Committee Numbrs, Sizes, Assignments, and Staff-: Selected Hi orieal

Congressional research reportFeb 1, 1996

Ask Donna

What actually matters in this document.

Text

96-109 GOV

Committee Numbrs, Sizes,

Assignments, and Staff-:

Selected Hi orieal

Carol Hardy Vincent

Speci list in American National Government

Elizabeth Rybicki

Analvst in American National Government

Government Division

February 1, 1996

Nrm

COMMITTEE NUMBERS, SIZES, ASSIGNMENTS,

AND STAFF: SELECTED HISTORICAL DATA

SUMMARY

The long periods of gradual growth and the intervals of decline in the

number and size of committees and subcommittees and their staffs can be

explained primarily by the major congressional reorganization acts, periodic

rules changes, party caucus reforms, and informal changes to meet emerging

needs and demands. The development of today's committee system is a product

of internal congressional reforms, but national forces also have played a role.

This report contains data on the numbers and si

subcommittees and on Members' assignments since 194

years, the number of House standing committees has

number of subcommittees increased considerably from t

1970's. Total House and joint committees and subcommi

1975. Dramatic cuts, primarily in the last two Congres

panels.

As the number of House eommi

the post-war period, so did the numb

average doubled from three to six fro:

Today's lower average of five assign.

to stricter assignment limitations s

subcommittees during the last two C

As in the Ho

relatively constant,

least three Senate

Senate and joint e(

than half the high

assignments per S

peaked in the mid

tycal Senator ser

;uch

trees increased during

r Representative. The

crept to seven in 1987.

itive can b attributed

?er of committees and

,ber of Senate standing committees has been

niitees increased dramatically by the 1970's. At

ave

sinereversed the upward trend in total

d subcommittees Today's figure of 92 is less

ed in the mid970's. The average number of

nereased from the 1940's to the 1970's, and

most 16 Due to periodic reforms, today the

int, and joint commitees-and subcommittees.

Despite the reductions in assignments and committees and subcommittees,

the sizes of ,,.ending committees and subcommittees have crept upward during

tho 50oyear period reviewed here. Figures for 1995

reflect the largest average

size, In 19 5, IOoIse standing committees and subcommittees averaged 40 and

15 Member;

with nine a. respectively; 18 was the average Senate standing committee size,

the average size for each subcommittee.

This reports also contains data on committee staff sizes from 1979 through

1995. By 1979, House standing committee staff was nearly three times larger

than it was in l970. Staff size subsequently levelled off, until reductions in

1995 cut total House committee staff by one-third compared to the 1994 level.

Senate standing committee staff nearly doubled during the 1970's. On three

subsequent occasions the Senate made notable cuts to committee staffs, making

the 1995 figure one-third lower than the 1979 figure.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ....

........

........................

HOUSE AND SENATE

......

Size of Committees and Subcommittees .......

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

.............

..............

Number of Committees and Subcommittees ...................

Assignments to Committees and Subcommittees

Staff of Committees and Subcommittees

SEN ATE ........................................

Number of Comnmittees and Subcommittees

Assignments to Committees and Subcommittees ..............

Staff of Committees and Subcommittees

......

TABLES

Table 1.

Table 2,

Table 3.

Table 4.

Table 5.

Table 6.

Table 7.

Table S.

Table 9.

Table 10.

......

Average Number of Members Serving on Senate and

House Standing Committees and Their Subcommittees,

79th104th Congress .10

Number of House Committees and Thei Subcommittees,

79th-104th Congress .........

.................

House Committee Assignments, 79th-104th Congress

Distribution of Representatives by Number of

Committee and Subcommittee Assignments, 102nd104th Congress .. . . . . . . . ............

House Committee Staff, 1979-1995

Comparison of House Committee Staff, 1994 and 1995

Number

0f Senate

Cornmittees

and Their

Subcommittees, 79th-104th Congress .............

