Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations

and Corresponding Appropriations

Updated January 18, 2023

Congressional Research Service

https://crsreports.congress.gov

R40089

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Summary

The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.) serves as the

cornerstone for the United States’ foreign assistance policies and programs. Written, passed, and

signed into law at what some consider the height of the Cold War, the act is seen by some today

as anachronistic. Ironically, when President Kennedy urged the 87th Congress to enact foreign aid

legislation that would exemplify and advance the national interests and security strategies of the

United States post-World War II, he described the existing foreign aid mechanisms as

bureaucratic, fragmented, awkward, and slow. Some have used the same language today, more

than 60 years later, to characterize the legislation he promoted.

On several occasions over the past several decades, Congress has set out to assess the current

body of law that comprises foreign aid policy, starting with the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961.

The Foreign Affairs/International Relations and Foreign Relations Committees, in recent past

Congresses, have considered legislation to rebuild the United States’ capacity to deliver effective

foreign aid, and make aid more transparent and responsive to today’s quick-changing

international challenges. Proposals have ranged from setting up advisory committees to a

complete overhaul of foreign aid objectives and programs.

This report presents the authorities of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended, and

correlates those authorities with Foreign Operations Appropriations (division K of the

Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023; P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459) that fund those authorities.

It replaces an earlier issue of the same report, dated April 18, 2012, to incorporate the most recent

appropriations act and other enactments of authorities.

For many years, foreign aid appropriations measures have waived the requirement that funds

must be authorized before they are appropriated and expended. Understanding the relation

between the authorities in the cornerstone act and appropriations is key to foreign aid reform.

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Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Contents

Background ..................................................................................................................................... 1

Other Authorizations ................................................................................................................. 2

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorities and Appropriations ................................................... 6

Authorization............................................................................................................................. 6

Appropriation ............................................................................................................................ 6

Tables

Table 1. Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, As Enacted (P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et

seq.; 75 Stat. 424) ......................................................................................................................... 1

Table 2. Selected Other Authorizations ........................................................................................... 3

Table 3. Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as Amended: Authorizations and Corresponding

Appropriations in Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs

Appropriations Act, 2023 ............................................................................................................. 8

Contacts

Author Information........................................................................................................................ 29

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Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Background

The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.), enacted at the behest

of President Kennedy, sought to organize and implement U.S. foreign assistance programs with a

commitment to long-range economic assistance to the developing world. The President, in a

“Special Message to the Congress on Foreign Aid,” delivered March 22, 1961, described the U.S.

foreign aid programs emerging from World War II as

[b]ureaucratically fragmented, awkward and slow, its administration is diffused over a

haphazard and irrational structure covering at least four departments and several other

agencies. The program is based on a series of legislative measures and administrative

procedures conceived at different times and for different purposes, many of them now

obsolete, inconsistent and unduly rigid and thus unsuited for our present needs and

purposes. Its weaknesses have begun to undermine confidence in our effort both here and

abroad.1

President Kennedy went on to note the declining prestige of the United States’ foreign aid

apparatus and the negative impact of that decline on administering and staffing programs abroad.

The President also cited the uneven and undependable short-term financing of programs and the

resulting disincentive for long-term efficient planning. Congress and the executive branch worked

together to enact the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 to address these shortcomings at a time when

much of the developing world was emerging as newly independent states, when those new

nations were, “without exception ... under Communist pressure,” and when “the free

industrialized nations” found themselves in a position “to assist the less-developed nations on a

long-term basis ... [as they find themselves] on the threshold of achieving sufficient economic,

social and political strength and self-sustained growth to stand permanently on their own feet.”2

Though the original Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 lengthened the authorization time frame for

funding development assistance to five years, other programs were authorized for shorter periods,

usually for one or two fiscal years. The act still required occasional reauthorization legislation to

renew programs beyond that original time frame, and Congress retained its role of appropriating

funds. The original act authorized the programs and funding levels shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, As Enacted

(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.; 75 Stat. 424)

Program Authorization

Funding Levels and Duration

Development assistance

$1.2 billion for FY1962

$1.5 billion “for each of the next four succeeding years” [§202]

Development grants and technical

cooperation

Not to exceed $380 million “for use beginning in the fiscal year 1962”

[§212]

Investment guarantees

Not to exceed $90 million, through June 30, 1964 (fiscal years, at that

time, ran July through June in a given year) [§221]

Surveys of investment opportunities

Not to exceed $5 million “for use beginning in fiscal year 1962” [§232]

Contributions to international

organizations and programs

Not to exceed $153.5 million for fiscal year 1962 [§302]

1 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: John F. Kennedy, 1961. “Special Message to the Congress on

Foreign Aid,” March 22, 1961. pp. 203-212.

2 Kennedy, March 22, 1961. p. 205.

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Program Authorization

Funding Levels and Duration

Supporting assistance

Not to exceed $465 million “for use beginning in the fiscal year 1962”

[§402]

Contingency fund

Not to exceed $300 million for fiscal year 1962 [§451]

Military assistance

Not to exceed $1.7 billion, “for use beginning in the fiscal years 1962

and 1963” [§504]

Through 1985, Congress regularly enacted new authorization legislation or amended the original

act to update authorization time frames, and to incorporate newer programs and authorities. From

1986 on, however, Congress turned more frequently to enacting freestanding authorities that did

not amend the 1961 act, and included language in annual appropriations measures to waive the

requirement to keep authorizations current. Thus, sections in the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961,

in many instances, do not refer to authorization beyond fiscal years 1986 and 1987 (unless the

program was added to the act by an amendment enacted after that period), but programs are

continued through appropriations.3

Other Authorizations

A few programs are established outside the statutory framework of the Foreign Assistance Act of

1961, and thus are not included in detail in this report.4 Reimbursable military exports, for

example, are addressed in the Arms Export Control Act and subsequent Security Assistance Acts.

Since 1985, the last year Congress passed a comprehensive reauthorization of the Foreign

Assistance Act of 1961, both Congress and the President have promoted a variety of specialized

authorities in freestanding legislation. Some foreign policy-related programs, for example the

Peace Corps, Millennium Challenge Corporation, or Migration and Refugee assistance programs,

were enacted at the outset with freestanding legislation but are funded in annual foreign

operations appropriations. And, on rare occasion, Congress has established new authorities or

3 Section 10 of the Foreign Military Sales Amendments, 1971 (P.L. 91-672; 22 U.S.C. 2412) requires authorization

before appropriations, stating that “no money appropriated for foreign assistance (including foreign military sales) shall

be available for obligation or expenditure—(1) unless the appropriation thereof has been previously authorized by law;

or (2) in excess of an amount previously prescribed by law.” The section, however, is routinely waived, most recently

in Section 7022 of the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2023

(division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459), which states

AUTHORIZATION REQUIREMENTS

Sec. 7022. Funds appropriated by this Act, except funds appropriated under the heading

“Trade and Development Agency”, may be obligated and expended notwithstanding section 10 of

Public Law 91-672 (22 U.S.C. 2412), section 15 of the State Department Basic Authorities Act of

1956 (22 U.S.C. 2680), section 313 of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1994

and 1995 (22 U.S.C. 6212), and section 504(a)(1) of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C.

3094(a)(1)).

4 Still other laws have been enacted to augment the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961—setting limited-term conditions

for aid otherwise provided for in the act. P.L. 109-159, for example, which provides for the transfer to the Republic of

Korea of obsolete or surplus items with military application for three years, is a freestanding law but draws on the

President’s authority stated in Sections 514 and 516 of the act to transfer excess defense articles. Similarly, Congress

has enacted a series of laws to transfer excess or obsolete naval vessels to U.S. allies. The Naval Vessel Transfer Act of

2010, title II of P.L. 111-266, for example, authorizes such transfers but the authority expires at the end of two years.

Similar acts—P.L. 113-276, P.L. 110-429, P.L. 109-159, or P.L. 109-134—authorize the transfer of excess vessels;

each authority expires 2 or 3 years after enactment.

Congress has also enacted acts in recent years authorizing conditional aid to targeted populations or organizations in

Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Iran, Israel, North Korea, Pakistan, and Sudan, and global

programs addressing child mortality, malnutrition, counterterrorism, counter-narcotics, and other matters.

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Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

programs in annual appropriations acts. Some freestanding laws that authorize foreign aid or

apply new conditions to aid authorized in the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 are shown in Table

2.

Table 2. Selected Other Authorizations

(in order of primary enactment)

Popular Name: Purpose

Citation

Arms Export Control Act, as amended:

—authorizes reimbursable military exports (arms sales, leases, loans)

P.L. 90-629; 22 U.S.C.

2751 et seq.; signed into

law October 22, 1968

Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, as amended:a

—authorizes $13.82 million for each of FY2018 through FY2021 to the Department of

State for Diplomatic and Consular Programs of the Office to Monitor and Combat

Trafficking, to carry out the goals, regional strategies, and policy stated in the act

(§113(a));

—authorizes to the Secretary of State for each of FY2018 through FY2021: $65 million

for establishing economic alternatives (§106), assistance for victims in other countries

(§107(a)), assistance to foreign countries under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 at

sec. 134, assistance to meet minimum standards (§108), and for programs and activities

on prevention, protection, and prosecution (§113(c));

—authorizes $250,000 for each of FY2008 through FY2011 to the President, acting

through the Attorney General and Secretary of State, “for training of law enforcement

officers, prosecutors, and members of the judiciary ... at the International Law

Enforcement Academies.” (§113(d)(2));

—authorizes $7.5 million for each of FY2014 through FY2017 to the President for

foreign victim assistance (§113(e)(1));

—authorizes $7.5 million for each of FY2014 through FY2017 to the President to assist

foreign countries to meet minimum standards (§113(e)(2); see also §134, Foreign

Assistance Act of 1961, as amended); and

—authorizes $2 million for each of FY2008 through FY2011 to the President for

research (§113(e)(3)).

