Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices

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Continuing Resolutions: Overview of

Components and Practices

Kate P. McClanahan, Coordinator

Analyst on the Appropriations Process

James V. Saturno

Specialist on Congress and the Legislative Process

Megan S. Lynch

Specialist on Congress and the Legislative Process

Bill Heniff Jr.

Analyst on Congress and the Legislative Process

Justin Murray

Senior Research Librarian

Updated April 19, 2019

Congressional Research Service

7-....

www.crs.gov

R42647

Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices

Summary

The program activities of most federal agencies are generally funded on an annual basis through

the enactment of regular appropriations acts. When those annual appropriations acts are not

enacted by the beginning of the fiscal year (i.e., by October 1), one or more continuing

appropriations acts (commonly known as continuing resolutions or CRs) may be enacted to

provide temporary funding to continue certain programs and activities until action on the regular

appropriations acts is completed.

Congress has included six main components in CRs. First, CRs have provided funding for certain

activities (coverage), which are typically specified with reference to the prior fiscal year’s

appropriations acts. Second, CRs have provided budget authority for a specified duration of time.

This duration may be as short as a single day or as long as the remainder of the fiscal year. Third,

CRs have provided funds based on an overall funding rate. Fourth, the use of budget authority

provided in the CR has been prohibited for new activities not funded in the previous fiscal year.

Fifth, the duration and amount of funds in the CR, and purposes for which they may be used for

specified activities, may be adjusted through anomalies. Sixth, legislative provisions—which

create, amend, or extend other laws—have been included in some instances.

This report provides detailed information on CRs beginning with FY1977, which was the first

fiscal year that began on October 1. Congress has enacted one or more CRs in all but three of the

last 43 fiscal years (FY1977-FY2019). In addition, in 10 of the last 18 fiscal years, the initial

CR—and in some years subsequent CRs—provided continuing appropriations for all the regular

appropriations acts.

After FY1997—the most recent fiscal year that all regular appropriations bills were enacted

before the start of the new fiscal year—an average of at least five CRs were signed into law for

each fiscal year before the appropriations process was completed for that year. During this period,

CRs provided funding for an average of almost five months each fiscal year.

For some fiscal years, a CR has provided continuing appropriations (i.e., at a rate of operations)

through the end of that year (often referred to as a full-year CR). Most recently, a full-year CR

was enacted for most of the regular appropriations acts for FY2007, FY2011, and FY2013. In the

1980s, in contrast, some “full-year CRs” actually included the full text of certain regular

appropriations acts (i.e., in the form of an omnibus appropriations act rather than a typical CR).

Congressional Research Service

Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices

Contents

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1

Main Components of Continuing Resolutions ................................................................................ 2

Coverage ................................................................................................................................... 2

Duration .................................................................................................................................... 4

Funding Rate ............................................................................................................................. 5

Purpose for Funds and Restrictions on New Activities ............................................................. 6

Exceptions to Duration, Amount, and Purposes: Anomalies..................................................... 7

Duration .............................................................................................................................. 7

Amount ............................................................................................................................... 7

Purpose................................................................................................................................ 8

Legislative Provisions ............................................................................................................... 8

The Enactment of Regular Appropriations Bills and Use of CRs, FY1977-FY2019 ...................... 9

Duration and Frequency of Continuing Resolutions, FY1998-FY2019 ........................................ 12

Features of Full-Year CRs After FY1977 ...................................................................................... 16

Figures

Figure 1. Duration of Continuing Resolutions (CRs): FY1998-FY2019 ...................................... 15

Tables

Table 1. CRS Appropriations Procedure Experts ............................................................................ 2

Table 2. Enactment of Regular Appropriations Bills and Use of Continuing Resolutions

(CRs): FY1977-FY2019 ............................................................................................................. 10

Table 3. Number and Duration of Continuing Resolutions (CRs): FY1998-FY2019 ................... 12

Table 4. Appropriations Acts Containing Full-Year Continuing Resolutions (CRs):

FY1977-FY2019 ........................................................................................................................ 17

Table 5. Number, Page Length, and Duration of Continuing Resolutions (CRs): FY1977FY2019 ....................................................................................................................................... 19

Contacts

Author Contact Information .......................................................................................................... 30

Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................... 30

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Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices

Introduction

The program activities of most federal agencies are generally funded on an annual basis through

the enactment of 12 regular appropriations acts.1 When those annual appropriations acts are not

enacted by the beginning of the fiscal year (i.e., by October 1), one or more continuing

appropriations acts may be enacted to provide temporary funding to continue certain programs

and activities until action on regular appropriations acts is completed. Such funding is provided

for a specified period of time, which may be extended through the enactment of subsequent CRs.

A continuing appropriations act is commonly referred to as a continuing resolution or CR because

it has typically been in the form of a joint resolution rather than a bill. But there is no procedural

requirement as to its form. Continuing appropriations are also occasionally provided through a

bill.

If appropriations are not enacted for a fiscal year through a regular appropriations act or a CR, a

“funding gap” occurs until such appropriations are provided. When a funding gap occurs, federal

agencies may be directed to begin a “shutdown” of the affected programs and activities.2

Agencies are generally prohibited from obligating or expending federal funds in the absence of

appropriations.3

Congress has enacted one or more CRs in all but three of the 43 fiscal years since FY1977.4

Further information is available in Table 2 of this report. In total, 186 CRs were enacted into law

during the period covering FY1977-FY2019, ranging from zero to 21 in any single fiscal year. On

average, about four CRs were enacted each fiscal year during this interval. Table 3 and Figure 1

of this report provide more information on this aspect of CRs.

This report provides an overview of the components of CRs and information about congressional

practices related to their use.5 The first section of this report explains six of the typical main

components of CRs: coverage, duration, funding rate, restrictions on new activities, anomalies,

and legislative provisions. The second section discusses the enactment of regular appropriations

acts prior to the start of the fiscal year and the number of CRs enacted, beginning with FY1977,

which was the first fiscal year that began on October 1. The third section provides information on

the variation in the number and duration of CRs enacted each fiscal year after FY1997—the most

1 For further information on the appropriations process, see CRS Report R42388, The Congressional Appropriations

Process: An Introduction.

2 For further information on funding gaps and shutdowns, see respectively, CRS Report RS20348, Federal Funding

Gaps: A Brief Overview; and CRS Report RL34680, Shutdown of the Federal Government: Causes, Processes, and

Effects.

3 These prohibitions are contained in the Antideficiency Act (31 U.S.C. §§1341-1342, 1511-1519). Exceptions are

made under the act, including for activities involving “the safety of human life or the protection of property” (31 U.S.C.

1342). The Antideficiency Act is discussed in CRS Report RL30795, General Management Laws: A Compendium

(available to congressional clients upon request). In addition, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) provides

information about the act online at http://www.gao.gov/ada/antideficiency.htm.

4 The use of CRs had also been common prior to the fiscal year beginning on October 1. For example, in each of the 23

years prior to FY1977 (i.e., FY1954-FY1976), during which the federal fiscal year began on July 1, at least one CR

was enacted for each fiscal year. See Congressional Record, vol. 118 (May 31, 1972), pp. 19358-19359; and CRS

archived report, An Overview of the Use of Continuing Appropriations, September 26, 1980 (available to congressional

clients upon request).

5 The information in this report is inclusive of all appropriations acts entitled or otherwise designated as providing CRs.

In some instances, such acts might alternatively be characterized by some observers as “omnibus appropriations acts.”

For a further discussion of this issue, see the section titled “Funding Rate” and CRS Report RL32473, Omnibus

Appropriations Acts: Overview of Recent Practices.

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Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices

recent fiscal year in which all regular appropriations were enacted before the start of the new

fiscal year. Finally, the fourth section of this report discusses the features of the 15 “full-year

CRs” that provided funding through the remainder of the fiscal year. For further information, see

Table 4 in this report. A list of all CRs enacted between FY1977 and FY2019 is provided at the

end of this report in Table 5.

This report has been updated from the previous January 2016 version to include information on

FY2017, FY2018, and FY2019.

Table 1. CRS Appropriations Procedure Experts

Area of Expertise

Name/Title

Appropriations Procedure

and Budget Enforcement

Kate P. McClanahan

James V. Saturno

Megan Lynch

Bill Heniff Jr.

Appropriations Status

Table

Justin Murray

Main Components of Continuing Resolutions

Congress has included six main components in CRs. First, CRs provide funding for certain

activities (coverage), which are typically specified with reference to the prior or current fiscal

year’s appropriations acts. Second, CRs provide budget authority for a specified duration of

time.6 This duration may be as short as a single day or as long as the remainder of the fiscal year.

Third, CRs typically provide funds based on an overall funding rate. Fourth, the use of budget

authority provided in the CR is typically prohibited for new activities not funded in the previous

fiscal year. Fifth, the duration and amount of funds in the CR, and purposes for which they may

be used for specified activities, may be adjusted through anomalies. Sixth, legislative

provisions—which create, amend, or extend other laws—have been included in some instances.

Although this section discusses the above components as they have been enacted in CRs under

recent practice, it does not discuss their potential effects on budget execution or agency

operations. For analysis of these issues, see CRS Report RL34700, Interim Continuing

Resolutions (CRs): Potential Impacts on Agency Operations.

Coverage

A CR provides funds for certain activities, which are typically specified with reference to other

pieces of appropriations legislation or the appropriations acts for a previous fiscal year. Most

often, the coverage of a CR is defined with reference to the activities funded in prior fiscal years’

appropriations acts for which the current fiscal year’s regular appropriations have yet to be

enacted. For example, in Section 101 of P.L. 111-68 (the first CR for FY2010), the coverage

6 Appropriations bills provide agencies with budget authority, which is defined as authority provided by federal law to

enter into contracts or other financial obligations that will result in immediate or future expenditures (or outlays)

involving federal government funds. For explanations of these terms, see GAO, Glossary, pp. 20-21. For the purposes

of this report, the terms “budget authority” and “funding” are used interchangeably.

