Hearings in the House of Representatives: A Guide for Preparation and Conduct

96-623 GOV

CRS Report for Congress

Received through the CRS Web

Hearings in the House of Representatives:

A Guide for Preparation and Conduct

Updated August 10, 1999

Richard C. Sachs

Carol Hardy Vincent

Specialists in American National Government

Government and Finance Division

Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

ABSTRACT

This report covers how House committees plan and conduct hearings; it also reviews

post-hearing activities of committees. It discusses applicable rules of the House, rules adopted

by individual committees, and common committee practices.

Hearings in the House of Representatives:

A Guide for Preparation and Conduct

Summary

Congressional hearings are the principal formal method by which committees

collect and analyze information in the early stages of policy making. Whether

legislative, oversight, investigative, or a combination of these, all hearings share

common elements of preparation and conduct.

House Rule XI sets down many of the regulations to which committees must

conform, including the quorum requirement, advance submission of witness

statements, the opportunity for minority party members to call witnesses of their

choice, the 5-minute rule for questioning witnesses, witness rights, the process for

issuing a subpoena, the procedure for closing a hearing to the public, and the

broadcast of hearings and the behavior of the media. Committees have broad latitude

in how they hold hearings, in part because they adopt their own rules of procedure;

these rules may amplify and supplement House rules, but cannot contravene them.

Customs of committees not embodied in rules also vary considerably among

committees.

Committees plan extensively for hearings. Early planning activities commonly

include collecting background information from sources inside and outside the House,

preparing a preliminary hearing memorandum for the chair and members discussing

the scope of the hearings and the expected outcome, and scheduling and giving public

notice of hearings. Choosing witnesses is one of the most important issues, and

committees carefully select witnesses, determine the order and format of their

testimony, and prepare questions or talking points for committee members to use in

questioning witnesses. Other arrangements include preparing briefing books;

determining how the hearings will be broadcast; and attending to the many

administrative matters, such as scheduling an official reporter.

On the day of a hearing, a committee needs a quorum to conduct business.

While the vast majority of hearings are open to the public, a committee may vote to

close a hearing for a reason stated in House rules. Members typically make opening

statements at the beginning of a hearing, then witnesses are introduced and perhaps

sworn by the chair. Witnesses present oral testimony in accordance with the arranged

format; this verbal testimony generally is a summary of the written testimony

submitted in advance. The question and answer period that follows is an opportunity

for a committee to build a public record on a matter and gather needed information

to support future actions. House rules give each committee member five minutes to

question each witness, but each committee determines the order in which its members

will question witnesses and may allow extended questioning by committee members

or staff.

Following a day of hearings, committee staff may prepare a summary of

testimony, draft additional questions for the day's witnesses, and begin to ready the

hearing transcript for printing. While not required, transcripts generally are printed,

along with supplemental materials approved by the committee.

Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Coverage and Organization of Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Hearings in the Committee Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Types of Hearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Preparation for Hearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Preliminary Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Sources of Outside Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Supplemental Staffing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Joint Hearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Notice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Choosing and Inviting Witnesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Advance Written Testimony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Statements of Non-governmental Witnesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Format and Order of Witness Testimony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Subpoenas and Depositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Briefing Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Publicity and Media Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Administrative Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Conducting Hearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Quorum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Closing a Hearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Witness Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Opening Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Introducing Witnesses and Administering the Oath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Oral Testimony of Witnesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Five-Minute Rule for Questioning Witnesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Extended Questioning of Witnesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Order of Questioning Witnesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Relevancy of Debate and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Questioning by Non-members of the Committee or Subcommittee . . . . . 22

Post-Hearing Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Printing Hearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Related CRS Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Other Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Hearings in the House of Representatives:

A Guide for Preparation and Conduct

Introduction

Coverage and Organization of Report

Under House rules, each committee has authority to hold hearings whether the

House is in session, has recessed, or has adjourned (House Rule XI, clause

2(m)(1)(A)). Committees may hold hearings in Washington, or hold "field hearings"

outside the area. Whether legislative, oversight, investigative, or a combination of

these, all hearings share common elements of preparation and conduct. This report

emphasizes these shared elements.

The report describes provisions of House rules that pertain to hearings, and

citations to these rules are included for reference. While House rules generally apply

to committees and subcommittees, it is House Rule XI that contains many provisions

specific to hearings. House rules set the general framework in which committees hold

hearings.

Each committee is required to adopt and publish written rules of procedure

which must be consistent with House rules, but which may expand upon them (House

Rule XI, clause 2(a)(1)). A committee's rules generally apply to its subcommittees,

although some contain specific procedures for subcommittees (House Rule XI, clause

1(a)(1)(A)). The rules of many committees contain provisions pertaining to hearings,

and this report gives examples from 106th Congress committee rules.1 These examples

are illustrative, intending to show the variation in particular areas. In some cases

multiple committees have the same or similar provisions, but only one committee

provides an example. Thus, this report does not attempt to list comprehensively all

provisions of committee rules that apply to hearings.

Further, the summaries of both House and committee rules are not intended to

capture every nuance and detail of the rules themselves. Members and staff are

advised to consult the text of the appropriate House or committee rule.

In addition to House and committee rules, this report covers common committee

practices in planning and holding hearings. Because each committee has its own rules

and practices, hearing procedures may differ significantly among committees.

1

For a compilation of House committee rules, see U.S. Congress, House Committee on Rules,

Rules Adopted by the Committees of the House of Representatives, Committee print, 106th

Cong., 1st sess. (Washington: GPO, 1999), 313 p.

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Members and staff needing comprehensive information on the hearing process of a

particular committee are advised to consult the committee.

This report is organized into four main sections. The Introduction addresses not

only coverage and organization, but also the role of hearings in the committee

process, and the various types of hearings.

Committees plan extensively for hearings. Section two, Preparation For

Hearings, discusses how committees carry out these activities. Among other issues,

this section covers:

deciding whether to hold a hearing;

sources that assist committees with hearings;

procuring supplemental staff by contract or detail;

holding joint hearings;

scheduling and giving public notice of hearings;

selecting witnesses and determining the order and format of testimony;

securing advance written testimony from witnesses;

written statements of non-governmental witnesses;

procedures for issuing subpoenas and taking depositions;

preparing briefing books for committee members;

procedures for broadcasting hearings and techniques for attracting and

managing the media; and

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Section three, Conducting Hearings, covers how a hearing is held. Among other

matters, it covers:

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quorum requirements;

closing a hearing to the public;

the rights of witnesses;

opening statements at the outset of a hearing;

introducing and swearing in witnesses;

oral testimony by witnesses; and

the question and answer period following oral testimony.

Finally, section four, Post-Hearing Activities, describes activities committees

often undertake following a hearing. For instance, committee staff may prepare a

summary of testimony, or draft additional questions for witnesses, or print the

hearings transcript along with supplemental materials.

Hearings in the Committee Process

Hearings are the broad information-gathering technique committees use— and

have always used—in policy making and oversight. Hearings may be held on issues

in the absence of specific legislation, but many are held on particular legislative

proposals. In either case, Congress benefits from hearings in a variety of ways.

Hearings inform Members, staff, and the public about measures and issues, and help

assess the intensity of support for proposals. Hearings serve to monitor government

programs and activities, and expose problems that Congress can later correct.

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Hearings give citizens an opportunity to participate in the policy process, and help

build the public record for a measure or issue.