Senate Committee Assignments. 79th-104th Congress

Distribution of Senators by Number of Committee and

Subcommittee Assignments, 102nd-104th Congress ...

Senate Committee Staff, 1979-1995 ...............

APPENDIX OF SELECTED REFORM COMMITTEES ..............

i11

13........

The authors wish to thank Mildred Boyle for the secretarial production of

this report.

COMMITTEE NUMBERS, SIZES, ASSIGNMENTS, AND STAFF:

SELECTED HISTORICAL DATA

INTRODUCTION

in the

The long periods of gradual growth and the interw

reflect

number and size of committees and subcommittees anc

sional

several influences, Facors affecting committees include thE

orrlal

reorganization acts, periodic rules changes, party canCus r

While

changes in practice and procedures to meet emerging needs

development of the committee systern is a product of in

sional

reforms, national forces also have played a ro'e. The G'

n and

World War II greatly expanded the legislative agend,

Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946, from which the modern congress is

customarily dated.

Outside forces also spurred a second bicameral

reorganization act twenty-four years later. New comp lex policy areas, an

increasingly dominant executive branch, and low opinion nolls were cited by

supporters of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970. The periodic reforms

in the last twenty-five years resulted from Members' responses to such

developments as well as to their own desire to improve t he organization and

operation of their institution.

This report

of committees a

1945. The dat

The report also

through March

eiticall

nd other information on the numbers and sizes

es and on Members' assignments to them sin ce

congresss are current as of the Spring of 1995.

on the size of each committee's staff from 1979

discusses the size of House and Senate standing

committees a nd their subcommittees. By chamber, it then addresses the number

of committee s and Subcommiees, the assignment of Members to committees

and subcomm ittees, and the, ize of comm it tee staffs, Following this discussion

are ten tables containing figures which serve as the basis of the discussion. The

final section is an appendix listing the major reform committees mentioned in

the report by name, or referenced by the reform measure that resulted from the

committee's vork. It also contains one or two citations to the work of each

committee if further information is desired.

The information in this report sometimes differentiates between standing

and non-standing committees, The term standing committees refers to the

permanent panels idenLifled in chamber rules, which also list the jurisdiction of

each. In their areas, standing committees consider bills and issues and

1 Data on the size of each committee's staff is readily available only since 1979.

CRS-2

recommend measures for consideration by the respective chambers, as well as

Most standing

conduct oversight of agencies, programs, and activities.

committees recommend authorized levels of funds for government operations

and for new and existing programs within their jurisdiction.

The term non-standing committee is used in this report to describe the

joint, select, special. and other panels of Congress. The joint committees usually

are permanent panels that conduct studies or perform housekeeping tasks

rather than consider measures. Members of' both chambers serve on them.

Conference committees, temporaryjoint committees formed to resolve differences

in House- and Senate-pass ed version s of a part cular measure, arc not addressed

by this report.

Some of Congress's select, special, and oth,

while others have been temporary. Often one ha;

standing committee system does not address an

particular event sparks interest in an investigate

conduct investigations and studies, sometimes I

House and Senate Intelligence Committees are

with legislative jurisdiction; they consider east

action by the chambers.

While some non-stan

are mostly a phenomenon

specific tasks, such es oN

measures, in particulars

committees.

,es these panels

e~asures. The

Iet committees

amend them for

subcommittees, subcommittees

?es. These subunits are assigned

tial consideration of issues and

nes established by their parent

HOUSE AND

Size of COMB

urittees (Table 1)

Today as i the past, the average size of a House standing committee is

roughly twice -s large as the average Senate standing committee. House

subcommittees f standing committees currently are about two-thirds larger

.e counterparts. The larger size of the House committees and

s primarily due to the larger size of the chamber; the House is

times the size of the Senate.

The average sizes of House and Senate standing committees have increased

overall since 1947. After the 1946 Reorganization Act established the modern

committee system, the average size of a House standing committees was twentyfive. At the start of the 104th Congress (1995-1996), standing committees were

larger than ever, averaging forty Members. Also, the size of their subcommittees

grew somewhat steadily during the last fifty years, doubling between the 80th

and 104th Congresses (1947-1995).