P.L. 106-386; 22 U.S.C.

7101 et seq.; signed into

law October 28, 2000

United States Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act

of 2003, as amended:

—authorizes “in addition to any other funds authorized to be appropriated for bilateral

or multilateral HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, or malaria programs” to the President up to $2

billion for FY2009 and such sums as may be necessary for each of FY2010 through

FY2013 for U.S. contributions to the Global Fund , with limitations for FY2004 through

2023 (§202(d)(1), (4));

—authorizes $48 billion “for the 5-year period beginning on October 1, 2008” to the

President for programs added to the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (§401; see also

secs. 104A through 104C in the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended);

—allocates appropriations to fund bilateral global HIV/AIDS assistance for each of fiscal

years 2009 through 2023 to specific treatments (§403); and

—authorizes “such sums as may be necessary for the fiscal year 2004 and each fiscal

year thereafter to carry out section 1625 of the International Financial Institutions Act”

(relating to debt relief for the most heavily indebted countries) (§503).

P.L. 108-25; 22 U.S.C.

7601 et seq.; signed into

law May 27, 2003

Millennium Challenge Act of 2003, as amended:

—authorizes “such sums as may be necessary for each of fiscal years 2004 and 2005”

(§619).

Title VI of Division D of

P.L. 108-199; 22 U.S.C.

7701 et seq.; signed into

law January 23, 2004

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Popular Name: Purpose

Citation

North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004, as amended:

—authorizes $2 million for each of FY2005 through FY2022 for human rights and

democracy programs (§102);

—authorizes $3 million for each of FY2005 through FY2022 for actions to promote

freedom of information (§104); and

—authorizes $5 million for each of FY2018 through FY2022 in assistance to North

Koreans outside of their country (§203).

P.L. 108-333; 22 U.S.C.

7801 et seq.; signed into

law October 18, 2004

Iran Freedom Support Act:

—authorizes to the Secretary of State “such sums as may be necessary” for financial

and political assistance to “foreign and domestic individuals, organizations, and entities

working for the purpose of supporting and promoting democracy for Iran.” The

authority expires at the end of 2011 (§302).

P.L. 109-293; 22 U.S.C.

2151 note; signed into

law September 30, 2006

Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy

Promotion Act of 2006:

—authorizes “at least” $52 million in bilateral assistance for each of FY2006 and

FY2007 to Congo (§103).

P.L. 109-456; 22 U.S.C.

2151 note; signed into

law December 22, 2006

Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007:b

—authorizes $200 million for each of FY2008 through FY2012 to the Administrator of

the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) to assist developing countries

that promote clean and efficient energy technologies (§911(c));

—authorizes $5 million for each of FY2008 through FY2020 for work of a newly

established Task Force on International Cooperation for Clean and Efficient Energy

Technologies (§916(e)); and

—authorizes $20 million for each of FY2009 through FY2013 for work of a newly

established International Clean Energy Foundation (§927).

P.L. 110-140; 42 U.S.C.

17001 et seq.; signed

into law December 19,

2007

Foreign Operations Appropriations, 2008:

—establishes the Development Grants Program within USAID to provide grants to

U.S. and indigenous nongovernmental organizations to carry out development

assistance and economic support fund provisions (§674).

Abolished by sec. 7080 of P.L. 113-235; see below.

P.L. 110-161; 121 Stat.

2356; signed into law

December 26, 2007

Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2009:c

—establishes the Pakistan Counterinsurgency Capability Fund and appropriates $700

million for FY2009 and FY2010 “notwithstanding any other provision of law, for the

purpose of providing assistance for Pakistan to build and maintain the

counterinsurgency capability of Pakistani security forces” (title XI).

Overtaken, in effect by, the Enhanced Partnership With Pakistan Act of 2009, discussed

below.

P.L. 111-32; 123 Stat.

1859 at 1895; signed

into law June 24, 2009

Enhanced Partnership With Pakistan Act of 2009:d

—authorizes $1.5 billion for each of FY2010 through FY2014 to the President to

provide democratic, economic, and development assistance to Pakistan (§§101, 102);

and

—authorizes “such sums as may be necessary” for each of FY2010 through FY2014 to

the President to provide International Military Education and Training (IMET),

expanded IMET (E-IMET), foreign military financing (FMF) to Pakistan; and the

Secretary of State is authorized funds to establish an exchange program with NATO

and other countries for Pakistani military and civilian personnel (§202).

—authorizes the Secretary of State, with concurrence of the Secretary of Defense, “to

build and maintain the counterinsurgency capability of Pakistan” for FY2010,

transferring what was made available in the Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2009,

discussed above (§204).

P.L. 111-73; 22 U.S.C.

8401 et seq.; signed into

law October 15, 2009

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Popular Name: Purpose

Citation

National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012, as amended:

—establishes the Global Security Contingency Fund and authorizes $350 million for

FY2012 and $300 million for FY2013 and thereafter, to be shared between

Department of State and Department of Defense, of which $75 million is authorized

“To enhance the capacity of the national military forces, or other national security

forces that conduct border and maritime security, internal defense, and

counterterrorism operations,” and for “the justice sector, rule of law programs, and

stabilization efforts,” among other things. In any fiscal year, transfers of funds from

DOD may not exceed $200 million. The allocation of contributions between the two

departments is 80/20 (DOD/State). Amounts in the Fund remain available until

September 30, 2021, unless programs for which funds are obligated have commenced

before that date. “The authority under this section may not be exercised after

September 30, 2021.” (§1207).

P.L. 112-81; 22 U.S.C.

2151 note; signed into

law December 31, 2011

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs

Appropriations Act, 2015, as amended:

—establishes Small Grants Program to be administered by USAID of not more than $2

million to carry out the provisions of chapters 1 and 10 of part I and chapter 4 of part

II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. Funds remain available for obligation until

September 30, 2019. Replaces Development Grants Program enacted at sec. 674 of the

Foreign Operations Appropriations for FY 2008 (P.L. 10-161; see above) (§7080).

P.L. 113-235, division J;

22 U.S.C. 2151i; signed

into law December 16,

2014

Global Fragility Act of 2019:

—establishes the Prevention and Stabilization Fund, to be administered by the State

Department and USAID, and is authorized to be funded $200 million for each of FYs

2020 through 2024 (§509(a)); and

—establishes the Complex Crisis Fund, to be administered by USAID, and is

authorized to be funded $30 million for each of FYs 2020 through 2024 (§509(b)).

P.L. 116-94, title V; 22

U.S.C. 9801 et seq.;

signed into law

December 20, 2019

a.

b.

c.

d.

The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, as amended, also authorizes funds to the Secretaries of

Health and Human Services, Labor, Homeland Security, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and Attorney

General, mostly for programs, assistance, and services related to U.S.-based trafficking victims.

The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, at section 912 (42 U.S.C. 17332), also authorizes “such

sums as may be necessary for each of fiscal years 2008 through 2012” to the Secretary of Commerce to

equip the Foreign Commercial Service to promote U.S. exports in clean and efficient energy technologies

and “build the capacity of government officials in India, China and any other country the Secretary of

Commerce determines appropriate,” and to “direct the International Trade Administration to expand or

create trade missions to and from the United States to encourage private sector trade and investment in

clean and efficient energy technologies.”

The Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2009 (title III; 123 Stat. 1864), also establishes the Pakistan

Counterinsurgency Fund to be administered by the Secretary of Defense and appropriates $400 million to

remain available until September 10, 2010. The two paragraphs authorize the Secretaries of State and

Defense to coordinate and further authorizes funds to be available to be reprogrammed from one fund to

the other and back again where required. Section 2112(b) of the Department of Defense and Full-Year

Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 179) provides: “The authorities contained

under the heading ‘International Security Assistance, Funds Appropriated to the President, Pakistan

Counterinsurgency Capability Fund’ in title XI of P.L. 111-32 shall remain in effect until September 30,

2012.”

The Enhanced Partnership With Pakistan Act of 2009 also authorizes the Secretary of State to continue

using funds under terms stated in P.L. 111-32 relating to the Pakistan Counterinsurgency Capability Fund

and further authorizes the transfer of funds, with concurrence of the Secretary of Defense, to and from the

Department of Defense Pakistan Counterinsurgency Fund also established by that act.

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Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorities

and Appropriations

Table 3 presents the authorities enacted in the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended, and

the corresponding appropriations that fund those authorities in the current foreign assistance

appropriations act.

Authorization

The left-side column of Table 3 cites sections of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended,

that authorize programs, and provides the latest year for which authorization was enacted.

Sections that establish a need for such a program—in the form of policy or finding statements, for

example—are not cited. The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 is organized in a conventional

manner, however, so those sections that state policy, findings, program requirements, or

implementing structure can be found in the text of the law in sections proximate to the

authorizing section. All of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 is stated in the United States Code,

beginning at 22 U.S.C. 2151. For each section that states the President’s power to authorize

funds, the relevant U.S. Code citation and year of enactment is included here. In nearly all cases,

these sections have been substantially amended, or rewritten altogether, subsequent to enactment.