House committees act on a minority of the measures introduced and referred to

them, for a number of reasons. For instance, a committee usually receives many

proposals in each major policy area within its jurisdiction, but ultimately chooses one

measure as its vehicle in each such area. Also, a committee usually does not act on

measures that it opposes. When a committee does act, it usually sends a bill to

subcommittee for initial consideration, although committees do not uniformly require

such referral. A committee may decide to send a bill to subcommittee for initial

scrutiny because of the technical nature of the issue, the history of prior handling of

the matter, and political factors, among other reasons. When a committee or a

subcommittee considers a measure, it generally takes four actions. Where a

subcommittee initiates some of the four actions, the extent to which the full

committee repeats some of these steps varies among committees and from issue to

issue. The sequence of actions assumes the committee favors a measure, but at any

time the committee may discontinue action.

First, a committee may seek agency comment, by sending a copy of the measure

to the executive departments or agencies with relevant policy expertise and soliciting

their written feedback. The executive agency typically sends a copy of the measure

to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for a determination as to

consistency with the President's program.

Second, a committee may decide to hold one or more hearings. Further

committee action without hearings is the exception, although hearings have been

bypassed to move measures expeditiously through committee or because of action on

a related bill in the previous Congress. The importance of this action is well stated

by congressional scholar Walter J. Oleszek:

The decision to hold a hearing is a critical point in the life of a bill. Measures

brought to the floor without first being the subject of hearings are likely to be the

targets of sharp criticism .... The sanctity of the committee stage is based on the

assumption that the experts—the committee members—carefully scrutinized a

proposal, and hearings provide a demonstrable record of that scrutiny.2

Third, a committee will hold a markup to evaluate amendments to the legislation,

in part based on information received at hearings. Markup is the critical stage where

the committee determines the specific language it wishes to report. While legislation

may be subsequently amended on the floor, committees have the important

prerogative of shaping it before consideration by the full chamber.

Fourth, the full committee will report the legislation to the floor; subcommittees

must report to their parent committees. When a committee reports a measure, it is

also required to issue a written report that typically describes and explains the

measure's purposes and provisions and tells Members why the measure should be

2

Walter J. Oleszek, Congressional Procedures and the Policy Process. 4th ed. (Washington:

CQ Press, 1996), p. 110.

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passed. The report also may summarize any relevant hearings that were held. This

reporting requirement may be waived.

Types of Hearings

All hearings share common elements of preparation and conduct. Some of these

are governed by House rules, particularly House Rule XI. At the same time, hearings

differ for a number of reasons. First, each committee must adopt its own rules of

procedure for each Congress (House Rule XI, clause 2(a)(1-2)). These must be

consistent with House rules but may also expand or elaborate on them. Committee

rules often contain provisions regulating hearings.

Second, customs not necessarily reflected in committee rules vary among

committees. For example, some committees do not routinely enforce the 5-minute

rule when examining witnesses, a rule that generally allows a Member to question

each witness for five minutes until every member of the committee has had this

opportunity (House Rule XI, clause 2(j)(2)).

Third, hearings are held for different purposes. Depending on the purpose,

hearings can be grouped into three broad classes: legislative, oversight, or

investigative.3 (Sometimes one hearing has dual purposes, e.g. legislative and

oversight.) While in general there are no separate House rules governing each type

of hearing, some rules are invoked more frequently at particular types of hearings.

For instance, Rule XI, clause 2(k)(3) and (5) contains provisions particularly

applicable to investigative hearings, such as protections for the rights of witnesses.

Also, a committee's power to subpoena (House Rule XI, clause 2(m)(1)(B)) usually

is used to obtain documents for investigative hearings or to require the testimony of

witnesses at these sessions.

Committees hold legislative hearings on measures or policy issues that may

become legislation. Sometimes a committee holds hearings on multiple measures

before ultimately choosing one vehicle for further committee and chamber action.

Most often the goal of a legislative hearing is the consideration of a measure for

enactment into law. These hearings provide a forum where facts and opinions on

legislation can be presented from witnesses with many backgrounds, including

Members of Congress and other government officials, representatives of interest

groups and academia, as well as from additional citizens affected by the proposal.

Oversight hearings review or study an issue or an activity, often focusing on the

quality of federal programs and the performance of government officials. They also

help ensure that the execution of laws by the executive branch complies with

legislative intent, and that administrative policies reflect the public interest. Oversight

hearings often seek to improve the efficiency, economy, and effectiveness of

3

Senate committees also hold confirmation hearings, in fulfillment of the Senate's

responsibility under the Constitution to give advice and consent to presidential nominees.

Because the House does not have this constitutional duty, its committees do not hold

confirmation hearings.

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government operations. On April 30, 1997, for instance, the Subcommittee on

Immigration and Claims of the Committee on the Judiciary held an oversight hearing

on safeguarding the integrity of the naturalization process. Many committees also

oversee existing programs in the context of hearings on related legislation, or

routinely perform oversight when it is time to reauthorize a program or agency.

Investigative hearings share some of the characteristics of legislative and

oversight hearings. The difference lies in Congress's stated determination to

investigate, usually when there is a suspicion of wrongdoing on the part of public

officials in governmental operations or of private citizens in business or other

activities. Congress has exercised its investigative function since the earliest days of

the republic and its most famous inquiries are benchmarks in American history: Credit

Mobilier, Teapot Dome, Army-McCarthy, Watergate, and Iran-Contra. In some

cases, special committees have been created to conduct investigations, while at other

times the standing committees have investigated matters within their jurisdictions.

Investigative hearings often lead to legislation to address the problems uncovered.

Judicial proceedings may precede or follow congressional inquiries.

Preparation for Hearings

Preliminary Issues

A committee considers a variety of issues in deciding whether to hold a hearing.

A committee must define the information it needs and determine the points it wishes

to communicate, then evaluate whether a hearing is the best method of achieving

these ends. Its agenda for hearings is influenced by factors including the salience of

issues to the nation, the importance of policies to interest groups, and matters of

significance to particular committee members. Programs requiring reauthorization

generally require committee scrutiny, as do instances of reported waste, fraud, or

abuse.

Each committee receives dozens or even hundreds of proposals for possible

examination and studies matters not embodied in specific legislation. In the context

of this overall workload, a committee must decide whether holding a particular

hearing is the best use of staff and funds. A committee also considers whether and

how a hearing would fit into its overall schedule. It may be particularly difficult for

committees with broad jurisdictions to determine how to allocate limited resources

and to fit matters into the schedule.

To obtain approval for a hearing, committee staff often prepare a preliminary

hearing memorandum for the chair that includes information such as the scope and

purpose of the hearing, the expected outcome, possible witnesses, how many hearing

days are planned, and perhaps the views of the minority party. Informal discussion

with committee members and staff may suffice.

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Sources of Outside Assistance

Numerous governmental and non-governmental resources are available to

committees to assist with hearings. Because most hearings are concerned with

government programs, or potential programs, executive agencies often are major

providers of information. Committees may request information directly from specific

offices, or may place requests through an agency's congressional liaison, an office

established to respond to congressional requests for information.

Each of the three congressional support agencies can assist with hearings. The

Congressional Research Service (CRS) can assist in:

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framing the agenda for hearings;

preparing background and policy studies;

preparing bibliographies and conducting database searches;

providing information on positions of interest groups and other key players;

suggesting witnesses and drafting questions for Members to ask them;

making its experts available on a nonpartisan basis as witnesses;

analyzing testimony;

preparing studies or documentation for inclusion in the hearing record;

supplying information on program accomplishments; and

evaluating legislative proposals and discussing alternative approaches.

The General Accounting Office (GAO) provides assistance to committees

principally by reviewing executive branch programs through independent audits,

investigations, and evaluations. Its reviews measure the effectiveness of government

programs. The GAO's reports contribute to the background study and examination

necessary for hearings. For instance, reports on investigations of waste, fraud, and

abuse in federal entities may be used at oversight and investigative hearings probing

government programs, or at hearings to craft legislation to correct problems exposed.

