into border territory.
Mexico protested frequently. Notable cases were at Remolino in May 1873 and at Las Cuevas in
1875. While Washington often supported these excursions, formal agreements between Mexico and
the United States, the first in 1882, finally legitimized such raids. They continued intermittently, with
minor disputes, until 1896.
1874
Hawaiian Islands. February 12 to 20, 1874. Detachments from American vessels were landed to
preserve order and protect American lives and interests during the coronation of a new king.
1876
Mexico. May 18, 1876. Marines were sent to police the town of Matamoros temporarily to protect
American citizens and property while it was without other government.
1882
Egypt. July 14 to 18, 1882. American forces landed to protect American interests during warfare
between British forces and Egyptians and the looting of the city of Alexandria by locals.
1885
Panama (Colón). January 18 and 19, 1885. U.S. forces were used to guard valuables in transit over the
Panama Railroad and the safes and vaults of the Panama Railroad company during revolutionary
activity. From March through May in the cities of Colón and Panama City, U.S. forces helped
reestablish freedom of transit during revolutionary strife.
1888
Korea. June. A naval force was sent ashore to protect American residents in Seoul during unsettled
political conditions when an outbreak of the populace was expected.
Haiti. December 20, 1888. A display of force persuaded the Haitian government to give up an
American steamer that had been seized on the charge of breach of blockade.
1888-1889
Samoa. November 14, 1888, to March 20, 1889. U.S. forces were landed to protect American citizens
and the consulate during a civil war.
1889
Hawaiian Islands. July 30 and 31, 1889. U.S. forces protected American interests at Honolulu during a
revolution.
1890
Argentina. A naval party landed to protect the U.S. consulate and legation in Buenos Aires.
1891
Haiti. U.S. forces sought to protect American interest in guano, an organic fertilizer, on the
uninhabited Navassa Island.
Bering Strait. June 22 to October 5, 1891. The Bering Sea Squadron, combined operations by the U.S.
and British navies, sought to stop seal poaching by boarding and expelling dozens of merchant vessels
around the Aleutian islands.
Chile. August 28 to 30. The USS Baltimore and USS San Francisco landed a party commanded by
Captain William S. Muce, USMC, to guard the U.S. Consulate at Valparaiso during the Chilean civil
war.
1893
Hawaii. January 16 to April 1, 1893. Marines were landed ostensibly to protect American lives and
property, but many believed actually to promote a provisional government under Sanford B. Dole.
This action was disavowed by the United States.
1894
Brazil. January. A display of naval force sought to protect American commerce and shipping at Rio de
Janeiro during a Brazilian civil war.
Congressional Research Service
6
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
Nicaragua. July 6 to August 7, 1894. U.S. forces sought to protect American interests at Bluefields
following a revolution.
1894-1895
China. In March 1894, Marines from the gunboat USS Monocacy provided an honor guard for the
Chinese viceroy’s official visit to the U.S. consulate at Tientsin (Tianjin).
China. A naval vessel was beached and used as a fort at Newchwang (Yingkou) for protection of
American nationals.
1894-1896
Korea. July 24, 1894, to April 3, 1896. A guard of marines was sent to protect the American legation
and American lives and interests at Seoul during and following the Sino-Japanese War.
1895
Colombia. March 8 to 9, 1895. Lieutenant Ben Hebard Fuller led a landing party at Boca del Toro to
protect American lives and property threatened by a political revolt.
1896
Nicaragua. May 2 to 4, 1896. U.S. forces protected American interests in Corinto during political
unrest.
1898
Nicaragua. February 7 and 8, 1898. U.S. forces protected American lives and property at San Juan del
Sur.
1898
The Spanish-American War. On April 25, 1898, the United States declared war with
Spain. The war followed a Cuban insurrection against Spanish rule and the sinking of the USS Maine
in the harbor at Havana.
1898-1899
China. November 5, 1898, to March 15, 1899. U.S. forces provided a guard for the legation at Peking
(Beijing) and the consulate at Tientsin (Tianjin) during a contest for political control between the
Dowager Empress and her son.
1899
Nicaragua. American and British naval forces were landed to protect national interests at San Juan del
Norte, February 22 to March 5, 1899, and at Bluefields a few weeks later in connection with the
insurrection of General Juan P. Reyes.
Samoa. February-May 15, 1899. American and British naval forces were landed to protect national
interests and to take part in a bloody contention over the succession to the throne.
1899-1901
Philippine Islands. U.S. forces protected American interests following the war with Spain and
conquered the islands by defeating the Filipinos in their war for independence.
1900
China. May 24 to September 28, 1900. American troops participated in operations to protect foreign
lives during the Boxer Uprising, particularly at Peking (Beijing). For many years after this experience, a
permanent legation guard was maintained in Peking (Beijing) and was strengthened at times as trouble
threatened.
1901
Colombia (State of Panama). November 20 to December 4, 1901. U.S. forces protected American
property on the Isthmus and kept transit lines open during serious revolutionary disturbances.
1902
Colombia. April 16 to 23, 1902. U.S. forces protected American lives and property at Bocas del Toro
during a civil war.
Colombia (State of Panama). September 17 to November 18, 1902. The United States placed armed
guards on all trains crossing the Isthmus to keep the railroad line open, and stationed ships on both
sides of Panama to prevent the landing of Colombian troops.
1903
Honduras. March 23 to 30 or 31, 1903. U.S. forces protected the American consulate and the
steamship wharf at Puerto Cortez during a period of revolutionary activity.
Dominican Republic. March 30 to April 21, 1903. A detachment of U.S. marines was landed to protect
American interests in the city of Santo Domingo during a revolutionary outbreak.
Syria. September 7 to 12, 1903. U.S. forces protected the American consulate in Beirut when a local
uprising was feared.
1903-1904
Abyssinia. Twenty-five marines were sent to Abyssinia (modern day Ethiopia) to protect the U.S.
Consul General while he negotiated a treaty.
1903-1914
Panama. U.S. forces sought to protect American interests and lives during and following the
revolution for independence from Colombia over construction of the Isthmian Canal. With brief
Congressional Research Service
7
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
intermissions, U.S. marines were stationed on the Isthmus from November 4, 1903, to January 21,
1914, to guard American interests.
1904
Dominican Republic. January 2 to February 11, 1904. American and British naval forces established an
area in which no fighting would be allowed and protected American interests in Puerto Plata and
Sosúa and Santo Domingo City during revolutionary fighting.
Tangier, Morocco. A squadron demonstrated to force the release of a kidnapped Americans Ion
Hanford Perdicaris and Cromwell Varley. Marines were landed to protect the consul general.
Panama. November 17 to 24, 1904. U.S. forces protected American lives and property at Ancon at
the time of a threatened insurrection.
1904-1905
Korea. January 5, 1904, to November 11, 1905. A guard of marines was sent to protect the American
legation in Seoul during the Russo-Japanese War.
1906-1909
Cuba. September 1906 to January 23, 1909. U.S. forces sought to restore order, protect foreigners,
and establish a stable government after serious revolutionary activity.
1907
Honduras. March 18 to June 8, 1907. To protect American interests during a war between Honduras
and Nicaragua, U.S. troops were stationed in Trujillo, La Ceiba, Puerto Cortez, San Pedro, Laguna,
and Choloma.
1910
Nicaragua. May 19 to September 4, 1910. U.S. forces protected American interests at Bluefields, an
area where U.S. marines were stationed.
1911
Honduras. January 26, 1911. American naval detachments were landed to protect American lives and
interests during a civil war in Honduras.
China. As the nationalist revolution approached, in October 1911 an ensign and 10 men tried to enter
Wuchang (Wuhan) to rescue missionaries but retired on being warned away, and a small landing
force guarded American private property and consulate at Hankow (Hankou). Marines were deployed
in November to guard the cable stations at Shanghai; landing forces were sent for protection in
Nanking (Nanjing), Chinkiang (Zhenjiang), Taku, Japan, and elsewhere.
1912
Honduras. A small force landed to prevent seizure by the government of an American-owned railroad
at Puerto Cortez. The forces were withdrawn after the United States disapproved the action.
Panama. U.S. troops, on request of both political parties, supervised elections outside the Canal Zone.
Cuba. June 5 to August 5, 1912. U.S. forces protected American interests on the Province of Oriente
(before 1905 known as Santiago de Cuba Province), and in Havana.
China. August 24 to 26, 1912. On Kentucky Island, and August 26 to 30 at Camp Nicholson. U.S.
forces protected Americans and American interests during revolutionary activity.
Turkey. November 18 to December 3, 1912. U.S. forces guarded the American legation at
Constantinople (Istanbul) during the First Balkan War.
1912-1925
Nicaragua. August to November 1912. U.S. forces protected American interests during an attempted
revolution. A small force, serving as a legation guard and seeking to promote peace and stability,
remained until August 5, 1925.
1912-1941
China. The disorders which began with the overthrow of the dynasty during the Kuomintang rebellion
in 1912, which were redirected by the invasion of China by Japan, led to demonstrations and landing
parties for the protection of U.S. interests in China that continued from 1912 on to 1941. The guard
at Peking (Beijing) and along the route to the sea was maintained until 1941. In 1927, the United
States had 5,670 troops ashore in China and 44 naval vessels in its waters. In 1933 the United States
had 3,027 armed men ashore. The protective action was generally based on treaties with China
concluded from 1858 to 1901.
1913
Mexico. September 5 to 7, 1913. A few marines landed at Estero de Ciaris to aid in evacuating
American citizens and others from the Yaqui Valley, made dangerous for foreigners by civil strife.
1914
Haiti. January 29 to February 9, February 20 to 21, October 19, 1914. Intermittently, U.S. naval forces
protected American nationals in a time of rioting and revolution.
Congressional Research Service
8
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
Dominican Republic. June and July 1914. During a revolutionary movement, United States naval forces
by gunfire stopped the bombardment of Puerto Plata, and by threat of force maintained Santo
Domingo City as a neutral zone.
1914-1917
Mexico. Undeclared Mexican-American hostilities followed the Dolphin affair and Villa’s raids and
included capture of Vera Cruz and later Pershing’s expedition into northern Mexico.
1915-1934
Haiti. July 28, 1915, to August 15, 1934. U.S. forces maintained order during a period of chronic
political instability.
1916
China. American forces landed to quell a riot taking place on American property in Nanking (Nanjing).
1916-1924
Dominican Republic. May 1916 to September 1924. American naval forces maintained order during a
period of chronic and threatened insurrection.
1917
China. American troops were landed at Chungking (Chongqing) to protect American lives during a
political crisis.
1917-1918
World War I. On April 6, 1917, the United States declared war with Germany and on
December 7, 1917, with Austria-Hungary. Entrance of the United States into the war was
precipitated by Germany’s submarine warfare against neutral shipping.
1917-1922
Cuba. U.S. forces protected American interests during an insurrection and subsequent unsettled
conditions. Most of the United States Armed Forces left Cuba by August 1919, but two companies
remained at Camaguey until February 1922.
1918-1919
Mexico. After withdrawal of the Pershing expedition, U.S. troops entered Mexico in pursuit of bandits
at least three times in 1918 and six times in 1919. In August 1918, American and Mexican troops
fought at Nogales.
1918-1920
Panama. U.S. forces were used for police duty according to treaty stipulations, in Chiriquí Province,
during election disturbances and subsequent unrest.
Soviet Russia. Marines were landed at and near Vladivostok in June and July to protect the American
consulate and other points in the fighting between the Bolshevik troops and the Czech Army, which
had traversed Siberia from the western front. A joint proclamation of emergency government and
neutrality was issued by the American, Japanese, British, French, and Czech commanders in July. In
August 7,000 men were landed in Vladivostok and remained until January 1920, as part of an allied
occupation force. In September 1918, 5,000 American troops joined the allied intervention force at
Archangel and remained until June 1919. These operations were in response to the Bolshevik
revolution in Russia and were partly supported by Czarist or Kerensky elements.
1919
Dalmatia. U.S. forces were landed at Trau (Trogir, Croatia) at the request of Italian authorities to
police order between the Italians and Serbs.
Turkey. Marines from the USS Arizona were landed to guard the U.S. Consulate during the Greek
occupation of Constantinople (Istanbul).
Honduras. September 8 to 12, 1919. A landing force was sent ashore to maintain order in a neutral
zone during an attempted revolution.
1920
China. March 14, 1920. A landing force was sent ashore for a few hours to protect lives during a
disturbance at Kiukiang (Jiujiang).
Guatemala. April 9 to 27, 1920. U.S. forces protected the American legation and other American
interests, such as the cable station, during a period of fighting between Unionists and the government
of Guatemala.
1920-1922
Russia (Siberia). February 16, 1920, to November 19, 1922. A marine guard was sent to protect the
United States radio station and property on Russian Island, Bay of Vladivostok.
1921
Panama-Costa Rica. American naval squadrons demonstrated in April on both sides of the Isthmus to
prevent war between the two countries over a boundary dispute.
Congressional Research Service
9
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
1922
Turkey. September and October 1922. A landing force was sent ashore with consent of both Greek
and Turkish authorities to protect American lives and property when the Turkish Nationalists
entered Smyrna.
1922-1923
China. Between April 1922 and November 1923, U.S. marines were landed five times to protect
Americans during periods of unrest.
1924
Honduras. February 28 to March 31, September 10 to 15, 1924. U.S. forces protected American lives
and interests during election hostilities.
China. September. Marines were landed to protect Americans and other foreigners in Shanghai during
Chinese factional hostilities.
1925
China. January 15 to August 29, 1925. Fighting of Chinese factions accompanied by riots and
demonstrations in Shanghai brought the landing of American forces to protect lives and property in
the International Settlement.
Honduras. April 19 to 21, 1925. U.S. forces protected foreigners at La Ceiba during a political
upheaval.
Panama. October 12 to 23, 1925. Strikes and rent riots led to the landing of about 600 American
troops to keep order and protect American interests.
1926-1933
Nicaragua. May 7 to June 5, 1926; August 27, 1926, to January 3, 1933. The coup d’état of General
Chamorro aroused revolutionary activities leading to the landing of American marines to protect the
interests of the United States. United States forces came and went intermittently until January 3,
1933.
1926
China. August and September 1926. The Nationalist attack on Hankow (Hankou) brought the landing
of U.S. naval forces to protect American citizens. A small guard was maintained at the American
consulate general even after September 16, when the rest of the forces were withdrawn. Likewise,
when Nationalist forces captured Kiukiang (Jiujiang), U.S. naval forces were landed for the protection
of foreigners from November 4 to 6, 1926.