This table reflects the language as amended.

Though the sections generally afford the President the authority to furnish whatever assistance the

section establishes, Section 622(a) and (c) (22 U.S.C. 2382(a), (c)) of the act states that

Nothing contained in this Act shall be construed to infringe upon the powers or functions

of the Secretary of State.... Under the direction of the President, the Secretary of State shall

be responsible for the continuous supervision and general direction of economic assistance,

military assistance, and military education and training programs, including but not limited

to determining where there shall be a military assistance (including civic action) or a

military education and training program for a country and the value thereof, to the end that

such programs are effectively integrated both at home and abroad and the foreign policy of

the United States is best served thereby.

In many instances, the President has delegated his authority to the Secretary of State, the

Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, or some other

appropriate office holder. Delegations of authority are to be found, either in whole text or as a

reference, in the U.S. Code, at sections corresponding to the section of the Foreign Assistance Act

of 1961 that states the relevant authority.

Appropriation

The right-side column of Table 3 states appropriations levels that correspond to the authorized

program, as enacted in the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs

Appropriations Act, 2023 (division K of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023; P.L. 117328; 136 Stat. 4459).5

5 The slip law and Statutes-at-Large citations are not yet available for this act. This report, in the interim, cites the page

number the relevant provision appears in the enrolled version of H.R. 2617 as agreed to by the House of

Representatives and Senate and presented to the President on December 28, 2022. The President signed the bill into law

on December 29, 2022, as P.L. 117-328.

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The General Provisions title in an appropriations act usually states conditions for administering

the appropriations. In Table 3, General Provisions sections that state conditionality and terms that

might be applicable to the aid being provided are also listed, and a page number to the enrolled

bill is provided to assist the reader who might wish to read in further detail. General Provisions

that apply to the entire appropriations act are cited only at Chapter 1—Policy, Development

Assistance Authorizations; they are numerous and apply to most authorities. Such General

Provisions prohibit assistance for reasons relating to terrorism, military overthrows, and debt

arrearages, to name a few.

Funding levels that are not specified in the appropriations act, and therefore not included in Table

3, may be detailed in the Explanatory Statement that accompanies H.R. 2617.

Beginning in FY2009, Congress moved appropriations for the State Department from an annual bill that funded the

Departments of Commerce, Justice, State and other programs and consolidated State and foreign operations funding in

one bill, typically named the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations. This

report covers only that which pertains to foreign assistance and is generally aligned with the Foreign Assistance Act of

1961. State Department funding, by comparison, has its authorities enacted in the State Department Basic Authorities

Act of 1956, the Foreign Service Act of 1980, the Foreign Service Buildings Act of 1926, and a number of acts related

to State Department diplomacy, participation in international organizations and commissions, broadcasting, and

educational exchanges, to name a few.

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Table 3. Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as Amended: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations in Department of

State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2023

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended

(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)

Part I

Chapter 1—Policy; Development Assistance Authorizations

Sec. 101 (22 U.S.C. 2151) through §135 (22 U.S.C. 2152h)

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs

Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)

Title III—Bilateral Economic Assistance

Funds Appropriated to the President

Global Health Programs

For global health activities, appropriates, “in addition to funds otherwise available for

such purposes”: $4,165.95 million, “to remain available until September 30, 2024, and

which shall be apportioned directly to the United States Agency for International

Development” (p. 527).

In addition, “for the prevention, treatment, and control of, and research on, HIV/AIDS,

$6,395,000,000, to remain available until September 30, 2027, which shall be

apportioned directly to the Department of State” (p. 529).

Development Assistance

Appropriates $4,368,613,000, to remain available until September 30, 2024 (p. 529).

See also, for conditions and terms:

§7007, prohibition on direct funding for Cuba, North Korea, Iran, or Syria (p. 544);

§7008, military coups d’etat (p. 544); §7009(b), (c), (d), and (e), limitations on transfers

between agencies and between accounts (p. 545); §7011, availability of funds (p. 548);

§7012, countries in default (p. 549); §7013, prohibition on taxation (p. 549); §7014,

reservation of funds (p. 550); §7015, notification requirements (p. 551); §7016,

documents, report posting, records management, and related cybersecurity

protections (p. 555); §7018, prohibition on funding for abortions and involuntary

sterilization (p. 556); §7019, allocations and reports (p. 556); §7020, multi-year pledges

(p. 558); §7021, prohibition on assistance to governments supporting international

terrorism (p. 558); §7022, authorization requirements (p. 559); §7023, definition of

program, project, and activities (p. 559 ); §7025, commerce, trade and surplus

commodities (p. 560); §7026, separate accounts (p. 561); §7027, eligibility for assistance

(p. 562); §7028, disability programs (p. 563); §7031, financial management, budget

transparency, and anti-corruption (p. 566); §7032, democracy programs (p. 569);

§7034, special provisions (p. 572); §7035, law enforcement and security (p. 578); §7036,

assistance for innocent victims of conflict (p. 581); §7037, Palestinian statehood (p.

582); §7039, assistance for the West Bank and Gaza (p. 583); §7040(f), prohibition on

assistance to Hamas and the Palestine Liberation Organization (p. 585); §7041, Middle

East and North Africa (p. 585); §7042, Africa (p. 592); §7043, East Asia and the Pacific

(p. 594); §7044, South and Central Asia (p. 600); §7045, Latin America and the

Caribbean (p. 603); §7046, Europe and Eurasia (p. 608); §7047, countering Russian

influence and aggression (p. 609); §7048, United Nations (p. 611); §7050, global

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Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended

(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs

Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)

internet freedom (p. 615); §7051, torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading

treatment or punishment (p. 617); §7052, aircraft transfer, coordination, and use (p.

617); §7055, extradition (p. 618); §7056, Enterprise Funds (p. 619); §7057, U.N.

Population Fund (p. 619); §7058, global health activities (p. 620); §7059, gender equality

and women’s empowerment (p. 621); §7060, sector allocations (p. 622); §7061,

environment programs (p. 624); §7062, budget documents (p. 626); §7063,

reorganization (p. 627); §7065, USAID management (p. 628); and §7067, debt-fordevelopment (p. 630).

§103. Agriculture, Rural Development, and Nutrition. (22 U.S.C. 2151a;

added to the act in 1973.) Authorizes the President “to furnish assistance ... for

agriculture, rural development, and nutrition ... to alleviate starvation, hunger, and

malnutrition; ... to expand ... the provision of basic services to rural poor people ...

to help create productive farm and off-farm employment in rural areas to provide a

more viable economic base.” Includes authority to strengthen local institutions,

organize financial savings and credit institutions, and improve infrastructure

(subsection (b)). Authorizes emphasis on forest protection and restoration

(subsection (b)(3); added in 1979). Authorizes the President to continue U.S.

participation in multilateral institutions related to agricultural development

(subsection (g); added in 1981). Funds are authorized for fiscal years 1986 and 1987

(subsection (a)(2)).

See title III, Development Assistance, above,

§104. Population and Health. (22 U.S.C. 2151b; added in 1983.) Authorizes the

President to furnish assistance “for voluntary population planning.” (subsection (b)).

Authorizes the President to furnish assistance for health programs (subsection (c)),

including the special needs of children and mothers (subsection (c)(2)), including

primary health care, immunization, and rehydration (subsection (c)(3); added in

1985). “Appropriations pursuant to [subsection (c)(2)(B)] may be referred to as the

‘Child Survival fund’.” (subsection (c)(2)(C); added in 1984). Funds are authorized

for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 (subsection (g)).

See title III, Global Health Programs, above.

§104A. Assistance to Combat HIV/AIDS. (22 U.S.C. 2151b-2; added in 2003.)

Authorizes the President to furnish assistance for the prevention, treatment, and

monitoring of HIV/AIDS. No year expiration or termination stated.

See title III, Global Health Programs, above. In addition to the $4,165,95 million made

available for global health programs, “$6,395,000,000, to remain available until

September 30, 2027, which shall be apportioned directly to the Department of State”

with a requirement that the U.S. contribution to the Global Fund shall be $2 billion,

that up to 5% “of the aggregate amount of funds made available to the Global Fund in

fiscal year 2023 may be made available to USAID for technical assistance related to the

activities of the Global Fund,” and that $17 million may be used for administrative

purposes of the Office of the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator (p. 529).

CRS-9

In addition, funding for agricultural multilateral programs administered through the

Department of the Treasury funded under State, Foreign Operations Appropriations,

includes $43 million for the International Fund for Agricultural Development (p. 538),

and $10 million for the Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (p. 538), both

to remain available until expended.

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended

(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs

Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)

§104B. Assistance to Combat Tuberculosis. (22 U.S.C. 2151b-3; added in

2003.) Authorizes the President to furnish assistance “for the prevention,

treatment, control, and elimination of tuberculosis” (subsection (c)). No year

expiration or termination stated.

§104C. Assistance to Combat Malaria. (22 U.S.C. 2151b-4; added in 2003.)

Authorizes the President to furnish assistance “for the prevention, treatment,

control, and elimination of malaria” (subsection (c)). No year expiration or

termination stated.

§105. Education and Human Resources Development. (22 U.S.C. 2151c;

added in 1973.) Authorizes the President to furnish assistance “for education, public

administration, and human resource development” (subsection (a)). Funds are

authorized for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 (subsection (a)).