In addition to its routine, periodic reviews, GAO may be asked for studies specific to

a committee hearing. Also, GAO experts frequently appear as witnesses.

The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) furnishes Congress with key

information relating to the U.S. economy, the federal budget, and federal programs.

It assists committees by preparing cost estimates of legislation. Its assistance to

Congress in carrying out the Congressional Budget Act provides a framework and

useful background and analysis for committee hearings. Its responsibilities include:

! estimating the 5-year budgetary costs of legislation;

! tracking congressional budget actions against targets established in budget

resolutions (scorekeeping);

! estimating costs to state, local, and tribal governments of carrying out

mandates to be imposed by legislation;

! making periodic forecasts of economic trends and baseline projections of

spending and revenue levels against which proposed changes in taxing and

spending policies can be measured;

! conducting studies of programmatic or policy issues that affect the federal

budget; and

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! preparing an annual report on spending and revenue options for reducing the

federal deficit.

Non-governmental organizations provide a wealth of resources for committees.

Knowledgeable individuals in universities, policy research institutes, law and

consulting firms, and trade and other non-profit associations often are willing to assist

committees with data, analysis, and testimony. Interest groups with public policy

concerns become involved at the hearing stage in an attempt to frame the issues early

on in the legislative process. Studies indicate that lobbyists believe testifying at

congressional hearings is an important and effective technique for influencing

legislation. In addition to the policy experts and the special interests, committees seek

information and assistance from ordinary citizens who have direct experience with a

proposed policy or whose lives will bear the impact of Congress's eventual decision.

Supplemental Staffing

Committees may find it useful on occasion to supplement their staff to assist with

hearings. Committees may hire consultants or employ staff detailed from any

government agency or department, with the permission of the Committee on House

Oversight. Regulations governing consultants and detailees are contained in the

Committees' Congressional Handbook.4

The services of individual consultants or organizations must be intermittent or

temporary, not to exceed one year or the end of a Congress, whichever occurs first.

A contract first must be approved by a majority of the committee that seeks

consultant services. Information including the proposed contract, the need for the

contract, the amount to be paid, and the consultant's resume must be submitted to the

Committee on House Oversight. Contracts for services which are "the regular and

normal duties" of committee staff will not be approved by the Committee on House

Oversight. At the end of the contract, the chair of the committee employing the

consultant must submit a report to the Committee on House Oversight with

information including any studies or reports prepared by the consultant.

In the past, in order for a committee to hire a consultant, the funding resolution

had to specify the portion of the committee's budget that could be spent on

consultants. This requirement that the funding resolution contain a limit on consultant

funds was eliminated in the 104th Congress (P.L. 104-186). Currently, no more than

10% of a committee's funds may be spent on consultants.

The chair of a committee seeking to have an employee detailed from a

department or agency should submit a written request to the head of the appropriate

agency or department. Any detail can not exceed one year, or the end of a Congress,

whichever comes first. If the agency agrees to loan an employee, the committee chair

submits an authorization request, with a copy of the detailing agreement, to the

4

U.S. Congress, Committee on House Oversight, Committees' Congressional Handbook:

Regulations Governing the Expenditure of Committee Funds of the U.S. House of

Representatives, 106th Congress (Washington: GPO, 1999), pp. 17-18.

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Committee on House Oversight. Written approval of the Committee on House

Oversight is needed before an employee may be detailed.

In the 106th Congress, a committee generally may use detailees from government

agencies on a reimbursable or a non-reimbursable basis, so long as the number of

detailees does not exceed 10% of the committee's staff ceiling as established by the

Speaker. Committees must reimburse agencies for detailees above this limit.

However, a committee must reimburse the Government Printing Office for all

detailees.

The House Office of Legislative Counsel assists in drafting legislation, works

closely with committees, and sometimes assigns staff to work directly with a

committee. Staff also may be available from the many fellowship, internship, and

volunteer programs that place individuals with committee or Member offices. These

programs can provide staff ranging in expertise from high school and college students

with little or no experience, to trained professionals and subject specialists.

Joint Hearings

Each panel has the discretion to hold hearings jointly with another committee or

subcommittee. Panels meeting jointly must agree on common rules of procedure and

determine logistical questions, such as meeting rooms. Sometimes two House panels

meet jointly. For example, on July 13, 1999, the Subcommittee on Energy and Power

of the Committee on Commerce, and the Subcommittee on Energy and Environment

of the Committee on Science held a joint hearing on restructuring the Department of

Energy. Sometimes, House and Senate panels hold a joint hearing. For instance, on

March 6, 1996, the House Committee on Government Reform and Oversight and the

Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs jointly examined the Government

Performance and Results Act of 1993.

Some observers view joint committee sessions as an efficient use of time and

resources. Joint hearings bring together the expertise and differing perspectives of

panels. They may reduce the difficulties and delays that arise from contradictory

actions and proposals, for instance, in the separate chambers. Joint committee

sessions, however, tend to be infrequent. Some Members believe that separate

perspectives and approaches provide significant benefits to Congress. Separate

hearings increase avenues of access for witnesses, and opportunities for influence and

exposure of committee members and leaders. Further, coordinating meeting times

between two panels may present greater scheduling difficulties.

Scheduling

House committees may hold hearings at any time, except during a joint session

or meeting of the House and Senate (House Rule XI, clause 2(i)).5 Any Member may

5

A joint session occurs upon the adoption by both chambers of a concurrent resolution. The

House and Senate meet in joint session primarily to hear addresses of the President. A joint

meeting is held when both chambers declare themselves in recess, by resolution or unanimous

(continued...)

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try to persuade a committee to hold hearings, but the chair generally controls the

schedule. Paramount in scheduling for many committees is choosing a date and time

convenient for committee leaders. The computerized scheduling service of the House

Information Resources office (HIR) allows a committee to coordinate its schedule

with that of other committees, to minimize scheduling conflicts for its members.

In order to maximize member participation, the rules of the House Republican

Conference provide that committee rules should seek to avoid overlapping scheduling

of subcommittee sessions. The rules of many committees thus contain provisions

requiring coordination in scheduling hearings among a committee and its

subcommittees.

Examples of several committee rules regarding scheduling follow.

Subcommittee chairs of the House Committee on the Judiciary set dates for hearings

after consultation with each other and with the full committee chair. Each

subcommittee chair of the House Committee on Government Reform notifies the full

committee chair of any hearings plans at least two weeks in advance, so that the chair

can coordinate facilities and plans. On the House Committee on Rules, the chair of

each subcommittee schedules hearings only after consultation with the full committee

chair, and no subcommittee can meet at the same time as the full committee.

Notice

Under House rules, the chair of a committee (except Rules) must give at least

one week's public notice of the date, place, and subject of a hearing (House Rule XI,

clause 2(g)(3)). Hearings may be held with less than one week's notice, if either the

chair, with the concurrence of the ranking minority member, or the committee by

majority vote, determines a need. When this happens, the notice should be given as

soon as possible. Notices of hearings appear in the Daily Digest section of the

Congressional Record and in the House's computerized committee scheduling service

of HIR.

Often a committee sends announcements of a hearing to all its members, both

well in advance of, and immediately prior to the hearing. Some committees also

require that particular information be sent to their members or made available to the

public. For instance, upon announcement of a hearing of the House Committee on

Banking and Financial Services, committee staff prepare a concise summary of the

subject matter under consideration and make it available immediately to committee

members. As soon as possible, the House Committee on Resources provides its

members with a tentative witness list and, to the extent practicable, a memorandum

explaining the subject of the hearing. Additionally, the chair makes available to

committee members any official reports from departments and agencies on the subject

matter of the hearing. The House Committee on Education and the Workforce

generally requires its chair to make public the final list of witnesses 48 hours before

a hearing.