The increase in both House committee and subcommittee size can be

attributed to a variety of factors including increasing demands on them,

CRS-3

Members' calls for more assignments, and the need of party leaders' for more

assignments to distribute. The recent decline in the number of panels may have

contributed to the increase in the number of Members on remaining committees

and subcommittees.

The average membership for a Senate standing committee has increased

since 1947 from about 13 to 18 Senators.

The average size of their

subcommittees also has increased, reaching its highest level of nine Senators in

the 104th Congress (1995-1996). While still small, the typical subcommittee

grew by 74 percent from 1947 to 1995,

Senate committee and subcommittee sizes have been affected by changes in

the structure of the committee system. For example when the Senate cut three

committees in 1977, the size of the average committee increased by two

members. The 104th Congress (1995-1996) reduced the number of standing

subcommittees bv 18. but increased their average size slightly.

Table 1 depicts the average size of

and subcommittees from 1945 to the p

uomii

see

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

Number of Committees and Sub

The House has used committees since the first Congress, when it created

standing Committee s on Elections ad Enrolled Bills as well as numerous

temporary committeees The House steadily increased its reliance on standing

committees during tIhe nineteenth century. and following the Civil War the

committee system ex handed rapidly. The number of House standing committees

peaked ar 6i in 19L 3, Despite reforms to reduce this figure during the early

decades of the twentyieth century, by midcentury the House committee system

had -town too larpe and disorganized to facilitate effective policvmaking.

Congress responded )y enacting the Le gislative Reorganization Act of 1946, one

goal of whi was to systematize and reorganize the committee systems of the

House and Senate, Often regarded as the blueprint of the contemporary

Congress, the 1946 Act dramatically reduced the number of IIouse standing

committees from 48 n the 79Lh Congress (1945-46) to 19 in the 80th Congress

(1947-48k

Since then the number of standing committees has remained fairly

constant, increasing gradually to a high of 22 in the 93rd Congress (1973-1974).

For the next two decades the House operated with 22 standing committees. The

drop to 19 in the 104th Congress (1995-1996) is the largest change i the

number of standing committees since 1946. The new majority party in the

104tb Congress (1995-1996) advanced a plan which the House adopted, that

returned the number of standing committees to 19 by eliminating the Committee

on Merchant Marine and Fisheries and by combining three others to form the

Committee on Government Reform and Oversight.

CRS-4

Over the past 50 years the House has always used far fewer non-standing

committees than standing ones, but the number of select, special, joint, and

other committees has changed over time. For the first decade of this period, the

House relied on a handful of select and special committees in each Congress. but

by the 84th Congress ft955-1956) only one such panel remained. In the 91st

Congress (1969-1970). the House created a second, and in subsequent

Congresses through the 102nd (1991-1992) the House had between three and

seven select and special committees. Since the 103rd Congress ,i993-1994),

when four select panels were not renewed, the Permanent Select Committee on

Intelligence has been the House's only non-standing committee. (Table 5

identifies the House's 19 standing committees and one select committee.)

Representatives served on between five and ell

years from 1945 through 1978, with Congress aver;

to handle matters affecting both chambers. Sinc

1980), only four permanent joint committees have b

103rd Congress the creation of a temporary joint co

last two Congresses the joint committees have opera

although in the contemporary Congress they baN

subcommittees in a single Congress.

In contrast to the fairly

fifty years, the number of

gradually in response to thi

policy areas and the corresp(

from Members for nels to

50)

81st Congress

To counter

(1973-1974),

establishing subcommittees

subcommittees for most star.

opportunities for Members

result the number ofsubcoi

next few Conaresses ueakir

igresq (197 9n, and in the

ire, For the

mcm6ittees,

many" as 16

tabe number of standing committees in the last

committees of standing committees increased

-overnment's expansion into new, more complex

ing need for specialization, as well as to demands

id. From a low of 62 such subcommittees in the

? figure had doubled (125) by the 93rd Congress

e resistance of some full committee chairs to

n 1975 the House set a minimum number of

nig committees (four). This change provided more

obtain leadership of a subcommittee. Partly as a

Littees of standing committees increased over the

ii the 96th Congress (1979-1980) at 150.