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Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices

included activities funded in selected regular and supplemental appropriations acts for FY2008

and FY2009:

Sec. 101. Such amounts as may be necessary… under the authority and conditions provided

in such Acts, for continuing projects or activities (including the costs of direct loans and

loan guarantees) that are not otherwise specifically provided for in this joint resolution, that

were conducted in fiscal year 2009, and for which appropriations, funds, or other authority

were made available in the following appropriations Acts:

(1) Chapter 2 of title IX of the Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2008 (P.L. 110-252).

(2) Section 155 of division A of the Consolidated Security, Disaster Assistance, and

Continuing Appropriations Act, 2009 (P.L. 110-329), except that subsections (c), (d), and

(e) of such section shall not apply to funds made available under this joint resolution.

(3) Divisions C through E of the Consolidated Security, Disaster Assistance, and

Continuing Appropriations Act, 2009 (P.L. 110-329).

(4) Divisions A through I of the Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 (P.L. 111-8), as

amended by section 2 of P.L. 111-46.

(5) Titles III and VI (under the heading `Coast Guard’) of the Supplemental Appropriations

Act, 2009 (P.L. 111-32). [emphasis added]

Less frequently, CRs specify coverage with reference to regular appropriations bills for the

current fiscal year that have yet to be enacted.7 In these instances, it is possible that an activity

covered in the corresponding previous fiscal year’s appropriations bill might not be covered in the

CR. Alternatively, a CR might stipulate that activities funded in the previous fiscal year are

covered only if they are included in a regular appropriations bill for the current fiscal year. For

example, Section 101 of P.L. 105-240, the first CR for FY1999, provided that funding would

continue only under such circumstances.

SEC. 101. (a) Such amounts as may be necessary under the authority and conditions

provided in the applicable appropriations Act for the fiscal year 1998 for continuing

projects or activities including the costs of direct loans and loan guarantees (not otherwise

specifically provided for in this joint resolution) which were conducted in the fiscal year

1998 and for which appropriations, funds, or other authority would be available in the

following appropriations Acts:

(1) the Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related

Agencies Appropriations Act, 1999….

(8) the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related

Agencies Appropriations Act, 1999, the House and Senate reported versions of which shall

be deemed to have passed the House and Senate respectively as of October 1, 1998, for the

purposes of this joint resolution, unless a reported version is passed as of October 1, 1998,

in which case the passed version shall be used in place of the reported version for purposes

of this joint resolution;

(9) the Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 1999…. [emphasis added]

CRs may be enacted as stand-alone legislative vehicles or as provisions attached to a regular

appropriations bill or an omnibus bill.8 In instances in which one or more regular appropriations

bills are near completion, Congress may find it expeditious to include a CR in that same

7 See, for example, Section 101 of P.L. 105-240.

8 Two or more regular appropriations bills are sometimes packaged into a single or “omnibus” legislative vehicle prior

to enactment. For a discussion of this practice, see CRS Report RL32473, Omnibus Appropriations Acts: Overview of

Recent Practices.

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Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices

legislative vehicle to cover activities in the remaining regular bills that are not yet enacted. In

such instances, some activities may be covered by reference while funding for others is provided

through the text of the measure. For example, Division C of P.L. 115-245—the Department of

Defense and Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education Appropriations Act, 2019, and

Continuing Appropriations Act, 2019—provided continuing appropriations through December 7,

2018, by referencing the FY2018 regular appropriations acts, while the other divisions of P.L.

115-245 provided full-year regular appropriations for the FY2019 Defense and Labor-HHS-ED

bills.

Duration

The duration of a CR refers to the period for which budget authority is provided for covered

activities. The period ends either upon the enactment of the applicable regular appropriations act

or on an expiration date specified in the CR, whichever occurs first. When a CR expires prior to

the completion of all regular appropriations bills for a fiscal year, one or more additional CRs

may be enacted to prevent funding gaps and secure additional increments of time to complete the

remaining regular appropriations bills. The duration of any further CRs may be brief, sometimes a

single day, to encourage the process to conclude swiftly, or it may be for weeks or months to

accommodate further negotiations or congressional recesses. In some cases, CRs have carried

over into the next session of Congress.

In most of the fiscal years in which CRs have been used, a series of two or more have been

enacted into law.9 Such CRs may be designated by their order (e.g., “first” CR, “second” CR) or,

after the initial CR has been enacted, designated as a “further” CR. When action on the regular

appropriations bills is not complete by the time when the first CR expires, subsequent CRs will

often simply replace the expiration date in the preceding CR with a new expiration date. For

example, Section 1 of the third CR for FY2016, P.L. 114-100, stated that “Public Law 114-53 is

amended by striking the date specified in Section 106(3) and inserting ‘December 22, 2015.’”

This action extended the duration of the preceding CR by six days.

Funds provided by a CR will not necessarily be used by all covered activities through the date the

CR expires. In practice, the budget authority provided by a CR may be superseded by the

enactment of subsequent appropriations measures or the occurrence of other specified conditions.

In an instance in which a regular appropriations bill was enacted prior to the expiration of a CR,

the budget authority provided by the regular bill for covered activities would replace the funding

provided by the CR. All other activities in the CR, however, would continue to be funded by the

CR unless they were likewise superseded or the CR expired. The duration of funds for certain

activities could also be shortened if other conditions that are specified in the CR occur. For

example, Section 107 of P.L. 108-84, the first CR for FY2004, provided funds for 31 days or

fewer:

Sec. 107. Unless otherwise provided for in this joint resolution or in the applicable

appropriations Act, appropriations and funds made available and authority granted

pursuant to this joint resolution shall be available until (a) enactment into law of an

appropriation for any project or activity provided for in this joint resolution, or (b) the

enactment into law of the applicable appropriations Act by both Houses without any

provision for such project or activity, or (c) October 31, 2003, whichever first occurs.

[emphasis added]

9 For further information, see Table 2 and Table 5 in this report.

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In this instance, funding for all other activities not subject to these conditions would continue

under the CR until it expired or was otherwise superseded.

When a CR is attached to a regular appropriations bill, the activities covered by regular

appropriations are funded through the remainder of the fiscal year, whereas the activities covered

by the CR are funded through a specified date. Congress may also single out specific activities in

a CR to receive funding for a specified duration that differs from the vast majority of other

accounts and activities. This type of variation in duration is discussed in the “Exceptions to

Duration, Amount, and Purposes: Anomalies” section.

As an alternative to the separate enactment of one or more of the regular appropriations bills for a

fiscal year, a CR may provide funds for the activities covered in such bills through the remainder

of the fiscal year. This type of CR is referred to as a full-year CR. Full-year CRs may provide

funding for all bills that have yet to be enacted or include the full text of one or more regular

appropriations bills. For example, Division A of P.L. 112-10 contained the text of the FY2011

Defense Appropriations Act, whereas the programs and activities covered by the 11 remaining

regular appropriations bills were funded by the full-year CR in Division B.

Funding Rate

CRs often fund activities under a formula-type approach that provides budget authority at a

restricted level but not a specified amount. This method of providing budget authority is

commonly referred to as the “funding rate.” Under a funding rate, the amount of budget authority

for an account10 is calculated as the total amount of budget authority annually available based on

a reference level (usually a dollar amount or calculation), multiplied by the fraction of the fiscal

year for which the funds are made available in the CR.11 This is in contrast to regular and

supplemental appropriations acts, which generally provide specific amounts for each account.

In previous years, many CRs have provided funding across accounts by reference to the amount

of budget authority available in specified appropriations acts from the previous fiscal year. For

example, Section 101 of P.L. 110-329, the first CR for FY2010, provided the following funding

rate:

Such amounts as may be necessary, at a rate for operations as provided in the applicable

appropriations Acts for fiscal year 2008 and under the authority and conditions provided

in such Acts, for continuing projects or activities (including the costs of direct loans and

loan guarantees) that are not otherwise specifically provided for in this joint resolution, that

were conducted in fiscal year 2008, and for which appropriations, funds, or other authority

were made available in the following appropriations Acts: divisions A, B, C, D, F, G, H, J,

and K of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008 (P.L. 110-161). [emphasis added]

Other CRs have provided funding by reference to the levels available in the previous fiscal year,

with either an increase or decrease from the previous fiscal year’s level. For example, Section

101(a) and (b) of P.L. 112-33, the first CR for FY2012, provided the following funding rate:

(a) Such amounts as may be necessary, at a rate for operations as provided in the applicable

appropriations Acts for fiscal year 2011 and under the authority and conditions provided

in such Acts, for continuing projects or activities (including the costs of direct loans and

loan guarantees) that are not otherwise specifically provided for in this Act, that were

10 Regular appropriations bills contain a series of unnumbered paragraphs with headings, generally reflecting a unique

budget “account.” Elements within budget accounts are divided by “program, project or activity” based upon the table

“Comparative Statement of New Budget Authority” in the back of the report accompanying the appropriations bill.

11 For a discussion of how funding rates are calculated, see GAO, Office of the General Counsel, Principles of Federal

Appropriations Law, vol. II, 3rd ed. (2004), at 8-10 to 8-14.

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conducted in fiscal year 2011, and for which appropriations, funds, or other authority were

made available in the following appropriations Acts….

(b) The rate for operations provided by subsection (a) is hereby reduced by 1.503 percent.

[emphasis added]

Although these examples illustrate the most typical types of funding rates, other types of funding

rates have sometimes been used when providing continuing appropriations. For example, P.L.

