Financial Services and General Government: FY2012 Appropriations Overview

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Financial Services and General Government:

FY2012 Appropriations Overview

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Analyst in American National Government

July 27, 2011

Congressional Research Service

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R41655

CRS Report for Congress

Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress

Financial Services and General Government: FY2012 Appropriations Overview

Most Recent Developments

On July 7, 2011, the House Appropriations Committee reported H.R. 2434, the Financial Services

and General Government Appropriations Act, 2012.1 H.R. 2434 would provide $42.97 billion for

agencies funded through the House FSGG appropriations subcommittee. In addition, H.R. 2112,

the Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies

Appropriations Bill, 2012, would provide $172 million for CFTC. Total FY2012 funding

provided by the House would be $43.14 billion, about $5.58 billion below the President’s

FY2012 request and $1.55 billion less than FY2011 enacted amounts. Table 1, below, reflects the

status of FSGG legislation at key points in the appropriations process.

Table 1. Status of FY2012 Financial Services and General

Government Appropriations

Subcommittee

Markup

House

Senate

06/16/11

—

Conference

Report Passed

House

Report

House

Passage

Senate

Report

Senate

Passage

Conference

Report

House

Senate

Public

Law

H.Rept.

112-136

—

Introduction

The House and Senate Committees on Appropriations reorganized their subcommittee structures

in early 2007. Each chamber created a new FSGG Subcommittee. In the House, the jurisdiction of

the FSGG Subcommittee was formed primarily of agencies that had been under the jurisdiction of

the Subcommittee on Transportation, Treasury, Housing and Urban Development, the Judiciary,

the District of Columbia, and Independent Agencies, commonly referred to as “TTHUD.”2 In

addition, the House FSGG Subcommittee was assigned four independent agencies that had been

under the jurisdiction of the Science, State, Justice, Commerce, and Related Agencies

Subcommittee.3

In the Senate, the jurisdiction of the new FSGG Subcommittee was a combination of agencies

from the jurisdiction of three previously existing subcommittees. The District of Columbia, which

had its own subcommittee in the 109th Congress, was placed under the purview of the FSGG

Subcommittee, as were four independent agencies that had been under the jurisdiction of the

U.S. Congress, House Appropriations Committee, Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Bill,

2012, report to accompany H.R. 2434, 112th Cong., 1st Sess., H.Rept. 112-136, at http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/

CRPT-112hrpt136/pdf/CRPT-112hrpt136.pdf.

The agencies previously under the jurisdiction of the TTHUD Subcommittee that did not become part of the FSGG

Subcommittee were the Department of Transportation, the Department of Housing and Urban Development, the

Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board, the Federal Maritime Commission, the National

Transportation Safety Board, the Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation, and the United States Interagency Council

on Homelessness.

The agencies are the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), the

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and the Small Business Administration (SBA).

Congressional Research Service

Financial Services and General Government: FY2012 Appropriations Overview

Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Subcommittee.4 Additionally, most of the

agencies that had been under the jurisdiction of the Subcommittee on Transportation, Treasury,

the Judiciary, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies were assigned to the

FSGG Subcommittee.5 As a result of this reorganization, the House and Senate FSGG

Subcommittees have nearly identical jurisdictions.6

Overview

The Financial Services and General Government (FSGG) appropriations bill includes funding for

the Department of the Treasury, the Executive Office of the President (EOP), the judiciary, the

District of Columbia, and more than two dozen independent agencies. For each title of the regular

FSGG appropriations bill, Table 2 lists the enacted amounts for FY2010 and FY2011, the

President’s FY2012 request, and amounts approved by the House Appropriations Committee for

FY2012.

Table 2. Financial Services and General Government Appropriations,

FY2010-FY2012

(in millions of dollars)

FY2010

Enacted

FY2011

Enacted

FY2012

Request

FY2012

House

Committee

$13,465

$13,097

$14,040

$12,168

Title II: Executive Office of the President

772

706

740

640

Title III: The Judiciary

6,871

6,907

7,289

6,759

Title IV: District of Columbia

752

699

717

637

Title V: Independent Agencies

24,585

23,280

25,937

22,936

Total

$46,444

$44,689

$48,722

$43,140

Title

Title I: Department of the Treasury

Sources: Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010 (Div. C, P.L. 111-117); Appendix, U.S. Government Budget,

FY2011; S.Rept. 111-238; Appendix, U.S. Government Budget, FY2012; H.R. 1473; H.Rept. 112-136.