Tn the pasi, fifteen years the Housc has reduced the number of

subcommittees of standing committees. The number declined slightly in 1981

when scheduling difficulties and disputes over subcommittee jurisdiction led the

Democratic Caucus to limit the number of subcommittees per committee (except

Appropriations) to between six and eight. Further reductions were made in the

103rd Congress (1993-1994), when a Democratic Caucus rule capped most

"exclusive" and "major" committees at six subcommittees, while "non-major"

committees were restricted to five. 2 A change in House rules at the start of the

104th Congress further restricted the number of subcommittees to no more than

five for most committees, leaving 84 subcommittees of standing committees.

2 The House Democratic Caucus classifies committees into three categories (exclusive,

major, and non-major) to assign members to committees. The list of committees

currently in each category is contained in Rule 18 of the Preamble and Rules of the

Democratic Caucus, One Hundred and Fourth Congress, February 27, 1995.

CRS-5

The 104th Congress (1995-1996) total of 110 House and joint committees

and subcommittees on which Representatives serve is the lowest figure in the

last four decades (for which totals are available). Noteworthy are the dramatic

decreases of the last two Congresses. The 103rd Congress (1993-1994) changes,

among them the subcommittee limitations and the elimination of most select

panels, led to a 19 percent reduction over the previous Congress (185 to 149).

The 1994 election of a Republican majority for the first time in 40 years spurred

a reduction in 1995 in the total number of House panels by another 26 percent

(from 149 to Il0).

Specific data on the number of committees and their subcom

1945 to the present are displayed in Table 2.

Assiglments to Committees and Subeommie

As the number and size of committees a:

the post-war period, so did the average nu:

From the 80th to the 94th Congress (19

committee and subcommittee assignments p:

Members' demands for service on additional

goal of the legislative reforms in the 1970

panels and the number of committee and

positions for rank and file Members.

The increased

scheduling and in

Democratic Caucus

though exemptions

Member crept to sei

the 103rd Congress

and subcommittees

assignments. The 11

more than five subc(

subcommittee assi

assignments to belo

provide

subeom

number

most rf

Represe

ittees from

Tbles 3 and 4

sed during

- Member.

lumber of

,on t arse to six.

iecr- One

ease th e number of

dlote

leadership

er of assignments eventually led to difficulties in

ing quorums at meetings. In the late 1970's, the

d its Mlembers to five subcommittee assignments,

granted. The average number of assignments per

he 100th Congr~ess (1987-1988); it returned to six in

4994) due to a one-fifth reduction in all committees

1, half of the House Members 'had more than six

congress (1995-19964 restricted most committees to no

:ees, and set a general maximum of six committee and

per Member. decreasing the average number of total

for the first time since 1966.

information concerning committee assignments in the House is

able 3 and 4. Table 3 covers the total number of committee and

assignments from 1945 to the present, as well as the mean

;ignments per Member. Table 4 contains data only from the three

Congresses, but provides a specific tabulation of how many

had

tes a certain number of assignments.

Staff of Committees and Subcommittees, Tables 5 and 6

Although committees were authorized staff as early as the middle of the

nineteenth century, it was not until the passage of the 1946 Act that modern

staffing arrangements began. The Act allowed most standing committees to hire

ten permanent employees. In the years following the 1946 Act the House

CRS-6

authorized additional staff for most committees by laws such as the Legislative

Reorganization Act of 1970 and by resolutions such as H.Res. 988 (1974. arising

out of the work of the Select Committee on Committees ("Bolling Committee"),

The staff of House committees has increased considerably since 1946, with

the most dramatic growth occurring in the 1970's. By 1979, House standing

committee staff was nearly three times larger than in 1970, increasing from

approximately 700 to 1900. A number of reasons have been cited for this

increase. First, the internal reform movement increased minority stag and took

the exclusive power to hire committee staff away from the committee chairmen.