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(...continued)

consent. Congress holds joint meetings to receive addresses from foreign dignitaries and to

commemorate events.

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Choosing and Inviting Witnesses

Choosing witnesses is often one of the most important issues in planning a

hearing. Committees pay careful attention to which viewpoints will be represented,

who should testify, and the order and format for presenting witnesses.

In some cases a committee will strive to make sure that all reasonable points of

view are represented, while in other cases witnesses expressing only particular points

of view will be invited. House rules allow the minority party members of a committee

to call witnesses of their choice on at least one day of a hearing, if a majority of them

makes this request to the committee chair before completion of the hearing (House

Rule XI, clause 2(j)(1)). In lieu of this formal option, the minority sometimes works

informally with the majority to invite witnesses representing its views.

In order to testify, a witness must be invited by the committee. Before officially

inviting a witness, committee staff identify and often interview prospective candidates.

When suitable witnesses are found, the committee chair sends a formal letter of

invitation. This letter generally gives the witness some basic information, including

the purpose, subject, date, time, and place of the hearing. In addition to specifying

the portion of a measure or issue the witness should address, the letter might contain

a limitation on the length of the witness's oral testimony.

The committee may send the witness additional information. This information

may include a list of committee members, the committee's rules, the measure under

consideration, and articles relating to the issue. Often a staff contact is indicated.

Staff will sometimes meet with witnesses before a hearing to answer questions and to

review procedure.

A committee may reimburse a witness for expenses related to testimony, and if

reimbursement is expected the letter of invitation may address this point. Under

guidelines of the Committee on House Administration, reimbursement is made only

if a witness could not appear before a committee without it. The committee chair

must specifically authorize the payment. House rules set the rate of pay to be the

same per diem amount as authorized by the Committee on House Administration for

Members and employees of the House, and actual expenses for travel (House Rule

XI, clause 5). However, no per diem is paid to witnesses who have been subpoenaed.

Advance Written Testimony

The letter of invitation also may request that the witness send the committee

biographical information and an advance copy of written testimony. House rules

require each witness (insofar as is practicable) to file with the committee an advance

copy of written testimony, and then to limit oral remarks to a brief summary of his or

her statement (House Rule XI, clause 2(g)(4)). The individual rules of committees

often state how far in advance of the hearing testimony should be filed, usually

between 24 and 72 hours. The rules sometimes also require submission of multiple

copies, and specify to whom the testimony should be delivered.

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For example, the Committee on Banking and Financial Services and the House

Committee on Rules ask for testimony 24 hours in advance; the former also generally

requests 200 copies for full committee hearings and 100 copies for subcommittee

hearings. The House Committees on Oversight, Small Business, Ways and Means,

and Education and the Workforce ordinarily require testimony 48 hours before a

hearing. The Committee on Small Business also calls for 50 copies of testimony; the

Committee on Ways and Means requests sufficient copies for distribution to members,

staff, and the media; and the Committee on Education and the Workforce also calls

for a brief summary of written testimony. Permanent Select Committee on

Intelligence witnesses generally must file statements 72 hours in advance.

A committee has authority to decide when it is impracticable to require advance

written testimony, for instance, when a witness is invited with too little notice. The

House Committee on Appropriations does not apply the requirement for advance

written testimony and a subsequent oral summary of the testimony for witnesses at

hearings on the overall federal budget. In most cases, however, committees are

aggressive about receiving advance copies of testimony for several reasons. Before

the hearing, committees may want to summarize or outline the testimony, draft

questions tailored to each witness's statement, and photocopy the statement for

distribution to the press and others.

Committee rules sometimes stipulate that testimony be submitted in both written

and electronic form. Electronic submission can facilitate printing the testimony as part

of the hearing record and making testimony available to the public online. The House

Committee on Armed Services, for instance, asks that a prepared statement be

submitted in electronic form at the time the written statement is submitted. Similarly,

for matters of original jurisdiction, the House Committee on Rules requests each

witness to file a statement of proposed testimony in written and electronic form, to

the maximum extent practicable.

Statements of Non-governmental Witnesses

The advance written statements of non-governmental witnesses must contain

particular information. In addition to a resume, the statement must contain the

amount and source of any federal grant or contract received by the witness or the

organization being represented during the current or previous two fiscal years (House

Rule XI, clause 2(g)(4)). The "Truth in Testimony Rule," as it is commonly called,

was adopted at the beginning of the 105th Congress. It is intended to provide

committee members and the public with information on a witness's education,

experience, and receipt of grants and contracts to assist members with evaluating the

witness's views and remarks. The rules of the House Committee on Science state

explicitly that witnesses should provide information on grants or contracts which are

relevant to the subject of the testimony.

Committee rules rarely compel additional specific information to be included in

witness testimony. A notable exception is the House Committee on Ways and Means,

which requires a witness at a hearing who submits a statement for the record, or a

written response to a published request for comments, to include a list of all clients,

persons, or organizations on whose behalf the witness appears.

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Format and Order of Witness Testimony

Committees determine the format and order of presenting witnesses. The

traditional format is one at a time, whereby a witness makes a statement and then

takes questions from committee members before a second witness testifies.

Committees have used different formats recently, and it has become common to

present witnesses with diverging viewpoints as a panel. It is practice in this case for

all panel members to make statements, then for committee members to pose questions

to the panel or to various panelists. Some observers believe that this format produces

a more stimulating debate and more effectively elicits pertinent information. In recent

years committees have experimented with several other formats for gathering

information, which may not always formally be considered hearings. For instance,

committees have held seminars consisting of briefings by experts with informal

opportunities for asking questions, and roundtable discussions where committee

members and staff have a free flowing dialogue with knowledgeable outsiders.

The order in which witnesses testify is arranged at the discretion of the

committee. Protocol dictates that a Member of Congress desiring to testify generally

appears before other witnesses, and a similar privilege often is extended to high

ranking executive branch officials. Celebrity witnesses are carefully placed in the

lineup because they often generate significant media and public attention. They often

are scheduled to appear at times of high attendance by committee members and

viewing by the public, such as at the beginning of the hearing. Academics,

representatives from interest groups, and other private citizens are arranged in a way

that most favorably presents information and communicates the intent of the

committee. For example, a committee may arrange its witnesses to allow one

individual to refute arguments made by another.

Subpoenas and Depositions

Most individuals respond favorably to an invitation to testify, believing it to be

a valuable opportunity to communicate and publicize their views on a question of

public policy. However, if a person will not come by invitation, a committee may

require a witness to appear through a subpoena (House Rule XI, clause 2(m)(A-B)).

Committees also may subpoena any relevant books, records, correspondence,

memoranda, papers, and other documents. Subpoenas are used infrequently, and

most often at investigative hearings.

Under House rules, a committee may authorize and issue a subpoena with a

majority quorum present. However, a committee may delegate this authority to its

chair, under any limitations it establishes. Many committees currently require majority

approval to issue a subpoena, but have adopted additional procedures. For instance,

the House Committee on Agriculture requires that a notice of a meeting to issue a

subpoena be sent to all members by 5 p.m. on the day preceding the meeting. Several

committees, including Commerce, allow the chair to issue a subpoena during any

adjournment of the House for more than three days. The House Committee on

Commerce chair must notify the committee of this action as soon as possible, in no

case later than one week after service of the subpoena. If a request for a subpoena

has not been previously rejected by the Committee on Transportation and

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Infrastructure or one of its subcommittee, the full committee chair may issue the

subpoena after consultation with the ranking minority member. The chair must then

notify all committee members of the action.