Note: Totals include funding for the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). The CFTC is funded in

the House through the Agriculture appropriations bill and in the Senate through the Financial Services and

General Government bill.

The agencies are the FCC, FTC, SEC, and SBA.

The agencies that did not transfer from TTHUD to FSGG were Transportation, HUD, the Architectural and

Transportation Barriers Compliance Board, the Federal Maritime Commission, the National Transportation Safety

Board, the Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation, and the United States Interagency Council on Homelessness.

The Commodity Futures Trading Commission is under the jurisdiction of the FSGG Subcommittee in the Senate but

not in the House.

Congressional Research Service

Financial Services and General Government: FY2012 Appropriations Overview

FY2012 Appropriations by Title

Title I: The Department of the Treasury7

The Treasury Department performs a variety of critical governmental functions. They can be

summarized as protecting the nation’s financial system against a host of illicit activities (e.g.,

money laundering and terrorist financing), collecting tax revenue, enforcing tax laws, managing

and accounting for federal debt, administering the federal government’s finances, regulating

financial institutions, and producing and distributing coins and currency.

At its most basic level of organization, Treasury consists of departmental offices and operating

bureaus. In general, the offices are responsible for formulating and implementing policy

initiatives and managing Treasury’s operations, whereas the bureaus perform specific tasks

assigned to Treasury, mainly through statutory mandates. In the past decade or so, the bureaus

have accounted for more than 95% of the agency’s funding and work force.

With one exception, the bureaus and offices can be divided into those engaged in financial

management and regulation and those engaged in law enforcement. In recent decades, the

Comptroller of the Currency, U.S. Mint, Bureau of Engraving and Printing, Financial

Management Service (FMS), Bureau of the Public Debt (BPD), Community Development

Financial Institutions Fund (CDFI), and Office of Thrift Supervision have taken on

responsibilities related to the management of the federal government’s finances or the supervision

and regulation of the U.S. financial system. In contrast, law enforcement arguably has been the

primary focus of the responsibilities handled by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau

(ATB), Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), and the Treasury Forfeiture Fund.

With the advent of the Department of Homeland Security in 2002, Treasury’s direct involvement

in law enforcement has shrunk considerably. An exception to this simplified dichotomy is the

Internal Revenue Service (IRS), whose main responsibilities encompass both the collection of tax

revenue and the enforcement of tax laws and regulations.

The operating budget for most Treasury bureaus and offices comes largely from annual

appropriations. This is the case for the IRS, FMS, Bureau of Public Debt (BPD), FinCEN, ATB,

Office of the Inspector General (OIG), Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration

(TIGTA), Special Inspector General for the Troubled Asset Relief Program (SIGTARP), and the

CDFI. By contrast, funding for the Treasury Franchise Fund, the U.S. Mint, the Bureau of

Engraving and Printing, Office of the Comptroller of the Treasury, and the Office of Thrift

Supervision stems from the fees they receive from the services and products they provide.

The President requested $14.04 billion in total for the Treasury Department for FY2012, an

increase of $573 million over FY2010 enacted funding and $924 million above FY2011 enacted

amounts. Table 3 lists the enacted amounts for FY2010 and FY2011, the President’s FY2012

request, and amounts approved by the House Appropriations Committee for FY2012.

This section was authored by (name redacted) (x7-....).