1927
China. February 1927. Fighting at Shanghai caused American naval forces and marines to be increased.
In March, a naval guard was stationed at the American consulate at Nanking (Nanjing) after
Nationalist forces captured the city. American and British destroyers later used shell fire to protect
Americans and other foreigners. Subsequently, additional forces of U.S. marines and naval vessels
were stationed in the vicinity of Shanghai and Tientsin (Tianjin).
1932
China. American forces were landed to protect American interests during the Japanese occupation of
Shanghai.
1933
Cuba. During a revolution against President Gerardo Machado, U.S. naval forces demonstrated but no
landing was made.
1934
China. Marines landed at Foochow (Fuzhou) to protect the American consulate.
1940
Newfoundland, Bermuda, St. Lucia, Bahamas, Jamaica, Antigua, Trinidad, and British Guiana. Troops were
sent to guard air and naval bases obtained by negotiation with Great Britain. These were sometimes
called lend-lease bases.
1941
Greenland. Greenland was taken under protection of the United States in April 1941.
Netherlands (Dutch Guiana). In November, President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered American troops
to occupy Dutch Guiana, but by agreement with the Netherlands government in exile. Brazil
cooperated to protect aluminum ore supply from the bauxite mines in Surinam.
Iceland. Iceland was taken under the protection of the United States, with consent of its government,
for strategic reasons.
Germany. In spring 1941, President Roosevelt ordered the U.S. Navy to patrol ship lanes to Europe.
By July, U.S. warships were convoying and by September were attacking German submarines. In
November, the Neutrality Act was partly repealed to protect U.S. military aid to Britain.
1941-1945
World War II. On December 8, 1941, the United States declared war with Japan, on
December 11 with Germany and Italy, and on June 5, 1942, with Bulgaria, Hungary, and
Congressional Research Service
10
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
Romania. The United States declared war against Japan after the surprise bombing of Pearl Harbor,
and against Germany and Italy after those nations, under the dictators Hitler and Mussolini, declared
war against the United States. The United States declared war against Bulgaria, Hungary, and Romania
in response to the declarations of war by those nations against the United States.
1945
China. In October 1945, 50,000 U.S. marines were sent to North China to assist Chinese Nationalist
authorities in disarming and repatriating the Japanese in China and in controlling ports, railroads, and
airfields. This was in addition to approximately 60,000 U.S. forces remaining in China at the end of
World War II.
1946
Trieste, Italy. President Harry Truman ordered the augmentation of U.S. troops along the zonal
occupation line and the reinforcement of air forces in northern Italy after Yugoslav forces shot down
an unarmed U.S. Army transport plane flying over Friuli Venezia Giulia. Earlier U.S. naval units had
been dispatched to the scene.
1948
Palestine. A marine consular guard was sent to Jerusalem to protect the U.S. Consul General.
Berlin, Germany. After the Soviet Union established a land blockade of the U.S., British, and French
sectors of Berlin on June 24, 1948, the United States and its allies airlifted supplies to Berlin until after
the blockade was lifted in May 1949.
1948-1949
China. Marines were dispatched to Nanking (Nanjing) to protect the American embassy when the city
fell to Communist troops, and to Shanghai to aid in the protection and evacuation of Americans.
1950-1953
Korean War. The United States responded to the North Korean invasion of South Korea by going to
its assistance, pursuant to United Nations Security Council resolutions. U.S. forces deployed in Korea
exceeded 300,000 during the last year of the conflict. Over 36,600 U.S. military were killed in action.
1950-1955
Formosa (Taiwan). In June 1950 at the beginning of the Korean War, President Truman ordered the
U.S. Seventh Fleet to prevent Chinese Communist attacks upon Formosa (Taiwan) and Chinese
Nationalist operations against mainland China.
1954-1955
China. Naval units evacuated U.S. civilians and military personnel from the Tachen (Dachen) Islands.
1956
Egypt. A marine battalion evacuated U.S. nationals and other persons from Alexandria during the Suez
crisis.
1958
Lebanon. Marines were landed in Lebanon at the invitation of its government to help protect against
threatened insurrection supported from the outside. President Dwight Eisenhower’s action was
supported by a congressional resolution passed in 1957 that authorized such actions in that area of
the world.
1959-1960
The Caribbean. The 2nd Marine Ground Task Force was deployed to protect U.S. nationals during the
Cuban crisis.
1962
Thailand. The 3rd Marine Expeditionary Unit landed on May 17, 1962, to support that country during
the threat of Communist pressure from outside; by July 30 the 5,000 marines had been withdrawn.
Cuba. On October 22, 1962, President John F. Kennedy instituted “quarantine” on the shipment of
offensive missiles to Cuba from the Soviet Union. He also warned the Soviet Union that the launching
of any missile from Cuba against any nation in the Western Hemisphere would bring about U.S.
nuclear retaliation on the Soviet Union. A negotiated settlement was achieved in a few days.
1962-1975
Laos. From October 1962 until 1975, the United States played an important role in military support of
anti-Communist forces in Laos.
1964
Congo. The United States sent four transport planes to provide airlift for Congolese troops during a
rebellion and to transport Belgian paratroopers to rescue foreigners.
1964-1973
Vietnam War. U.S. military advisers had been in South Vietnam for a decade, and their numbers had
been increased as the military position of the Saigon government became weaker. After citing what he
termed were attacks on U.S. destroyers in the Tonkin Gulf, President Lyndon B. Johnson asked in
August 1964 for a resolution expressing U.S. determination to support freedom and protect peace in
Southeast Asia. Congress responded with the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, expressing support for “all
necessary measures” the President might take to repel armed attack against U.S. forces and prevent
Congressional Research Service
11
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
further aggression. Following this resolution, and following a Communist attack on a U.S. installation
in central Vietnam, the United States escalated its participation in the war to a peak of 543,000
military personnel by April 1969.
1965
Dominican Republic. The United States intervened to protect lives and property during a Dominican
revolt and sent more troops as fears grew that the revolutionary forces were coming increasingly
under Communist control.
1967
Congo. The United States sent three military transport aircraft with crews to provide the Congo
central government with logistical support during a revolt.
1970
Cambodia. U.S. troops were ordered into Cambodia to clean out Communist sanctuaries from which
Viet Cong and North Vietnamese attacked U.S. and South Vietnamese forces in Vietnam. The object
of this attack, which lasted from April 30 to June 30, was to ensure the continuing safe withdrawal of
American forces from South Vietnam and to assist the program of Vietnamization.
1974
Evacuation from Cyprus. U.S. naval forces evacuated American civilians from the island during hostilities
between Turkish and Greek Cypriot forces.
1975
Evacuation from Vietnam. On April 3, 1975, President Gerald Ford reported U.S. naval vessels,
helicopters, and marines had been sent to assist in evacuation of refugees and U.S. nationals from
Vietnam.3
Evacuation from Cambodia. On April 12, 1975, President Ford reported that he had ordered U.S.
military forces to proceed with the planned evacuation of U.S. citizens from Cambodia.
South Vietnam. On April 30, 1975, President Ford reported that a force of 70 evacuation helicopters
and 865 marines had evacuated about 1,400 U.S. citizens and 5,500 third country nationals and South
Vietnamese from landing zones near the U.S. embassy in Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City) and the Tan Son
Nhut Airfield.
Mayaguez incident. On May 15, 1975, President Ford reported he had ordered military forces to
retake the SS Mayaguez, a merchant vessel en route from Hong Kong to Thailand with a U.S. citizen
crew which was seized by Cambodian naval patrol boats in international waters and forced to
proceed to a nearby island.
1976
Lebanon. On July 22 and 23, 1974, helicopters from five U.S. naval vessels evacuated approximately
250 Americans and Europeans from Lebanon during fighting between Lebanese factions after an
overland convoy evacuation had been blocked by hostilities.
Korea. Additional forces were sent to Korea after two American soldiers were killed by North
Korean soldiers in the demilitarized zone between North and South Korea while cutting down a tree.
1978
Zaire. From May 19 through June 1978, the United States used military transport aircraft to provide
logistical support to Belgian and French rescue operations in Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of
Congo, or DRC).
1980
Iran. On April 26, 1980, President Jimmy Carter reported the use of six U.S. transport planes and
eight helicopters in an unsuccessful attempt to rescue American hostages being held in Iran.
1981
El Salvador. After a guerilla offensive against the government of El Salvador, additional U.S. military
advisers were sent to El Salvador, bringing the total to approximately 55, to assist in training
government forces in counterinsurgency.
Libya. On August 19, 1981, U.S. planes based on the carrier USS Nimitz shot down two Libyan jets
over the Gulf of Sidra after one of the Libyan jets had fired a heat-seeking missile. The United States
periodically held freedom of navigation exercises in the Gulf of Sidra, claimed by Libya as territorial
waters but considered international waters by the United States.
3 This and subsequent mentions of presidential reports or notifications refer to reports the President submitted to
Congress related to the War Powers Resolution (P.L. 93-148, November 7, 1973). Background information on the
discussion of the War Powers Resolution and various types of reports required under it was included in CRS Report
R42699, The War Powers Resolution: Concepts and Practice, by Matthew C. Weed, and “The War Powers
Resolution,” by Christine Sellers. Law Library Blog, Library of Congress, October 27, 2011, at https://blogs.loc.gov/
law/2011/10/the-war-powers-resolution/.
Congressional Research Service
12
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
1982
Sinai, Egypt. On March 19, 1982, President Ronald Reagan reported the deployment of military
personnel and equipment to participate in the Multinational Force and Observers in the Sinai.
Participation had been authorized by the Multinational Force and Observers Resolution, P.L. 97-132.
Lebanon. On August 21, 1982, President Reagan reported the dispatch of 800 marines to serve in the
multinational force to assist in the withdrawal of members of the Palestine Liberation force from
Beirut. The marines left September 20, 1982.
1982-1983
Lebanon. On September 29, 1982, President Reagan reported the deployment of 1,200 marines to
serve in a temporary multinational force to facilitate the restoration of Lebanese government
sovereignty. On September 29, 1983, Congress passed the Multinational Force in Lebanon Resolution
(P.L. 98-119) authorizing the continued participation for 18 months.
1983
Egypt. After a Libyan plane bombed a city in Sudan on March 18, 1983, and Sudan and Egypt appealed
for assistance, the United States dispatched an AWACS electronic surveillance plane to Egypt.
1983-1989
Honduras. In July 1983 the United States undertook a series of exercises in Honduras that some
believed might lead to conflict with Nicaragua. On March 25, 1986, unarmed U.S. military helicopters
and crewmen ferried Honduran troops to the Nicaraguan border to repel Nicaraguan troops.
1983
Chad. On August 8, 1983, President Reagan reported the deployment of two AWACS electronic
surveillance planes and eight F-15 fighter planes and ground logistical support forces to assist Chad
against Libyan and rebel forces.
Grenada. On October 25, 1983, President Reagan reported a landing on Grenada by marines and
Army airborne troops to protect lives and assist in the restoration of law and order and at the
request of five members of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States.
1984
Persian Gulf. On June 5, 1984, Saudi Arabian jet fighter planes, aided by intelligence from a U.S.
AWACS electronic surveillance aircraft and fueled by a U.S. KC-10 tanker, shot down two Iranian
fighter planes over an area of the Persian Gulf proclaimed as a protected zone for shipping.
1985
Italy. On October 10, 1985, U.S. Navy pilots intercepted an Egyptian airliner and forced it to land in
Sicily. The airliner was carrying the hijackers of the Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro, who had killed an
American citizen during the hijacking.
1986
Libya. On March 26, 1986, President Reagan reported to Congress that, on March 24 and 25, U.S.
forces, while engaged in freedom of navigation exercises around the Gulf of Sidra, had been attacked
by Libyan missiles and the United States had responded with missiles.
Libya. On April 16, 1986, President Reagan reported that U.S. air and naval forces had conducted
bombing strikes on terrorist facilities and military installations in Libya.
Bolivia. U.S. Army personnel and aircraft assisted Bolivia in anti-drug operations.
1987-1988
Persian Gulf. After the Iran-Iraq War resulted in several military incidents in the Persian Gulf, the
United States increased U.S. joint military forces operations in the Persian Gulf and adopted a policy
of reflagging and escorting Kuwaiti oil tankers through the Gulf. President Reagan reported that U.S.
Navy ships had been fired upon or struck mines or taken other military action on September 23,
October 10, and October 20, 1987, and April 19, July 4, and July 14, 1988. The United States
gradually reduced its forces after a cease-fire between Iran and Iraq on August 20, 1988.
1988
Panama. In mid-March and April 1988, during a period of instability in Panama and as pressure grew
for Panamanian military leader General Manuel Noriega to resign, the United States sent 1,000 troops
to Panama, to “further safeguard the canal, U.S. lives, property and interests in the area.” The forces
supplemented 10,000 U.S. military personnel already in Panama.
1989
Libya. On January 4, 1989, two U.S. Navy F-14 aircraft based on the USS John F. Kennedy shot down
two Libyan jet fighters over the Mediterranean Sea about 70 miles north of Libya. The U.S. pilots said
the Libyan planes had demonstrated hostile intentions.
Panama. On May 11, 1989, in response to General Noriega’s disregard of the results of the
Panamanian election, President George H.W. Bush ordered a brigade-sized force of approximately
1,900 troops to augment the estimated 11,000 U.S. forces already in the area.
Andean Initiative in War on Drugs. On September 15, 1989, President George H.W. Bush announced
that military and law enforcement assistance would be sent to help the Andean nations of Colombia,
Congressional Research Service
13
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
Bolivia, and Peru combat illicit drug producers and traffickers. By mid-September there were 50-100
U.S. military advisers in Colombia in connection with transport and training in the use of military
equipment, plus seven Special Forces teams of 2-12 persons to train troops in the three countries.
Philippines. On December 2, 1989, President George H.W. Bush reported that on December 1, U.S.
fighter planes from Clark Air Base in the Philippines had assisted the Aquino government to repel a
coup attempt. In addition, 100 marines were sent from the U.S. Navy base at Subic Bay to protect the
U.S. embassy in Manila.
1989-1990
Panama. On December 21, 1989, President George H.W. Bush reported that he had ordered U.S.
military forces to Panama to protect the lives of American citizens and bring General Noriega to
justice. By February 13, 1990, all the invasion forces had been withdrawn.