§106. Energy, Private Voluntary Organizations, and Selected

Development Activities. (22 U.S.C. 2151d; added in 1975.) Authorizes the

President to furnish assistance for the development of energy resources,

cooperative programs in energy production and conservation, (subsection (b)); and

a range of programs of technical cooperation, reconstruction, special development

of infrastructure in the poorest countries, and urban development (subsection (d)).

Funds are authorized for fiscal years 2021 through 2023 “to finance cooperative

programs among the United States, Israel, and developing countries that identify and

support local solutions to address sustainability challenges relating to water

resources, agriculture, and energy storage” (subsection (e)).

§116. Human Rights. (22 U.S.C. 2151n; added in 1975.) The President is

authorized to use not less than $3 million in Development Assistance, Development

Fund for Africa, and Economic Support Fund appropriations “for studies to identify,

and for ... carrying out, programs and activities which will encourage or promote

increased adherence to civil and political rights, including the right to free religious

belief and practice” (subsection (e)).

CRS-10

See title III, Development Assistance, above.

§7060(a)(1)(A) allocates not less than $970 million from title III “for the Nita M. Lowey

Basic Education Fund, and such funds may be made available notwithstanding any other

provision of law that restricts assistance to foreign countries.” The subparagraph

further states that $150 million “should be for the education of girls in areas of

conflict.”

Not less than $285 million shall be made available for assistance for higher education.

Not less than $35 million shall be made available for “new and ongoing partnerships”

toward building higher education capacity (§7060(a)(2)).

Not less than $7 million shall be made available for “scholar rescue programs, including

for scholars from Afghanistan, Burma, Ethiopia, the Russian Federation, Ukraine, and

Yemen” (§7060(a)(3)) (p. 622).

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended

(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs

Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)

§117. Environment and Natural Resources. (22 U.S.C. 2151p; added in 1977.)

The President is authorized to furnish assistance “for developing and strengthening

the capacity of developing countries to protect and manage their environment and

natural resources” (subsection (b)).

§119. Endangered Species. (22 U.S.C. 2151q; added in 1983.) The President is

authorized to furnish assistance “to assist countries in protecting and maintaining

wildlife habitats and in developing sound wildlife management and plant

conservation programs” (subsection (b)). For FY 1987, not less than $2.5 million is

allocated under this section (subsection (c)).

§7061(i) provides not less than $20 million to be made available “to support indigenous

and other civil society organizations in developing countries that are working to

protect the environment, including threatened and endangered species” (p. 625).

§122. General Authorities. (22 U.S.C. 2151t; added in 1978.) “In order to carry

out the purposes of this chapter, the President is authorized to furnish assistance ...

to countries and areas through programs of grant and loan assistance, bilaterally or

through regional, multilateral, or private entities” (subsection (a)). “The President is

authorized to make loans ... in order to promote the economic development of

countries and areas, with emphasis upon assisting long range plans and programs

designed to develop economic resources and increase productive capacities”

(subsection (b)). Not to exceed $10 million made available each fiscal year for

Development Assistance may be used to fund “research and educational institutions

in the United States for the purpose of strengthening their capacity to develop and

carry out programs concerned with the economic and social development of

developing countries” (subsection (d)).

§123, Private and Voluntary Organizations and Cooperatives in Overseas

Development (22 U.S.C. 2151u; added in 1978). The President may use foreign

assistance to defray costs to deliver other assistance. For each of FYs 1986 through

1989, not less than 13.5% of aggregate funds appropriated for sections 103(a),

104(b), 104(c), 105, 106, 121, and 491 shall be made available for the activities of

private and voluntary organizations (subsection (f)).

§129. Program To Provide Technical Assistance To Foreign

Governments and Foreign Central Banks of Developing or Transitional

Countries. (22 U.S.C. 2151aa; added in 1998.) The Secretary of the Treasury, in

consultation with the Secretary of State and the Administrator of the U.S. Agency

for International Development (USAID), “is authorized to establish a program to

provide technical assistance to foreign governments and foreign central banks of

developing countries in transitional countries” (subsection (a)(1)). Funds are

authorized for fiscal year 1999 (subsection (j)).

§130. Assistance for Victims of Torture. (22 U.S.C. 2152; added in 1998.) The

President is authorized to furnish assistance, in the form of grants, for the

rehabilitation of victims of torture.

CRS-11

Title III—Bilateral Economic Assistance

Department of the Treasury

International Affairs Technical Assistance

Appropriates $38 million to remain available until expended, of which not more than

$9.5 million may be used for administrative expenses (p. 533).

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended

(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs

Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)

§133. Programs To Encourage Good Governance. (22 U.S.C. 2152c; added

in 2000.) “The President is authorized establish programs that combat corruption,

improve transparency and accountability, and promote other forms of good

governance in countries” eligible to receive assistance under the Foreign Assistance

Act of 1961 or the Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989

(subsection (a)).

Title III—Bilateral Economic Assistance

Democracy Fund

Appropriates, for programs of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 and P.L. 98-164

$222.45 million and an additional $133.25 million for the State Department’s Bureau of

Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, each to remain available until September 30,

2024 (p. 530).

Assistance for Europe, Eurasia, and Central Asia

Appropriates for programs of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, FREEDOM Support

Act (P.L. 102-511), and SEED Act of 1989 (P.L. 101-179) $500.33 million, to remain

available until September 30, 2024 (p. 530).

§7032(a)(1) provides $2.9 million, from Development Assistance, Economic Support

Fun, Democracy Fund, Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and Central Asia, and

International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement to be made available for

democracy programs. §7032(a)(2) provides $117.4 million from ESF and Assistance for

Europe, Eurasia and Central Asia for the State Department’s Bureau of Democracy,

Human Rights, and Labor. §7032(c) defines “democracy programs” to include

“programs that support good governance,” among other features (p. 569).

§134. Assistance To Foreign Countries To Meet Minimum Standards for

the Elimination of Trafficking. (22 U.S.C. 2152d; added in 2000.) The President

is authorized to furnish assistance “to foreign countries directly, or through

nongovernmental and multilateral organizations, for programs, projects, and

activities designed to” eliminate the trafficking of persons.

§7034(a), addressing victims of war, displaced children, and displaced Burmese,

provides that “Funds appropriated in title III of this Act that are made available … to

combat trafficking in persons and assist victims of such trafficking may be made

available notwithstanding any other provision of law,” including not less than $10

million from INCLE “for DNA forensic technology programs to combat human

trafficking in Central America and Mexico” (p. 572).

§7044(f) includes training related to deterring human trafficking in regional programs

for South and Central Asia (p. 600, 603).

§7045(a) includes references to combating human trafficking in regional programs for

Central America (p. 603, 605).

§7060(e), sector allocations, appropriates not less than $116.4 million, of which not

less than $87 million draws from INCLE funds, for international programs to deter

human trafficking (p. 623).

§7059, gender equality and women’s empowerment, includes a previous stand-alone

provision on gender-based violence that appropriates not less than $250 million for

developing a strategy to prevent and respond to such violence (p. 621).

§135. Assistance for Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children. (22 U.S.C.

2152f; added in 2005.) The President is authorized to furnish assistance “to provide

basic care and services for orphans and other vulnerable children” (subsection (c)).

The President “shall establish a monitoring and evaluation system to measure the

CRS-12

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended

(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs

Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)

effectiveness of United States assistance to orphans and other vulnerable children”

(subsection (d)). Such sums as may be necessary are authorized for fiscal years 2006

and 2007 (subsection (f)).

§136. Assistance To Provide Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene. (22

U.S.C. 2152h; added in 2005.) “[T]he President is authorized to furnish assistance

for programs in developing countries to provide affordable and equitable access to

safe water and sanitation” (subsection (b)). “The President may use payments made

in local currencies ... under title I of the Food for Peace Act ... to provide assistance

under this section” (subsection (d)).

No appropriations required; funded by the collection of payments in local currencies

under title I of the Food for Peace Act.

§7060(g), sector allocations, provides not less than $475 million, of which not less than

$237 million is for programs in sub-Saharan Africa, and of which not less than $17

million is “to support initiatives by local communities in developing countries to build

and maintain safe latrines” (p. 624).

Chapter 2—Other Programs

§206 through §300

Title II—American Schools and Hospitals Abroad; Prototype Desalting Plant

§214 (22 U.S.C. 2174) and §219 (22 U.S.C. 2179)

§214. American Schools and Hospitals Abroad. (22 U.S.C. 2174; in original

act.) The President is authorized to furnish assistance “to schools and libraries

outside the United States founded or sponsored by United States citizens and

serving as study and demonstration centers for ideas and practices of the United

States” (subsection (a)). The President is authorized to furnish assistance to

“hospital centers for medical education and research outside the United States,

founded or sponsored by United States citizens” (subsection (b)). Funds are

authorized for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 (subsection (c)).

§219. Prototype Desalting Plant. (22 U.S.C. 2179; added in 1969.) The

President is authorized “to participate in the development of a large-scale water

treatment and desalting prototype plan ... in Israel.... Such participation shall include

financial, technical, and such other assistance as the President deems appropriate”

(subsection (a)).