105-240, the first CR for FY1999, provided a variable funding rate for covered activities.

Specifically, the CR provided funds derived from three possible reference sources: the Houseand Senate-passed FY1999 regular appropriations bills, the amount of the President’s budget

request, or “current operations” (the total amount of budget authority available for obligation for

an activity during the previous fiscal year), whichever was lower. In instances where no funding

was provided under the House-and Senate-passed FY1999 appropriations bills, the funding rate

would be based on the lower of the President’s budget request or current operations. In addition,

while the first CR for a fiscal year may provide a certain funding rate, subsequent CRs sometimes

may provide a different rate.

CRs have sometimes provided budget authority for some or all covered activities by

incorporating the actual text of one or more regular appropriations bills for that fiscal year rather

than providing funding according to the rate formula.12 For example, P.L. 112-10 provided

funding for the Department of Defense through the incorporation of a regular appropriations bill

in Division A, whereas Division B provided formulaic funding for all other activities for the

remainder of the fiscal year.13 In this type of instance, the formula in the CR applies only to

activities not covered in the text of the incorporated regular appropriations bill or bills.

Purpose for Funds and Restrictions on New Activities

CRs that provide a funding rate for activities often stipulate that funds may be used for the

purposes and in the manner provided in specified appropriations acts for the previous fiscal year.

CRs may also provide that the funds provided may be used only for activities funded in the

previous fiscal year. In practice, this is often characterized as a prohibition on “new starts.” In

addition, conditions and limitations on program activity from the previous year’s appropriations

acts may be retained by language contained within the resolution’s text. An example of such

language, from P.L. 112-33, is below:

Sec. 103. Appropriations made by section 101 shall be available to the extent and in the

manner that would be provided by the pertinent appropriations Act. [emphasis added]

Sec. 104. Except as otherwise provided in section 102, no appropriation or funds made

available or authority granted pursuant to section 101 shall be used to initiate or resume

any project or activity for which appropriations, funds, or other authority were not available

during fiscal year 2011. [emphasis added]

12 From a functional perspective, CRs that do not include any formulaic provisions but instead provide appropriations

only by using the full text of acts (including by cross-reference) are sometimes regarded as omnibus appropriations acts

rather than CRs, even if they are entitled an act “making continuing appropriations” or “making further continuing

appropriations.”

13 The formulaic funding for many of the accounts funded in Division B was modified by anomalies. For a discussion

of this practice, see the “Anomalies” section of this report.

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This language prevents the initiation of new activities with the funds provided in the CR.

Agencies may use appropriated funds from prior fiscal years that remain available, however, to

initiate new activities in some circumstances.14

Exceptions to Duration, Amount, and Purposes: Anomalies

Even though CRs typically provide funds at a rate, they may also include provisions that

enumerate exceptions to the duration, amount, or purposes for which those funds may be used for

certain appropriations accounts or activities. Such provisions are commonly referred to as

“anomalies.” The purpose of anomalies is to preserve Congress’s constitutional prerogative to

provide appropriations in the manner it sees fit, even in instances when only short-term funding is

provided.15

Duration

A CR may contain anomalies that designate a duration of funding for certain activities that is

different from the overall duration provided. For example, Section 112 of P.L. 108-84 provided an

exception to the expiration date of October 31, 2003, specified in Section 107(c) of the CR:

For entitlements and other mandatory payments whose budget authority was provided in

appropriations Acts for fiscal year 2003, and for activities under the Food Stamp Act of

1977, activities shall be continued at the rate to maintain program levels under current law,

under the authority and conditions provided in the applicable appropriations Act for fiscal

year 2003, to be continued through the date specified in section 107(c): Provided, That

notwithstanding section 107, funds shall be available and obligations for mandatory

payments due on or about November 1 and December 1, 2003, may continue to be made.

[emphasis added]

Amount

Anomalies may also designate a specific amount or rate of budget authority for certain accounts

or activities that is different than the funding rate provided for the remainder of activities in the

CR.16 Typically, such funding is specified as an annualized rate based upon a lump sum. For

example, Section 120 of P.L. 112-33 provided the following anomaly for a specific account,

which was an exception to the generally applicable rate in Section 101:

Notwithstanding section 101, amounts are provided for “Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety

Board—Salaries and Expenses” at a rate for operations of $29,130,000. [emphasis added]

Funding adjustments can also be provided in anomalies for groups of accounts in the bill. For

example, Section 121 of P.L. 112-33 provided a different rate for certain funds in a group of

accounts:

14 Although appropriations bills most commonly provide budget authority that is available for obligation for only one

fiscal year, budget authority for an activity may be provided for more than one year (“multiyear”) or indefinitely (“noyear”). In instances where funds provided in previous years are still available for the purpose of initiating a new project

or activity, such funds may generally be used for this purpose, even though funds for the current fiscal year are

provided by a CR. GAO, Glossary, p. 22.

15 Article 1, §9, of the U.S. Constitution grants Congress the “power of the purse” by prohibiting expenditures “but in

Consequence of Appropriations made by Law.”

16 Regular appropriations bills contain a series of unnumbered paragraphs with headings, generally reflecting a unique

budget “account.” Elements within budget accounts are divided by “program, project or activity” (GAO, Glossary, p.

80). When a CR provides funds for activities in the prior year’s regular appropriations acts, anomalies reflect the

account structure in such acts.

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Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act, except section 106, the District of

Columbia may expend local funds under the heading “District of Columbia Funds” for

such programs and activities under title IV of H.R. 2434 (112th Congress), as reported by

the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives, at the rate set forth

under ‘‘District of Columbia Funds—Summary of Expenses’’ as included in the Fiscal

Year 2012 Budget Request Act of 2011 (D.C. Act 19–92), as modified as of the date of the

enactment of this Act. [emphasis added]

Further, anomalies may provide exceptions to amounts specified in other laws. For example,

Section 121 of P.L. 110-329 provided that funds may be expended in excess of statutory limits up

to an alternative rate.

Notwithstanding the limitations on administrative expenses in subsections (c)(2) and

(c)(3)(A) of section 3005 of the Digital Television Transition and Public Safety Act of

2005 (P.L. 109-171; 120 Stat. 21), the Assistant Secretary (as such term is defined in

section 3001(b) of such Act) may expend funds made available under sections 3006, 3008,

and 3009 of such Act for additional administrative expenses of the digital-to-analog

converter box program established by such section 3005 at a rate not to exceed

$180,000,000 through the date specified in section 106(3) of this joint resolution.

[emphasis added]

Purpose

CRs may also use anomalies to alter the purposes for which the funds may be expended. Such

anomalies may allow funds to be spent for activities that would otherwise be prohibited or

prohibit funds for activities that might otherwise be allowed. For example, Section 114 of P.L.

108-309, the first CR for FY2005, prohibited funds from being available to a particular

department for a certain activity:

Notwithstanding any other provision of this joint resolution, except sections 107 and 108,

amounts are made available for the Strategic National Stockpile (“SNS”) at a rate for

operations not exceeding the lower of the amount which would be made available under

H.R. 5006, as passed by the House of Representatives on September 9, 2004, or S. 2810,

as reported by the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate on September 15, 2004:

Provided, That no funds shall be made available for the SNS to the Department of

Homeland Security under this joint resolution…. [emphasis added]

Legislative Provisions

Substantive legislative provisions, which have the effect of creating new law or changing existing

law, have also been included in some CRs. One reason why CRs have been attractive vehicles for

such provisions is that they are often widely considered to be must-pass measures to prevent

funding gaps. Legislative provisions previously included in CRs have varied considerably in

length, from a short paragraph to more than 200 pages.

House and Senate rules restrict the inclusion of legislative provisions in appropriations bills, but

such restrictions are applicable in different contexts. Although House rules prohibit legislative

provisions from being included in general appropriations measures (including amendments or any

conference report to such measures), these restrictions do not apply to CRs.17 Senate rules

17 House Rule XXI, clause 2, prohibits such language in general appropriations measures and applicable amendments.

House Rule XXII, clause 5, in effect, generally extends the House Rule XXI, clause 2, prohibition to conference

reports. CRs, however, are not considered to be general appropriations bills. W[illia]m Holmes Brown, Charles W.

Johnson, and John V. Sullivan, House Practice: A Guide to the Rules, Precedents and Procedures of the House, 112th

Congressional Research Service

Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices

prohibit non-germane amendments that include legislative provisions either on the Senate floor or

as an amendment between the houses.18 While these Senate restrictions do apply in the case of

CRs, there is considerable leeway on when such provisions may be included, such as when the

Senate amends a legislative provision included by the House.19 The rules of the House and Senate

are not self-enforcing. A point of order must be raised and sustained to prevent any legislative

language from being considered and enacted.20

Substantive provisions in CRs have included language that established major new policies, such

as an FY1985 CR, which contained the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984.21

More frequently, CRs have been used to amend or renew provisions of law. For example, Section

140 of P.L. 112-33 retroactively renewed import restrictions under the Burmese Freedom and

Democracy Act of 2003 (P.L. 108-61):

(a) Renewal of Import Restrictions Under Burmese Freedom and Democracy Act of

2003.—

(1) In general.—Congress approves the renewal of the import restrictions contained in

section 3(a)(1) and section 3A (b)(1) and (c)(1) of the Burmese Freedom and Democracy

Act of 2003.

(2) Rule of construction.—This section shall be deemed to be a “renewal resolution” for

purposes of section 9 of the Burmese Freedom and Democracy Act of 2003.

(b) Effective Date.—This section shall take effect on July 26, 2011.

CRs have also contained legislative provisions that temporarily extended expiring laws. For

example, Section 136 of P.L. 115-298 extended the National Flood Insurance Program:

Sec. 136. Sections 1309(a) and 1319 of the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 (42

U.S.C. 4016(a) and 4026) shall be applied by substituting the date specified in section

105(3) of this Act for ‘December 7, 2018.’