Second, the number of subcommittees increased, and hence the need for more

people to staff them. Third. committees were confronting larger egiiative

workloads to deal with new and increasingly complex issues such as energy and

the environment. Larger staffs allowed committees to inve! tigate more issues.

hold more hearings, and write more legislation. Fourt.l tet Congress wanted

to avoid excessive dependency upon the executive branch for information,

The number of total House comm

to save money and partly because the

From 1980 to 1994, staff ranged from

(in 1991), a difference of twenty per-Republican majority's campaign prom:

third. The resolution providing for

overwhelming bipartisan support. T

1994 to 1,317 in 1995.

ed off around 1980, partly

tress were being satisfied.

n 1981) to a high of 2,285

accordance with the new

staff were reduced by oneUse funding passed with

staff went from 2,001 in

ts the number of staff for each committee from 1979 to

e staff of committees eliminated before the 104th Congress,

s-trueture. Where name changes

but the table is b; ,d on the 199.5 rntitte

was ma~de to the corresponding committee (e.g., National

occurred, eompari

The staff of the

Security is coma ed to the former Armed Services).

Committees on P( Office and Civil Service and the District of Columbia were

added to the Corn tee on Government Operations in the years 1979-1994 for

new Government Reform and Oversight Committee. The

comparison with

Committee on

chan Marine and Fisheries, eliminated in 1995 (with

jurisdiction transf red to multiple committees) and other committees eliminated

before 1995 are r( cted in the second half of the table as "other committees.

Table 5 pros

199VJ It includes

1994

of' st;

6 provides a direct omparison between the staff of committees in

ie staff of committees in 1995, reflecting the number and percentage

uetions on each committee.

Data on the size of each committee's staff is readily available only since 1979.

CRS-7

SENATE

Number of Committees and Subcommittees, Table 7

Like the House, the Senate also has used committees since its first

meetings. The Senate's early reliance on ad hoc committees soon gave way to

the establishment of perman ent standing committees, 12 of which v ere created

in 1816. Throughout the nineteenth century the Senate committee system grew

steadily, its growth mirroring the growth of the Nation. Iithe peak year. 1913,

the Senate had 74 standing committees- this unwieldy arrangement prompted

a 1921 reform to eliminate 40 minor, superfluous, or moribund panels. But the

struggle to coordinate war policy during World War II indicated a need for

further reform, and in 1946 Congress responded with the Legislative

Reorganization Act.

Among its changes, the 1946 Act r

committees in the Senate from 33 to 15. Site

The number crept up, peaking at 18 in the

shifted committee jurisdictions and chin

(District of Columbia, Post Office and Civil S,

Sciences), based on a reform proposal by the

to Study the Senate Committee System 1,"Ste

97th Congress (1981-4982) the Select Co

elevated to a standing commitee; 16 stand,

(Table 10 identifies the Senate's 16 standing

non-standing committees.)

I the number ol standing

Sthe change has been slight.

_970's In 1977, the Senate

three standing committees

and Aeronautical and Space

temporary Select Committee

.Brock Committee". In the

e or, Small Business was

nmittees have existed since.

inittees, as well as the four

The Senate, like the House, hs used moe standing committees than any

other type of cor mitte over the past 50 years. During this time. between one

and seven select special, or other committees have handled particular issues for

the Senate, with four such panels listingg since 1989. Senators, too, met with

House counterpairts to deal wih business affecting both bodies on between five

and eleven joint committees from 1945 through

1978. During those years, on

average Conress had nine joint committees, Each Congress since the 96th

(197s9-1980) has used four permanent joint committees, and a temporary joint

committee also as created in the 103rd Congress (1993-1994), making five.