Congressional Research Service

Financial Services and General Government: FY2012 Appropriations Overview

Table 3. Department of the Treasury Appropriations, FY2010-FY2012

(in millions of dollars)

FY2010

Enacted

FY2011

Enacted

FY2012

Request

FY2012 House

Committee

Departmental Offices

$305

$306

$325

$186

Department-wide Systems and

Capital Investments

Terrorism and Financial Intelligence

—

100

Office of Inspector General

Treasury Inspector General for

Tax Administration

152

158

152

Special Inspector General for

TARP

Community Development Financial

Institutions Fund

247

227

183

Financial Crimes Enforcement

Network

111

Financial Management Service

244

233

219

217

Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and

Trade Bureau

103

101

Bureau of the Public Debt

182

175

166

164

Payment for Losses in Shipment

Internal Revenue Service (total)

12,146

12,122

13,284

11,516

Taxpayer Services

2,279

2,274

2,345

2,166

Enforcement

4,904

5,493

5,031

5,227

Enhanced Tax Enforcement

600

1,257

Operations Support Activities

4,084

4,076

4,299

3,794

Business Systems Modernization

264

334

330

Health Insurance Tax Credit

Administration

Rescissions: Treasury Forfeiture

Fund

(-90)

(-400)

(-600)

(-630)

$13,465

$13,097

$14,040

$12,168

Total

Sources: Appendix, Budget of the U.S. Government, FY2012, H.Rept. 112-136.

Title II: Executive Office of the President8

The FSGG appropriations bill provides funding for all but three offices under the EOP.9 The

White House, the Office of Management and Budget, and the Office of National Drug Control

This section was authored by Barbara Schwemle (x7-....).

Of the three exceptions, the Council on Environmental Quality and the Office of Environmental Quality are funded in

the House and Senate Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act. The Office of Science and

(continued...)

Congressional Research Service

Financial Services and General Government: FY2012 Appropriations Overview

Policy are among the EOP offices funded through FSGG appropriations. Table 4 lists the enacted

amounts for FY2010 and FY2011, the President’s FY2012 request, and amounts approved by the

House Appropriations Committee for FY2012.

Table 4. Executive Office of the President, FY2010-FY2012

(in millions of dollars)

FY2010

Enacted

FY2011

Enacted

FY2012

Request

FY2012 House

Committee

$208

$207

$195

Compensation of the President

0.5

The White House Office (salaries and

expenses)

Executive Residence, White House

(operating expenses)

White House Repair and Restoration

Council of Economic Advisers

National Security Council and Homeland

Security Council

Office of Administration

115

116

109

Office of Management and Budget

Federal Drug Control Programs (total)

428

406

356

352

Office of National Drug Control Policy

High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas

Program

239

200

239

Other Federal Drug Control Programs

154

141

144

102

Counterdrug Technology Assessment Center

Unanticipated Needs

Partnership Fund for Program Integrity

Innovation

(-5)

Integrated, Efficient and Effective Uses of

Information Technology

—

Special Assistance to the President (salaries

and expenses)

Official Residence of the Vice President

(operating expenses)

0.3

Total: EOP and Funds Appropriated to

the President

$ 772

$706

$740

$640

The White House (total)

Sources: Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010 (Div. C, P.L. 111-117), FY2011 Budget, Appendix, pp. 1145-1156

and 1267-1269, U.S. Executive Office of the President, Fiscal Year 2011 Congressional Budget Submission

(...continued)

Technology Policy and the Office of the United States Trade Representative are funded in the House and Senate

Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act.

Congressional Research Service

Financial Services and General Government: FY2012 Appropriations Overview

(Washington: February 2010), FY2012 Budget Appendix, pp. 1107-1118 and pp. 1235-1237, and U.S. Executive

Office of the President, Fiscal Year 2012 Congressional Budget Submission (Washington: February 2011), H.Rept.

112-136.

Note: FY2011 enacted rescission was applied to the Partnership fund for program integrity account. FY2012

rescission for both the President’s request and House committee approved amounts would apply to the Office

of National Drug Control Policy.