Legislative provisions that temporarily extend expiring laws are effective through the date the CR

expires, unless otherwise specified.

The Enactment of Regular Appropriations Bills and

Use of CRs, FY1977-FY2019

As mentioned previously, regular appropriations were enacted after October 1 in all but four

fiscal years between FY1977 and FY2019. Consequently, CRs have been needed in almost all of

these years to prevent one or more funding gaps from occurring.22

Table 2 provides an overview of the enactment of regular appropriations bills and the use of CRs

between FY1977 and FY2019. All appropriations were enacted before the start of the new fiscal

Cong., 1st sess. (Washington: GPO, 2011), ch. 4, §6, pp. 76-77.

18 Senate Rule XVI, paragraphs 2-6.

19 For further information on House and Senate restrictions on legislation in appropriations, see CRS Report R41634,

Limitations in Appropriations Measures: An Overview of Procedural Issues.

20 For further information on points of order, see CRS Report 98-307, Points of Order, Rulings, and Appeals in the

House of Representatives; and CRS Report 98-306, Points of Order, Rulings, and Appeals in the Senate.

21 P.L. 98-473, 98 Stat. 1837.

22 For further information on the funding gaps that occurred during this period, see CRS Report RS20348, Federal

Funding Gaps: A Brief Overview.

Congressional Research Service

Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices

year four times during this period: FY1977, FY1989, FY1995, and FY1997. Over half of the

regular appropriations bills for a fiscal year were enacted before the start of the new fiscal year in

only one instance (FY1978). In all other fiscal years, fewer than six regular appropriations acts

were enacted on or before October 1. In addition, in 15 out of the 43 years during this period, no

regular appropriations bills were enacted prior to the start of the fiscal year. Ten of these fiscal

years have occurred in the interval since FY2001.

Table 2. Enactment of Regular Appropriations Bills and

Use of Continuing Resolutions (CRs): FY1977-FY2019

Fiscal Year

Number of Regular

Appropriations Billsa

Regular Appropriations Bills Enacted

on or Before October 1

CRs Enactedb

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Congressional Research Service

Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices

Fiscal Year

Number of Regular

Appropriations Billsa

Regular Appropriations Bills Enacted

on or Before October 1

CRs Enactedb

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

Sources: U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, Appropriations, Budget Estimates, Etc., 94th

Congress, 2nd session-104th Congress, 1st session (Washington: GPO, 1976-1995). U.S. Congress, House of

Representatives, Calendars of the U.S. House of Representatives and History of Legislation, 104th Congress, 1st

session-113th Congress, 1st session (Washington: GPO, 1995-2012). CRS appropriations status tables (FY1999FY2019), http://www.crs.gov/pages/AppropriationsStatusTable.aspx.

a. Between the 95th and 108th Congresses, there were 13 House and Senate Appropriations subcommittees

responsible for one regular appropriations bill each. During the 109 th Congress, due to subcommittee

realignment, the total number of regular appropriations bills was effectively reduced to 11 during each year

of the Congress. Beginning in the 110th Congress, subcommittee jurisdictions were again realigned for a

total of 12 subcommittees, each of which is currently responsible for a single regular appropriations bill. For

further information on subcommittee realignment during this period, see CRS Report RL31572,

Appropriations Subcommittee Structure: History of Changes from 1920 to 2019.

b. For further information on each of these CRs, see Table 3.

c. Although all 13 FY1977 regular appropriations bills became law on or before the start of the fiscal year, two

CRs were enacted to provide funding generally for certain activities that had not been included in the

regular appropriations acts.

CRs were enacted in all but three of these fiscal years (FY1989, FY1995, and FY1997). In

FY1977, although all 13 regular appropriations bills became law on or before the start of the

fiscal year, two CRs were enacted to provide funding for certain activities that had not been

included in the regular appropriations acts.

Congressional Research Service

Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices

Duration and Frequency of Continuing Resolutions,

FY1998-FY2019

CRs have been a significant element of the recent annual appropriations process.23 As shown in

Table 3, a total of 117 CRs were enacted into law from FY1998 to FY2019. While the average

number of such measures enacted per year was about five, the number enacted ranged from two

measures (for FY2009, FY2010, and FY2013) to 21 (for FY2001).

During the past 22 fiscal years, Congress provided funding by means of a CR for an average of

almost five months (143 days) each fiscal year. Taking into account the total duration of all CRs

for each fiscal year, the period for which continuing appropriations were provided ranged from 21

days to 365 days. On average, each of the 117 CRs lasted for about 39 days; 53 of these were for

seven days or fewer.24 Three full-year CRs were used during this period, for FY2007, FY2011,

and FY2013.

In the first four instances (FY1998-FY2001), the expiration date of the final CR was set in the

first quarter of the fiscal year on a date occurring between October 21 and December 21. The

expiration date in the final CR for the next three fiscal years (FY2002-FY2004) and FY2019,

however, was set in the following session of Congress on a date occurring between January 10

and February 20. In six of the next 12 fiscal years (FY2005, FY2006, FY2008, FY2010, FY2012,

and FY2016), the expiration dates were in the first quarter of the fiscal year on a date occurring

between December 8 and December 31. For the remaining fiscal years, the final CRs were

enacted during the next session of Congress. In one instance, the final CR for the fiscal year

expired during the month of January (FY2014). In three instances, the final CR expired in March

(FY2009, FY2015, and FY2018). Three other final CRs—for FY2007, FY2011, and FY2013—

provided funding through the end of the fiscal year.

Table 3. Number and Duration of Continuing Resolutions (CRs): FY1998-FY2019

Fiscal Year

Number of

CRs

Total

Duration

in Daysa

Average

Duration for

Each Act

Final

Expiration

Dateb

1998

9.5

11-26-1997

1999

3.5

10-21-1998

2000

9.0

12-02-1999

2001

3.9

12-21-2000

2002

102

12.8

01-10-2002

2003

143

17.9

02-20-2003

2004

123

24.6

01-31-2004

2005

23.0

12-08-2004

2006

30.7

12-31-2005

2007

365

91.3

09-30-2007

23 FY1997 was the most recent fiscal year that all regular appropriations bills were completed by the start of the fiscal

year.

24 The fifth CR enacted for FY2004, P.L. 108-185, did not change the expiration date of January 31, 2004, set in the

preceding CR.

Congressional Research Service

Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices

Fiscal Year

Number of

CRs

Total

Duration

in Daysa

Average

Duration for

Each Act

Final

Expiration

Dateb

2008

23.0

12-31-2007

2009

162

81.0

03-11-2009

2010

39.5

12-18-2009

2011

365

45.6

9-30-2011

2012

16.8

12-23-2011

2013

365

182.5

9-30-2013

2014

110d

27.5

01-18-2014

2015

156

31.3

03-06-2015

2016

27.7

12-22-2015

2017

216

72.0

05-05-2017

2018

173

34.6

03-23-2018

2019

138

46.0

02-15-2019

Total

117

3,140

—

Annual

Average

5.3

142.7

38.8

—

Sources: Prepared by the Congressional Research Service using data from the Legislative Information System;

Congressional Research Service, appropriations status tables (various fiscal years), available at http://crs.gov/

Pages/appover.aspx; and various other sources.

a. Duration in days is measured, in the case of the first CR for a fiscal year, from the first day of the year

(October 1). For example, a CR enacted on September 30 that provided funding through October 12

would be measured as having a12-day duration. For subsequent CRs for a fiscal year, duration in days is

measured from the day after the expiration of the preceding CR.

b. The final expiration date is the date the CR expired. In some of these instances, the CR had previously been

superseded by the enactment of the remaining regular appropriations acts for that fiscal year. For example,

in FY2014, the expiration date of P.L. 113-73, the fourth CR for FY2014, was January 18, 2014. However,

final regular appropriations were enacted the previous day in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014

(P.L. 113-76).

c. The fifth CR for FY2004 did not change the expiration date of January 31, 2004, established in the preceding

CR.

d. A total of four CRs were enacted for FY2014. This count includes two CRs that provided funding for only

specific programs and activities during the FY2014 funding gap. The Pay Our Military Act (P.L. 113-39) was

enacted on September 30, 2013. The Department of Defense Survivor Benefits Continuing Appropriations

Resolution, 2014 (P.L. 113-44), was enacted on October 10, 2013. The funding provided by both of these

CRs was terminated on October 17, 2013, through the enactment of at third CR, P.L. 113-46, which

broadly funded the previous fiscal year’s activities through January 15, 2014. The funding provided by this

third CR was extended through January 18 through the enactment of a fourth CR (P.L. 113-73). Section 118

of P.L. 113-46 provided that the time covered by that act was to have begun on October 1, 2013. To

preserve counting consistency, the FY2014 duration of days for the purposes of this table and Figure 1

begins on October 1 and ends on January 18, 2014. For further information on the FY2014 funding gap and

congressional action on CRs, see CRS Report RS20348, Federal Funding Gaps: A Brief Overview.

Figure 1 presents a representation of the duration of CRs for FY1998-FY2019. As the figure

shows, there is no significant correlation between these two variables. For example, six CRs were

enacted for both FY1998 and FY1999, but the same number of measures lasted for a period of 57

days for FY1998 and only 21 days for FY1999. The largest number of CRs enacted for a single

fiscal year during this period—21 for FY2001—covered a period lasting 82 days at an average

Congressional Research Service

Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices

duration of about four days per act. The smallest number enacted—two each for FY2009,

FY2010, and FY2013—covered 162 days, 79 days, and 365 days, respectively.