Other committees have delegated general subpoena authority to the chair. Small

Business Committee rules allow the chair to issue a full committee subpoena, although

the ranking minority member must be promptly notified. Further, the chairs of Small

Business subcommittees are authorized to issue subpoenas for their panels, but

require the approval of a majority of the subcommittee and the full committee chair.

A committee requiring a subpoena can obtain the appropriate form from the

Clerk of the House. Subpoenas usually are delivered by authorized committee staff

or by the U.S. Marshal's office. Compliance with a subpoena can be enforced only

at the direction of the House. Under one method of enforcement, a committee could

report a resolution citing for contempt an individual who did not respond to a

subpoena. If approved by the House, the resolution would be sent to the Office of the

U.S. Attorney for prosecution.

Committee staff commonly consult with experts to gather information in

preparation for a hearing. A more formal means of obtaining information, for

investigative hearings in particular, is through the use of depositions. Under this

method, committees commonly take testimony in private, in some cases from

individuals who also appear as witnesses. The testimony is sometimes taken under

oath, and a transcript may be prepared. Individuals often are accompanied by

counsel, and respond to prepared questions.

Because House rules do not expressly authorize committees to take depositions,

on occasion the House has granted specific authority for such action by resolution.

In such cases, the committee usually has adopted procedures expanding on its

authority to take depositions. As an example, the House in 1997 approved a

resolution authorizing staff of the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight

to take depositions in the study of alleged political fundraising improprieties and

possible violations of law (H.Res. 167, 105th Congress, agreed to June 20, 1997).

Briefing Books

Committees often ask staff to prepare summary and background material for use

by their members before and during a hearing. This information is sometimes

assembled into briefing books or folders to present issues in a systematic, uniform

way. Briefing books might include a variety of items, including a description of the

subject, scope, and purpose of the hearing. For legislative hearings, a copy and an

explanation of each measure under consideration, and a comparison of all measures

to be discussed, are useful. Background material might include pertinent statutes and

regulations, court decisions, press articles, agency reports, academic studies, and a

chronology of major events. To assist members with witnesses, the books might

contain a list of witnesses in their order of appearance, a copy or summary of written

testimony, and biographical information. Briefing material might also include

questions or talking points for committee members to use in opening statements and

in examining witnesses.

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Before a hearing, committee staff sometimes brief members and other staff. Staff

may conduct oral briefings in addition to, or in lieu of, preparing briefing books.

These sessions provide an opportunity to discuss matters of particular interest to

individual committee members.

Publicity and Media Considerations

A committee's goal in holding a hearing often is not narrowly limited to

collecting information for policy development. It includes publicizing an issue or

problem to focus attention. Public exposure of a problem at an oversight or

investigative hearing can be a particularly effective technique. Public officials often

seem responsive to correcting program deficiencies when an issue has been broadly

publicized. Hearings also are used to build support for a proposal among the public

generally or certain sectors thereof. Members and witnesses make arguments that

form part of the public record in support of future committee action, such as reporting

a measure.

House rules influence how a committee plans for media coverage and other

publicity matters. For example, House rules require that hearings be open to the

public, as well as to radio, television, and still photography coverage, unless a

committee votes to close a hearing (House Rule XI, clause 2(g)(2)(A)). Hearings

may be closed only for limited and specific reasons—for example, to deal with

information that could compromise national security. (See "Closing a Hearing",

below.)

Detailed provisions of House rules dealing with broadcasting committee hearings

point up the importance to Congress of television coverage (House Rule XI, clause

4). Among the issues covered are the following:

! Radio and television coverage cannot be used as partisan political campaign

material to promote or oppose a person's political candidacy.

! Coverage must be "in strict conformity with and observance of the acceptable

standards of dignity, propriety, courtesy, and decorum traditionally observed

by the House."

! Hearings open to the public must be open to coverage by the media, although

in November 1997, the House removed language in Rule XI, clause 4 that

previously allowed subpoenaed witnesses to request that television lenses be

covered, microphones used for media coverage be turned off, and still cameras

not used.

! Once a chair determines the number of cameras that will be permitted in a

hearing, the Executive Committee of the Radio and Television Correspondents'

Galleries determines how those cameras will be allocated among the television

media.

! Neither television cameras nor still photographers can be positioned between

the witness table and members of the committee, and photographers may not

position themselves where they might obstruct coverage by other media.

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! Television cameras must operate from fixed positions and cannot obstruct

coverage of the hearing by other media.

! Television and radio equipment must be in place before the hearing begins and

cannot be installed or removed from the hearing room while the committee is

in session.

! Technicians may install additional lighting in a hearing or meeting room in

order to raise the ambient lighting level in a hearing to the lowest level

necessary to provide adequate television coverage. Otherwise, additional

lighting, such as spotlights and strobelights, is not permitted.

! Preference in allocating the number of still photographers permitted by

committee chairs must be given to photographers from the Associated Press

Photos and United Press International Newspictures. If requests are made by

more media than permitted by the chair, pool coverage is arranged by the

Standing Committee of Press Photographers.

! Individuals providing media coverage must be accredited to the Radio and

Television Correspondents' Galleries or the Press Photographers' Gallery.

The House Committee on Ways and Means is one of the few committees with

rules expanding upon these provisions. The committee forbids interviews in the

hearing room while the committee is in session, and individual interviews must take

place before the gavel falls to convene a meeting or after the gavel falls for its

adjournment. The media must notify the committee one day in advance of planned

"electronic coverage." In addition, klieg lights are permitted in the hearing room but

only during the first 15 minutes after the chair initially calls the committee to order.

Committee press aides usually are responsible for planning media coverage for

a hearing, and they typically employ a number of diverse techniques for attracting and

managing the media. In some cases, press aides in Members' personal offices take

similar actions on behalf of individual committee members. Often an early objective

is to seek the assistance of the House Press Gallery, the Periodical Press Gallery, and

the Radio and TV Correspondents' Gallery. The mission of the gallery staffs is not

only to facilitate coverage of House activities on behalf of the media, but also to assist

Member and committee staff with their media responsibilities. Gallery staff can assist

committees in a variety of ways, by distributing press releases and witness statements,

resolving differences involving camera crews, and making pool arrangements for

maximum television coverage, including setting cables for broadcasting.

Some committees routinely prepare calendars informing the media of upcoming

events. The information typically includes a list of hearings and a description of each,

emphasizing why the hearing is important. For each hearing, these calendars provide

the date, time, and location, as well as a staff contact.

Press releases are a standard format for informing journalists of newsworthy

committee activities. In addition to the committee's press list, press releases also can

be distributed to committee and Member offices and the House press galleries.

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Language from press releases can be used to draft "Dear Colleague" letters and

Member statements for use in committee and on the floor.

Committee staff often put together media packets prior to hearings. The packets

can include a variety of material, such as statements by the committee chair and other

members; a list of witnesses and copies of written testimony; and background material

such as press clippings and support agency studies.

As the day of a hearing approaches, reporters often will seek out staff for

information. Many committees prefer that journalists' discussions with staff be "on

background" and not for attribution. Speaking for attribution usually is limited to

committee members.

Press conferences are a common technique for personally informing interested

journalists of important issues in an upcoming hearing, and for clarifying issues

immediately following a hearing. Some committee members prefer to meet informally

with reporters in the hallway outside the hearing room. Others prefer a more

structured environment, in the hearing room or the Member's office.