1990
Liberia. On August 6, 1990, President George H.W. Bush reported that a reinforced rifle company
had been sent to provide additional security to the U.S. embassy in Monrovia, and that helicopter
teams had evacuated U.S. citizens from Liberia.
Saudi Arabia. On August 9, 1990, President George H.W. Bush reported that he had ordered the
forward deployment of substantial elements of the U.S. Armed Forces into the Persian Gulf region to
help defend Saudi Arabia after the August 2 invasion of Kuwait by Iraq. On November 16, 1990, he
reported the continued buildup of the forces to ensure an adequate offensive military option.
1991
Iraq. On January 18, 1991, President George H.W. Bush reported that he had directed U.S. Armed
Forces to commence combat operations on January 16 against Iraqi forces and military targets in Iraq
and Kuwait, in conjunction with a coalition of allies and U.N. Security Council resolutions. On January
12, Congress had passed the Authorization for Use of Military Force against Iraq Resolution (P.L. 1021). Combat operations were suspended on February 28, 1991.
Iraq. On May 17, 1991, President George H.W. Bush stated in a status report to Congress that the
Iraqi repression of the Kurdish people had necessitated a limited introduction of U.S. forces into
northern Iraq for emergency relief purposes.
Zaire (now DRC). On September 25-27, 1991, after widespread looting and rioting broke out in
Kinshasa, U.S. Air Force C-141s transported 100 Belgian troops and equipment into Kinshasa. U.S.
planes also carried 300 French troops into the Central African Republic and brought back American
citizens and third country nationals from locations outside Zaire (DRC).
1992
Sierra Leone. On May 3, 1992, U.S. military planes evacuated Americans from Sierra Leone, where
military leaders had overthrown the government.
Kuwait. On August 3, 1992, the United States began a series of military exercises in Kuwait, following
Iraqi refusal to recognize a new border drawn up by the United Nations and refusal to cooperate
with U.N. inspection teams.
Iraq. On September 16, 1992, President George H.W. Bush stated in a status report to Congress that
he had ordered U.S. participation in the enforcement of a prohibition against Iraqi flights in a specified
zone in southern Iraq, and aerial reconnaissance to monitor Iraqi compliance with the cease-fire
resolution.
Somalia. On December 10, 1992, President George H.W. Bush reported that he had deployed U.S.
Armed Forces to Somalia in response to a humanitarian crisis and a U.N. Security Council Resolution
determining that the situation constituted a threat to international peace. This operation, called
Operation Restore Hope, was part of a U.S.-led United Nations Unified Task Force (UNITAF) and
came to an end on May 4, 1993. U.S. forces continued to participate in the successor United Nations
Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM II), which the U.N. Security Council authorized to assist Somalia in
political reconciliation and restoration of peace.
1993
Iraq. On January 19, 1993, President George H.W. Bush said in a status report that on December 27,
1992, U.S. aircraft had shot down an Iraqi aircraft in the prohibited zone; on January 13 aircraft from
the United States and coalition partners had attacked missile bases in southern Iraq; and further
military actions had occurred on January 17 and 18. Administration officials said the United States was
deploying a battalion task force to Kuwait to underline the continuing U.S. commitment to Kuwaiti
independence.
Iraq. On January 21, 1993, shortly after his inauguration, President Bill Clinton said the United States
would continue the Bush policy on Iraq, and U.S. aircraft fired at targets in Iraq after pilots sensed
Iraqi radar or anti-aircraft fire directed at them.
Congressional Research Service
14
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
Bosnia. On February 28, 1993, the United States began an airdrop of relief supplies aimed at Muslims
surrounded by Serbian forces in Bosnia.
Bosnia. On April 13, 1993, President Bill Clinton reported U.S. forces were participating in a North
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) air action to enforce a U.N. ban on all unauthorized military
flights over Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Iraq. In a status report on Iraq of May 24, President Clinton said that on April 9 and April 18 U.S.
planes had bombed or fired missiles at Iraqi anti-aircraft sites that had tracked U.S. aircraft.
Somalia. On June 10, 1993, President Clinton reported that in response to attacks against U.N. forces
in Somalia by a factional leader, the U.S. Quick Reaction Force in the area had participated in military
action to quell the violence. On July 1, President Clinton reported further air and ground military
operations on June 12 and June 17, aimed at neutralizing military capabilities that had impeded U.N.
efforts to deliver humanitarian relief and promote national reconstruction, and additional instances
occurred in the following months.
Iraq. On June 28, 1993, President Clinton reported that on June 26, U.S. naval forces had launched
missiles against the Iraqi Intelligence Service’s headquarters in Baghdad in response to an unsuccessful
attempt to assassinate former President George H.W. Bush in Kuwait in April 1993.
Iraq. In a status report of July 22, 1993, President Clinton said on June 19, a U.S. aircraft had fired a
missile at an Iraqi anti-aircraft site displaying hostile intent. U.S. planes also bombed an Iraqi missile
battery on August 19, 1993.
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. On July 9, 1993, President Clinton reported the deployment of
350 U.S. soldiers to the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) to participate in the U.N.
Protection Force to help maintain stability in the area of former Yugoslavia.4
Haiti. On October 20, 1993, President Clinton reported that U.S. ships had begun to enforce a U.N.
embargo against Haiti.
1994
Bosnia. On February 17, 1994, President Clinton reported that the United States had expanded its
participation in United Nations and NATO efforts to reach a peaceful solution to the conflict in
former Yugoslavia and that 60 U.S. aircraft were available for participation in the authorized NATO
missions.
Bosnia. On March 1, 1994, President Clinton reported that on February 28, U.S. planes patrolling the
“no-fly zone” in former Yugoslavia under NATO shot down four Serbian Galeb planes.
Bosnia. On April 12, 1994, President Clinton reported that on April 10 and 11, U.S. warplanes under
NATO command had fired against Bosnian Serb forces shelling the “safe” city of Gorazde.
Rwanda. On April 12, 1994, President Clinton reported that combat-equipped U.S. military forces had
been deployed to Burundi to conduct possible non-combatant evacuation operations of U.S. citizens
and other third-country nationals from Rwanda, where widespread fighting had broken out. By
September 30, 1994, all U.S. troops had departed from Rwanda and surrounding nations. In the
Defense Appropriations Act for FY1995 (P.L. 103-335, signed September 30, 1994), Congress barred
use of funds for U.S. military participation in or around Rwanda after October 7, 1994, except for any
action necessary to protect U.S. citizens.
FYROM. On April 19, 1994, President Clinton reported that the U.S. contingent in the Former
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) had been augmented by a reinforced company of 200
personnel.
Haiti. On April 20, 1994, President Clinton reported that U.S. naval forces had continued
enforcement of the U.N. embargo in the waters around Haiti and that 712 vessels had been boarded
since October 20, 1993.
Bosnia. On August 22, 1994, President Clinton reported the use on August 5, of U.S. aircraft under
NATO to attack Bosnian Serb heavy weapons in the Sarajevo heavy weapons exclusion zone upon
request of the U.N. Protection Forces.
Haiti. On September 21, 1994, President Clinton reported the deployment of 1,500 troops to Haiti to
restore democracy. The troop level was subsequently increased to 20,000.
4 Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, Macedonia achieved independence in 1991. However, due to a dispute with
Greece over the name “Macedonia,” the country was initially recognized and admitted to the United Nations in 1993 as
the “Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.” In February 2019, following an agreement with Greece, Macedonia's
name changed to the Republic of North Macedonia.
Congressional Research Service
15
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
Bosnia. On November 22, 1994, President Clinton reported the use of U.S. combat aircraft on
November 21, 1994, under NATO, to attack bases used by Serbs to attack the town of Bihac, Bosnia.
FYROM. On December 22, 1994, President Clinton reported that the U.S. Army contingent in the
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) continued its peacekeeping mission and that the
current contingent would soon be replaced by about 500 soldiers from the 3 rd Battalion, 5th Cavalry
Regiment, and 1st Armored Division from Kirchgoens, Germany.
1995
Somalia. On March 1, 1995, President Clinton reported that on February 27, 1995, 1,800 combatequipped U.S. Armed Forces personnel began deployment into Mogadishu, Somalia, to assist in the
withdrawal of U.N. forces assigned there to the United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM II).
This mission was completed on March 3, 1995.
Haiti. On March 21, 1995, President Clinton reported that U.S. military forces in Haiti as part of a
U.N. Multinational Force had been reduced to just fewer than 5,300 personnel. He noted that as of
March 31, 1995, approximately 2,500 U.S. personnel would remain in Haiti as part of the U.N.
Mission in Haiti (UNMIH).
Bosnia. On May 24, 1995, President Clinton reported that U.S. combat-equipped fighter aircraft and
other aircraft continued to contribute to NATO’s enforcement of the no-fly zone in airspace over
Bosnia-Herzegovina. U.S. aircraft, he noted, were also available for close air support of U.N. forces in
Croatia. Roughly 500 U.S. soldiers continued to be deployed in the Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia (FYROM) as part of the U.N. Preventive Deployment Force (UNPREDEP). U.S. forces
continued to support U.N. refugee and embargo operations in this region.
Bosnia. On September 1, 1995, President Clinton reported that “U.S. combat and support aircraft”
had been used beginning on August 29, 1995, in a series of NATO air strikes against Bosnian Serb
Army (BSA) forces in Bosnia-Herzegovina that were threatening the U.N.-declared safe areas of
Sarajevo, Tuzla, and Gorazde. He noted that during the first day of operations, “some 300 sorties
were flown against 23 targets in the vicinity of Sarajevo, Tuzla, Gorazde and Mostar.”
Haiti. On September 21, 1995, President Clinton reported that currently the United States had 2,400
military personnel in Haiti as participants in UNMIH. In addition, 260 U.S. military personnel were
assigned to the U.S. Support Group Haiti.
Bosnia. On December 6, 1995, President Clinton reported to Congress that he had “ordered the
deployment of approximately 1,500 U.S. military personnel” to Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia as
part of a NATO “enabling force” to lay the groundwork for the prompt and safe deployment of the
NATO-led Implementation Force (IFOR),” which would be used to implement the Bosnian peace
agreement after its signing. The President also noted that he had authorized deployment of roughly
3,000 other U.S. military personnel to Hungary, Italy, and Croatia to establish infrastructure for the
enabling force and the IFOR.
Bosnia. On December 21, 1995, President Clinton reported to Congress that he had ordered the
deployment of approximately 20,000 U.S. military personnel to participate in IFOR in the Republic of
Bosnia-Herzegovina, and approximately 5,000 U.S. military personnel would be deployed in other
former Yugoslav states, primarily in Croatia. In addition, about 7,000 U.S. support forces would be
deployed to Hungary, Italy, and Croatia and other regional states in support of IFOR’s mission.
1996
Haiti. On March 21, 1996, President Clinton reported to Congress that beginning in January 1996,
there had been a “phased reduction” in the number of United States personnel assigned to UNMIH.
As of March 21, 309 U.S. personnel remained a part of UNMIH and were “equipped for combat.”
Liberia. On April 11, 1996, President Clinton reported to Congress that on April 9, 1996, due to the
“deterioration of the security situation and the resulting threat to American citizens” in Liberia he
had ordered U.S. military forces to evacuate from that country “private U.S. citizens and certain
third-country nationals who had taken refuge in the U.S. Embassy compound.”
Liberia. On May 20, 1996, President Clinton reported to Congress the continued deployment of U.S.
military forces in Liberia to evacuate both American citizens and other foreign personnel, and to
respond to various isolated “attacks on the American Embassy complex” in Liberia. The President
noted that the deployment of U.S. forces would continue until there was no longer any need for
enhanced security at the embassy and a requirement to maintain an evacuation capability in the
country.
Central African Republic. On May 23, 1996, President Clinton reported to Congress the deployment of
U.S. military personnel to Bangui, Central African Republic, to conduct the evacuation from that
Congressional Research Service
16
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
country of “private U.S. citizens and certain U.S. Government employees,” and to provide “enhanced
security for the American Embassy in Bangui.”
Bosnia. On June 21, 1996, President Clinton reported to Congress that United States forces totaling
about 17,000 remain deployed in Bosnia “under NATO operational command and control” as part of
the NATO Implementation Force (IFOR). In addition, about 5,500 U.S. military personnel were
deployed in Hungary, Italy, and Croatia, and other regional states to provide “logistical and other
support to IFOR.” President Clinton noted that it was the intention that IFOR would complete the
withdrawal of all troops in the weeks after December 20, 1996, on a schedule “set by NATO
commanders consistent with the safety of troops and the logistical requirements for an orderly
withdrawal.” He also noted that a U.S. Army contingent (of about 500 U.S. soldiers) remained in the
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) as part of the United Nations Preventive
Deployment Force (UNPREDEP).
Rwanda and Zaire (now DRC). On December 2, 1996, President Clinton reported to Congress that to
support the humanitarian efforts of the United Nations regarding refugees in Rwanda and the Great
Lakes Region of Eastern Zaire, he had authorized the use of U.S. personnel and aircraft, including AC130U planes to help in surveying the region in support of humanitarian operations, although fighting
still was occurring in the area, and U.S. aircraft had been subject to fire when on flight duty.
Bosnia. On December 20, 1996, President Clinton reported to Congress that he had authorized U.S.
participation in an IFOR follow-on force in Bosnia, known as SFOR (Stabilization Force), under
NATO command. The President said the U.S. forces contribution to SFOR was to be “about 8,500”
personnel whose primary mission was to deter or prevent a resumption of hostilities or new threats
to peace in Bosnia. SFOR’s duration in Bosnia was expected to be 18 months, with progressive
reductions and eventual withdrawal.
1997
Albania. On March 15, 1997, President Clinton reported to Congress that on March 13, 1997, he had
utilized U.S. military forces to evacuate certain U.S. government employees and private U.S. citizens
from Tirana, Albania, and to enhance security for the U.S. embassy in that city.
Congo and Gabon. On March 27, 1997, President Clinton reported to Congress that, on March 25,
1997, a standby evacuation force of U.S. military personnel had been deployed to Congo and Gabon
to provide enhanced security for American private citizens, government employees, and selected
third country nationals in Zaire, and to be available for any necessary evacuation operation.
Sierra Leone. On May 30, 1997, President Clinton reported to Congress that on May 29 and May 30,
1997, U.S. military personnel were deployed to Freetown, Sierra Leone, to prepare for and undertake
the evacuation of certain U.S. government employees and private U.S. citizens.