Title III: The Judiciary10

Appropriations for the judiciary—about two-tenths of 1% (0.2%) of the entire federal budget—

are divided into budget groups and accounts. Two accounts that fund the Supreme Court (salaries

and expenses of the Court and expenditures for the care of its building and grounds) together total

about 1% of the total judiciary budget. The structural and mechanical care of the Supreme Court

building, and care of its grounds, are the responsibility of the Architect of the Capitol. The rest of

the judiciary’s budget provides funding for the “lower” federal courts and related judicial

services. The largest account, about 73% of the total budget—the Salaries and Expenses account

for the U.S. Courts of Appeals, District Courts, and Other Judicial Services—covers the salaries

of circuit and district judges (including judges of the territorial courts of the United States),

justices and judges retired from office or from regular active service, judges of the U.S. Court of

Federal Claims, bankruptcy judges, magistrate judges, and other officers and employees of the

federal judiciary not specifically provided for by other accounts. It also covers the necessary

expenses of the courts. The remaining 26% of the judiciary budget is disbursed among these

accounts: U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, U.S. Court of International Trade,

Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, Federal Judicial Center, U.S. Sentencing Commission,

and Judicial Retirement Funds.

The judiciary budget does not fund three “special courts” in the U.S. court system: the U.S. Court

of Appeals for the Armed Forces (funded in the Department of Defense appropriations bill), the

U.S. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims (funded in the Military Construction, Veterans Affairs,

and Related Agencies appropriations bill), and the U.S. Tax Court (funded under Independent

Agencies, Title V, of the FSGG bill). Federal courthouse construction is funded within the

General Services account under Independent Agencies, Title V, of the FSGG bill.

The judiciary also uses non-appropriated funds to offset its appropriations requirement. The

majority of these non-appropriated funds are from fee collections, primarily from court filing

fees. These monies are used to offset expenses within the Salaries and Expenses account. In some

instances, the judiciary also has funds which may carry forward from one year to the next. These

funds are considered “unencumbered” because they result from savings from the judiciary’s

financial plan in areas where budgeted costs did not materialize. According to the judiciary, such

savings are usually not under its control (e.g., the judiciary has no control over the confirmation

rate of Article III judges and must make its best estimate on the needed funds to budget for

judgeships, rent costs based on delivery dates, and technology funding for certain programs).

The judiciary also has “encumbered” funds—no-year authority funds for specific purposes, which

are used when planned expenses are delayed, from one year to the next (e.g., costs associated

with space delivery, and certain technology needs and projects).11

This section was authored by Lorraine Tong (x7-....).

Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, The Judiciary Fiscal Year 2011 Congressional Budget Summary

(continued...)

Congressional Research Service

Financial Services and General Government: FY2012 Appropriations Overview

As a co-equal branch of government, the judiciary presents its budget to the President, who

transmits it to Congress unaltered. The President’s FY2012 budget request for $7.29 billion is

$423 million more than appropriated for FY2010 and $387 million above FY2011 enacted

amounts. Table 5 lists the enacted amounts for FY2010 and FY2011, the President’s FY2012

request, and amounts approved by the House Appropriations Committee for FY2012.

Table 5. The Judiciary Appropriations, FY2010-FY2012

(in millions of dollars)

FY2010

Enacted

FY2011

Enacted

FY2012

Request

FY2012 House

Committee

Total: Supreme Court (total)a

$89

$82

$84

$83

Salaries and Expenses

Building and Grounds

U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal

Circuit

U.S. Court of International Trade

Courts of Appeals, District Courts, and

Other Judicial Services (Subtotal)

6,519

6,554

6,913

6,403

Salaries and Expenses

5,011

5,004

5,236

4,791

Defender Services

978

1,026

1,099

1,050

Fees of Jurors and Commissioners

Court Security

453

467

513

500

Vaccine Injury Trust Fund

Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts

Federal Judicial Center

United States Sentencing Commission

Judicial Retirement Funds

Total: The Judiciary

$6,871a

$6,907

$7,289

$6,759

Sources: Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010 (Division C, P.L. 111-117); The Judiciary Fiscal Year 2011

Congressional Budget Summary; The Judiciary Fiscal Year 2012 Congressional Budget Summary, H.Rept. 112-136.

Total for the FY2010 enacted amount reflects $10 million (to remain available until September 30, 2011) to

assist the federal courts along the southwest border with increased workload, as part of P.L. 111-230

(FY2010 emergency supplemental appropriations for border security, and for other purposes).

Title IV: District of Columbia12

The authority for congressional review and approval of the District of Columbia’s budget is

derived from the Constitution and the District of Columbia Self-Government and Government

(...continued)

(Washington: February 2010), pp. 40-41. Hereafter cited as Judiciary FY2011 Congressional Budget Summary.