Figure 1 also shows considerable mix in the use of shorter-term and longer-term CRs for a single

fiscal year. For example, for FY2001, 21 CRs covered the first 82 days of the fiscal year. The first

25 days were covered by a series of four CRs lasting between five and eight days each. The next

10 days, a period of intense legislative negotiations leading up to the national elections on

November 7, 2000, were covered by a series of 10 one-day CRs. The next 31 days were covered

by two CRs, the first lasting 10 days and the second lasting 21 days. The first of these two CRs

was enacted into law on November 4, the Saturday before the election, and extended through

November 14, the second day of a lame-duck session. The second CR was enacted into law on

November 15 and expired on December 5, which was 10 days before the lame-duck session

ended. The remaining five CRs, which ranged in duration from one to six days, covered the

remainder of the lame-duck session and several days beyond (as the final appropriations measures

passed by Congress were being processed for the President’s approval).25

Table 5 provides more detailed information on the number, length, and duration of CRs enacted

for FY1977-FY2019. As indicated previously, this represents the period after the start of the

federal fiscal year was moved from July 1 to October 1 by the Congressional Budget Act.

25 For further information on the appropriations context for FY2001, see “Longest Appropriations Cycle in Five Years

Ends with Omnibus Spending Bill,” Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 106th Cong., 2nd sess. (2000), vol. LVI, pp. 2-3

through 2-6.

Congressional Research Service

Figure 1. Duration of Continuing Resolutions (CRs): FY1998-FY2019

Notes: Each segment of a bar for a fiscal year represents the duration in days of one CR. The left-most segment represents the first CR, effective beginning on October

1 (the start of the fiscal year). In the case of the initial CR for a fiscal year, duration in days is measured from the first day of the year through the expiration date. For

subsequent CRs for a fiscal year, duration in days is measured from the day after the expiration of the preceding CR. Please see the notes to Table 3 in this report for a

further explanation of the methodology for this figure.

CRS-15

Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices

Features of Full-Year CRs After FY1977

Full-year CRs have been used to provide annual discretionary spending on a number of

occasions. Prior to the full implementation of the Congressional Budget Act in FY1977, full-year

CRs were used occasionally, particularly in the 1970s. Full-year CRs were enacted into law for

four of the six preceding fiscal years (FY1971, FY1973, FY1975, and FY1976).26 Following the

successful completion of all 13 regular appropriations acts prior to the start of FY1977, full-year

CRs were used in each of the 11 succeeding fiscal years (FY1978-FY1988) to cover at least one

regular appropriations act. Three years later, another full-year CR was enacted for FY1992. Most

recently, full-year CRs were enacted for FY2007, FY2011, and FY2013.

Table 4 identifies the 15 full-year CRs enacted for the period since FY1977. Nine of the 15 fullyear CRs during this period were enacted in the first quarter of the fiscal year—three in October,

two in November, and four in December. The six remaining measures, however, were enacted

during the following session between February 15 and June 5.

The full-year CRs enacted during this period also varied in terms of length and the form of

funding provided. Full-year CRs prior to FY1983 were relatively short measures, ranging in

length from one to four pages in the Statutes-at-Large. Beginning with FY1983 and extending

through FY1988, however, the measures became much lengthier, ranging from 19 to 451 pages.

The greater page length of full-year CRs enacted for the period covering FY1983-FY1988 may be

explained by two factors. First, full-year CRs enacted prior to FY1983 generally established

funding levels by formulaic reference. Beginning with FY1983, however, Congress began to

incorporate the full text of some or all of the covered regular appropriations acts, thereby

increasing its length considerably. None of the full-year CRs enacted between 1985 and 1988

used formulaic funding provisions. Secondly, the number of regular appropriations acts covered

by full-year CRs increased significantly during the FY1983-FY1988 period. For the period

covering FY1978-FY1982, the number of regular appropriations acts covered by CRs for the full

fiscal year ranged from one to six (averaging about three). Beginning with FY1983 and extending

through FY1988, the number of covered acts ranged from five to 13, averaging about 10.

The next two full-year CRs, for FY1992 and FY2007, returned to the earlier practice of using

formulaic references and anomalies to establish funding levels. Both CRs provided funding only

through this means. As a consequence, the length of these measures was considerably shorter than

the FY1983 through FY1988 full-year CRs.

The two most recent full-year CRs, for FY2011 and FY2013, in some respects were a hybrid of

the earlier and recent approaches. The FY2011 full-year CR provided funding for 11 bills through

formulaic provisions and anomalies. It also carried the full text of one regular appropriations bill

in a separate division of the act (the FY2011 Department of Defense Appropriations Act).

Similarly, the FY2013 CR contained the texts of five regular appropriations bills in Divisions A

through E of the act—the FY2013 Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug

Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act; the Commerce, Justice, Science, and

Related Agencies Appropriations Act; the Department of Defense Appropriations Act; the

Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act; and the Military Construction and

Veterans Affairs and Related Agencies Appropriations Act. In addition, Division F was

characterized as providing continuing appropriations for the remaining seven regular

26 The full-year CR for FY1976, P.L. 94-254, provided funding through the end of the fiscal year (June 30, 1976) as

well as through the end of a “transition quarter” (September 30, 1976). The additional quarter of funding was necessary

to facilitate the change in the start of the federal government fiscal year from July 1 to October 1.

Congressional Research Service

Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices

appropriations bills through formulaic provisions and anomalies. Unlike previous years, the

formula for providing continuing appropriations was based on the amount provided in FY2012

rather than a rate.

Table 4. Appropriations Acts Containing Full-Year Continuing Resolutions (CRs):

FY1977-FY2019

Fiscal

Year

Public Law

Number

Enactment

Date

Page Length

(Statutesat-Large)

Included

Formulaic

Funding

Provision(s)?

Number of

Appropriations

Acts Covered

or Contained

in the Acta

1978

P.L. 95-205

12-09-1977

2/13b

1979

P.L. 95-482

10-18-1978

1/13

1980

P.L. 96-123

11-20-1979

Yes

6/13c

1981

P.L. 97-12

06-05-1981

Yes

5/13d

1982

P.L. 97-161

03-31-1982

Yes

3/13e

1983

P.L. 97-377

12-21-1982

Yes

7/13

1984

P.L. 98-151

11-14-1983

Yes

5/13f

1985

P.L. 98-473

10-12-1984

363

9/13g

1986

P.L. 99-190

12-19-1985

142

8/13h

1987

P.L. 99-591

10-30-1986

391

13/13

1988

P.L. 100-202

12-22-1987

451

13/13

1992

P.L. 102-266

04-01-1992

Yes

1/13i

2007

P.L. 110-5

02-15-2007

Yes

9/11j

2011

P.L. 112-10

04-15-2011

Yes

12/12k

2013

P.L. 113-6

03-26-2013

240

Yes

12/12l

Sources: Prepared by the Congressional Research Service using data from the Legislative Information System;

Congressional Research Service, appropriations status tables (various fiscal years), available at http://crs.gov/

Pages/appover.aspx; and various other sources.

a. Between the 95th and 108th Congresses, there were 13 House and Senate Appropriations subcommittees

responsible for one regular appropriations bill each. During the 109th Congress, due to subcommittee

realignment, the total number of regular appropriations bills was effectively reduced to 11 during each year

of the Congress. Beginning in the 110th Congress, subcommittee jurisdictions were again realigned for a

total of 12 subcommittees, each of which is currently responsible for a single regular appropriations bill. For

further information on subcommittee realignment during this period, see CRS Report RL31572,

Appropriations Subcommittee Structure: History of Changes from 1920 to 2019, by James V. Saturno.

b. This full-year continuing appropriations for the District of Columbia provided by this act were later

superseded by a standalone regular appropriations act (P.L. 95-288).

c. Some of the appropriations acts covered by this full-year CR were later superseded by standalone regular

appropriations acts for Interior and Related Agencies (P.L. 96-126); Military Construction (96-130);

Department of Defense (P.L. 96-154); and Transportation (P.L. 96-131).

d. This full-year CR was contained within the FY1981 Supplemental Appropriations and Rescissions Act 1981

(P.L. 97-12, see Title IV, “Further Continuing Appropriations”). Title IV extended through the end of the

fiscal year the expiration of P.L. 96-536, which covered the appropriations acts that had not yet been

enacted for Foreign Assistance; the Legislative Branch; Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services,

Education, and Related Agencies; Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, the Judiciary, and Related

Agencies; the Treasury, Postal Service and General Government.

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Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices

This full-year CR extended through the end of the fiscal year the expiration date of P.L. 97-92, which

covered the appropriations acts that had not yet been enacted for the Treasury, Postal Service and General

Government; Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary; and Departments of Labor,

Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies.

Some of the appropriations acts covered by this full-year CR were later superseded by standalone regular

appropriations acts for the Department of Defense (P.L. 98-121); Commerce, Justice, and State, the

Judiciary, and Related Agencies (P.L. 98-166); and the Treasury, Postal Service and General Government

(P.L. 98-151).

The full-year continuing appropriations for the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services,

Education, and Related Agencies that were provided by this act were later superseded by a standalone

regular appropriations act (P.L. 98-619).

The Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies provided by the

CR were superseded by the enactment of P.L. 99-178.

This full-year CR extended through the end of FY1992 the expiration date of P.L. 102-163, which covered

appropriations that had not yet been enacted for Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related

Programs.

Despite the reorganization of the House and Senate Appropriations subcommittees at the beginning of the

110th Congress, the FY2007 CR (P.L. 110-5), which was enacted on February 15, 2007, reflected the

subcommittee jurisdictions in the 109th Congress.