Title III—Housing and Other Credit Guaranty Programs

§221 (22 U.S.C. 2181) through §226 (22 U.S.C. 2186)

§222. Authorization. (22 U.S.C. 2182; added in 1969, originally as a housing

program for Latin America; restated in 1978.) The President is authorized “to issue

guaranties to eligible investors” (subsection (a)) committed to assisting “developing

countries in marshalling resources for low-cost shelter” (§221). Authority sunsets at

the end of fiscal year 1992.

§222A. Agricultural and Productive Credit and Self-Help Community

Development Programs. (22 U.S.C. 2182a; added in 1974.) USAID is authorized

“to issue guaranties ... to private lending institutions, cooperatives, and private

nonprofit development organizations ... to carry out agricultural credit and self-help

CRS-13

§7060(b), sector allocations, provides from Development Assistance not less than

$18.5 for cooperative development programs and not less than $31.5 million for

American Schools and Hospitals Abroad (p. 623).

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended

(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)

community development projects” (subsection (b)). The Inter-American Foundation

plays a role when guaranty coverage is directed to Latin America (subsection (d));

the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) plays an administrative role

through mid-1976 (subsection (f)), and for the transferring of predecessor programs

it initiated (subsection (g)). Authority sunsets at the end of fiscal year 1988.

Sec. 224. Trade Credit Insurance Program for Central America. (22

U.S.C. 2184; added in 1984.) USAID is authorized “to provide guarantees to the

[Export-Import] Bank for liabilities to be incurred by the Bank in connection with

guarantees or insurance ... for financing for transactions involving the export of

goods and services for the use of the private sector in Central American countries”

(subsection (a)). Authority sunsets at the end of fiscal year 1991 (subsection (c)).

Sec. 225. Trade Credit Insurance Program for Poland. (22 U.S.C. 2185;

added in 1989.) The President is authorized “to provide guarantees to the [ExportImport] Bank” to cover certain liabilities related to “the export goods and services

for the use of the private sector in Poland” (subsection (a)). Authority sunsets at

the end of fiscal year 1992 (subsection (l)).

Sec. 226. Loan Guarantees To Israel Program. (22 U.S.C. 2186; added in

1992.) The President is authorized “to issue guarantees against losses incurred in

connection with loans to Israel made as a result of” resettling immigrants from the

former Soviet Union, Ethiopia, and elsewhere (subsecs. (a), (b)). Authority sunsets

at the end of fiscal year 1998 (subsection (a)).

Title IV—Overseas Private Investment Corporation

(Sec. 231 (22 U.S.C. 2191) through §240B (22 U.S.C. 2200b))

Section 1464 of the Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development

(BUILD) Act of 2018 (division F of P.L. 115-254; 132 Stat. 3513; 22 U.S.C. 9684)

provides:

“SEC. 1464. TERMINATION OF OVERSEAS PRIVATE INVESTMENT

CORPORATION AND OTHER SUPERCEDED AUTHORITIES.

“Effective at the end of the transition period—

“(1) the Overseas Private Investment Corporation is terminated; and

“(2) title IV of chapter 2 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22

U.S.C. 2191 et seq.) (other than subsections (g), (l), (m), and (n) of section 237 of

that Act) is repealed.”

Title V—Disadvantaged Children in Asia

(Sec. 241)

CRS-14

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs

Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended

(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs

Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)

Sec. 241. Assistance to Certain Disadvantaged Children in Asia. (22 U.S.C.

2201; added in 1978.) The President is authorized to expend up to $3 million “to

help meet the needs of these disadvantaged children in Asia” by providing assistance

through “international organizations or private voluntary agencies operating within,

and in cooperation with, the countries of Asia....”

Title VI—Development Assistance for Micro, Small, and Medium-sized Enterprises

Subtitle A—Grant Assistance

Sec. 251 (22 U.S.C. 2211) through §255 (22 U.S.C. 2211d)

Sec. 252. Authorization; Implementation; Targeted Assistance. (22 U.S.C.

2211a; added in 2004.) The President is authorized to provide assistance “for

programs in developing countries to increase the availability of credit, including the

use of innovative credit scoring models, savings, financial technology, financial

literacy, education, insurance, property rights, and other services to micro, small,

and medium-sized enterprise clients lacking full access to capital, training, technical

assistance, and business development services” (subsection (a)).

§7060(d), sector allocations, provides that “not less than $265 million shall be made

available to support the development of, and access to financing for, micro, small, and

medium-sized enterprises that benefit the poor, especially women” (p. 623).

Title VI—Development Assistance for Micro, Small, and Medium-sized Enterprises

Subtitle B—Credit Assistance

Sec. 256 (22 U.S.C. 2212)

Sec. 256. Development Credits for Micro, Small, and Medium-sized

Enterprises. (22 U.S.C. 2212; added in 1983 as §108; transferred to

Microenterprise title in 2004.) The President is authorized “to provide assistance to

increase the availability of financial services to micro, small, and medium-sized

enterprises and households lacking full access to credit and other financial services”

(subsection (b)). Funds are authorized for each of fiscal years 2005 through 2009

(subsection (f)).

Subtitle C—United States Microfinance Loan Facility

Sec. 257 (22 U.S.C. 2213)

Sec. 257. United States Microfinance Loan Facility. (22 U.S.C. 2213; added

in 2000.) The President is authorized “to establish a United States Microfinance

Loan Facility ... to pool and manage the risk from natural disasters, war or civil

conflict, national financial crisis, or short-term financial movements that threaten

the long-term development of United States-supported financial intermediaries”

(subtitle (a)). Funds are authorized for each of fiscal years 2005 through 2009

(subsection (d)).

Title XII—Famine Prevention and Freedom From Hunger

Sec. 296 (22 U.S.C. 2220a) through §300 (22 U.S.C. 2220e)

CRS-15

See above.

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended

(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs

Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)

Sec. 297. General Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2220b; added in 1975.) The President is

authorized to furnish assistance through U.S. universities to build “capacity and

human resources skills of agriculturally developing countries ..., provide long-term

program support ..., involve United States universities more fully in the international

network of agricultural science ..., and ... provide program support for international

agricultural research centers” (subsection (a)).

See title III, Development Assistance, above.

Sec. 299. Authorization. (22 U.S.C. 2220d; added in 1975.) The President is

authorized to use Development Assistance funds for these purposes.

See title III, Development Assistance, above.

Chapter 3—International Organizations and Programs

Sec. 301 (22 U.S.C. 2221) through §307 (22 U.S.C. 2227)

Title V—Multilateral Assistance

Funds Appropriated to the President

International Organizations and Programs

Appropriates $508.6 million for §301, Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (p. 537).

§7057, U.N. Population Fund provides that $32.5 million shall be made available for the

UNFPA (p. 619).

Sec. 301. General Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2221; in original act.) The President is

authorized “to make voluntary contributions on a grant basis to international

organizations and ... programs” (subsection (a)).

Sec. 302. Authorization. (22 U.S.C. 2222; in original act.) Funds are authorized

for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 (subsection (a)). Funds for Indus Basin Development

are authorized beginning in fiscal year 1969 (subsection (b)(1)), and for fiscal years

1974 through 1976 (subsection (b)(2)). Additional funds are authorized for the

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) for fiscal years 1976 and 1977

(subsection (i)). Additional funds are authorized for multilateral and regional drug

abuse control programs for fiscal year 1989 (subsection (j)). Additional funds are

authorized for U.S. contributions to the Vaccine Fund, the International AIDS

Initiative, and the Malaria Vaccine Initiative, for fiscal years 2009 through 2013

(subsecs. (k), (l), and (m), respectively).

Chapter 5—Contingencies

Sec. 451 (22 U.S.C. 2261)

Sec. 451. Contingencies. (22 U.S.C. 2261; in original act.) The President is

authorized to use funds made available under the act to provide up to $25 million in

any fiscal year to respond to unanticipated contingencies.

Chapter 6—Central America Democracy, Peace, and Development Initiative

Sec. 461 (22 U.S.C. 2271) through §466 (22 U.S.C. 2276)

CRS-16

§7034(f), special provisions, authorizes the President to use up to $145 million under

this section (p. 574).

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended

(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs

Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)

Sec. 465. Authorization for Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989. (22 U.S.C. 2275;

added in 1985.) The President is authorized an additional $1.2 million for fiscal

years 1988 and 1989 for nonmilitary assistance for Central American countries.

Chapter 7—Debt-For-Nature Exchanges

Sec. 461 [sic] (22 U.S.C. 2281) through §466 [sic] (22 U.S.C. 2286)a

Sec. 462. [sic] Assistance for Commercial Debt Exchanges. (22 U.S.C.

2282; added in 1989.) The USAID Administrator is authorized to furnish assistance

to facilitate debt-for-nature swaps.

Title III—Bilateral Economic Assistance

Department of the Treasury

Debt Restructuring

Appropriates $52 million to remain available under September 30, 2026 for the costs

“of modifying loans and loan guarantees for, or credit extended to, such countries as

the President may determine, including the costs of selling, reducing, or canceling

amounts owed to the United States pursuant to multilateral debt restructurings” (p.

533).

See also §7067, debt-for development (p. 630).

Sec. 466. [sic] Pilot Program for Sub-Saharan Africa. (22 U.S.C. 2286;

added in 1989.) The USAID Administrator is authorized to make grants to

nongovernmental organizations for purchase of discounted commercial debt held by

an “eligible sub-Saharan country” in exchange for natural resources restoration.

§7067, debt-for development, provides for nongovernmental organizations

participating in debt-for-development and debt-for-nature exchanges to accrue interest

on economic assistance provided under title III of this act (p. 630).