This section was authored by (name redacted) (x7-....).

Congressional Research Service

Financial Services and General Government: FY2012 Appropriations Overview

Reorganization Act of 1973 (Home Rule Act).13 The Constitution gives Congress the power to

“exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever” pertaining to the District of Columbia. In

1973, Congress granted the city limited home rule authority and empowered citizens of the

District to elect a mayor and city council. However, Congress retained the authority to review and

approve all District laws, including the District’s annual budget. As required by the Home Rule

Act, the city council must approve a budget within 56 days after receiving a budget proposal from

the mayor.14 The approved budget must then be transmitted to the President, who forwards it to

Congress for its review, modification, and approval.15

The President’s FY2012 budget request includes $717 million for special federal payments to the

District, a decrease of $35 million below FY2010 enacted levels and $17 million more than

enacted in FY2011. Table 6 lists the enacted amounts for FY2010 and FY2011, the President’s

FY2012 request, and amounts approved by the House Appropriations Committee for FY2012.

Table 6. District of Columbia Special Federal Payments, FY2010-FY2012

(in millions of dollars)

FY2010

Enacted

FY2011

Enacted

FY2012

Request

FY2012 House

Committee

Resident Tuition Support

$35

$30

Emergency Planning and Security

District of Columbia Courts

261

243

229

224

Defender Services

Court Services and Offender

Supervision Agency

212

217

213

Public Defender Service

Criminal Justice Coordinating Council

Judicial Commissions

0.5

0.3

St. Elizabeth Hospital Campus

HIV/AIDS Prevention

Water and Sewer Authority

Office of the Chief Financial Officer

School Improvement

D.C. National Guard

0.4

Perm. Supportive Housing

Arts and Humanities

$752

$699

$717

$637

Total: Special Federal Payments

Sources: H.Rept. 111-202; Appendix, Budget of U.S. Government Budget, Fiscal Year 2011; S.Rept. 111-238;

Appendix, Budget of the U.S. Government, FY2012, H.Rept. 112-136.

See Article I, Sec. 8, clause 17 of the U.S. Constitution and Section 446 of P.L. 93-198, 87 Stat. 801.

120 Stat. 2028.

87 Stat. 801.

Congressional Research Service

Financial Services and General Government: FY2012 Appropriations Overview

Title V: Independent Agencies16

Title V provides funding for more than two dozen independent agencies which perform a wide

range of functions, including the management of federal real property (GSA), the regulation of

financial institutions (SEC), and mail delivery (USPS). The President’s FY2012 budget request

included $26.89 billion for independent agencies that receive their funding through the FSGG

appropriations bill, an increase of $2.31 billion over FY2010 enacted levels and $3.59 billion

below FY2011 enacted amounts. Table 7 lists the enacted amounts for FY2010 and FY2011, the

President’s FY2012 request, and amounts approved by the House Appropriations Committee for

FY2012.

Table 7. Independent Agencies Appropriations, FY2010-FY2012

(in millions of dollars)

FY2010

Enacted

FY2011

Enacted

FY2012

Request

FY2012

House

Committee

Administrative Conference of the United

States

Christopher Columbus Fellowship Foundation

0.5

Civilian Property Realignment Board

—

Commodity Futures Trading Commissiona

169

203

308

172

Consumer Product Safety Commission

118

115

122

111

Election Assistance Commission

Federal Communications Commission

(336)

(359)

(319)

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation:

Office of Inspector General (by transfer)b

(43)

(45)

Federal Election Commission

Federal Labor Relations Authority

Federal Trade Commission

169

175

199

155

General Services Administration

653

-986

617

-1,758

Harry S. Truman Scholarship Foundation

Merit Systems Protection Board

Morris K. Udall Foundation

National Archives and Records Administration

457

417

408

360

National Credit Union Administration

0.5

Office of Government Ethics

20,378

20,828

21,151

21,128

Office of Special Counsel

Postal Regulatory Commission

Office of Personnel Management (total)

This section was authored by (name redacted) (x7-....).