Bosnia. On June 20, 1997, President Clinton reported to Congress that U.S. Armed Forces continued
to support peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and other states in the region in support of the NATOled Stabilization Force (SFOR). He reported that currently most U.S. military personnel involved in
SFOR were in Bosnia, near Tuzla, and about 2,800 U.S. troops were deployed in Hungary, Croatia,
Italy, and other regional states to provide logistics and other support to SFOR. A U.S. Army
contingent of about 500 also remained in the FYROM as part of the UNPREDEP.
Cambodia. On July 11, 1997, President Clinton reported to Congress that in an effort to ensure the
security of American citizens in Cambodia during a period of domestic conflict there, he had deployed
a task force of about 550 U.S. military personnel to U-Tapao Air Base in Thailand. These personnel
were to be available for possible emergency evacuation operations in Cambodia as deemed necessary.
Bosnia. On December 19, 1997, President Clinton reported to Congress that he intended “in
principle” to have the United States participate in a security presence in Bosnia when the NATO
SFOR contingent withdrew in the summer of 1998.
1998
Guinea-Bissau. On June 12, 1998, President Clinton reported to Congress that, on June 10, 1998, in
response to an army mutiny in Guinea-Bissau endangering the U.S. embassy, U.S. government
employees, and U.S. citizens in that country, he had deployed a standby evacuation force of U.S.
military personnel to Dakar, Senegal, to remove such individuals, as well as selected third country
nationals, from the city of Bissau. The deployment continued until the necessary evacuations were
completed.
Bosnia. On June 19, 1998, President Clinton reported to Congress regarding activities in the last six
months of combat-equipped U.S. forces in support of NATO’s SFOR in Bosnia and surrounding areas
of former Yugoslavia.
Congressional Research Service
17
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
Kenya and Tanzania. On August 10, 1998, President Clinton reported to Congress that he had
deployed, on August 7, 1998, a Joint Task Force of U.S. military personnel to Nairobi, Kenya, to
coordinate the medical and disaster assistance related to the bombings of the U.S. Embassies in Kenya
and Tanzania. He also reported that teams of 50-100 security personnel had arrived in Nairobi,
Kenya, and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, to enhance the security of the U.S. embassies and citizens there.
Albania. On August 18, 1998, President Clinton reported to Congress that he had, on August 16,
1998, deployed 200 U.S. marines and 10 Navy SEALS to the U.S. embassy compound in Tirana,
Albania, to enhance security against reported threats against U.S. personnel.
Afghanistan and Sudan. On August 21, 1998, by letter, President Clinton reported to Congress that he
had authorized airstrikes on August 20 against camps and installations in Afghanistan and Sudan used
by the Osama bin Laden terrorist organization. The President did so based on what he viewed as
convincing information that the bin Laden organization was responsible for the bombings, on August
7, 1998, of the U.S. Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania.
Liberia. On September 29, 1998, President Clinton reported to Congress that on September 27, 1998,
he had, due to political instability and civil disorder in Liberia, deployed a stand-by response and
evacuation force of 30 U.S. military personnel to augment the security force at the U.S. embassy in
Monrovia, and to provide for a rapid evacuation capability, as needed, to remove U.S. citizens and
government personnel from the country.
Iraq. During the period from December 16-23, 1998, the United States, together with the United
Kingdom, conducted a bombing campaign, termed Operation Desert Fox, against Iraqi industrial
facilities deemed capable of producing weapons of mass destruction, and against other Iraqi military
and security targets.
1998-1999
Iraq. Beginning in late December 1998, and continuing during 1999, the United States, together with
forces of the coalition enforcing the “no-fly” zones over Iraq, conducted military operations against
the Iraqi air defense system on numerous occasions in response to actual or potential threats against
aircraft enforcing the “no-fly” zones in northern and southern Iraq.
1999
Bosnia. On January 19, 1999, President Clinton reported to Congress that he was continuing to
authorize the use of combat-equipped U.S. Armed Forces in Bosnia and other states in the region as
participants in and supporters of the NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR). He noted that the U.S.
SFOR military personnel totaled about 6,900, with about 2,300 U.S. military personnel deployed to
Hungary, Croatia, Italy, and other regional states. Also, some 350 U.S. military personnel remain
deployed in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) as part of UNPREDEP.
Kenya. On February 25, 1999, President Clinton reported to Congress that he was continuing to
deploy U.S. military personnel in that country to assist in providing security for the U.S. embassy and
American citizens in Nairobi, pending completion of renovations of the U.S. embassy facility in
Nairobi, subject of a terrorist bombing in August 1998.
Yugoslavia. On March 26, 1999, President Clinton reported to Congress that, on March 24, 1999, U.S.
military forces, at his direction, and in coalition with NATO allies, had commenced air strikes against
Yugoslavia in response to the Yugoslav government’s campaign of violence and repression against the
ethnic Albanian population in Kosovo.
Yugoslavia/Albania. On April 7, 1999, President Clinton reported to Congress that he had ordered
additional U.S. military forces to Albania, including rotary wing aircraft, artillery, and tactical missiles
systems to enhance NATO’s ability to conduct effective air operations in Yugoslavia. About 2,500
soldiers and aviators are to be deployed as part of this task force. The President also reported the
deployment of U.S. military forces to Albania and FYROM to support humanitarian disaster relief
operations for Kosovar refugees.
Yugoslavia/Albania. On May 25, 1999, President Clinton reported to Congress, “consistent with the
war Powers Resolution,” that he had directed “deployment of additional aircraft and forces to
support NATO’s ongoing efforts [against Yugoslavia], including several thousand additional U.S.
Armed Forces personnel to Albania in support of the deep strike force located there.” He also
directed that additional U.S. forces be deployed to the region to assist in “humanitarian operations.”
Yugoslavia/Kosovo. On June 12, 1999, President Clinton reported to Congress, “consistent with the
War Powers Resolution,” that he had directed the deployment of about “7,000 U.S. military
personnel as the U.S. contribution to the approximately 50,000-member, NATO-led security force
(KFOR)” currently being assembled in Kosovo. He also noted that about “1,500 U.S. military
Congressional Research Service
18
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
personnel, under separate U.S. command and control, will deploy to other countries in the region, as
our national support element, in support of KFOR.”
Bosnia. On July 19, 1999, President Clinton reported to Congress, “consistent with the War Powers
Resolution,” that about 6,200 U.S. military personnel were continuing to participate in the NATO-led
Stabilization Force (SFOR) in Bosnia, and that another 2,200 personnel were supporting SFOR
operations from Hungary, Croatia, and Italy. He also noted that U.S. military personnel remain in
FYROM to support the international security presence in Kosovo (KFOR).
East Timor. On October 8, 1999, President Clinton reported to Congress “consistent with the War
Powers Resolution” that he had directed the deployment of a limited number of U.S. military forces
to East Timor to support the U.N. multinational force (INTERFET) aimed at restoring peace to East
Timor. U.S. support has been limited initially to “communications, logistics, planning assistance and
transportation.” The President further noted that he had authorized deployment of the amphibious
ship USS Belleau Wood, together with its helicopters and personnel from the 31st Marine
Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations Capable) (MEU SOC), to the East Timor region, to provide
helicopter airlift and search and rescue support to the multinational operation. U.S. participation was
anticipated to continue until the transition to a U.N. peacekeeping operation was complete.
Yugoslavia/Kosovo. On December 15, 1999, President Clinton reported to Congress “consistent with
the War Powers Resolution” that U.S. combat-equipped military personnel continued to serve as part
of the NATO-led security force in Kosovo (KFOR). He noted that the American contribution to
KFOR in Kosovo was “approximately 8,500 U.S. military personnel.” U.S. forces were deployed in a
sector around Uroševac (Ferizaj) in the eastern portion of Kosovo.” For U.S. KFOR forces,
“maintaining public security is a key task.” Other U.S. military personnel are deployed to other
countries in the region to serve in administrative and logistics support roles for U.S. forces in KFOR.
Of these forces, about 1,500 U.S. military personnel are in FYROM and Greece, and occasionally in
Albania.
1999-2000
Iraq. At various times during 1999, and continuing throughout 2000, the United States, together with
forces of the coalition enforcing the “no-fly” zones over Iraq, conducted military operations against
the Iraqi air defense system on numerous occasions in response to actual or potential threats against
aircraft enforcing the “no-fly” zones in northern and southern Iraq.
2000
Bosnia. On January 25, 2000, President Clinton reported to Congress “consistent with the War
Powers Resolution” that the United States continued to provide combat-equipped U.S. Armed Forces
to Bosnia-Herzegovina and other states in the region as part of the NATO led Stabilization Force
(SFOR). The President noted that the U.S. force contribution was being reduced from “approximately
6,200 to 4,600 personnel,” with the U.S. forces assigned to Multinational Division, North, around the
city of Tuzla. He added that approximately 1,500 U.S. military personnel were deployed to Hungary,
Croatia, and Italy to provide “logistical and other support to SFOR” and U.S. forces continue to
support SFOR in “efforts to apprehend persons indicted for war crimes.”
East Timor. On February 25, 2000, President Clinton reported to Congress “consistent with the War
Powers Resolution” that he had authorized the participation of a small number of U.S. military
personnel in support of the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET),
which has a mandate to maintain law and order throughout East Timor, and to facilitate establishment
of an effective administration there, delivery of humanitarian assistance, and support the building of
self-government. The President reported that the U.S. contingent was small: three military observers,
and one judge advocate. To facilitate and coordinate U.S. military activities in East Timor, the
President also authorized the deployment of a support group (USGET), consisting of 30 U.S.
personnel. U.S. personnel would be temporarily deployed to East Timor, on a rotational basis, and
through periodic ship visits, during which U.S. forces would conduct “humanitarian and assistance
activities throughout East Timor.”
Sierra Leone. On May 12, 2000, President Clinton, “consistent with the War Powers Resolution,”
reported to Congress that he had ordered a U.S. Navy patrol craft to deploy to Sierra Leone to be
ready to support evacuation operations from that country if needed. He also authorized a U.S. C-17
aircraft to deliver “ammunition, and other supplies and equipment” to Sierra Leone in support of
United Nations peacekeeping operations there.
Yugoslavia/Kosovo. On June 16, 2000, President Clinton reported to Congress, “consistent with the
War Powers Resolution,” that the United States was continuing to provide military personnel to the
NATO-led KFOR security force in Kosovo. U.S. forces were numbered at 7,500, but were scheduled
to be reduced to 6,000 when ongoing troop rotations were completed. U.S. forces in Kosovo were
Congressional Research Service
19
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
assigned to a sector centered near Gnjilane (Gjilan) in eastern Kosovo. Other U.S. military personnel
were deployed to other countries serving in administrative and logistics support roles, with
approximately 1,000 U.S. personnel in FYROM, Albania, and Greece.
Bosnia. On July 25, 2000, President Clinton reported to Congress, “consistent with the War Powers
Resolution,” that combat-equipped U.S. military personnel continued to participate in the NATO-led
Stabilization Force (SFOR) in Bosnia-Herzegovina, being deployed to Bosnia and other states in the
region in support of peacekeeping efforts in former Yugoslavia. U.S. military personnel levels have
been reduced from 6,200 to 4,600. Apart from the forces in Bosnia, approximately 1,000 U.S.
personnel continued to be deployed in support roles in Hungary, Croatia, and Italy.
East Timor. On August 25, 2000, President Clinton reported to Congress, “consistent with the War
Powers Resolution,” that the United States was currently contributing three military observers to the
United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) that was charged by the U.N.
with restoring and maintaining peace and security there. He also noted that the United States was
maintaining a military presence in East Timor separate from UNTAET, comprising about 30 U.S.
personnel who facilitate and coordinate U.S. military activities in East Timor and rotational operations
of U.S. forces there. These U.S. forces had been conducting humanitarian and civic assistance activities
for East Timor’s citizens. U.S. rotational presence operations in East Timor were expected, the
President said, to continue through December 2000.
Yemen. On October 14, 2000, President Clinton reported to Congress, “consistent with the War
Powers Resolution,” that on October 12, 2000, in the wake of an attack on the USS Cole in the port
of Aden, Yemen, he had authorized deployment of about 45 military personnel from U.S. Naval
Forces Central Command to Aden to provide “medical, security, and disaster response assistance.”
The President further reported that on October 13, 2000, about 50 U.S. military security personnel
arrived in Aden, and that additional “security elements” may be deployed to the area, to enhance the
ability of the U.S. to ensure the security of the USS Cole and the personnel responding to the incident.
In addition, two U.S. Navy surface combatant vessels are operating in or near Yemeni territorial
waters to provide communications and other support, as required.
Yugoslavia/Kosovo. On December 18, 2000, President Clinton reported to Congress, “consistent with
the War Powers Resolution,” that the United States was continuing to provide approximately 5,600
U.S. military personnel in support of peacekeeping efforts in Kosovo as part of KFOR. An additional
500 U.S. military personnel were deployed as the National Support Element in FYROM, with an
occasional presence in Albania and Greece. U.S. forces were assigned to a sector around Gnjilane
(Gjilan) in the eastern portion of Kosovo. The President noted that the mission for these U.S. military
forces was to maintain a safe and secure environment through conducting “security patrols in urban
areas and in the countryside throughout their sector.”
2001
East Timor. On March 2, 2001, President George W. Bush reported to Congress, “consistent with the
War Powers Resolution,” that U.S. Armed Forces were continuing to support the United Nations
peacekeeping effort in East Timor aimed at providing security and maintaining law and order in East
Timor, coordinating delivery of humanitarian assistance, and helping establish the basis for selfgovernment in East Timor. The United States, at the time, had three military observers attached to
UNTAET. The United States also had a separate military presence, the U.S. Support Group East
Timor (USGET), of approximately 12 U.S. personnel, including a security detachment, which
“facilitates and coordinates” U.S. military activities in East Timor.
Yugoslavia/Kosovo. On May 18, 2001, President George W. Bush reported to Congress, “consistent
with the War Powers Resolution,” that the United States was continuing to provide approximately
6,000 U.S. military personnel in support of peacekeeping efforts in Kosovo as part of KFOR. An
additional 500 U.S. military personnel are deployed as the National Support Element in FYROM, with
an occasional presence in Greece and Albania. U.S. forces in Kosovo were assigned to a sector
around Gnjilane in the eastern portion. President Bush noted that the mission for these U.S. military
forces was maintaining a safe and secure environment through conducting security patrols in urban
areas and in the countryside through their sector.