During the last t wo Congresses joint committees did not create subcommittees

whereas in the ea r ier vears there were as many as 16 joint subcommittees.

Subcommittees, primarily a phenomenon of standing committee, increased

in number as well as importance in the Senate from the 1940's to the 1970's.

The figure of 61 in the 80th Congress (1947-1948l more than doubled to 127 in

the 93rd Congress (1973-1974). The growth in the number of subcommittees

reflects the Federal Government's expansion into new policy areas. efforts to

disperse committee leadership authority, and attempts to foster specialization.

" The Committee on Indian Affairs is a non-standing committee, although the Senate

dropped the term "select' from its title in 1993

CRS-8

Since the mid-1970's, periodic reforms have reversed the earlier trend of

increasing subcommittees. In 1977, the recommendations of the StevensonBrock Committee led to a reduction of about one-fifth in the number of

subcommittees from 122 to 96). The figure rose somewhat in 1981, partly

because the Select Committee on Small Business was elevated to a standing

committee.

The Senate's number of committees and subcommittees an

were examined in 1984 by the second Temporary Select Committ(

Senate Committee System ("Quayle Committee"). Largely as a

Committee's work, in 1985 the numbers of assignments per

subcommittees were reduced, Fourteen subcommittees of stand'

were eliminated, leaving 88, This figure varied little until the I

(1995-1996), which cut 18 subcommittees of standing committees.

brought the number of subcommittees to its lowest level since 19,

in committee budgets, and concerns about the number a

assignments, prompted committees to cut back on their subunit;

The 104th Congress (1995-1996

and subcommittees is the lowest fign

available. The upward trend in the n

been met with cuts over the past two '

and subcommittees resulted from the

The average

increased from th

1970's. In 1977

number of eommi

the typical Senat(

numb

Senate

slots.

ittees and their subcommittees

committees, Tables 8 and 9

Assignme

erne ci

Congress

reduCt ion

eduetions

ns and

senatee ana join, committee

ir decades for which totals are

Less panel- into the 1970's has

table reductions in committees

e Stevenson-Brock and Quayle

rn and budget savings.

Committees and contemporary presst

Specific information the numrn

from 1945 to the present is provided

ignments

'tudy the

it of this

)-"and of

remitters

of committee assignments per Senator gradually

to the 1970', peaking at almost 16 during the midhe Stevenson-Brock Committee reforms, the total

rubcommittee seats was cut by about one-third, and

on !0 or 11 committees and subcommittees.

98th Congress (1983-1984), however, the average rose to 12 because

,tee and several subcommittees had been added, and a significant

ciemptions to the assignment limitations were granted, In 1983, 43

re author zed committee assignments, and 16 received subcommittee

.d the limitations that took effect in 1977.

In 1985. in response to the Quayle Committee recommendations, the

limitations on assignments were more strictly enforced; t-he average dropped to

around 11 per Senator, where it stayed for a decade. Following the change in

party control for the 104th Congress, the average number of assignment ts per

Senator dropped to 10. At the same time the number of Senators with more

than 10 assignments went from roughly two-thirds to one-third (from 62 to 35).

CRS-9

Fewer subcommittees and stricter enforcement of assignment limitations

contributed to the decrease.

Tables 8 and 9 present information on committee assignments. Table 8

provides the number of committee and subcommittee assignments from 1945 to

the present, as well as the mean number of assignments per Senator. Table 9

contains data only from the last three Congresses, but provides a specific count

of how many Senators had a certain number of assignments.