Administrative Matters

Dozens of administrative arrangements need to be made before a hearing, and

these usually are handled by a committee's administrative staff. Two important

administrative matters are (1) reserving a hearing room, and (2) arranging for an

official reporter early in the planning stage. If a committee's own hearing rooms are

unavailable, it may try to borrow a room from another committee. In the past, it has

also been possible to borrow rooms within the jurisdiction of the Speaker and other

leaders and officers by contacting the pertinent offices. Upon request, the office of

Official Reporters (Clerk of the House) will provide a reporter to transcribe a hearing.

Many administrative details concern the physical setup of the hearing room.

These include securing furniture and equipment; arranging items on the dais such as

nameplates, writing materials, ashtrays, water, and ice; supplying the chair with a

gavel, block, and timer; providing the chair and other members with materials not

included in the briefing books, such as copies of committee and House rules; reserving

seats for the press, staff, witnesses, or other individuals; turning on audio consoles,

microphones, and lighting. Sufficient copies of relevant materials to be distributed,

such as Member and witness statements, should be provided for distribution at the

hearing.

Security during hearings is provided by the U.S. Capitol Police. If a hearing

deals with sensitive or volatile issues, or there is unusually great public interest,

multiple officers in uniform or plain clothes may be assigned. The Capitol Police may

take any law enforcement actions that become necessary during the course of a

hearing, such as responding to a disturbance or making an arrest of an unruly

spectator. The Capitol Police also provides security for protected witnesses, such as

the Attorney General and other high ranking government officials.

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Conducting Hearings

As previously noted, hearings involve extensive preparation. By the day of the

hearing, important requirements of House rules, such as publicly announcing hearings,

have been met. Critical decisions, such as choice and format of witnesses, have been

made. Necessary research has been conducted, for instance obtaining materials

commonly assembled in a briefing book. Briefings may have been prepared for

Members, staff, witnesses, and the press. Administrative issues, such as arranging for

an official reporter, have been attended to. Because of thorough and careful

preparation, many hearings proceed without surprises. However, committees

sometimes confront unanticipated events that require a change in plans, such as calling

additional witnesses or closing a session to the public.

Quorum

Each committee can determine the number of members required for its hearings,

but House rules require a minimum quorum of two members at any hearing (House

Rule XI, clause 2(h)(2)). While most committees have adopted this minimum, there

are variations. For example, the House Committee on Ways and Means requires a

quorum of two, but its rule requires that every effort be made to secure the presence

of at least one majority and one minority party member. The House Committee on

Rules operates with different hearings quorums for different purposes. The quorum

is five for full committee testimony on requests for rules, three for measures or

matters of original jurisdiction before the full committee, and two for testimony before

subcommittees.

Committee staff often poll members before the start of a hearing to determine

who plans to attend. Sometimes staff also obtain information on where members can

be reached, in case they are needed to meet the quorum requirement. Committees

sometimes proceed with hearings without a quorum. For instance, a committee may

work through a roll call vote on the floor by leaving only one member presiding over

the hearing while others vote. The first committee member to return from the floor

may replace the member presiding, who then leaves to cast his or her vote. However,

if any member makes a point of order that a quorum is not present, the committee

cannot continue to conduct business until the presence of a quorum is established.

Closing a Hearing

The vast majority of committee hearings are open to the public, as required

under House rules. But House rules permit committees to close a hearing for specific

reasons, and outline the procedure for doing so (House Rule XI, clauses 2(g)(2) and

2(k)(5)). A hearing may be closed to the public "because disclosure of testimony,

evidence, or other matters to be considered would endanger the national security,

would compromise sensitive law enforcement information, or would violate any law

or rule of the House of Representatives." To close part or all of a hearing, a

committee must vote by roll call in open session and with a majority present.

However, with a quorum present for taking testimony, a committee may vote to close

a hearing (1) because the anticipated testimony at an investigative hearing "may tend

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to defame, degrade, or incriminate any person," or (2) solely to discuss whether there

is reason to continue the hearing in closed session.

House rules permit most committees to close a hearing on a particular day and

on one subsequent day of hearings. However, the House Committees on

Appropriations, Armed Services, and Intelligence may vote to close their hearings for

five additional, consecutive days of hearings.

Members of the House generally may attend, but not participate in, hearings of

committees (except the House Committee on Standards of Official Conduct) on which

they do not serve. Nevertheless, the House may vote to authorize a committee to use

procedures for closing a hearing to the public to close hearings to Members not on

the committee as well.

Witness Rights

In 1955, the House first adopted rules to protect the rights of witnesses. These

rules responded to criticism about the treatment of witnesses, particularly at

investigative hearings such as those to explore Communist Party activities in the

United States. Today, several protections for witnesses, especially at investigative

hearings, are contained in House rules (House Rule XI, clause 2(k)). For example,

witnesses are given a copy of the rules of the committee and House rules applicable

to investigative hearings. They may be accompanied by their own counsel to advise

them of their constitutional rights. Further, if evidence will tend to defame, degrade,

or incriminate a person, the committee may vote, with a quorum present for taking

testimony, to meet in closed session. The committee may proceed in open session

only if the committee, with a majority present, determines that the evidence will not

do so. In either case, the committee will give that person an opportunity to appear

as a witness, and take requests from the individual to subpoena additional witnesses.

In other instances, the chair receives and the committee disposes of requests to

subpoena witnesses.

Witnesses also are protected by the Constitution, in particular the Fourth, Fifth,

and First Amendments. While committees need to obtain answers to questions, the

Fourth Amendment prohibits unreasonable search and seizure to obtain information.

Under Fifth Amendment protection against self-incrimination, witnesses cannot be

compelled to give evidence against themselves unless granted immunity. The First

Amendment protects witnesses who may seek to refuse compliance with a committee

subpoena by claiming that the committee infringed on the witness's right to free

speech, assembly, or petition.

Opening Statements

When present, a committee's chair ordinarily will preside over its hearings.

House rules allow each committee chair to designate a majority party member to be

the vice chair of the full committee or a subcommittee, and stipulate that the vice chair

presides in the temporary absence of the chair (House Rule XI, clause 2(d)). If both

the chair and vice chair are absent, the most senior majority party member presides.

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To begin the hearing, the chair usually makes an opening statement introducing

the subject and purpose of the session. The chair may describe important events

leading to the hearing and key contemporary issues. He or she also may outline the

committee's approach to the matter; how interruptions, such as for roll call votes, will

be handled; and the schedule of future hearings. When finished, the chair generally

recognizes the ranking minority party member to make an opening statement, and may

then recognize other members.

However, not all committees allow opening statements by all committee

members. The rules of the House Committee on Resources, for instance, preclude

opening statements unless the chair (or designee) makes a statement, in which case

the ranking minority member (or designee) also may make a statement. In practice,

chairs of other committees sometimes discourage opening statements in the interest

of time, perhaps asking that interested members instead submit opening statements for

the printed hearing record.

Where opening statements are permitted, they usually occur under the fiveminute rule which allows a member to speak for five minutes when recognized by the

chair. However, this is not always the case. While the Commerce Committee chair

and ranking minority member (or designees) may speak for five minutes, other

committee members are limited to three minutes each. The Science Committee

attempts to restrict the total time of opening statements. Its rules generally provide

that, after consultation with the ranking minority member, the chair limits the total

time for opening statements by members to no more than 10 minutes. The time is

equally divided among members present who wish to make an opening statement.