Bosnia. On July 25, 2001, President George W. Bush reported to Congress, “consistent with the War
Powers Resolution,” that about 3,800 combat-equipped U.S. Armed Forces continued to be deployed
in Bosnia-Herzegovina and other regional states as part of SFOR. Most were based at Tuzla in Bosnia.
About 500 others were based in Hungary, Croatia, and Italy, providing logistical and other support.
Iraq. At various times throughout 2001, the United States, together with forces of the coalition
enforcing the “no-fly” zones over Iraq, conducted military operations against the Iraqi air defense
Congressional Research Service
20
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
system on numerous occasions in response to actual or potential threats against aircraft enforcing the
“no-fly” zones in northern and southern Iraq.
East Timor. On August 31, 2001, President George W. Bush reported to Congress, “consistent with
the War Powers Resolution,” that U.S. Armed Forces were continuing to support the United Nations
peacekeeping effort in East Timor aimed at providing security and maintaining law and order in East
Timor, coordinating delivery of humanitarian assistance, and helping establish the basis for selfgovernment in East Timor. The United States, at the time, had three military observers attached to
UNTAET. The United States also had a separate military presence, USGET, of approximately 20 U.S.
personnel, including a security detachment, which “facilitates and coordinates” U.S. military activities
in East Timor, as well as a rotational presence of U.S. forces through temporary deployments to East
Timor. The President stated that U.S. forces would continue a presence through December 2001,
while options for a U.S. presence in 2002 were being reviewed, with the President’s objective being
redeployment of USGET personnel, as circumstances permit.
Terrorism threat. On September 24, 2001, President George W. Bush reported to Congress,
“consistent with the War Powers Resolution” and “Senate Joint Resolution 23,” that in response to
terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, he ordered the “deployment of
various combat-equipped and combat support forces to a number of foreign nations in the Central
and Pacific Command areas of operations.” The President noted in efforts to “prevent and deter
terrorism” he might find it necessary to order “additional forces into these and other areas of the
world.” He stated that he could not now predict “the scope and duration of these deployments,” or
the “actions necessary to counter the terrorist threat to the United States.”
Afghanistan. On October 9, 2001, President George W. Bush reported to Congress, “consistent with
the War Powers Resolution” and “Senate Joint Resolution 23,” that on October 7, 2001, U.S. Armed
Forces “began combat action in Afghanistan against Al Qaida terrorists and their Taliban supporters.”
The President stated that he had directed this military action in response to the September 11, 2001,
attacks on U.S. “territory, our citizens, and our way of life, and to the continuing threat of terrorist
acts against the United States and our friends and allies.” This military action was “part of our
campaign against terrorism” and was “designed to disrupt the use of Afghanistan as a terrorist base of
operations.”
Yugoslavia/Kosovo. On November 19, 2001, President George W. Bush reported to Congress,
“consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” that the United States was continuing to provide
approximately 5,500 U.S. military personnel in support of peacekeeping efforts in Kosovo as part of
KFOR. An additional 500 U.S. military personnel were deployed as the National Support Element in
FYROM, with an occasional presence in Greece and Albania. U.S. forces in Kosovo were assigned to
a sector around Gnjilane (Gjilan) in the eastern portion. President Bush noted that the mission for
these U.S. military forces was maintaining a safe and secure environment through conducting security
patrols in urban areas and in the countryside through their sector.
2002
Bosnia. On January 21, 2002, President George W. Bush reported to Congress, “consistent with the
War Powers Resolution,” that about 3,100 combat-equipped U.S. Armed Forces continued to be
deployed in Bosnia-Herzegovina and other regional states as part of the NATO-led Stabilization Force
(SFOR). Most American forces were based at Tuzla in Bosnia. About 500 others were based in
Hungary, Croatia, and Italy, providing logistical and other support.
East Timor. On February 28, 2002, President George W. Bush reported to Congress, “consistent with
the War Powers Resolution,” that U.S. Armed Forces were continuing to support the United Nations
peacekeeping effort in East Timor aimed at providing security and maintaining law and order in East
Timor, coordinating delivery of humanitarian assistance, and helping establish the basis for selfgovernment in East Timor. The United States, at the time, had three military observers attached to
UNTAET. The United States also had a separate military presence, USGET, composed of
approximately 10 U.S. personnel, including a security detachment, which “facilitates and coordinates”
U.S. military activities in East Timor, as well as a rotational presence of U.S. forces through temporary
deployments to East Timor. The President stated that U.S. forces would continue a presence through
2002. The President noted his objective was to gradually reduce the “rotational presence
operations,” and to redeploy USGET personnel, as circumstances permitted.
Terrorism threat. On March 20, 2002, President George W. Bush reported to Congress, “consistent
with the War Powers Resolution,” on U.S. efforts in the “global war on terrorism.” He noted that the
“heart of the al-Qaeda training capability” had been “seriously degraded,” and that the remainder of
the Taliban and the al-Qaeda fighters were being “actively pursued and engaged by the U.S., coalition
and Afghan forces.” The United States was also conducting “maritime interception operations ... to
Congressional Research Service
21
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
locate and detain suspected al-Qaeda or Taliban leadership fleeing Afghanistan by sea.” At the
Philippine government’s invitation, President Bush had ordered deployed “combat-equipped and
combat support forces to train with, advise, and assist” the Philippines’ Armed Forces in enhancing
their “existing counterterrorist capabilities.” The strength of U.S. military forces working with the
Philippines was projected to be 600 personnel. The President noted that he was “assessing options”
for assisting other nations, including Georgia and Yemen, in enhancing their “counterterrorism
capabilities, including training and equipping their armed forces.” He stated that U.S. combat-equipped
and combat support forces would be necessary for these efforts, if undertaken.
Yugoslavia/Kosovo. On May 17, 2002, President George W. Bush reported to Congress, “consistent
with the War Powers Resolution,” that the U.S. military was continuing to support peacekeeping
efforts of KFOR. He noted that the current U.S. contribution was about 5,100 military personnel, and
an additional 468 personnel in FYROM, with an occasional presence in Albania and Greece.
Bosnia. On July 22, 2002, President George W. Bush reported to Congress, “consistent with the War
Powers Resolution,” that the U.S. military was continuing to support peacekeeping efforts of SFOR in
Bosnia-Herzegovina and other regional states. He noted that the U.S. contribution, at the time, was
“approximately 2,400 personnel.” Most U.S. forces in Bosnia-Herzegovina were assigned to the
Multinational Division, North, headquartered in Tuzla. An additional 60 U.S. military personnel were
deployed to Hungary and Croatia to provide logistical and other support.
Terrorism threat. On September 20, 2002, President George W. Bush reported to Congress
“consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” that U.S. “combat-equipped and combat support
forces” had been deployed to the Philippines since January 2002 to train with, assist, and advise the
Philippines’ Armed Forces in enhancing their “counterterrorist capabilities.” He added that U.S. forces
were conducting maritime interception operations in the Central and European Command areas to
combat movement, arming, or financing of “international terrorists.” He also noted that U.S. combat
personnel had been deployed to Georgia and Yemen to help enhance the “counterterrorist
capabilities” of their armed forces.
Cote d’Ivoire. On September 26, 2002, President Bush reported to Congress “consistent with the War
Powers Resolution,” that in response to a rebellion in Cote d’Ivoire he had on September 25, 2002,
sent U.S. military personnel into Cote d’Ivoire to assist in the evacuation of American citizens and
third country nationals from the city of Bouake; and otherwise assist in other evacuations as
necessary.
Yugoslavia/Kosovo. On November 15, 2002, the President reported to Congress “consistent with the
War Powers Resolution” that the United States was continuing to deploy combat equipped military
personnel as part of KFOR. At the time, there were approximately 4,350 U.S. military personnel in
Kosovo, with an additional 266 military personnel in FYROM. The United States also had an
occasional presence in Albania and Greece, associated with the KFOR mission.
2003
Bosnia. On January 21, 2003, President George W. Bush reported to Congress, “consistent with the
War Powers Resolution,” that about 1,800 U.S. Armed Forces personnel continued to be deployed in
Bosnia-Herzegovina, and other regional states as part of SFOR. Most were based at Tuzla in Bosnia.
About 80 others were based in Hungary and Croatia, providing logistical and other support.
Terrorism threat. On March 20, 2003, President Bush reported to Congress, “consistent with the War
Powers Resolution,” as well as P.L. 107-40, and “pursuant to” his authority as Commander-in-Chief,
that he had continued a number of U.S. military operations globally in the war against terrorism.
These military operations included ongoing U.S. actions against al-Qaeda fighters in Afghanistan;
collaborative anti-terror operations with forces of Pakistan in the Pakistan/Afghanistan border area;
“maritime interception operations on the high seas” in areas of responsibility of the Central and
European Commands to prevent terrorist movement and other activities; and military support for the
armed forces of Georgia and Yemen in counter-terrorism operations.
Iraq War. On March 21, 2003, President Bush reported to Congress, “consistent with the War
Powers Resolution,” as well as P.L. 102-1 and P.L. 107-243, and “pursuant to” his authority as
Commander-in-Chief, that he had “directed U.S. Armed Forces, operating with other coalition forces,
to commence operations on March 19, 2003, against Iraq.” He further stated that it was not possible
to know at the time the duration of active combat operations or the scope necessary to accomplish
the goals of the operation “to disarm Iraq in pursuit of peace, stability, and security both in the Gulf
region and in the United States.”
Yugoslavia/Kosovo. On May 14, 2003, President Bush reported to Congress, “consistent with the War
Powers Resolution,” that combat-equipped U.S. military personnel continued to be deployed as part
Congressional Research Service
22
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
of KFOR. He noted that about 2,250 U.S. military personnel were deployed in Kosovo, and additional
military personnel operated, on occasion, from FYROM, Albania, and Greece in support of KFOR
operations.
Liberia. On June 9, 2003, President Bush reported to Congress, “consistent with the War Powers
Resolution,” that on June 8 he had sent about 35 combat-equipped U.S. military personnel into
Monrovia, Liberia, to augment U.S. embassy security forces, to aid in the possible evacuation of U.S.
citizens if necessary. The President also noted that he had sent about 34 combat-equipped U.S.
military personnel to help secure the U.S. embassy in Nouakchott, Mauritania, and to assist in
evacuation of American citizens if required. They were expected to arrive at the U.S. embassy by June
10, 2003. Back-up and support personnel were sent to Dakar, Senegal, to aid in any necessary
evacuation from either Liberia or Mauritania.
Bosnia. On July 22, 2003, President Bush reported to Congress, “consistent with the War Powers
Resolution,” that the United States continued to provide about 1,800 combat-equipped military
personnel in Bosnia-Herzegovina in support of NATO’s SFOR and its peacekeeping efforts in this
country.
Liberia. On August 13, 2003, President Bush reported to Congress, “consistent with the War Powers
Resolution,” that in response to conditions in Liberia, on August 11, 2003, he authorized about 4,350
U.S. combat-equipped military personnel to enter Liberian territorial waters in support of U.N. and
West African States efforts to restore order and provide humanitarian assistance in Liberia.
Terrorism threat. On September 19, 2003, President Bush reported to Congress “consistent with the
War Powers Resolution,” that U.S. “combat-equipped and combat support forces” continued to be
deployed at a number of locations around the world as part of U.S. anti-terrorism efforts. American
forces support anti-terrorism efforts in the Philippines, and maritime interception operations
continued on the high seas in the Central, European, and Pacific Command areas of responsibility, to
“prevent the movement, arming, or financing of international terrorists.” He also noted that “U.S.
combat equipped and support forces” had been deployed to Georgia and Djibouti to help in
enhancing their “counterterrorist capabilities.”
Yugoslavia/Kosovo. On November 14, 2003, the President reported to Congress “consistent with the
War Powers Resolution” that the United States was continuing to deploy combat equipped military
personnel as part of the NATO-led international security force in Kosovo (KFOR). At the time, there
were approximately 2,100 U.S. military personnel in Kosovo, with additional American military
personnel operating out of FYROM, Albania and Greece, in support of KFOR operations.
2004
Bosnia. On January 22, 2004, President George W. Bush reported to Congress “consistent with the
War Powers Resolution” that the United States was continuing to deploy combat equipped military
personnel Bosnia and Herzegovina in support of NATO’s SFOR and its peacekeeping efforts in this
country. About 1,800 U.S. personnel participated.
Haiti. On February 25, 2004, the President reported to Congress “consistent with the War Powers
Resolution” that, on February 23, he had sent a combat-equipped “security force” of about “55 U.S.
military personnel from the U.S. Joint Forces Command” to Port-au-Prince, Haiti, to augment the U.S.
embassy security forces there and to protect American citizens and property in light of the instability
created by the armed rebellion in Haiti.
Haiti. On March 2, 2004, the President reported to Congress “consistent with the War Powers
Resolution” that on February 29, he had sent about “200 additional U.S. combat-equipped, military
personnel from the U.S. Joint Forces Command” to Port-au-Prince, Haiti, for a variety of purposes,
including preparing the way for a U.N. Multinational Interim Force, and otherwise supporting U.N.
Security Council Resolution 1529 (2004).
Terrorism/Bosnia and Haiti. On March 20, 2004, the President reported to Congress “consistent with
the War Powers Resolution,” a consolidated report giving details of multiple ongoing United States
military deployments and operations “in support of the global war on terrorism (including in
Afghanistan),” as well as operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Haiti. In this report, the
President noted that U.S. anti-terror related activities were underway in Georgia, Djibouti, Kenya,
Ethiopia, Yemen, and Eritrea. He further noted that U.S. combat-equipped military personnel
continued to be deployed in Kosovo as part of the NATO-led KFOR (1,900 personnel); in Bosnia and
Herzegovina as part of the NATO-led SFOR (about 1,100 personnel); and approximately 1,800
military personnel were deployed in Haiti as part of the U.N. Multinational Interim Force.