Chapter 8—International Narcotics Control

Sec. 481 (22 U.S.C. 2291) through §490 (22 U.S.C. 2291j)

Title IV—International Security Assistance

Department of State

International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement

Appropriates $1,391 million, to remain available until September 30, 2024 (p. 534).

See also, for terms and conditions:

§7015(c), notification requirements (p. 552); §7032(a)(1), democracy programs (p.

569); §7034(b)(2), special provisions, relating to forensic technology in Mexico (p. 572);

§7035(a)(4), law enforcement and security, relating to prison conditions (p. 579);

§7041(f)(2), Middle East and North Africa, relating to Lebanon (p. 588); §7043(c)(2), (f),

East Asia and the Pacific, relating to countering China’s influence (p. 595), and the

Pacific Islands (p. 597); §7044(d), South and Central Asia, relating to Pakistan (p. 602);

§7045(b), Latin America and the Caribbean, relating to Colombia (p. 605); §7047(d),

counting Russian influence and aggression (p. 609); §7052, aircraft transfer,

coordination, and use (p. 617); §7055, extradition (p. 618); §7059(d), gender equality

and women’s empowerment (p. 622); §7060(e), sector allocations, relating to

programs combating trafficking in persons (p. 623); and §7066, stabilization and

development in regions impacted by extremism and conflict (p. 629).

CRS-17

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended

(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs

Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)

Sec. 481. Policy, General Authorities, Coordination, Foreign Police

Actions, Definitions, and Other Provisions. (22 U.S.C. 2291; added in 1971.)

The President is authorized to furnish assistance “for the control of narcotic and

psychotropic drugs and other controlled substances, or for other anticrime

purposes” (subsection (a)(4)).

Sec. 482. Authorization. (22 U.S.C. 2291a; added in 1972.) Funds are authorized

to be appropriated for fiscal years 1993 and 1994 (subsection (a)(1). “The President

is authorized to accept contributions from foreign governments (subsection (c)(2)).

The President is authorized to provide assistance ... on a reimbursable basis”

(subsection (c)(3)).

Chapter 9—International Disaster Assistance

Sec. 491 (22 U.S.C. 2292) through §495K (22 U.S.C. 2292q)

Title III—Bilateral Economic Assistance

Funds Appropriated to the President

International Disaster Assistance

Appropriates $3,905.46 million, to remain available until expended (p. 529).

Transition Initiatives

Appropriates $80 million, to remain available until expended, “to support transition to

democracy and long-term development of countries in crisis.” Authorizes the

reprogramming of up to $15 million from Part I (development assistance and other

nonmilitary programs) for transition assistance if the Secretary of State determines it is

important to the national interests to do so (p. 529).

See also, §7019(f), allocations and reports (p. 556); §7033(b), international religious

freedom (p. 571); §7034(m), special provisions, monitoring and evaluation (p. 575);

§7055, extradition (p. 618); and §7058, global health activities (p. 620).

Sec. 491. Policy and General Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2292; added in 1975,

though an earlier section, added in 1971 and subsequently repealed, authorized

assistance for refugee relief.) The President is authorized to furnish assistance for

international disaster relief (subsection (b)). The President is authorized to make

available emergency food assistance (subsec. (c), added in 2016).

Sec. 492. Authorization of Appropriations. (22 U.S.C. 2292a; added in 1975.)

The President is authorized to provide 2,794.18 million in assistance under §491 for

each of fiscal years 2017 through 2023, of which up to $1,257.38 million should be

made available for emergency food assistance (subsec. (a)). An additional 450 million

in any fiscal year may be obligated under this chapter (subsec. (b)).

Chapter 10—Development Fund for Africa

(Sec. 496 (22 U.S.C. 2293) and §497 (22 U.S.C. 2294))

CRS-18

See title III, Development Assistance, above.

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended

(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs

Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)

Sec. 496. Long-Term Development Assistance for Sub-Saharan Africa.

(22 U.S.C. 2293; added in 1990.) “The President is authorized to furnish ...

assistance ... for long-term development in sub-Saharan Africa” (subsection (b)). Any

reference in law to Development Assistance should be understood to also mean

assistance under this chapter (subsection (d)). “[A]ssistance ... shall emphasize”

economic reform, protection of vulnerable groups, democratization, conflict

resolution (subsection (h)), agricultural production, natural resource development,

health, voluntary family planning, education, income-generating opportunities

(subsection (I)), regional integration (subsection (l)), and support to sectors

supported by the Southern Africa Development Coordination Conference

(SADCC) (subsection (o)).

Sec. 497. Authorizations of Appropriations for the Development Fund

for Africa. (22 U.S.C. 2291; added in 1990.) Authorizes funds to remain available

until expended.

Chapter 11—Support for the Economic and Democratic Development of the

Independent States of the Former Soviet Union

Sec. 498 (22 U.S.C. 2295) through §498C (22 U.S.C. 2295c)

Sec. 498. Assistance for the Independent States. (22 U.S.C. 2295; added in

1992.) “The President is authorized to provide assistance to the independent states

of the former Soviet Union” for urgent humanitarian needs, democracy and rule of

law programs, developing an independent media, developing private enterprise,

promoting trade and investment, promoting market-based distribution of

agriculture, strengthening health and human services, reforming education,

CRS-19

Title III—Bilateral Economic Assistance

Funds Appropriated to the President

Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and Central Asia

Appropriates $500.33 million, to remain available until September 30, 2024, for

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, the FREEDOM Support Act (P.L. 102-511), and the

Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989 (P.L. 101-179) “which shall

be available, notwithstanding any other provision of law, except for section 7047 of

this act ... Provided further, That funds appropriated under this heading may be made

available for contributions to multilateral initiatives to counter hybrid threats.” (p.

530).

See also, for terms and conditions: §7011, availability of funds (p. 548); §7015(c),

notification requirements (p. 552); §7023, definition of program, project, and activity

(p. 559); §7027, eligibility for assistance (p. 562); §7032, democracy programs (p. 569);

§7034(c), special provisions, directives and authorities (p. 572); §7046, Europe and

Eurasia (p. 608); §7047, countering Russian influence and aggression (p. 609); §7050,

global internet freedom (p. 615); §7058, global health activities (p. 620); §7059, gender

equality and women’s empowerment (p. 621); §7060(a), (e), sector allocations relating

to education, trafficking in persons (p. 622); and §7065, USAID (p. 628).

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended

(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs

Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)

promoting market-based pricing for energy, implementing civilian nuclear reactor

safety, enhancing environmental protections and conservation, improving

transportation, promoting illicit drug control, and protecting refugees, migrants and

the displaced.

Sec. 498C. Authorization of Appropriations. (22 U.S.C. 2295c; added in

1992.) Authorizes funds for fiscal year 1993.

Chapter 12—Support for the Economic and Political Independence of the

Countries of the South Caucasus and Central Asia

Sec. 499 (22 U.S.C. 2296) through §499F (22 U.S.C. 2296f)

See authorization in chapter 11, above.

Sec. 499. United States Assistance To Promote Reconciliation And

Recovery From Regional Conflicts. (22 U.S.C. 2296; added in 1999.) “[T]he

President is authorized to provide humanitarian assistance and economic

reconstruction assistance for the countries of the South Caucasus and Central

Asia” (subsection (a)) “(1) ... for humanitarian needs of victims of the conflicts; (2)

facilitating the return of refugees and internally displaced persons to their homes;

and (3) assisting in the reconstruction of residential and economic infrastructure

destroyed by war” (subsection (c)).

Sec. 499A. Economic Assistance. (22 U.S.C. 2296a; added in 1999.) The

President is authorized to furnish assistance to the region (subsection (b)) to

“support the development of the structures and means necessary for the growth of

private sector economies” (subsection (c)).

Sec. 499B. Development of Infrastructure. (22 U.S.C. 2296b; added in 1999.)

Authorizes the Export-Import Bank, Overseas Private Investment Corporation

[U.S. International Development Finance Corporation], and Trade and

Development Agency (subsection (b)) to support “the participation of United States

companies and investors in the planning, financing, and construction of

infrastructure for communications, transportation, ... and energy and trade”

(subsection (c)).

Sec. 499C. Border Control Assistance. (22 U.S.C. 2296c; added in 1999.) The

President is authorized to furnish assistance (subsection (b)) for maintaining

“national border guards, coast guard, and customs controls” (subsection (c)).

Sec. 499D. Strengthening, Tolerance, and the Development of Civil

Society. (22 U.S.C. 2296d; added in 1999.) The President is authorized to furnish

assistance for the development of democracy, nongovernmental organizations,

independent media, rule of law, independent judiciary, transparency in both

CRS-20

See discussion under Chapter 11, immediately above.

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended

(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs

Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)

governance and commerce, international exchanges, the training of professionals,

and adherence to civil and political rights (subsection (b)).

Part II

Chapter 1—Policy

Sec. 501 (22. U.S.C. 2301) through §502B (22 U.S.C. 2304)

Chapter 2—Military Assistance

Sec. 503 (22 U.S.C. 2311) through §517 (22 U.S.C. 2321k)

Sec. 503. General Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2311; in original act, though

substantially restated in 1973.) “The President is authorized to furnish military

assistance ... to any friendly country or international organization, the assisting of

which the President finds will strengthen the security of the United States and

promote world peace and which is otherwise eligible to receive such assistance”

(subsection (a)).