Staff of Committees and Subcommittees, Table 10

The Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 firscommittees to hire a permanent complement of establishing the modern staffing arrangement. The

committees has since grown notably, especially in t

Senate had approximately 600 standing committee

doubled to around 1,100 by 1979. The growth reflects

for larger staffs to conduct more investigations and -,

well as the desire to avoid excessive reliance on tl

information and to establish an independent basis b

growth, however, was not stead during the 197(

committee staff fell fourteen percent due partly to a of subcommittees and a shift of certain committee

personal payrolls

Senate commi

following year, a n

committee budget

Committee staff si

employed a minimi

be largely attribute,

investigative nee4

afrf, the figure nearly

e committees' requests

fle niore legislation'. ;.s

executive branch for

decisionmaking. The

In 1977. standing

auction in the number

iployees to Members'

with a tota of 1 212 employees, In the

funding committees along with

in staff of 11 percent (to 1,074)X

ron 1981 to 1993, Senate committees

Ia maxii .um of1 124 staff, The constancy can

strain ,i and the fact that the le-islative and

tees we re adequately met.

just to signifcanL cuts in their 1993 budgets, Senate committees

rimmed -,heir staff y 15 percent to 961 employees. In 1995, the Senate

achievedd .goal of he new Republican majority by accomplishing sizeable cuts

tee budgets and staffs. The result was an 18 percent staff cut to 791

1the lowest Figure in the 15 years covered by Table 10. These recent

nions, supported widely by both parties, reflect the movement to cut

nt spending.

gol

Tab

presents

10 portrays the number of staff for each committee from 1979 to the

'The 1975 adoption of S Res 60 allowed each Senator to hire a nuain-u o2 three asistants

to handle conoitter work related to the Meber's

assigned comraitees While orig-naly counted

as committee employees, in 1977 these staff were shifted to personal office Payrolls.

6 Data on -the size of each committee's staff is readily available only since 1979,

CRS-10

Table 1. Average Number of Members Sering on Senate and House

Standing Committees and Their Subcommittees,

79th-104th Congress'

Senate

Cotessig

Committees

sJubomniettee

of Senate

Sianding

Committees

Standing

Comittee

Subcommittees

of Hous

Stading

Committes

1945-46-

149

7.7

200,

7.8

C947 48

18.4

5.3

25.4

(:949-60,

13.5

2E.

1951-527

135

e1953-549

14.1

277

196-156)

14 1

159

286

(1957-58)

140

28-7

622

19g59-60)

15.6

Ao02_7

9. E

1!642

5,0

7.2

o 4

29 4

,196o-64)

10.0

k! 965-66)

5672

t 96 7-68

i 5U

7.7

29510.2

,196c9-70i

BO0.

0.8

11971-72)

14"I

1197 V74)

32 4

352

11.5

0 977 78,

H)2

6,9

35.2

i!.8

t1979-80

16.5

842

84.6

11 B

18 4

768

4.7

12.3

Q98- 86

17A4

7 ,g

35.5

18 5

8 1

06.7

130

.05

372

13.0

1{0 t5

f"IO

80.;

19759I199921

101

1,)If

848.3387

8.4

1987185

993-94)

I6,4

19,

-96

18g4

9240,5

9L2

Data in rhis -abl, are denied from figures in acompanyIng tables on numbers of, and aosig in rnis I

subeouneittes st

one 1945,

Data are current as of One Sprin,' of 995

10,2

148

:Inrrni In

t I,;

CRS-11

Table 2. Number of House Committees and Their Subcommittees, 79th- 104th Congress

IISelect

end special

Stading Cammiteea

tmmittem

C-

rNumbr,umber,

Full

su1Fb

0945-46

t7-48

i.2

x14 -O

(951-52)1

1953-54)

1955-56

i195-7-)

Sub

1-4

1t9431-621

12F)

91,

'1963-64)

121

1.)