Terrorism threat/Horn of Africa/Kosovo/Bosnia/Iraq. On November 4, 2004, the President sent to
Congress, “consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” a consolidated report giving details of
Congressional Research Service
23
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
multiple ongoing United States military deployments and operations “in support of the global war on
terrorism.” These deployments, support or military operations include activities in Afghanistan,
Djibouti, as well as Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo. In this report, the
President noted that U.S. anti-terror related activities were underway in Djibouti, Kenya, Ethiopia,
Yemen, and Eritrea. He further noted that U.S. combat-equipped military personnel continued to be
deployed in Kosovo as part of the NATO-led KFOR (1,800 personnel); and in Bosnia and
Herzegovina as part of the NATO-led SFOR (about 1,000 personnel). Meanwhile, he stated that the
United States continued to deploy more than 135,000 military personnel in Iraq.
2005
Terrorism threat/Horn of Africa/Kosovo/Bosnia. On May 20, 2005, President George W. Bush sent to
Congress “consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” a consolidated report giving details of
multiple ongoing United States military deployments and operations “in support of the global war on
terrorism,” as well as operations in Iraq, where about 139,000 U.S. military personnel were deployed.
U.S. forces are also deployed in Kenya, Ethiopia, Yemen, Eritrea, and Djibouti assisting in “enhancing
counter-terrorism capabilities” of these nations. The President further noted that U.S. combatequipped military personnel continued to be deployed in Kosovo as part of the NATO-led KFOR
(1,700 personnel). Approximately 235 U.S. personnel were also deployed in Bosnia and Herzegovina
as part of the NATO Headquarters-Sarajevo who assist in defense reform and perform operational
tasks, such as counter-terrorism and supporting the International Criminal Court for the Former
Yugoslavia.
Terrorism threat/Horn of Africa/Kosovo/Bosnia/Iraq. On December 7, 2005, the President sent to
Congress “consistent” with the War Powers Resolution, a consolidated report giving details of
multiple ongoing United States military deployments and operations “in support of the global war on
terrorism,” and in support of the Multinational Force in Iraq, where about 160,000 U.S. military
personnel were deployed. U.S. forces were also deployed in the Horn of Africa region—Kenya,
Ethiopia, Yemen, and Djibouti—assisting in “enhancing counter-terrorism capabilities” of these
nations. The President further noted that U.S. combat-equipped military personnel continued to be
deployed in Kosovo as part of the NATO-led KFOR (1,700 personnel). Approximately 220 U.S.
personnel were also deployed in Bosnia and Herzegovina as part of the NATO HeadquartersSarajevo who assist in defense reform and perform operational tasks, such as “counter-terrorism and
supporting the International Criminal Court for the Former Yugoslavia.”
2006
Terrorism threat/Kosovo/Bosnia/Iraq. On June 15, 2006, President George W. Bush sent to Congress,
“consistent” with the War Powers Resolution, a consolidated report giving details of multiple ongoing
United States military deployments and operations “in support of the war on terror,” and in Kosovo,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, and as part of the Multinational Force (MNF) in Iraq. About 131,000 military
personnel were deployed in Iraq. U.S. forces were also deployed in the Horn of Africa region, and in
Djibouti to support necessary operations against al-Qaida and other international terrorists operating
in the region. U.S. military personnel continued to support the NATO-led KFOR. The U.S.
contribution to KFOR was about 1,700 military personnel. The NATO Headquarters-Sarajevo was
established in November 22, 2004, as a successor to its stabilization operations in Bosnia-Herzegovina
to continue to assist in implementing the peace agreement. Approximately 250 U.S. personnel were
assigned to the NATO Headquarters-Sarajevo to assist in defense reform and perform operational
tasks, such as “counter-terrorism and supporting the International Criminal Court for the Former
Yugoslavia.”
Lebanon. On July 18, 2006, the President reported to Congress “consistent” with the War Powers
Resolution, that in response to the security threat posed in Lebanon to U.S. embassy personnel and
citizens and designated third country personnel, he had deployed combat-equipped military
helicopters and military personnel to Beirut to assist in the departure of the persons under threat
from Lebanon. The President noted that additional combat-equipped U.S. military forces may be
deployed “to Lebanon, Cyprus and other locations, as necessary” to assist further departures of
persons from Lebanon and to provide security. He further stated that once the threat to U.S. citizens
and property has ended, the U.S. military forces would redeploy.
Terrorism threat/Horn of Africa/Kosovo/Bosnia. On December 15, 2006, the President sent to Congress,
“consistent” with the War Powers Resolution, a consolidated report giving details of multiple ongoing
United States military deployments and operations “in support of the war on terror,” in Kosovo,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, and as part of the Multinational Force (MNF) in Iraq. At the time, about
134,000 military personnel were deployed in Iraq. U.S. forces were also deployed in the Horn of
Africa region, and in Djibouti to support necessary operations against al-Qaida and other international
terrorists operating in the region, including Yemen. U.S. military personnel continue to support the
Congressional Research Service
24
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
NATO-led KFOR. The U.S. contribution to KFOR was about 1,700 military personnel. The NATO
Headquarters-Sarajevo was established in November 22, 2004, as a successor to its stabilization
operations in Bosnia-Herzegovina to continue to assist in implementing the peace agreement.
Approximately 100 U.S. personnel were assigned to the NATO Headquarters-Sarajevo to assist in
defense reform and perform operational tasks, such as “counter-terrorism and supporting the
International Criminal Court for the Former Yugoslavia.”
2007
Terrorism threat/Kosovo/Afghanistan. On June 15, 2007, President George W. Bush sent to Congress,
“consistent” with the War Powers Resolution, a consolidated report giving details of ongoing United
States military deployments and operations “in support of the war on terror,” and in support of the
NATO-led KFOR. The President reported that various U.S. “combat-equipped and combat-support
forces” were deployed to “a number of locations in the Central, Pacific, European (KFOR), and
Southern Command areas of operation” and were engaged in combat operations against al-Qaida
terrorists and their supporters. The United States was currently “pursuing and engaging remnant alQaida and Taliban fighters in Afghanistan.” U.S. forces in Afghanistan currently total approximately
25,945. Of this total, “approximately 14,340 are assigned to the International Security Assistance
Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan.” The U.S. military continues to support peacekeeping operations in
Kosovo, specifically the NATO-led KFOR. At the time, the U.S. contribution to KFOR in Kosovo was
approximately 1,584 military personnel.
Terrorism threat/Kosovo/Afghanistan. On December 14, 2007, the President sent to Congress
“consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” a consolidated report giving details of ongoing United
States military deployments and operations “in support of the war on terror,” and in support of the
NATO-led Kosovo Force (KFOR). The President reported that various U.S. “combat-equipped and
combat-support forces” were deployed to “a number of locations in the Central, Pacific, European,
and Southern Command areas of operation” and were engaged in combat operations against al-Qaida
terrorists and their supporters. The United States was currently “pursuing and engaging remnant alQaida and Taliban fighters in Afghanistan.” At the time, U.S. forces in Afghanistan totaled
approximately 25,900. Of this total, “approximately 15,180 are assigned to the International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan.” The U.S. military continued to support peacekeeping
operations in Kosovo, specifically, the NATO-led KFOR. The U.S. contribution to KFOR in Kosovo
was approximately 1,498 military personnel.
2008
Terrorism threat/Kosovo/Afghanistan. On June 13, 2008, President George W. Bush sent to Congress,
“consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” a consolidated report giving details of ongoing United
States military deployments and operations “in support of the war on terror,” and in support of the
NATO-led KFOR. The President reported that various U.S. “combat-equipped and combat-support
forces” were deployed to “a number of locations in the Central, Pacific, European, and Southern
Command areas of operation” and were engaged in combat operations against al-Qaida terrorists and
their supporters. The United States was actively “pursuing and engaging remnant al-Qaida and Taliban
fighters in Afghanistan.” At the time, U.S. forces in Afghanistan totaled approximately 31,122. Of this
total, “approximately 14,275 are assigned to the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in
Afghanistan.” The U.S. military continued to support peacekeeping operations in Kosovo, specifically,
the NATO-led KFOR. The U.S. contribution to KFOR in Kosovo was approximately 1,500 military
personnel.
Terrorism threat/Kosovo/Afghanistan. On December 16, 2008, the President sent to Congress,
“consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” a consolidated report giving details of ongoing United
States military deployments and operations “in support of the war on terror,” and in support of the
NATO-led KFOR. The President reported that various U.S. “combat-equipped and combat-support
forces” were deployed to “a number of locations in the Central, Pacific, European, Southern, and
Africa Command areas of operation” and were engaged in combat operations against al-Qaida and
their supporters. The United States was “actively pursuing and engaging remnant al-Qaida and Taliban
fighters in Afghanistan.” U.S. forces in Afghanistan totaled approximately 31,000. Of this total,
“approximately 13, 000 are assigned to the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in
Afghanistan.” The U.S. military continued to support peacekeeping operations in Kosovo, specifically
the NATO-led KFOR. The U.S. contribution to KFOR in Kosovo, at the time, was about 1,500
military personnel.
2009
Terrorism threat/Afghanistan/Iraq/Kosovo. On June 15, 2009, President Obama sent to Congress,
“consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” a supplemental consolidated report, giving details of
“ongoing contingency operations overseas.” The report noted that the total number of U.S. forces in
Afghanistan was “approximately 58,000,” of which approximately 20,000 were assigned to the
Congressional Research Service
25
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan. The United States continued to pursue
and engage “remaining al-Qaida and Taliban forces in Afghanistan.” The United States also continued
to deploy military forces in support of the Multinational Force (MNF) in Iraq. The U.S. contribution to
this effort was “approximately 138,000 U.S. military personnel.” U.S. military operations continued in
Kosovo, as part of the NATO-led KFOR. At the time, the United States contributed approximately
1,400 U.S. military personnel to KFOR. In addition, the United states continued to deploy “U.S.
combat-equipped forces to help enhance the counterterrorism capabilities of our friends and allies”
not only in the Horn of Africa region, but globally through “maritime interception operations on the
high seas” aimed at blocking the “movement, arming and financing of international terrorists.”
Terrorism threat/Afghanistan/Iraq/Kosovo. On December 5, 2009, the President sent to Congress
“consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” a consolidated report, giving details of “global
deployments of U.S. Armed Forces equipped for combat.” The report detailed “ongoing U.S.
contingency operations overseas.” The report noted that the total number of U.S. forces in
Afghanistan was “approximately 68,000,” of which approximately 34,000 are assigned to the
International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan. The United States continued to pursue
and engage “remaining al-Qaida and Taliban forces in Afghanistan.” The United States has deployed
“various combat-equipped forces to a number of locations in the Central, Pacific, European, Southern
and African Command areas of operation” in support of anti-terrorist and anti-al-Qaida actions. The
United States also continues to deploy military forces in Iraq to “maintain security and stability” there.
These Iraqi operations continued pursuant to the terms of a bilateral agreement between the United
States and Iraq, which entered into force on January 1, 2009. The U.S. force level in Iraq was
“approximately 116,000 U.S. military personnel.” U.S. military operations continued in Kosovo, as
part of the NATO-led KFOR. The United States contributed approximately 1,475 U.S. military
personnel to KFOR. In addition, the United States continued to deploy “U.S. combat-equipped forces
to assist in enhancing the counterterrorism capabilities of our friends and allies” not only in the Horn
of Africa region, but globally through “maritime interception operations on the high seas” aimed at
blocking the “movement, arming and financing of international terrorists.”
2010
Terrorism threat/Afghanistan/Iraq/Kosovo. On June 15, 2010, President Obama sent to Congress,
“consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” a consolidated report giving details of “deployments of
U.S. Armed Forces equipped for combat.” The report noted that the total number of U.S. forces in
Afghanistan was “approximately 87,000,” of which over 62,000 were assigned to the International
Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan. The United States continued combat operations
“against al-Qaida terrorists and their Taliban supporters” in Afghanistan. The United States had
deployed “combat-equipped forces to a number of locations in the U.S. Central, Pacific, European,
Southern and African Command areas of operation” in support of anti-terrorist and anti-al-Qaida
actions. The United States also continued to deploy military forces in Iraq to “maintain security and
stability” there. These Iraqi operations continued pursuant to the terms of a bilateral agreement
between the United States and Iraq, which entered into force on January 1, 2009. The U.S. force level
in Iraq, at the time, was “approximately 95,000 U.S. military personnel.” U.S. military operations
continued in Kosovo, as part of the NATO-led KFOR. The United States contributed approximately
1,074 U.S. military personnel to KFOR. In addition, the United States continued to “conduct maritime
interception operations on the high seas” directed at “stopping the movement, arming and financing
of international terrorist groups.”
Terrorism threat/Afghanistan/Iraq/Kosovo. On December 15, 2010, the President submitted to Congress
“consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” a consolidated report, detailing “deployments of U.S.
Armed Forces equipped for combat.” The report noted that the total number of U.S. forces in
Afghanistan was “approximately 97,500” of which over 81,500 were assigned to the International
Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan. The United States continued combat operations
“against al-Qaida terrorists and their Taliban supporters” in Afghanistan. The United States had
deployed “combat-equipped forces to a number of locations in the U.S. Central, Pacific, European,
Southern and African Command areas of operation” in support of anti-terrorist and anti-al-Qaida
actions. In addition, the United States continued to conduct “maritime interception operations on the
high seas in the areas of responsibility of the geographic combatant commands” directed at “stopping
the movement, arming and financing of international terrorist groups.” The United States also
continued to deploy military forces in Iraq in support of Iraqi efforts to “maintain security and
stability” there. These Iraqi operations continued pursuant to the terms of a bilateral agreement
between the United States and Iraq, which entered into force on January 1, 2009. The U.S. force level
in Iraq, at the time, was “approximately 48,400 U.S. military personnel.” U.S. military operations also
Congressional Research Service
26
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
continued in Kosovo, as part of the NATO-led KFOR. The United States contributed approximately
808 U.S. military personnel to KFOR.
2011
Terrorism threat/Afghanistan/Libya/Kosovo. On June 15, 2011, President Obama sent to Congress,
“consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” a supplemental consolidated report giving details of
“global deployments of U.S. Armed Forces equipped for combat.” The report detailed ongoing U.S.
contingency operations overseas. The report noted that the total number of U.S. forces in
Afghanistan was “approximately 99,000,” of which approximately 83,000 are assigned to the
International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan. The United States continued to pursue
and engage “remaining al-Qaida and Taliban fighters in Afghanistan.” The United States had deployed
various “combat-equipped forces” to a number of locations in the Central, Pacific, European,
Southern and African Command areas of operation in support of anti-terrorist and anti-al-Qaida
actions. A combat-equipped security force of about “40 U.S. military personnel from the U.S. Central
Command” was deployed to Cairo, Egypt, on January 31, 2011, for the sole purpose of “protecting
American citizens and property.” That force remained at the U.S. embassy in Cairo. The United
States also continued to deploy military forces in Iraq to help it “maintain security and stability” there.