Sec. 504. Authorization. (22 U.S.C. 2312; in original act, though substantially

restated in 1985.) Authorizes funds for fiscal years 1986 and 1987.

Sec. 506. Special Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2318; in original act, though substantially

restated in 1976, 1979.) The President is authorized to draw down defense articles,

not to exceed $100 million (or, in some select instances, $200 million), to meet

unforeseen emergencies (subsection (a)). The President is authorized such sums as

may be necessary to reimburse the appropriation from which he has drawn down

(subsection (d)).

Sec. 516. Authority to Transfer Excess Defense Articles. (22 U.S.C. 2321j;

in original act, though substantially restated in 1995.) “The President is authorized

to transfer excess defense articles to countries for which receipt of such articles

was justified” (subsection (a)). “The aggregate value of excess defense articles

transferred ... in any fiscal year may not exceed $500,000,000” (subsection (g)).

§7015(d)(3), notification requirements, notification on excess defense articles (p. 551).

Chapter 3—Foreign Military Sales

Sec. 524 (22 U.S.C. 2344)

Chapter 4—Economic Support Fund

Sec. 531 (22 U.S.C. 2346) through §535 (22 U.S.C. 2346d)

CRS-21

Title III—Bilateral Economic Assistance

Funds Appropriated to the President

Economic Support Fund

(p. 530)

Appropriates $4,301.3 million for Economic Support Fund programs to remain

available until September 30, 2024.

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended

(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs

Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)

See also, for terms and conditions relating to Economic Support Fund: title III para. on

Assistance for Europe, Eurasia, and Central Asia (p. 530); §7009, transfer of funds

authority (p. 545); §7010, prohibition and limitations on certain expenses (p. 547);

§7015, notification requirements (p. 551); §7019, allocations and reports (p. 556);

§7023, definition of program, project, and activity (p. 559); §7030, technology security

(p. 565); §7032, democracy programs (p. 569); §7033, international religious freedom

(p. 571); §7034, special provisions (p. 572); §7039, assistance for the West Bank and

Gaza (p. 583); §7041, Middle East and North Africa (p. 585); §7042, Africa (p. 592);

§7043, East Asia and the Pacific (p. 594); §7044, South and Central Asia (p. 600); §7045,

Latin America and the Caribbean (p. 603); §7050, global internet freedom (p. 615);

§7058, global health activities (p. 620); §7060(e), sector allocations, relating to

trafficking in persons (p. 623); and §7066, stabilization and development in regions

impacted by extremism and conflict (p. 629).

Funding for the Foreign Military Financing Program is authorized pursuant to §23,

Arms Export Control Act (see Table 2). The Department of State, Foreign

Operations Appropriations, 2023, provides:

Foreign Military Financing Program

(p. 536)

Appropriates $6,053.05 million for Foreign Military Financing.

See also, for terms and conditions relating to Foreign Military Financing: §7015,

notification requirements (p. 551); §7035, law enforcement and security (p. 578);

§7041, Middle East and North Africa, including Egypt, Israel, Lebanon (p. 585); §7043,

East Asia and the Pacific, including Burma, the Countering PRC Influence Fund, the

Pacific Islands, and Taiwan (p. 594); §7044, South and Central Asia, including Nepal and

Pakistan (p. 600); §7045, Latin America and the Caribbean (p. 603); §7047, countering

Russian influence and aggression (p. 609); and §7066, stabilization and development in

regions impacted by extremism and conflict (p. 629).

Sec. 531. Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2346; in original act as “Supporting Assistance,”

though substantially restated in 1971 and again in 1978.) The “President is

authorized to furnish assistance to countries and organizations ... in order to

promote economic or political stability” (subsection (a)).

Sec. 532. Authorization of Appropriations. (22 U.S.C. 2346a; in original act as

“Supporting Assistance,” though substantially restated in 1971 and again in 1978.)

Authorizes funds for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 for Israel and Egypt, and other

funds in the same period “for recipients or purposes other than the countries

referred to in paragraph (1).”

Sec. 533. Emergency Assistance. (22 U.S.C. 2346b; added in 1981.) Authorizes

some of the funds defined in §532 for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 to be made

CRS-22

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended

(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs

Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)

available for emergency use “when the national interests of the United States

urgently require economic support to promote economic or political stability”

(subsec. (a)).

Sec. 534. Administration of Justice. (22 U.S.C. 2346c; added in 1985.)

Authorizes the President to furnish assistance “to countries and organizations,

including national and regional institutions, in order to strengthen the

administration of justice in countries in Latin America and the Caribbean”

(subsection (a)). “Not more than $20,000,000 of the funds made available to carry

out this chapter for any fiscal year shall be available to carry out this section, in

addition to amounts otherwise available for such purposes” (subsec. (c)).

Sec. 535. People-to-People Partnership for Peace Fund. (22 U.S.C. 2346d;

added in 2020.) Authorizes the USAID Administrator to establish a program to

fund projects “to help build the foundation for peaceful co-existence between the

Israelis and Palestinians and for a sustainable two-state solution” (subsec. (a)).

§7060(f), sector allocations, reconciliation programs, provides not less than $25 million

in development assistance “to support people-to-people reconciliation programs which

bring together individuals of different ethnic, racial, religious, and political backgrounds

from areas of civil strife and war” (p. 623).

Chapter 5—International Military Education and Training

Sec. 541 (22 U.S.C. 2347) through §549 (22 U.S.C. 2347h)

Title IV—International Security Assistance

Funds Appropriated to the President

International Military Education and Training

Appropriates $112.925 million, to remain available until September 30, 2024, of which

up to $3 million may remain available until expended “to increase the participation of

women in programs and activities funded under this heading” (p. 535).

See also, for terms and conditions: §7010, prohibition and limitation on certain

expenses (p. 547)); §7015, notification requirements (p. 551); §7035(d), law

enforcement and security, security assistance report (p. 581); §7041(i), Middle East and

North Africa, Saudi Arabia (p. 589); §7042, Africa, (p. 592); §7043(a), East Asia and the

Pacific, Burma (p. 594); §7044(e), South and Central Asia, Sri Lanka (p. 602); and

§7047(d), countering Russian influence and aggression, Countering Russian Influence

Fund (p. 611).

Sec. 541. General Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2347; added in 1976.) “The President is

authorized to furnish ... military education and training to military and related

civilian personnel of foreign countries.”

Sec. 542. Authorization. (22 U.S.C. 2347a; added in 1976.) Authorizes funds for

fiscal years 1986 and 1987.

Sec. 544. Exchange Training. (22 U.S.C. 2347c; added in 1985.) “The President

is authorized to provide for the attendance of foreign military personnel at

professional military education institutions in the United States (other than service

academies)” (subsection (a)). “The President may provide for the attendance of

foreign military and civilian defense personnel at flight training schools and

CRS-23

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended

(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs

Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)

programs” (subsection (b)). The President is authorized to enter into cooperative

arrangements for foreign and U.S. military and civilian defense personnel to

participate in “flying training and tactical leadership programs and integrated air and

missile defense programs at training locations in Southwest Asia” (subsec. (c)).

Chapter 6—Peacekeeping Operations

Sec. 551 (22 U.S.C. 2348) through §554 (22 U.S.C. 2348d)

Title IV—International Security Assistance

Department of State

Peacekeeping Operations

Appropriates $460.759 million, of which $330 million may remain available until

September 30, 2024, and of which not less than $25 million shall be made available for

a U.S. contribution to the Multinational Force and Observers mission in Sinai (p. 535).

See also, for conditions and terms: §7015, notification requirements (p. 551); §7035,

law enforcement and security (p. 578); §7042(d), Africa, Democratic Republic of the

Congo (p. 592); and §7066, stabilization and development in regions impacted by

extremism and conflict (p. 629).

Sec. 551. General Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2348; added in 1978.) “The President is

authorized to furnish assistance to friendly countries and international organizations

... for peacekeeping operations and other programs carried out in furtherance of

the national security interests of the United States.”

Sec. 552. Authorization of Appropriations. (22 U.S.C. 2348a; added in 1978.)

Authorizes funds for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 (subsection (a)). Authorizes the

President to transfer limited funds from Economic Support Funds to Peacekeeping

to respond to an unforeseen emergency (subsection (c); added in 1979).

§7048 authorizes the President, if he finds “that doing so will contribute to a just

resolution of charges regarding genocide or other violations of international

humanitarian law,” pursuant to §552(c), to draw down up to $30 million of

commodities and services for the U.N. War Crimes Tribunal addressing the former

Yugoslavia, or other such future tribunals (125 Stat. 1240).

Chapter 7—Air Base Construction in Israel

Sec. 561 (22 U.S.C. 2349) through §563 (2349b)

Sec. 561. General Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2349; added in 1979.) “The President is

authorized ... to construct such air bases in Israel ... to replace the ... airbases

located at Etzion and Etam on the Sinai peninsula that are to be evacuated” (para.

(1)), and “to furnish ... defense articles and defense services” (para. (2)).

Sec. 562. Authorization and Utilization of Funds. (22 U.S.C. 2349a; added in

1979.) Authorizes $800 million, to remain available until expended (subsection (a)).

Chapter 8—Antiterrorism Assistance

Sec. 571 (22 U.S.C. 2349aa) through §575 (22 U.S.C. 2349aa-5)

CRS-24

[Supplemental Appropriations Act, 1979 (P.L. 96-35; 93 Stat. 103) provided $800

million.]