P.L. 112-10, Division B, provided continuing appropriations through the end of the fiscal year for

Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies; Commerce, Justice,

Science, and Related Agencies; Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies; Financial Services and

General Government; Department of Homeland Security; Department of the Interior, Environment, and

Related Agencies; Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies;

Legislative Branch; Military Construction and Veterans Affairs and Related Agencies; Department of State,

Foreign Operations, and Related Programs; and Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and

Related Agencies. Division A contained the text of the Department of Defense Appropriations Act.

P.L. 113-6, Division F, provided continuing appropriations for FY2013 for Energy and Water Development

and Related Agencies; Financial Services and General Government; Department of the Interior,

Environment, and Related Agencies; Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and

Related Agencies; Legislative Branch; Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs; and

Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies. Divisions A through E contained

the texts of the Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies

Appropriations Act; Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act; the Department

of Defense Appropriations Act; Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act; and Military

Construction and Veterans Affairs and Related Agencies Appropriations Act.

Congressional Research Service

Table 5. Number, Page Length, and Duration of Continuing Resolutions (CRs):

FY1977-FY2019

Fiscal

Year

Number of

Acts by Fiscal

Year

Number

of Acts

Cumulatively

1977

Statutes-at-Large

Citation

Page

Length

Enactment Date

Expiration Date

Duration

in Daysa

P.L. 94-473

90 Stat. 2065-2067

10-11-1976

03-31-1977

183

P.L. 95-16

91 Stat. 28

04-01-1977

04-30-1977

P.L. 95-130

91 Stat. 1153-1154

10-13-1977

10-31-1977

P.L. 95-165

91 Stat. 1323-1324

11-09-1977

11-30-1977

P.L. 95-205

91 Stat. 1460-1461

12-09-1977

09-30-1978

304

1979

P.L. 95-482

92 Stat. 1603-1605

10-18-1978

09-30-1979

365

1980

P.L. 96-86

93 Stat. 656-663

10-12-1979

11-20-1979

P.L. 96-123

93 Stat. 923-926

11-20-1979

09-30-1980

315

P.L. 96-369

94 Stat. 1351-1359

10-01-1980

12-15-1980

P.L. 96-536

94 Stat. 3166-3172

12-16-1980

06-05-1981

172

P.L. 97-12b

95 Stat. 95-96

06-05-1981

09-30-1981

117

P.L. 97-51

95 Stat. 958-968

10-01-1981

11-20-1981

P.L. 97-85

95 Stat. 1098

11-23-1981

12-15-1981

P.L. 97-92

95 Stat. 1183-1203

12-15-1981

03-31-1982

106

P.L. 97-161

96 Stat. 22

03-31-1982

09-30-1982

183

P.L. 97-276

96 Stat. 1186-1205

10-02-1982

12-17-1982

P.L. 97-377

96 Stat. 1830-1924

95c

12-17-1982

09-30-1983

287

P.L. 98-107

97 Stat. 733-743

10-01-1983

11-10-1983

P.L. 98-151

97 Stat. 964-982

11-14-1983

09-30-1984

321

P.L. 98-441

98 Stat. 1699-1701

10-03-1984

1978

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

CRS-19

Public Law

Number

Fiscal

Year

1986

1987

1988

1989

CRS-20

Number of

Acts by Fiscal

Year

Number

of Acts

Cumulatively

P.L. 98-453

Public Law

Number

Statutes-at-Large

Citation

Page

Length

Enactment Date

Expiration Date

Duration

in Daysa

98 Stat. 1731

10-05-1984

P.L. 98-455

98 Stat. 1747

10-06-1984

10-09-1984

P.L. 98-461

98 Stat. 1814

10-10-1984

10-11-1984

10-12-1984

09-30-1985

354

P.L. 98-473

98 Stat. 1837-1976

140d

P.L. 99-103

99 Stat. 471-473

09-30-1985

11-14-1985

P.L. 99-154

99 Stat. 813

11-14-1985

12-12-1985

P.L. 99-179

99 Stat. 1135

12-13-1985

12-16-1985

P.L. 99-184

99 Stat. 1176

12-17-1985

12-19-1985

P.L. 99-190

99 Stat. 1185-1326

142e

12-19-1985

09-30-1986

285

P.L. 99-434

100 Stat. 1076-1079

10-01-1986

10-08-1986

P.L. 99-464

100 Stat. 1185-1188

10-09-1986

10-10-1986

P.L. 99-465

100 Stat. 1189

10-11-1986

10-15-1986

P.L. 99-491

100 Stat. 1239

10-16-1986

P.L. 99-500f

100 Stat. 1783

through 1783-385

386

10-18-1986

09-30-1987

349

P.L. 99-591f

100 Stat. 3341

through 3341-389

390

10-30-1986

[n/a]f

—

P.L. 100-120

101 Stat. 789-791

09-30-1987

11-10-1987

P.L. 100-162

101 Stat. 903

11-10-1987

12-16-1987

P.L. 100-193

101 Stat. 1310

12-16-1987

12-18-1987

P.L. 100-197

101 Stat. 1314

12-20-1987

12-21-1987

12-22-1987

09-30-1988

284

—

P.L. 100-202

101 Stat. 1329

through 1329-450

451g

[none]

—

Fiscal

Year

Number of

Acts by Fiscal

Year

Number

of Acts

Cumulatively

1990

1991

Public Law

Number

Statutes-at-Large

Citation

Page

Length

Enactment Date

Expiration Date

Duration

in Daysa

P.L. 101-100

103 Stat. 638-640

09-29-1989

10-25-1989

P.L. 101-130

103 Stat. 775-776

10-26-1989

11-15-1989

P.L. 101-154

103 Stat. 934

11-15-1989

11-20-1989

10-01-1990

10-05-1990

P.L. 101-403

104 Stat. 867-870

P.L. 101-412

104 Stat. 894-897

10-09-1990

10-19-1990

P.L. 101-444

104 Stat. 1030-1033

10-19-1990

10-24-1990

P.L. 101-461

104 Stat. 1075-1078

10-25-1990

10-27-1990

P.L. 101-467

104 Stat. 1086-1087

10-28-1990

11-05-1990

P.L. 102-109

105 Stat. 551-554

09-30-1991

10-29-1991

P.L. 102-145

105 Stat. 968-871

10-28-1991

11-14-1991

16i

P.L. 102-163

105 Stat. 1048

11-15-1991

11-26-1991

P.L. 102-266

106 Stat. 92-99

04-01-1992

09-30-1992

183

1993

P.L. 102-376

106 Stat. 1311-1314

10-01-1992

10-05-1992

1994

P.L. 103-88

107 Stat. 977-980

09-30-1993

10-21-1993

P.L. 103-113

107 Stat. 1114

10-21-1993

10-28-1993

P.L. 103-128

107 Stat. 1355

10-29-1993

11-10-1993

1995

[none]

—

1996

P.L. 104-31

109 Stat. 278-282

09-30-1995

11-13-1995

P.L. 104-54

109 Stat. 540-545

11-19-1995

11-20-1995

P.L. 104-56

109 Stat. 548-553

11-20-1995

12-15-1995

P.L. 104-69

109 Stat. 767-772

12-22-1995

01-03-1996

P.L. 104-90

110 Stat. 3-6

01-04-1996

01-25-1996

P.L. 104-91

110 Stat. 10-14

01-06-1996

09-30-1996

290j

1992

CRS-21

Fiscal

Year

Number of

Acts by Fiscal

Year

Number

of Acts

Cumulatively

P.L. 104-92

Page

Length

Enactment Date

Expiration Date

Duration

in Daysa

110 Stat. 16-24

01-06-1996

09-30-1996

290

P.L. 104-94

110 Stat. 25

01-06-1996

01-26-1996

P.L. 104-99

110 Stat. 26-47

01-26-1996

03-15-1996

49j

P.L. 104-116

110 Stat. 826

03-15-1996

03-22-1996

P.L. 104-118

110 Stat. 829

03-22-1996

03-29-1996

P.L. 104-122

110 Stat. 876-878

03-29-1996

04-24-1996

26j

P.L. 104-131

110 Stat. 1213

04-24-1996

04-25-1996

1997

[none]