Introducing Witnesses and Administering the Oath

Following any opening statements, the chair generally introduces each witness

in accordance with the arranged order and format. A committee member other than

the chair might introduce a witness in some cases. The House Committee on

Resources, for instance, permits a committee member to introduce a witness who is

a constituent

House rules authorize the chair, or any member designated by the chair, to

administer the oath to a witness (House Rule XI, clause 2(m)(2)). In practice, most

committees rarely require testimony under oath. Swearing in of witnesses appears to

be more common at investigative hearings and hearings dealing with sensitive subject

matter. For instance, under the rules of the Permanent Select Committee on

Intelligence, testimony is to be given under oath or affirmation, unless waived by the

chair. Further, the rules of a few committees prescribe a particular oath if witnesses

are sworn. The rules of the House Committee on Armed Services contain the

following: "Do you solemnly swear (or affirm) that the testimony you will give before

this Committee (or subcommittee) in the matters now under consideration will be the

truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God?"

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Oral Testimony of Witnesses

Under House rules, each committee requires witnesses to limit their oral

testimony to a brief summary of their argument, insofar as is practicable (House Rule

XI, clause 2(g)(4)). In the interest of time, and because written testimony generally

is available to the committee in advance, it is usually not necessary or desirable for a

witness to read his or her entire written statement.

On some committees the chair has the discretion to determine how long a

witness may speak. On the House Committee on Agriculture, witnesses may be

limited to brief summaries of their statements within the time allotted to them, at the

discretion of the chair. Other committees have adopted rules stipulating how long a

witness may speak, typically for five minutes. For instance, each witness before the

House Committees on Resources and the Committee on Science is restricted to a five

minute summary of his or her written remarks. Resources Committee witnesses may

be granted additional time by the chair, in consultation with the ranking minority

member, and Science Committee witnesses may receive additional time by the chair.

Five-Minute Rule for Questioning Witnesses

The question and answer period which follows a witness's opening statement

presents an opportunity for a committee to build a public record and to obtain

information to support future committee actions. Committee staff sometimes prepare

questions or talking points for committee leaders and other members. In some cases,

the expected line of questioning is discussed in advance with witnesses.

House rules generally accord committee members five minutes to question each

witness until every member has had this opportunity (House Rule XI, clause 2(j)(2)).

In practice, many committees allow an extension of time by unanimous consent, and

a few committees, such as Veterans' Affairs, specify this in their rules. After the first

round of questioning under the 5-minute rule, committees can determine how to

dispose of any additional time. Some committees specify a procedure for this in their

rules. For example, the rules of the House Committee on the Budget provide for a

second round of questioning under the 5-minute rule, while rules of the House

Committee on Agriculture allow the chair to limit the time for further questioning.

Extended Questioning of Witnesses

House rules allow a committee to extend the time for questioning witnesses by

adopting a rule or motion to allow an equal number of its majority and minority party

members to question a witness for a period not to exceed one hour in the aggregate.

(House Rule XI, clause 2(j)(1)(B)). Similarly, a committee may adopt a rule or

motion allowing its majority and minority staff to question a witness for equal periods

of time, not to exceed one hour in the aggregate. (House Rule XI, clause 2(j)(1)(C)).

Several committees have adopted procedures allowing extended questioning.

The rules of some committees, for instance the Committee on Agriculture, give only

members this authority. They state that the chair and ranking minority may designate

an equal number of members from each party to question witnesses, and that no

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person shall interrogate witnesses other than committee and subcommittee members

unless a majority of the committee or subcommittee determines otherwise.

The source of the authority for extended questioning differs among committees.

On the House Committee on Government Reform, the chair, with the concurrence of

the ranking minority member, or the committee by motion, may permit members or

staff to question witnesses for an extended period. On the House Committee on

Veterans' Affairs, the chair, after consultation with the ranking minority member, may

designate members or permit staff to conduct extended questioning.

Further, a few committees specify when any extended questioning could occur.

For instance, the chair of the Committee on Veterans' Affairs can not recognize a

member for extended questioning until all members have had a chance to question

witnesses under the five minute rule. By contrast, the rules of the House Committee

on Government Reform imply that extended questioning may precede the questioning

of witnesses under the five minute rule.

A few committee rules also detail how the time for extended questioning is to

be allocated. On the Committee on Government Reform, the chair determines how

to allocate the time permitted for extended questioning by majority members or staff,

and the ranking minority member determines how to allocate the time for minority

members or staff. The chair, or the ranking minority member, as applicable, may

allocate the time for extended questioning by staff to members.

Order of Questioning Witnesses

Each committee has discretion to determine the order in which its members may

question witnesses. A common procedure allows alternating between the parties, in

order of seniority. By contrast, the so-called "early bird rule" permits members to

question witnesses based on members' order of arrival at the hearing. Some

committees use a combination of these two methods. The rules of many committees

contain provisions granting their chairs flexibility in recognition, to take into

consideration the ratio of majority to minority members present. In practice,

committee chairs may entertain requests to proceed out of order to accommodate the

schedules of individual members.

Committee rules covering the order for questioning witnesses vary. On the

Committee on House Administration, questioning begins with the chair and ranking

minority party member, then alternates between the majority and minority parties.

Further, the chair is to take into consideration the ratio of majority to minority

members present in order not to disadvantage the majority. The chair may accomplish

this by recognizing two majority party members for each minority member

recognized. In the case of the Committee on Armed Services, all members present

at the start of a hearing will be recognized in order of seniority, and thereafter,

members are recognized in order of appearance. However, the Committee chair also

must take into consideration the ratio of majority to minority members present, and

the chair and ranking minority member take precedence upon their arrival.

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Relevancy of Debate and Questions

House rules require Members speaking on the floor to confine themselves to the

question under debate (House Rule XVII(1)(b)(1)). While this rule generally is

applicable to debate in committee, some committee rules apply it explicitly to

hearings. In questioning witnesses, members of the Committee on Transportation and

Infrastructure are limited in their remarks to the subject matter under consideration.

The Committee on Armed Services requires questions put to witnesses to be pertinent

to the measure or matter under consideration. The House Committee on Government

Reform requires that questions put to witnesses at investigative hearings be relevant

to the subject matter before the committee, and that the chair rule on relevance of

questions put to witnesses. On the House Committee on Agriculture, members are

limited in debate to the subject matter under consideration, unless by unanimous

consent permission is granted to extend remarks beyond such subject. In addition,

questions put to witnesses must be germane to the matter under consideration.

Questioning by Non-members of the Committee or Subcommittee

House rules allow committees to adopt a rule or motion permitting majority and

minority staff to question witnesses for equal periods of time. (See "Extended

Questioning of Witnesses.") Committee rules sometimes give additional authority for

staff to question witnesses. The Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, for

example, allows witnesses to be interrogated by such committee staff as are

authorized by the chair or the presiding member.

Several committees permit their members to participate in the hearings of

subcommittees of which they are not members, although the specific provisions differ.

In some cases, this prerogative appears to be restricted to the chair and ranking

minority member of the full committee. For instance, many committees allow the

chair and ranking minority member to serve, ex-officio, on all subcommittees, which

presumably allows them to participate in subcommittee hearings. The rules of the

House Committee on Appropriations make explicit that the chair and ranking minority

member may sit as members of all subcommittees and may participate, including

voting, in subcommittee work.

By contrast, the House Committee on Education and the Workforce allows any

committee member to attend subcommittee hearings and question witnesses. Other

committees explicitly bar non-subcommittee members from engaging in certain

activities, while presumably allowing them to question witnesses. Any member of the

House Committee on Veterans' Affairs, for example, may sit with any subcommittee

during any hearing or meeting, but may not vote, be counted for a quorum, or raise

a point of order.

Relatedly, even if a hearing is closed to the public, all Members of the House

generally may attend, but not participate in, hearings of committees (except the

Committee on Standards of Official Conduct) on which they do not serve (House

Rule XI, clause 2(g)(2)(c)). However, a committee may use the procedures for

closing a hearing to the public to close hearings to Members not on the committee,

if the House so authorizes by vote.