These Iraqi operations continue pursuant to the terms of a bilateral agreement between the United
States and Iraq, which entered into force on January 1, 2009. The U.S. force level in Iraq, at the time,
was “approximately 45,000 U.S. military personnel.” In Libya, since April 4, 2011, the United States
had transferred responsibility for military operations there to NATO, and U.S. involvement “has
assumed a supporting role in the coalition’s efforts.” U.S. support in Libya had been limited to
“intelligence, logistical support, and search and rescue assistance.” The U.S. military aircraft were also
used to assist in the “suppression and destruction of air defenses in support of the no-fly zone” over
Libya. Since April 23, 2011, the United States has supported the coalition effort in Libya through use
of “unmanned aerial vehicles against a limited set of clearly defined targets” there. Except in the case
of operations to “rescue the crew of a U.S. aircraft” on March 21, 2011, “the United States has
deployed no ground forces to Libya.” U.S. military operations continued in Kosovo, as part of the
NATO-led KFOR. At the time, the United States contributed approximately 800 U.S. military
personnel to KFOR.
Libya. On March 21, 2011, the President submitted to Congress “consistent with the War Powers
Resolution,” a report stating that at “approximately 3:00 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time, on March 19,
2011,” he had directed U.S. military forces to commence “operations to assist an international effort
authorized by the United Nations (U.N.) Security Council and undertaken with the support of
European allies and Arab partners, to prevent a humanitarian catastrophe and address the threat
posed to international peace and security by the crisis in Libya.” He further stated that U.S. military
forces, “under the command of Commander, U.S. Africa Command (AFRICOM) began a series of
strikes against air defense systems and military airfields for the purposes of preparing a no-fly zone.”
These actions were part of “the multilateral response authorized under U.N. Security Council
Resolution 1973,” and the President added that “these strikes will be limited in their nature, duration,
and scope. Their purpose was to support an international coalition as it takes all necessary measures
to enforce the terms of U.N. Security Council Resolution 1973. These limited U.S. actions would set
the stage for further action by other coalition partners.”
The President noted that United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 authorized Member
States, under Chapter VII of the U.N. Charter, to take all necessary measures to protect civilians and
civilian populated areas under threat of attack in Libya, including the establishment and enforcement
of a “no-fly zone” in the airspace of Libya. United States military efforts were discrete and focused on
employing unique U.S. military capabilities to set the conditions for European allies and Arab partners
to carry out the measures authorized by the U.N. Security Council Resolution.
The President stated further that the “United States has not deployed ground forces into Libya.
United States forces are conducting a limited and well-defined mission in support of international
efforts to protect civilians and prevent a humanitarian disaster.” Accordingly, he added, “U.S. forces
have targeted the Qadhafi (Gaddafi) regime’s air defense systems, command and control structures,
and other capabilities of Qadhafi’s armed forces used to attack civilians and civilian populated areas.”
It was the intent of the United States, he said, to “seek a rapid, but responsible, transition of
operations to coalition, regional, or international organizations that are postured to continue
activities as may be necessary to realize the objectives of U.N. Security Council Resolutions 1970 and
1973.” The President said that the actions he had directed were “in the national security and foreign
policy interests of the United States.” He took them, the President stated, “pursuant to my
constitutional authority to conduct U.S. foreign relations and as Commander in Chief and Chief
Executive.”
Congressional Research Service
27
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
Central Africa. On October 14, 2011, the President submitted to Congress, “consistent with the War
Powers Resolution,” a report stating that “he had authorized a small number of combat-equipped U.S.
forces to deploy to central Africa to provide assistance to regional forces that are working toward
the removal of Joseph Kony,” leader of the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), from the battlefield. For
over two decades the LRA has murdered, kidnapped, and raped tens of thousands of men, women,
and children throughout central Africa, and has continued to commit atrocities in South Sudan, the
Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Central African Republic. The U.S. Armed Forces, the
President noted, would be a “significant contribution toward counter-LRA efforts in central Africa.”
The President stated that on “October 12, 2011, the initial team of U.S. military personnel with
appropriate combat equipment deployed to Uganda.” In the “next month, additional forces will
deploy, including a second combat-equipped team and associated headquarters, communications, and
logistics personnel.” The President further stated that the “total number of U.S. military personnel
deploying for this mission is approximately 100. These forces would act as advisors to partner forces
that have the goals of removing from the battlefield Joseph Kony and other senior leadership of the
LRA.” U.S. forces “will provide information, advice, and assistance to select partner nation forces.”
With the approval of the respective host nations, “elements of these U.S. forces will deploy into
Uganda, South Sudan, the Central African Republic, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The
support provided by U.S. forces will enhance regional efforts against the LRA.” The President
emphasized that even though the “U.S. forces are combat-equipped, they will only be providing
information, advice, and assistance to partner nation forces, and they will not themselves engage LRA
forces unless necessary for self-defense. All appropriate precautions have been taken to ensure the
safety of U.S. military personnel during their deployment.” The President took note in his report that
Congress had previously “expressed support for increased, comprehensive U.S. efforts to help
mitigate and eliminate the threat posed by the LRA to civilians and regional stability” through the
passage of the Lord’s Resistance Army Disarmament and Northern Uganda Recovery Act of 2009,
P.L. 111-172, enacted May 24, 2010.
Terrorism threat/Afghanistan/Libya/Iraq/Kosovo. On December 15, 2011, the President submitted to
Congress, “consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” a supplemental consolidated report, giving
details of “deployments of U.S. Armed Forces equipped for combat.” The report detailed ongoing
U.S. contingency operations overseas. The report noted that the total number of U.S. forces in
Afghanistan was “approximately 93,000,” of which approximately 78,000 are assigned to the
International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan. The United States continued to pursue
and engage “remaining al-Qaida and Taliban fighters in Afghanistan.” The United States had deployed
various “combat-equipped forces” to a number of locations in the Central, Pacific, European,
Southern, and African Command areas of operation in support of anti-terrorist and anti-al-Qaida
actions. This included the deployment of U.S. military forces globally: “including special operations and
other forces” for “sensitive operations” in various places, as well as forces to “assist in enhancing the
counterterrorism capabilities of allies.” U.S. forces also had engaged in maritime interception
operations on the high seas “aimed at stopping the movement, arming and financing of certain
international terrorist groups.” The United States continued to deploy military forces in Iraq to help
it “maintain security and stability” there. These Iraqi operations were undertaken pursuant to the
terms of a bilateral agreement between the United States and Iraq, which entered into force on
January 1, 2009. The U.S. force level in Iraq on October 28, 2011, was “36,001 U.S. military
personnel.” The United States was committed to withdraw U.S. forces from Iraq by December 31,
2011. (This occurred, as scheduled, after this report was submitted.) In Libya, after April 4, 2011, the
United States transferred responsibility for military operations there to NATO, and U.S. involvement
“assumed a supporting role in the coalition’s efforts.” U.S. support in Libya was limited to
“intelligence, logistical support, and search and rescue assistance.” The U.S. military aircraft were also
used to assist in the “suppression and destruction of air defenses in support of the no-fly zone” over
Libya. After April 23, 2011, the United States supported the coalition effort in Libya through use of
“unmanned aerial vehicles against a limited set of clearly defined targets” there. Except in the case of
operations to “rescue the crew of a U.S. aircraft” on March 21, 2011, and deploying 16 U.S. military
personnel to aid in re-establishing the U.S. embassy in Tripoli in September 2011, “the U.S. deployed
no ground forces to Libya.” On October 27, 2011, the United Nations terminated the “no-fly zone”
effective October 31, 2011. NATO terminated its mission during this same time. U.S. military
operations continue in Kosovo, as part of the NATO-led KFOR. Presently the United States
contributes approximately 800 U.S. military personnel to KFOR.
2012
Somalia. On January 26, 2012, President Obama submitted to Congress, “consistent with the War
Powers Resolution,” a report detailing a successful U.S. Special Operations Forces operation in
Congressional Research Service
28
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
Somalia of January 24, 2012, to rescue Ms. Jessica Buchanan, a U.S. citizen who had been kidnapped by
a group linked to Somali pirates and financiers. This operation was undertaken “by a small number of
joint combat-equipped U.S. forces” following receipt of reliable intelligence establishing her location in
Somalia. A Danish national, Poul Hagen Thisted, kidnapped with Ms. Buchanan, was also rescued.
Terrorism threat/Afghanistan/Somalia/Yemen/Central Africa/Kosovo. On June 15, 2012, the President
reported to Congress “consistent with” the War Powers Resolution, a consolidated report regarding
various deployments of U.S. Armed Forces equipped for combat. In the efforts in support of U.S.
counterterrorism (CT) objectives against al-Qaida, the Taliban and, associated forces, he noted that
U.S. forces engaged in Afghanistan in the above effort were “approximately 90,000.” With regard to
other counter-terrorism operations, the President stated that the United States had deployed “U.S.
combat-equipped forces to assist in enhancing the CT capabilities of our friends and allies including
special operations and other forces for sensitive operations in various locations around the world.”
He noted that the “U.S. military has taken direct action in Somalia against members of al-Qaida,
including those who are also members of al-Shabaab, who are engaged in efforts to carry out terrorist
attacks against the United States and our interests.” The President further stated that the U.S.
military had been “working closely with the Yemeni government to operationally and ultimately
eliminate the terrorist threat posed by al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), the most active and
dangerous affiliate of al-Qaida today.” He added that these “joint efforts have resulted in direct action
against a limited number of AQAP operatives and senior leaders in that country who posed a
terrorist threat to the United States and our interests.” The President noted that he would direct
“additional measures against al-Qaida, the Taliban, and associated forces to protect U.S. citizens and
interests.” Further information on such matters was provided in a “classified annex to this report.”
Other military operations reported by the President include the “deployment of U.S. combatequipped military personnel to Uganda to serve as advisors to regional forces that are working to
apprehend or remove Joseph Kony and other senior Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) leaders from the
battlefield and to protect local populations.” The total number of U.S. military personnel deployed for
this mission was “approximately 90,” and elements of these U.S. forces have been sent to “forward
locations in the LRA-affected areas of the Republic of South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the
Congo, and the Central African Republic.” These U.S. forces “will not engage LRA forces except in
self-defense.” The President also reported that presently the United States was contributing
approximately 817 military personnel to the NATO-led KFOR in Kosovo. He also reported that the
United States remained prepared to engage in “maritime interception operations” intended to stop
the “movement, arming, and financing of certain international terrorist groups,” as well as stopping
“proliferation by sea of weapons of mass destruction and related materials.” Additional details about
these efforts are included in “the classified annex” to this report.
Libya/Yemen. On September 14, 2012, the President reported to Congress, “consistent with” the War
Powers Resolution, that on September 12, 2012, he ordered deployed to Libya “a security force from
the U.S. Africa Command” to “support the security of U.S. personnel in Libya.” This action was taken
in response to the attack on the U.S. “diplomatic post in Benghazi, Libya,” that had killed four
America citizens, including U.S. Ambassador John Christopher Stevens. The President added on
September 13, 2012, that “an additional security force arrived in Yemen in response to security
threats there.” He further stated that: “Although these security forces are equipped for combat,
these movements have been undertaken solely for the purpose of protecting American citizens and
property.” These security forces would remain in Libya and in Yemen, he noted, “until the security
situation becomes such that they are no longer needed.”
Southern Philippines Humanitarian Assistance for Typhoon Bopha. On December 17, 2012, U.S. Pacific
Command (PACOM) reported all DOD humanitarian assistance and military-to-military search and
rescue assistance had been completed in the southeastern Philippines following Typhoon Bopha.
According to Pentagon Press Secretary George Little at the time, “U.S. forces provided planning,
coordination, personnel, water purification teams, and aircraft assets that flew 24 sorties to deliver
756,800 pounds of relief supplies, flew 56 hours in support of search and rescue operations and
provided 60 hours of search and rescue coverage. PACOM forces are returning back to their home
stations or are proceeding to follow-on taskings.”
2013
Afghanistan. On January 31, 2013, DOD identified three major units to deploy as part of the ongoing
rotation of forces operating in Afghanistan. The scheduled rotation involved one Infantry Brigade
Combat Team (IBCT) with roughly 2,250 personnel from the 4th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 3rd
Infantry Division, Fort Stewart, Georgia; a Combat Aviation Brigade (CAB) with roughly 2,200
personnel from the 10th Combat Aviation Brigade, 10th Mountain Division, Fort Drum, New York;
Congressional Research Service
29
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
and a corps headquarters with roughly 500 personnel from the III Corps Headquarters, Fort Hood,
Texas, in spring 2013.
Niger. On February 22, 2013, President Obama reported in a letter dated February 20 to
congressional leaders that “the last 40 of the approximately 100 military personnel had arrived in
Niger and were deployed with weapons for the purpose of providing their own force protection and
security.” President Obama further stated, “This deployment will provide support for intelligence
collection and will also facilitate intelligence sharing with French forces conducting operations in Mali,
and with other partners in the region.”
Afghanistan. On April 10, 2013, DOD identified four major units to deploy as part of the upcoming
rotation of forces operating in Afghanistan. The scheduled rotation one cavalry regiment, the 2 nd
Cavalry Regiment from Vilseck, Germany, with roughly 3,000 personnel; one armored brigade
combat team (ABCT) with roughly 3,200 personnel from the 2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st
Cavalry Division, Fort Hood, Texas; one infantry brigade combat team (IBCT) with roughly 2,200
personnel from the 3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division, Fort Knox, Kentucky; and
a division headquarters with roughly 450 personnel from the 4th Infantry Division Headquarters, Fort
Carson, Colorado, to rotate in summer 2013.
Jordan. Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel ordered the deployment of more American troops to Jordan.
He announced the deployment on April 17, 2013, in a statement on Syria before the Senate Armed
Services Committee. He said that U.S. troops would work alongside Jordanian forces to “improve
readiness and prepare for a number of scenarios.” The troops, which number up to 200, would be
from the headquarters of the 1st Armored Division at Fort Bliss, Texas, according to DOD sources.