—

1998

P.L. 105-46

111 Stat. 1153-1158

09-30-1997

10-23-1997

P.L. 105-64

111 Stat. 1343

10-23-1997

11-07-1997

P.L. 105-68

111 Stat. 1453

11-07-1997

11-09-1997

P.L. 105-69

111 Stat. 1454

11-09-1997

11-10-1997

P.L. 105-71

111 Stat. 1456

11-10-1997

11-14-1997

P.L. 105-84

111 Stat. 1628

11-14-1997

11-26-1997

P.L. 105-240

112 Stat. 1566-1571

09-25-1998

10-09-1998

P.L. 105-249

112 Stat. 1868

10-09-1998

10-12-1998

P.L. 105-254

112 Stat. 1888

10-12-1998

10-14-1998

P.L. 105-257

112 Stat. 1901

10-14-1998

10-16-1998

P.L. 105-260

112 Stat. 1919

10-16-1998

10-20-1998

P.L. 105-273

112 Stat. 2418

10-20-1998

10-21-1998

P.L. 106-62

113 Stat. 505-509

09-30-1999

10-21-1999

P.L. 106-75

113 Stat. 1125

10-21-1999

10-29-1999

P.L. 106-85

113 Stat. 1297

10-29-1999

11-05-1999

1999

2000

CRS-22

Public Law

Number

Statutes-at-Large

Citation

Fiscal

Year

2001

CRS-23

Number of

Acts by Fiscal

Year

Number

of Acts

Cumulatively

P.L. 106-88

Public Law

Number

Statutes-at-Large

Citation

Page

Length

Enactment Date

Expiration Date

Duration

in Daysa

113 Stat. 1304

11-05-1999

11-10-1999

P.L. 106-94

113 Stat. 1311

11-10-1999

11-17-1999

P.L. 106-105

113 Stat. 1484

11-18-1999

P.L. 106-106

113 Stat. 1485

11-19-1999

12-02-1999

P.L. 106-275

114 Stat. 808-811

09-29-2000

10-06-2000

P.L. 106-282

114 Stat. 866

10-06-2000

10-14-2000

P.L. 106-306

114 Stat. 1073

10-13-2000

10-20-2000

P.L. 106-344

114 Stat. 1318

10-20-2000

10-25-2000

P.L. 106-358

114 Stat. 1397

10-26-2000

P.L. 106-359

114 Stat. 1398

10-26-2000

10-27-2000

P.L. 106-381

114 Stat. 1450

10-27-2000

10-28-2000

P.L. 106-388

114 Stat. 1550

10-28-2000

10-29-2000

P.L. 106-389

114 Stat. 1551

10-29-2000

10-30-2000

P.L. 106-401

114 Stat. 1676

10-30-2000

10-31-2000

P.L. 106-403

114 Stat. 1741

11-01-2000

100

P.L. 106-416

114 Stat. 1811

11-01-2000

11-02-2000

101

P.L. 106-426

114 Stat. 1897

11-03-2000

102

P.L. 106-427

114 Stat. 1898

11-04-2000

103

P.L. 106-428

114 Stat. 1899

11-04-2000

11-14-2000

104

P.L. 106-520

114 Stat. 2436-2437

11-15-2000

12-05-2000

105

P.L. 106-537

114 Stat. 2562

12-05-2000

12-07-2000

106

P.L. 106-539

114 Stat. 2570

12-07-2000

12-08-2000

107

P.L. 106-540

114 Stat. 2571

12-08-2000

12-11-2000

Fiscal

Year

2002

2003

2004

CRS-24

Number of

Acts by Fiscal

Year

Number

of Acts

Cumulatively

108

P.L. 106-542

109

Public Law

Number

Statutes-at-Large

Citation

Page

Length

Enactment Date

Expiration Date

Duration

in Daysa

114 Stat. 2713

12-11-2000

12-15-2000

P.L. 106-543

114 Stat. 2714

12-15-2000

12-21-2000

110

P.L. 107-44

115 Stat. 253-257

09-28-2001

10-16-2001

111

P.L. 107-48

115 Stat. 261

10-12-2001

10-23-2001

112

P.L. 107-53

115 Stat. 269

10-22-2001

10-31-2001

113

P.L. 107-58

115 Stat. 406

10-31-2001

11-16-2001

114

P.L. 107-70

115 Stat. 596

11-17-2001

12-07-2001

115

P.L. 107-79

115 Stat. 809

12-07-2001

12-15-2001

116

P.L. 107-83

115 Stat. 822

12-15-2001

12-21-2001

117

P.L. 107-97

115 Stat. 960

12-21-2001

01-10-2002

118

P.L. 107-229

116 Stat. 1465-1468

09-30-2002

10-04-2002

119

P.L. 107-235

116 Stat. 1482

10-04-2002

10-11-2002

120

P.L. 107-240

116 Stat. 1492-1495

10-11-2002

10-18-2002

121

P.L. 107-244

116 Stat. 1503

10-18-2002

11-22-2002

122

P.L. 107-294

116 Stat. 2062-2063

11-23-2002

01-11-2003

123

P.L. 108-2

117 Stat. 5-6

01-10-2003

01-31-2003

124

P.L. 108-4

117 Stat. 8

01-31-2003

02-07-2003

125

P.L. 108-5

117 Stat. 9

02-07-2003

02-20-2003

126

P.L. 108-84

117 Stat. 1042-1047

09-30-2003

10-31-2003

127

P.L. 108-104

117 Stat. 1200

10-31-2003

11-07-2003

128

P.L. 108-107

117 Stat. 1240

11-07-2003

11-21-2003

129

P.L. 108-135

117 Stat. 1391

11-22-2003

01-31-2004

Fiscal

Year

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

CRS-25

Number of

Acts by Fiscal

Year

Number

of Acts

Cumulatively

130

P.L. 108-185

131

Public Law

Number

Statutes-at-Large

Citation

Page

Length

Enactment Date

Expiration Date

Duration

in Daysa

117 Stat. 2684

12-16-2003

[n/a]k

—

P.L. 108-309

118 Stat. 1137-1143

09-30-2004

11-20-2004

132

P.L. 108-416

118 Stat. 2338

11-21-2004

12-03-2004

133

P.L. 108-434

118 Stat. 2614

12-03-2004

12-08-2004

134

P.L. 109-77

119 Stat. 2037-2042

09-30-2005

11-18-2005

135

P.L. 109-105

119 Stat. 2287

11-19-2005

12-17-2005

136

P.L. 109-128

119 Stat. 2549

12-18-2005

12-31-2005

137

P.L. 109-289k

120 Stat. 1311-1316

09-29-2006

11-17-2006

138

P.L. 109-369

120 Stat. 2642

11-17-2006

12-08-2006

139

P.L. 109-383

120 Stat. 2678

12-09-2006

02-15-2007

140

P.L. 110-5

121 Stat. 8-60

02-15-2007

09-30-2007

227

141

P.L. 110-92

121 Stat. 989-998

09-29-2007

11-16-2007

142

P.L. 110-116l

121 Stat. 1341-1344

11-13-2007

12-14-2007

143

P.L. 110-137

121 Stat. 1454

12-14-2007

12-21-2007

144

P.L. 110-149

121 Stat. 1819

12-21-2007

12-31-2007

145

P.L. 110-329

122 Stat. 3574-3716

143

09-30-2008

03-06-2009

157

146

P.L. 111-6

123 Stat. 522

03-06-2009

03-11-2009

147

P.L. 111-68m

123 Stat. 2043-2053

10-01-2009

10-31-2009

148

P.L. 111-88n

123 Stat. 2972-2974

10-30-2009

12-18-2009

149

P.L. 111-242

124 Stat. 2607-2616

09-30-2010

12-03-2010

150

P.L. 111-290

124 Stat. 3063

12-04-2010

12-18-2010

151

P.L. 111-317

124 Stat. 3454

12-18-2010

12-21-2010

152

P.L. 111-322o

124 Stat. 3518-3521

12-22-2010

03-04-2011

Fiscal

Year

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

CRS-26

Number of

Acts by Fiscal

Year

Number

of Acts

Cumulatively

153

P.L. 112-4

154

Public Law

Number

Statutes-at-Large

Citation

Page

Length

Enactment Date

Expiration Date

Duration

in Daysa

125 Stat. 6-13

03-02-2011

03-18-2011

P.L. 112-6

125 Stat. 23-30

03-18-2011

04-08-2011

155

P.L. 112-8

125 Stat. 34-35

04-09-2011

04-15-2011

156

P.L. 112-10p

125 Stat. 102-199

04-15-2011

09-30-2011

168

157

P.L. 112-33

125 Stat. 363-368

09-30-2011

10-04-2011

158

P.L. 112-36

125 Stat. 386-391

10-05-2011

11-18-2011

159

P.L. 112-55q

125 Stat. 710

11-18-2011

12-16-2011

160

P.L. 112-67

125 Stat. 769

12-16-2011

12-17-2011

161

P.L. 112-68

125 Stat. 770

12-17-2011

12-23-2011

162

P.L. 112-175

126 Stat. 1313

09-28-2012

03-27-2013

178

163

P.L. 113-6

127 Stat. 198-437

240

03-26-2013

09-30-2013

(365)s

164

P.L. 113-39

127 Stat. 532-533

09-30-2013

[n/a]t

(17)t

165

P.L. 113-44

127 Stat. 555-556

10-10-2013

12-15-2013t

(8)t

166

P.L. 113-46

127 Stat. 558-571

10-17-2013

01-15-2014

(107)t

167

P.L. 113-73

128 Stat. 3

01-15-2014

01-18-2014

168

P.L. 113-164

128 Stat. 1867

09-19-2014

12-11-2014

169

P.L. 113-202

128 Stat. 2069

12-12-2014

12-13-2014

170

P.L. 113-203

128 Stat. 2070

12-13-2014

12-17-2014

171

P.L. 113-235

128 Stat. 2767

12-16-2014

02-27-2015

172

P.L. 114-3

129 Stat. 38

02-27-2015

03-06-2015

173

P.L. 114-53

129 Stat. 502-512

09-30-2015

12-11-2015

174

P.L. 114-96

129 Stat. 2193

12-11-2015

12-16-2015

175

P.L. 114-100

129 Stat. 2202

12-16-2015

12-22-2015

Fiscal

Year

Number of

Acts by Fiscal

Year

Number

of Acts

Cumulatively

2017

176

P.L. 114-223

177

2018

2019

Public Law

Number

Statutes-at-Large

Citation

Page

Length

Enactment Date

Expiration Date

Duration

in Daysa

130 Stat. 857

09-29-2016

12-09-2016

P.L. 114-254

130 Stat. 1005

12-10-2016

04-28-2017

139

178

P.L. 115-30

131 Stat. 134

04-28-2017

05-05-2017

179

P.L. 115-56

131 Stat. 1129

09-08-2017

12-08-2017

180

P.L. 115-90

131 Stat. 1280

12-08-2017

12-22-2017

181

P.L. 115-96

131 Stat. 2044

12-22-2017

01-19-2018

182

P.L. 115-120

131 Stat. 28

01-22-2018

02-08-2018

20u

183

P.L. 115-123

132 Stat. 64

251

02-09-2018

03-23-2018

42u

184

P.L. 115-245

N/A

149

09-28-2018

12-07-2018

185

P.L. 115-298

N/A

12-07-2018

12-21-2018

186

P.L. 116-5

N/A

01-25-2019

02-15-2019

56v

Sources: Prepared by the Congressional Research Service using data from the Legislative Information System; Congressional Research Service, appropriations status

tables (various fiscal years), available at http://crs.gov/Pages/appover.aspx; and various other sources.

a. Duration in days is measured, in the case of the initial CR for a fiscal year, from the first day of the year (October 1) through the expiration date. For subsequent

CRs for a fiscal year, duration in days is measured from the day after the expiration of the preceding CR. In several instances, as appropriate, the number of days

reflects an extra day in a leap year (every fourth year beginning with calendar year 1976). Several CRs provided continuing appropriations for mixed periods of time.