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Post-Hearing Activities

After examining the last witness, the committee chair closes the hearing. The

chair may summarize what has been learned about the issue, and comment on the

future committee schedule or expected action.

After a day of hearings, staff might be asked to prepare a summary of testimony.

The summary might be distributed to committee members and the press and become

part of any published hearing. Follow-up questions can be prepared and submitted

to witnesses for written replies to clear up points not resolved during the hearing. If

the hearing is investigative, the committee can prepare and issue its report. If the

hearing is legislative, the committee might proceed to mark up and report a measure

to the House. Finally, committees attend to administrative details following a hearing,

such as restoring the hearing room to its original condition and sending thank you

letters to witnesses.

Committees generally are protected on the House floor from points of order

against actions that occurred during their hearings. Under House rules, in general a

point of order cannot be raised on the floor against a measure reported by a

committee on the grounds that the committee had not complied with provisions in

House rules concerning hearings (House Rule XI, clause 2(g)(5)). However, a

member of the reporting committee may make such a point of order on the floor if the

point of order was made in committee in a timely manner but was improperly

overruled or not properly considered.

Printing Hearings

Committees are required to keep transcripts of their hearings. Most committees

regularly ask the Office of Official Reporters, Clerk of the House, to provide a

reporter to transcribe a hearing. Transcripts must be substantially verbatim (House

Rule XI, clause 2(e)(1)(A)). Only technical, grammatical, and typographical

corrections authorized by the person making the remarks are allowed.

Further, committees usually publish their transcripts, although this is not

required. House rules encourage committees to publish their hearings on reported

measures. In general, if hearings have been held on any measure or matter reported

by committee, the rules require the committee to make every reasonable effort to have

the hearings printed and available to Members before floor consideration (House Rule

XIII, clause 4(b)). General appropriations bills may not be considered in the House

until printed hearings and a committee report have been available for at least three

calendar days excluding Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays except when the

House is in session on such a day (House Rule XIII, clause 4(c)). In addition,

testimony taken in executive session may not be released or used in public sessions

without the consent of a majority of the committee present (House Rule XI, clause

2(k)(7)).

The rules of some committees address the authority to print hearings. Transcripts

of Budget Committee hearings may be printed if the chair so decides or if a majority

of the members so request. The Appropriations Committee requires that a transcript

CRS-24

of all hearings on the federal budget as a whole be printed and distributed to

Members.

Each committee may establish procedures for correcting its transcripts, and some

committees have rules to expedite this process. The House Committee on Ways and

Means, for example, requires each witness to correct and immediately return the

transcript, and members must correct their testimony and return the corrected

transcripts as soon as possible. Further, the committee chair can order a transcript

printed without the corrections of a member or witness if he determines that a

reasonable time has elapsed and that further delay would impede the legislative

process.

Each committee also has discretion to print supplemental materials as part of the

printed hearing. For example, in its printed hearing a committee might include written

statements of witnesses, charts and research materials prepared by committee staff,

and letters and testimony from individuals who did not appear as witnesses. A printed

hearing also might include witness responses to questions posed during the hearing

that the witness could not answer on the spot, or witness responses to follow-up

questions. The rules of some committees address the printing of supplemental

material or information. For instance, the House Committee on Agriculture's hearings

must include the attendance of members during the hearings.

House rules require that, to the maximum extent feasible, committees are to

make their publications available to the public in electronic form (House Rule XI,

clause 2(e)(4)). This rules change in the 105th Congress was intended to encourage

committees to make printed, public materials available on the Internet. While a

number of committee rules restate this House rule, those of the Small Business

Committee expressly state that the proposed testimony of witnesses must be provided

to the public in electronic form. In the 106th Congress, most committees have made

written testimony and/or hearing transcripts available online (see

http://www.house.gov/house/CommitteeWWW.html).

House rules require that a committee's hearings, records, and other documents

be kept separate from the personal office records of the chair, and generally allow all

Members of the House access to a committee's records (House Rule XI, clause

2(e)(2)). The Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 requires that at the end of each

session of Congress, each committee's printed hearings must be bound by the Library

of Congress. In addition, at the end of each Congress, the chair of each committee

is to transfer to the Clerk of the House the noncurrent records of the committee

(House Rule VII, clause 1). Noncurrent committee records are preserved and made

available by the National Archives and Records Administration, in accordance with

House and committee rules.

CRS-25

References

Related CRS Products

CRS Report 96-109. Committee Numbers, Sizes, Assignments, and Staff: Selected

Historical Data, by Carol Hardy Vincent and Elizabeth Rybicki.

CRS Report RL30244. The Committee Markup Process in the House of

Representatives, by Stanley Bach.

CRS Report 97-625. The Committee System in the U.S. Congress, by Carol Hardy

Vincent.

CRS Report 97-138. Committee System: Rules Changes in the House, 106th

Congress, by Judy Schneider.

CRS Report RL30240. Congressional Oversight Manual, by Louis Fisher et al.

CRS Report 98-304. House Committee Hearings: Arranging Witnesses, by Carol

Hardy Vincent.

CRS Report 98-488. House Committee Hearings: Preparation, by Richard C. Sachs.

CRS Report 98-339. House Committee Hearings: Scheduling and Notification, by

Carol Hardy Vincent.

CRS Report 98-338. House Committee Hearings: Witness Testimony, by Carol

Hardy Vincent.

CRS Report 97-148. House Committee Staff and Funding, by Carol Hardy Vincent.

CRS Report 97-357. House Rules Affecting Committees, by Stanley Bach and Carol

Hardy Vincent.

CRS Report 95-464. Investigative Oversight: An Introduction to the Law, Practice,

and Procedure of Congressional Inquiry, by Morton Rosenberg.

CRS Report 98-870. Quorum Requirements in the House: Committee and Chamber,

by Richard C. Sachs.

CRS Report 98-317. Types of Committee Hearings, by Richard C. Sachs.

CRS Report 98-101. Whitewater: Comparisons of Cost and Other Selected Data

with Previous Investigations, by David C. Huckabee, Richard C. Sachs, and

Faye M. Bullock.

CRS-26

Other Publications

Aberbach, Joel D., Keeping a Watchful Eye: The Politics of Congressional

Oversight. Washington: The Brookings Institution, 1990.

DeGregorio, Christine., "Leadership Approaches in Congressional Committee

Hearings." Western Political Quarterly, vol. 45, Dec. 1992: 971-983.

Hill, James P., "The Third House of Congress versus the Fourth Branch of

Government: The Impact of Congressional Committee Staff on Agency Regulatory

Decision-Making." John Marshall Law Review,vol. 19, Winter 1996: 247-273.

Lustberg, Arch, Testifying with Impact: A "How to" Booklet for Those who

Testify on the Federal, State, or Local Levels of Government. Washington:

Association Division, U.S. Chamber of Commerce, 1982.

Oleszek, Walter J., "Preliminary Legislative Action," In Congressional

Procedures and the Policy Process, 4th ed. Washington: CQ Press, 1996.

Schneier, Edward V. and Bertram Gross, "Committee Action or Inaction," In

Congress Today. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993.

Unekis, Joseph K., "Committee Hearings," In The Encyclopedia of the United

States Congress, Donald C. Bacon, Roger H. Davidson, and Morton Keller, eds. New

York: Simon and Schuster, 1995, pp. 423-426..

U.S. General Accounting Office, Office of Special Investigations, Investigators'

Guide to Sources of Information. Washington: GPO, April 1997, 113 p.

Wells, William G. Jr., "Hearings and Testimony," In Working with Congress:

A Practical Guide for Scientists and Engineers. Washington: American Association

for the Advancement of Science and Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology,

and Government, 1992.