Congressional Research Service

Financial Services and General Government: FY2012 Appropriations Overview

FY2010

Enacted

FY2011

Enacted

FY2012

Request

FY2012

House

Committee

-1

Securities and Exchange Commission

1,095

1,185

1,407

1,185

Selective Service System

Small Business Administration

824

730

985

978

United States Postal Service

363

331

323

316

United States Tax Court

$24,585

$23,280

$25,937

$22,936

Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board

Total: Independent Agencies

Sources: Consolidated Appropriations Act, FY2010 (Div. C, P.L. 111-117); Appendix, Budget of the U.S.

Government, FY2011; H.Rept. 111-181; S.Rept. 111-238; Appendix, Budget of the U.S. Government, FY2012,

H.Rept. 112-136.

Notes: All figures are rounded, and columns also may not equal the total due to rounding.

The CFTC is funded in the House through the Agriculture appropriations bill and in the Senate through

the Financial Services and General Government bill.

Budget authority transferred to FDIC is not included in total FSGG appropriations; it is counted as part of

the budget authority in the appropriation account from which it came.

Author Contact Information

(name redacted)

Analyst in American National Government

/redacted/@crs.loc.gov, 7-....

Key Policy Staff

Area of Expertise

Name

Phone

E-mail

Department of the Treasury

(name redacted)

7-....

/redacted/@crs.loc.gov

Executive Office of the President

Barbara Schwemle

7-....

/redacted/@crs.loc.gov

Judiciary

Lorraine Tong

7-....

/redacted/@crs.loc.gov

District of Columbia

(name redacted)

7-....

/redacted/@crs.loc.gov

Civilian Property Realignment Board

(name redacted)

7-....

/redacted/@crs.loc.gov

Consumer Product Safety Commission

(name redacted)

7-....

/redacted/@crs.loc.gov

Election Assistance Commission

Kevin Coleman

7-....

/redacted/@crs.loc.gov

E-Government Fund in GSA

(name redacted)

7-....

/redacted/@crs.loc.gov

Executive Office of the President

Barbara Schwemle

7-....

/redacted/@crs.loc.gov

Federal Communications Commission

Patty Figliola

7-....

/redacted/@crs.loc.gov

Federal Deposit Insurance

Corporation: OIG

Darryl Getter

7-....

/redacted/@crs.loc.gov

Federal Election Commission

(name redacted)

7-....

/redacted/@crs.loc.gov

Congressional Research Service

Financial Services and General Government: FY2012 Appropriations Overview

Area of Expertise

Name

Federal Labor Relations Authority

(name redacted)

7-....

/redacted/@crs.loc.gov

Federal Trade Commission

(name redacted)

7-....

/redacted/@crs.loc.gov

General Services Administration

(n ame redacted)

Merit Systems Protection Board

Barbara Schwemle

7-....

/redacted/@crs.loc.gov

National Archives and Records

Administration

(name redacted)

7-....

/redacted/@crs.loc.gov

National Credit Union Administration

Darryl Getter

7-....

/redacted/@crs.loc.gov

Office of Personnel Management

Barbara Schwemle

7-....

/redacted/@crs.loc.gov

Office of Special Counsel

Barbara Schwemle

7-....

/redacted/@crs.loc.gov

Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight

Board

(name redacted)

7-....

/redacted/@crs.loc.gov

Securities and Exchange Commission

(name redacted)

7-....

/redacted/@crs.loc.gov

Selective Service System

David Burrelli

7-....

Small Business Administration

Oscar Gonzalez

7-....

/redacted/@crs.loc.gov

Robert Dilger

7-....

/redacted/@crs.loc.gov

U.S. Postal Service

Kevin Kosar

7-....

/redacted/@crs.loc.gov

Government-wide General Provisions

Barbara Schwemle

7-....

/redacted/@crs.loc.gov

Competitive Sourcing

(name redacted)

7-....

/redacted/@crs.loc.gov

Cuba

Mark Sullivan

7-....

/redacted/@crs.loc.gov

Congressional Research Service

Phone

7-....

E-mail

/redacted/@crs.loc.gov

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