For example, three CRs—P.L. 96-86 (for FY1980), P.L. 97-51 (for FY1982), and P.L. 97-276 (for FY1983)—were enacted in November or December of the

applicable year for periods covering 51 days, 51 days, and 78 days, respectively, but they also included continuing appropriations for the remainder of that fiscal year

for activities covered by the Legislative Branch Appropriations Act. (See also the discussion of actions for FY1996 under footnote j.) In these instances, the

“Duration in Days” column reflects the time period that applied to the greatest number of activities funded by the measure.

b. Title IV (95 Stat. 95-96) of P.L. 97-12, the Supplemental Appropriations and Rescission Act for FY1981, provided continuing appropriations for FY1981; the other

titles of the act (95 Stat. 14-95) are excluded from the page count.

c. P.L. 97-377 incorporated the full text of various regular appropriations acts.

d. Title I (98 Stat. 1837-1976) of P.L. 98-473 provided continuing appropriations for FY1985; the other title, Title II (98 Stat. 1976-2199), set forth the Comprehensive

Crime Control Act of 1984 and is excluded from the page count.

e. P.L. 99-190 incorporated the full text of various regular appropriations acts.

P.L. 99-591 superseded P.L. 99-500 and corrected enrollment errors in the earlier act; both laws originated as H.J.Res. 738.

CRS-27

CRS-28

P.L. 100-202 incorporated the full text of various regular appropriations acts.

Title I (104 Stat. 867-870) of P.L. 101-403 provided continuing appropriations for FY1991; Titles II and III (104 Stat. 871-874) provided supplemental appropriations

and are excluded from the page count.

Section 106(c) of provided that, as an exception to the general expiration date, continuing appropriations for the Foreign Operation Appropriations Act would

expire on March 31, 1992 (a duration of 154 days).

A total of 13 CRs were enacted for FY1996 (and one was vetoed). Two funding gaps occurred, the first in mid-November 1995 and the second from mid-December

1995 until early January 1996. The CRs for this year may be divided into two categories depending on whether their coverage was generally comprehensive or

partial. Nine of the CRs enacted for FY1996 generally provided short-term funding for all activities under the regular appropriations acts that had not yet been

enacted, while the other four provided funding only for selected activities within certain acts. The four acts in the latter category included the following:

(1) P.L. 104-69, which funded the Aid to Families With Dependent Children (AFDC) and Foster Care and Adoption Assistance programs, programs of the District

of Columbia, and certain veterans’ programs;

(2) P.L. 104-90, which funded programs of the District of Columbia;

(3) P.L. 104-91, Title I, which funded a variety of programs, including ones pertaining to the Peace Corps, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the Federal

Bureau of Investigation, trade adjustment assistance benefits, and the National Institutes of Health, among others; and

(4) P.L. 104-92, which funded a variety of programs, including ones pertaining to nutrition services for the elderly, visitor services in the National Park System,

certain veterans’ programs, and programs of the District of Columbia, among others.

Activities under two of the regular appropriations acts for FY1996 were funded through the end of the fiscal year (September 30, 1996) in CRs: (1) Title IV of P.L.

104-92 provided such funding for activities covered by the District of Columbia Appropriations Act; and (2) Title III of P.L. 104-99 provided such funding for

activities covered by the Foreign Operations Appropriations Act. In addition, other selected activities were funded through the remainder of the fiscal year P.L. 10491, P.L. 104-92, and P.L. 104-122. Action on the regular appropriations acts for FY1996 was concluded with the enactment of P.L. 104-134, the Omnibus

Consolidated Rescissions and Appropriations Act of 1996, on April 26, 1996 (110 Stat. 1321 through 1321-381), which provided funding for the remainder of the

fiscal year for activities covered by five of the regular appropriations acts.

Three of the CRs had mixed periods of duration. The duration shown in the table was determined as follows:

(1) Most of the funding provided in P.L. 104-92 was for the remainder of the fiscal year, so a duration of 290 days was used;

(2) While the funding provided in P.L. 104-99 for activities covered by the Foreign Operations Appropriations Act was for the remainder of the fiscal year, the

funding provided for activities covered by four other regular appropriations acts was through March 15, 1996, so a duration of 49 days was used; and

(3) Most of the funding provided in P.L. 104-122 was through April 24, while only one account was funded through the remainder of the fiscal year, so a duration of

26 days was used.

In the case of P.L. 104-91, a measure requiring the Secretary of Commerce to convey to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts the National Marine Fisheries Service

laboratory located on Emerson Avenue in Gloucester, Massachusetts, Title I (110 Stat. 10-14) of the act provided continuing appropriations for selected activities

for the remainder of FY1996; Section 1 (110 Stat. 7-10) and Title II (110 Stat. 14-15) pertained to other matters and are excluded from the page count. Section 110

of the act made the funding effective as of December 16, 1995.

P.L. 108-185 contained provisions affecting funding levels for two specified programs but did not contain a provision affecting the expiration date of January 31, 2004,

established in the preceding CR (P.L. 108-135).

Continuing appropriations for FY2007 were provided by Division B (120 Stat. 1311-1316) of P.L. 109-289, the Defense Appropriations Act for FY2007; the other

portions of the act (120 Stat. 1257-1311) are excluded from the page count.

Continuing appropriations for FY2008 were provided by Division B (121 Stat. 1341-1344) of P.L. 110-116, the Defense Appropriations Act for FY2008; the other

portions of the act (121 Stat. 1295-1341) are excluded from the page count.

CRS-29

Continuing appropriations for FY2010 were provided by Division B (123 Stat. 2043-2053) of P.L. 111-68, the Legislative Branch Appropriations Act for FY2010; the

other portions of the act (123 Stat. 2023-2043) are excluded from the page count.

Continuing appropriations for FY2010 were provided by Division B (123 Stat. 2972-2974) of P.L. 111-88, the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies

Appropriations Act for 2010; the other portions of the act (123 Stat. 2904-2972) are excluded from the page count.

Continuing appropriations for FY2011 were provided by Division A (124 Stat. 3518-3521) of P.L. 111-322, the Continuing Appropriations and Surface

Transportation Extensions Act for 2011; the other portions of the act (124 Stat. 3522-3531) are excluded from the page count.

Full-year continuing appropriations for FY2011 were provided by Division B (125 Stat. 102-199) of P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing

Appropriations Act for 2011; the other portions of the act (125 Stat. 38-102, 199-212) are excluded from the page count.

Continuing appropriations for FY2012 were provided by Division D (125 Stat. 710) of P.L. 112-55, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act for

2012; the other portions of the act (125 Stat. 552-709) are excluded from the page count.

In P.L. 113-6, both the full text (Divisions A through E) and continuing (Division F) appropriations were for the entire fiscal year (FY2013) and superseded the

continuing appropriations provided by P.L. 112-175

A total of four CRs were enacted for FY2014. This count includes two CRs that provided funding for only specific programs and activities during the FY2014 funding

gap. The Pay Our Military Act (P.L. 113-39) was enacted on September 30, 2013, and provided funding for FY2014. The Department of Defense Survivor Benefits

Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 (P.L. 113-44), was enacted on October 10, 2013, and expired on December 15, 2013. However, the funding provided

by both of these CRs was terminated on October 17, 2013, through the enactment of a third CR, P.L. 113-46, which broadly funded the previous fiscal year’s

activities through January 15, 2014. The funding provided by this third CR was extended through January 18 by the enactment of a fourth CR (P.L. 113-73). Section

118 of P.L. 113-46 provided that the time covered by that act was to have begun on October 1, 2013. For the purposes of this table, the duration in days for the

first two CRs is considered to have ended on October 17, 2013. The third CR is considered to have begun on October 1, 2013, and expired on January 15, 2014.

For further information on the FY2014 funding gap and congressional action on associated CRs, see CRS Report RS20348, Federal Funding Gaps: A Brief Overview.

A total of five CRs were enacted for FY2018. Section 2003 of the fourth CR provided that the time covered by previous CRs was to have included the funding lapse.

For the purposes of this table, the duration in days is considered consecutive to the start of the fiscal year. For further information on the two FY2018 funding gaps

and congressional action on associated CRs, see CRS Report RL34680, Shutdown of the Federal Government: Causes, Processes, and Effects.

In addition to providing continuing appropriations through February 15, 2019, Section 102 of this CR provided that continuing appropriations were considered to

cover the funding lapse from December 22, 2018, to January 25, 2019.

Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices

Author Contact Information

Kate P. McClanahan, Coordinator

Analyst on the Appropriations Process

[redacted]@crs.loc.gov , 7-....

Bill Heniff Jr.

Analyst on Congress and the Legislative Process

[redacted]@crs.loc.gov

, 7-....

James V. Saturno

Specialist on Congress and the Legislative Process

[redacted]@crs.loc.gov

, 7-....

Justin Murray

Senior Research Librarian

[redacted]@crs.loc.gov

, 7-....

Megan S. Lynch

Specialist on Congress and the Legislative Process

[redacted]@crs.loc.gov

, 7-....

Acknowledgments

This report was previously written by Jessica Tollestrup, now a Specialist in Social Policy at CRS.

Congressional Research Service

R42647 · VERSION 20 · UPDATED

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