Terrorism threat/Afghanistan/Somalia/Yemen/Central Africa. On June 14, 2013, President Obama sent
Congress a letter “consistent with” the War Powers Resolution, on U.S. military operations against
al-Qaida, the Taliban, and associated forces, and in support of related U.S. counterterrorism
objectives in Afghanistan and elsewhere. There were approximately 62,000 U.S. forces in Afghanistan
of which 49,000 of these forces were assigned to the NATO-led International Security Assistance
Force (ISAF). Further directed reduction of forces were to continue to the 34,000 level by February
12, 2014.
Jordan. President Obama sent Congress a letter on June 21, 2013, regarding a combat-equipped
detachment of 700 U.S. troops remaining in Jordan following training exercises that ended on June 20.
This was at the request of the government of Jordan and in furtherance of U.S. national security and
foreign policy interests.
Afghanistan. On July 11, 2013, DOD identified three units to deploy as part of the upcoming rotation
of forces in Afghanistan. The scheduled rotation involved elements of one infantry brigade combat
team (IBCT) with roughly 2,000 personnel; and elements of two combat aviation brigades, one with
roughly 1,450 personnel and one with roughly 2,100 personnel, to rotate in Fall 2013 in support of
the combatant commander’s mission requirements. The deploying units include the 3rd Infantry
Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division, Fort Drum, New York; the 1st Cavalry Division
Combat Aviation Brigade, Fort Hood, Texas; and the 1st Infantry Division Combat Aviation Brigade,
Fort Riley, Kansas.
Afghanistan. On September 24, 2013, DOD identified six units to deploy as part of the upcoming
rotation of forces operating in Afghanistan. The scheduled rotation involved elements of two infantry
brigade combat teams (IBCT)—one with roughly 1,830 personnel (4th Infantry Brigade Combat Team,
4th Infantry Division) and one with roughly 2,000 personnel (2nd Brigade Combat Team, 101st
Airborne Division); elements of one armored brigade combat team (ABCT) with roughly 1,160
personnel (3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division); elements of one combat
aviation brigade with roughly 1,800 personnel (159th Combat Aviation Brigade, 101st Airborne
Division); a division headquarters element with roughly 630 personnel (10 th Mountain Division
Headquarters); and a corps headquarters element with roughly 560 personnel (XVIII Airborne Corps
Headquarters) to rotate in winter 2013-2014 in support of the combatant commander’s mission
requirements. The deploying units include Brigade Combat Teams/Combat Aviation Brigades: 2 nd
Brigade Combat Team, 101st Airborne Division, Fort Campbell, KY; 4th Infantry Brigade Combat
Team, 4th Infantry Division, Fort Carson, CO; 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored
Division, Fort Bliss, TX; and 159th Combat Aviation Brigade, 101st Airborne Division, Fort Campbell,
KY; Division Headquarters: 10th Mountain Division Headquarters, Fort Drum, NY; and Corps
Headquarters: XVIII Airborne Corps Headquarters, Fort Bragg, NC.
Leyte, Philippines Humanitarian Assistance for Typhoon Haiyan. On November 9, 2013, the Defense
Secretary directed the U.S. Pacific Command to support humanitarian relief operations in the
Congressional Research Service
30
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
Philippines after Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda). The aircraft carrier USS George Washington (CVN 73) and
other U.S. Navy ships were ordered to the Philippines. The aircraft carrier, which carries 5,000
sailors and more than 80 aircraft, was in Hong Kong for a port visit. In addition to the carrier were
the cruisers USS Antietam (CG 54) and USS Cowpens (CG 63), the destroyers USS Mustin (DDG 89)
and USS Lassen (DDG 82), and the supply ship USNS Charles Drew (T-AKE-10). Embarked on board
the USS George Washington was Carrier Air Wing Five (CVW-5), a collection of aircraft designed to
perform various functions including disaster relief. Included were the “Golden Falcons” of Helicopter
Sea Combat Squadron 12 flying the MH-60S Seahawk and the “Saberhawks” of Helicopter Maritime
Strike Squadron 77 flying the MH-60R Seahawk. See CRS Report R43309, Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda):
U.S. and International Response to Philippines Disaster, coordinated by Thomas Lum and Rhoda
Margesson, for more information about U.S. relief efforts.
Burundi and Central African Republic. A small U.S. Air Force support team and two C-17 Globemaster
III aircraft began airlift operations on December 12, 2013, in response to a French request for airlift
support. The U.S. airmen conducted 16 flights from Burundi to the Central African Republic
transporting 857 Burundian troops, 73 pallets of equipment, and 18 Burundian military vehicles.
Fewer than 10 Americans remained on the ground serving as liaisons with the French military when
operations were completed on December 30, 2013.
Afghanistan. On December 13, 2013, DOD identified five units to deploy as part of the upcoming
rotation of forces operating in Afghanistan. The scheduled rotation involved elements of one infantry
brigade combat team (IBCT) with roughly 3,200 personnel (1st Brigade, 82nd Airborne Division);
elements of one cavalry regiment (CR) with roughly 2,050 personnel (3rd Cavalry Regiment); elements
of two combat aviation brigades—one with roughly 1,700 personnel and the other with roughly 1,000
personnel (16th Combat Aviation Brigade and 12th Combat Aviation Brigade), and a division
headquarters element with roughly 350 personnel (1st Cavalry Division Headquarters) to rotate in
spring 2014 in support of the combatant commander’s mission requirements. The deploying units
include Brigade Combat Teams/Combat Aviation Brigades: 1st Brigade, 82nd Airborne Division, Fort
Bragg, NC; 3rd Cavalry Regiment, Fort Hood, TX; 16th Combat Aviation Brigade, Joint Base LewisMcChord, WA; and 12th Combat Aviation Brigade, Ansbach, Germany, and Division Headquarters: 1 st
Cavalry Division Headquarters, Fort Hood, TX. See CRS Report RL30588, Afghanistan: Post-Taliban
Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy, for more information.
South Sudan. On December 18, 2013, at the request of the U.S. State Department, DOD directed
two U.S. C-130 aircraft to evacuate 120 personnel from the embassy in Juba, the capital of South
Sudan, to Nairobi, Kenya. In President Obama’s report to Congress on December 19, 2013, he
provided information on the deployment of U.S. forces to support the security of U.S. citizens and
personnel at the U.S. embassy in South Sudan consistent with the War Powers Resolution (P.L. 93148). On December 21, 2013, 46 additional U.S. military personnel deployed by military aircraft to
the area of Bor, South Sudan, to conduct an operation to evacuate U.S. citizens and personnel. After
the aircraft came under fire, the operation was curtailed due to security considerations and the
aircraft and all military personnel onboard departed without completing the evacuation. See CRS
Report R43344, Conflict in South Sudan and the Challenges Ahead.
2014
South Korea. On January 7, 2014, DOD announced the rotational deployment of the U.S. Army’s 1st
Battalion, 12th Cavalry Regiment, 1st U.S. Cavalry Division from Fort Hood, TX, to Camps Hovey and
Stanley, Republic of Korea, on February 1, 2014, comprising approximately 800 soldiers.
Uganda, South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Central African Republic. President
Obama announced on March 23, 2014, the deployment of U.S. aircraft, aircrews, and support
personnel to central Africa. The total number of U.S. military personnel deployed for this mission was
about 280 and may increase to as many as 300. According to the president’s letter to Congress, “The
aircraft and personnel providing the enhanced air mobility support will deploy to the Lord’s
Resistance Army-affected areas of central Africa episodically, as they are available, and consistent with
other Department of Defense requirements.”5
Iraq. On June 19, 2014, President Obama announced his decision to deploy 300 U.S. military
personnel to advise the Iraqi security forces. These special operators would secure the U.S. embassy
and personnel operating inside Iraq, assess the situation on the ground, help evaluate gaps in Iraqi
5 The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, “Letter from the President—IDLs—War Powers Resolution,” March
25, 2014, at https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/03/25/letter-president-idls-war-powersresolution.
Congressional Research Service
31
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
security forces, and increase these forces’ capacity to counter the threat posed by the Islamic State of
Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).6 See CRS Report R43612, The Islamic State and U.S. Policy.
Iraq. June 30, 2014, President Obama ordered an additional 200 military personnel deployed to Iraq
to reinforce security at the U.S. embassy in Baghdad and other U.S. facilities as well as at the city’s
international airport.7
Ukraine. On August 6, 2014, at the request of the U.S. State Department, a dozen American troops
from U.S. European Command arrived in Kiev, Ukraine, to help investigate the downing of the
Malaysian airliner MH17 that killed all 298 passengers aboard.8 These specialists would assist State
Department personnel in Kiev and not visit the crash site in eastern Ukraine, where there was
fighting between the Ukrainian forces of the central government and separatists backed by Russia. See
CRS Report RL33460, Ukraine: Current Issues and U.S. Policy, for more detail.
Iraq. On August 13, 2014, Defense Secretary Hagel announced that President Obama had ordered
130 new assessors to deploy to Erbil, Iraq, to assess the scope of the humanitarian mission and
develop additional humanitarian assistance options in support of displaced Iraqi civilians trapped on
Sinjar Mountain by the ISIL.9
Poland. DOD announced on August 13, 2014, that 600 soldiers from the 1st Brigade, 1st Cavalry
Division, Fort Hood, TX, would rotate to Poland as the next unit to participate in the reassurance
initiative. The brigade would be the next unit to take part in ongoing land forces exercises that fall
under the umbrella of Operation Atlantic Resolve. According to Pentagon officials, “the United States
is demonstrating its continued commitment to collective security through a series of actions designed
to reassure NATO allies and partners of America’s dedication to enduring peace and stability in the
region, in light of the Russian intervention in Ukraine.”10
Iraq. On September 2, 2014, President Barack Obama approved an increase of 350 additional military
personnel on the ground in Baghdad providing security at the U.S. embassy compound and its support
facilities.11 On September 10, Pentagon Press Secretary Navy Rear Adm. John Kirby announced that
“approximately 475 additional servicemembers will be deployed to Iraq to conduct the following
missions: advise and assist the Iraqi security forces in order to help them go on the offense against
ISIL, conduct intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance flights to increase U.S. capacity to target
ISIL, and coordinate the activities of the U.S. military across Iraq.”12
Liberia, West Africa. President Obama announced on September 16, 2014, a major increase in the U.S.
response to the current Ebola outbreak in West Africa. U.S. Africa Command set up a Joint Force
Command headquartered in Monrovia, Liberia, to provide regional command-and-control support to
U.S. military activities and facilitate coordination with U.S. government and international relief
efforts.13 An estimated 3,000 U.S. forces would be involved in the upcoming months. Pentagon
spokesman Army Colonel Steve Warren announced that as of September 29, 2014, about 150 U.S.
servicemembers were in the Liberian capital Monrovia, conducting a range of activities in support of
6 The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, “Remarks by the President on the Situation in Iraq,” June 19, 2014,
at https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/06/19/remarks-president-situation-iraq.
7 U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), “Additional Troops Sent to Bolster Security at U.S. Embassy in Baghdad,” DOD
News, June 30, 2014.
8 Richard Sisk, “US Military Deploys Team of Troops to Ukraine,” Military.com, August 6, 2014, at
http://www.military.com/daily-news/2014/08/06/us-military-deploys-team-of-troops-to-ukraine.html?ESRC=eb.nl.
9 Jim Garamone, “President Sends More Assessors to Iraq,” DOD News, Defense Media Activity, August 13, 2014, at
https://www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/603059/.
10
Army Sgt.1st Class Tyrone C. Marshall Jr., “DOD Announces Operation Atlantic Resolve Brigade Rotation,” DOD
News, Defense Media Activity, August 13, 2014, at https://www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/603063/
dod-announces-operation-atlantic-resolve-brigade-rotation.
11 DOD, “Statement from Pentagon Press Secretary Rear Admiral John Kirby on Security Personnel in Iraq,” DOD
News Release, September 2, 2014, at https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Releases/Release/Article/605161/statementfrom-pentagon-press-secretary-rear-admiral-john-kirby-on-security-per/.
12 Jim Garamone, “U.S. Sending 475 More Service Members to Iraq,” DOD News, September 10, 2014, at
https://www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/603214/us-sending-475-more-service-members-to-iraq/.
13 The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, “Fact Sheet: U.S. Response to the Ebola Epidemic in West Africa,”
September 16, 2014, at https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/09/16/fact-sheet-us-responseebola-epidemic-west-africa.
Congressional Research Service
32
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2023
the U.S. Agency for International Development, as U.S. Africa Command set up a joint force
command headquarters there to support U.S. military activities. 14
Liberia and Senegal, West Africa. On October 1, 2014, Defense Secretary Hagel authorized the
deployment of 700 soldiers from the 101st Airborne Division headquarters to Liberia to help with the
Ebola epidemic. By October 3, there were 205 U.S. servicemembers in Liberia, with another 26 in
neighboring Senegal to establish a cargo-processing hub in support of Operation United Assistance,
the international effort to battle Ebola in West Africa.15 On October 29, a 20-member team of Air
Force medical trainers arrived in Monrovia, Liberia, to train non-U.S. medical personnel as part of
Operation United Assistance. On October 31, a team of soldier-scientists who are part of an army
expeditionary laboratory unit based in Aberdeen, MD, deployed to Liberia for up to a year to
establish four labs outside Monrovia and contribute to the U.S. effort to halt Ebola outbreaks in West
Africa.16
Iraq. On November 7, 2014, the President authorized the Secretary of Defense to deploy to Iraq up
to 1,500 additional U.S. personnel over the coming months, in a non-combat role. CENTCOM would
establish two expeditionary advice and assist operations centers, in locations outside of Baghdad and
Erbil, to provide support for the Iraqis at the brigade headquarters level and above.17
Dakar, Senegal. On November 10, 2014, 35 airmen and two Air Force C-130 Hercules aircraft from
Dyess Air Force Base, TX, joined forces with more than 70 airmen from the Kentucky Air National
Guard’s 123rd Contingency Response Group who have been operating a cargo hub at the
International Airport in Dakar since October 5, 2014, as part of Operation United Assistance.18
Senegal and Liberia, West Africa. On November 14, 2014, Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel signed an
order authorizing the involuntary mobilization of approximately 2,100 Army Reserve and Army
National Guard soldiers to support Operation United Assistance.19 These troops would replace
forces in Senegal and Liberia who are supporting the U.S. response to the Ebola outbreak.
Vi
This text is long and has been trimmed here. Open the source document for the complete record.
This is a copy of a public record, reproduced as it was published. It is not legal advice, and it may not be the version a court would rely on. Check the official source before you cite it.