Title IV—International Security Assistance

Department of State

Nonproliferation, Anti-terrorism, Demining and Related Programs

Appropriates $921 million to remain available through September 30, 2024, to carry

out chapter 8, chapter 9 (below), §504 of the FREEDOM Support Act, §23 of the Arms

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended

(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs

Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)

Export Control Act, or other sections of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 that apply

to demining, clearance of ordnance, destruction of small arms, and related activities (p.

534).

See also, for terms and conditions: §7015, notification requirements (p. 551); §7041(b),

Middle East and North Africa, Iran (p. 587); §7043(c), (f), Countering PRC Influence

Fund, Pacific Island countries (p. 595, 597); §7055, extradition (p. 618); and §7066,

stabilization and development in regions impacted by extremism and conflict (p. 629).

Sec. 571. General Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2349aa; added in 1983.) The “President

is authorized to furnish ... assistance to foreign countries in order to enhance the

ability of their law enforcement personnel to deter terrorists and terrorist groups

from engaging in international terrorist acts” notwithstanding most other provisions

of law.

Sec. 574. Authorizations of Appropriations. (22 U.S.C. 2349aa-4; added in

1983, with substantial amendments thereafter.) Authorizes funds for fiscal years

2001 through 2003.

Chapter 9—Nonproliferation and Export Control Assistance

Sec. 581 (22 U.S.C. 2349bb) through §586 (22 U.S.C. 2349bb-4)

Sec. 582. Authorization of Assistance. (22 U.S.C. 2349bb-1; added in 2000.)

The “President is authorized to furnish ... assistance ... [for] training services and the

provision of funds, equipment, and other commodities related to the detection,

deterrence, monitoring, interdiction, and prevention or countering of proliferation,

the establishment of effective nonproliferation laws and regulations, and the

apprehension of those individuals involved in acts of proliferation of such weapons.”

Sec. 584. International Nonproliferation Export Control Training. (22

U.S.C. 2349bb-2a; added in 2002.) “The President is authorized to furnish ...

education and training to appropriate military and civilian personnel of foreign

countries for the purpose of enhancing the nonproliferation and export control

capabilities of such personnel” (subsection (a)).

Sec. 586. Authorization of Appropriations. (22 U.S.C. 2349bb-4; added in

2000, substantially updated in 2002.) Authorizes funds for fiscal year 2003.

Part III

Chapter 1—General Provisions

Sec. 601 (22 U.S.C. 2351) through §620M (22 U.S.C. 2378d)

Chapter 2—Administrative Provisions

Sec. 621 (22 U.S.C. 2381) through §640C (22 U.S.C. 2399d)

CRS-25

See immediately above.

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended

(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs

Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)

Sec. 635. General Authorities. (22 U.S.C. 2395; in original act.) “The President

may make loans, advances, and grants to, make and perform agreements and

contracts with, or enter into other transactions with, any individual, corporation, or

other body of persons, friendly government or government agency, whether within

or without the United States and international organizations in furtherance of the

purposes and within the limitations of this Act” (subsection (b)).

Sec. 637. Administrative Expenses. (22 U.S.C. 2397; in original act.) Authorizes

appropriations, in “such amounts as may be necessary from time to time for

administrative expenses” of the State Department for functions in this act and in

“unrepealed provisions of the Mutual Security Act of 1954 [predecessor to the

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961]” (subsection (b)).

Chapter 3—Miscellaneous Provisions

Sec. 641 (22 U.S.C. 2401) through §667 (22 U.S.C. 2427)

Sec. 661. Trade and Development Agency. (22 U.S.C. 2421; added in 1974,

substantively restated in 1992.) Establishes the Trade and Development Agency

(TDA) and authorizes its director to provide funds for TDA programs (subsection

(a)). Authorizes funds for fiscal year 2000 and “such sums as may be necessary for

each fiscal year thereafter” (subsection (f)).

Title VI—Export and Investment Assistance

Trade and Development Agency

Appropriates $87 million to remain available until September 30, 2024 (p. 542).

See also, for conditions and terms: §7022, authorization requirements (p. 559); and

§7046, Europe and Eurasia (p. 608).

Sec. 667. Operating Expenses. (22 U.S.C. 2427; added in 1975, substantively

restated in 1977.) Authorizes funds for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 for the

administration of part I of the act—covering development assistance and other

nonmilitary assistance programs.

Title II—United States Agency for International Development

Funds Appropriated to the President

Operating Expenses

Appropriates $1,743.35 million, of which up to $261.5 million may remain available

until September 30, 2024 (p. 526).

Capital Investment Fund

Appropriates $259.1 million for overseas construction and related costs, and for

related procurement and enhancement of information technology, to remain available

until expended (p. 526).

Office of Inspector General

Appropriates $80.5 million, to remain available until September 30, 2024 (p. 527).

In General Provisions, §7065, relating to USAID management, cites §667 and other

statutes to allow USAID “to employ up to 40 personal services contractors” with

some conditions (p. 629).

Part IV—Enterprise for the Americas Initiative

Sec. 701 (22 U.S.C. 2430) through §710 (22 U.S.C. 2430i)

CRS-26

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended

(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)

Sec. 704. Reduction of Certain Debt. (22 U.S.C. 2430c; added in 1992.) “The

President may reduce the amount owed to the United States ... as a result of

concessional loans made to an eligible country” in the form of Development

Assistance or other nonmilitary aid, Economic Support Fund, or earlier forms of

foreign aid. “The authority provided by this section may be exercised only in such

amounts or to such extent as is provided in advance by appropriations Acts”

(subsec. (a)).

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs

Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)

Debt reduction, see: title III, paragraph on debt restructuring (p. 533).

See also related to debt restructuring and deficit financing, for conditions and terms:

§7026, separate accounts authorization requirements (p. 561); §7031, financial

management, budget transparency, and anti-corruption (p. 566); and §7067, debt-fordevelopment (p. 630).

Sec. 708. Americas Framework Agreements. (22 U.S.C. 2430g; added in

1992.) “The Secretary of State is authorized ... to enter into an Americas

Framework Agreement with any eligible country concerning the operations and use

of the Americas Fund for that country” (subsection (a)). The Americas Fund is

established under §707 (22 U.S.C. 2430f).

Part V—Debt Reduction for Developing Countries with Tropical Forests

Sec. 801 (22 U.S.C. 2151 note) through §813 (22 U.S.C. 2431k)

Sec. 806. Reduction of Debt Owed to the United States as a Result of

Concessional Loans under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. (22 U.S.C.

2431d; added in 1997.) “The President may reduce the amount owed to the United

States ... as a result of concessional loans made to an eligible county” in the form of

Development Assistance or other nonmilitary aid, Economic Support Fund, or

earlier forms of foreign aid. Authorizes funds for fiscal years 1999 through 2001

(subsection (a)). Further authorizes funds to reduce debt under this section or

under §807, relating to Food for Peace credits, for fiscal years 2002 through 2007,

and fiscal years 2019 and 2020 (subsection (d)). Program conducted under the

Conservation Facility (renamed from the “Tropical Forest Facility” in 2019),

established in §804 (22 U.S.C. 2431b).

Sec. 807. Reduction of Debt Owed to the United States as a Result of

Credits Extended Under Title I of the Food for Peace Act. (22 U.S.C.

2431e; added in 1997.) The President is authorized to reduce debt as a result of

credits extended under the Food for Peace program (7 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.).

Authorizes funds for fiscal years 1999 through 2001 (subsection (a)).

CRS-27

Title III—Bilateral Economic Assistance

Independent Agencies

Tropical Forest and Coral Reef Conservation

Appropriates $20 million, to remain available until September 30, 2026, for part V of

the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (p. 533).

See also, on debt reduction, title III, paragraph on debt restructuring (p. 533); §7026,

separate accounts authorization requirements (p. 561); §7031, financial management,

budget transparency, and anti-corruption (p. 566); and §7067, debt-for-development

(p. 630).

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended

(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs

Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)

Sec. 808. Authority to Engage in Debt-For-Nature Swaps and Debt

Buybacks. (22 U.S.C. 2431f; added in 1997.) The President is authorized to swap

or reduce debt in exchange for a recipient country’s investment in its natural

resources (subsection (a)).

Sec. 809. Conservation (renamed from “Tropical Forest”) Agreement.

(22 U.S.C. 2431g; added in 1997.) “The Secretary of State is authorized ... to enter

into a Conservation Agreement with any eligible country concerning the operation

and use of the Fund for that country.” (subsection (a)). Authorizes making funds

available for various natural resource-related investments (subsection (d)). The

Conservation Fund (renamed from “Tropical Forest Fund”) is established under

§810 (22 U.S.C. 2431h).

Source: Compiled by CRS.

a. The sections in chapter 7, as enacted by the International Development and Finance Act of 1989 (P.L. 101-240; 103 Stat. 2521), are probably misnumbered. Sections in

chapter 6—Central America Democracy, Peace, and Development Initiative—are numbered secs. 461-466. Sections in chapter 7—Debt-for-Nature Exchanges—

should probably be numbered as secs. 471-476.

CRS-28

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Author Information

Dianne E. Rennack

Specialist in Foreign Policy Legislation

Acknowledgments

Susan G. Chesser, formerly a CRS Senior Research Librarian, contributed immeasurably to this report.

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Congressional Research Service

R40089 · VERSION 10 · UPDATED

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