1965-6)

125

(1967-6b)

135

M69-70)

1971-721

123

1973-741

125

1i97B-76

14942

(1977-78)

146

11979-80,

(1981-82'

110

{1983-84I

23s

19-86

100

fw98-g)

2:2

;'af

-5

4191i-92

135

103

(1993-941

118

1041

01996-

Data

Cogrs~oa

Sa~iecoy:Cng~aina

Co, U.S. Code Congressioa andAd ci ins-ative Nes.ad

-d l]t

1(1

176

11"

i)8

169

146

178

1.11

156

-2

143

175

148

18o

167

133

157

1(1

163

194

153

182

157

188

'62

'.94

1,5

156

154

165

121

149

110

Libra-v of .ongres

Comgressona Research SeIce, WorhloadondActi it,

ori No. 93-707CGOV, b 1%bert MonM and Caro! oid, VA

uatrlCongrsoai@

NA,

un vss otb6rwic notrA. som.- ir~tde thn Covon

panel

'[1

)2nd Congress are taken from U

ntte

-4

11950

Soi re

Report: "U.S HS

C.o iwittee

Toa

Full

]

8uhtmi

Full

Sub-om

Number,

oint (ommit

Numbr

of-mitl

-inxnl

lancad(oessional

I-niWa~h}3ingn, 1993, p. 22. For allCongrees,

I5 elr

,e ie Hx v

,ate5 Wee-O Report: West Pubhshing

Monitor Publishing Co., Congreoral Yellow Boh

NA inieptos that th, information k' On rpndy availabl-e

I Data are current aa of tle Spring of 1995

2 As of the 9,th Congress. this figure includes Budget Committee Task Foares. Task Forces of other standing committees are not included,

3 A, of the 49th C ingreoa, this figure icludxs tak foreee,

CRS-12

Table 3. House Committee Assiments, 79th-l4

Total Number of

-...

Comgreas .

v,:_

Standing

mittoesi

omMIALtt e Asigsmot

Suleoumittem

e]; Sel eeo',

of Standing

Committees

& goig

CmIAitte

ign

Tota"

t 1945-46)

941

752

f 2

1947 4,q)

482

742

1,230

(HI496 0

481

535

915

491

101

]

1Ohs 54

526

670

, 26

(1955-56

542

71,423

?IG

1957-68)

5.49

975

12,5

1 M9,-60

575

LgrI

161%

6S4

1,128

119V-6)

694

11965-66)

1196768)

i1969-70)

11971-72)

67,1

1197,L74b

( 1976!16)

11977-7,S)

thooSUme~mittoes

Select.,

Stmnding

AnE ties

& Joint

Ciiieas

nto-1i

fpeoifll

Total

4,2

0.1

2,9

0.2

2.5

2.7

1.5

0.2

2A)

113

131

1,669

144

Ih14

,,,

161

1,c721

1,3

163-j

1,942

1,274

171

3,8

0,3

1.4

2'A

f).3

2,047

2,9

4.7

187

21,178

1.4

13.2

5,n

186

2,226

1,5

5 1

284I)

1.5

627

0,5

6.2

1,A50

3 2

261

1 719

211)

2a99

776

1,716

259

2,75

1.8

11979060

1 U2

242

208

3.9

1-2

564

235

2,556

3.6

)196-475

277

2752

0-6

621

CRS-13

Table 3. House Committee Assignments, 79thTotal Number of Commtee,'¢

Standing

Comlttee*

cngrous

k1985 86)

Subcommitt

of Standing

Committe

t~iaental

ee A

special,

& -J jut

committee

781

1,734

323

0,1987-h8)

807

1,8228

8990!

818

1,711

-176

01991-921

851

1,818

42o

101

(1990-94)

86q

1,71

1041

1779

T96

Inc

Mean Numaber, of Com mittee mnsignmentR2

Tot

Ling

nit hqs

2,&18

1,8

2,988

2, I II

Data for tho 791h Congres- are compiled from U- Conpres

1 9, 1,

1345 p. 1064 Foe ai Other

;

StaffI.rpelor,; C ngrusgonal Qnute ty Almo

1ong

Pujblishing Co, Congn w

Yelo'w lBo 3

FORst4*' Committee a-soiolneents p. 1

Qzzaetr~y Week],v Rfporg; Wo.A Po

entmfives, 'Clu

2 .fhin li-sre i,- derived by h iding the nu rbor ofconuil

congresss , 430 from the 92,rd loSnfTes to the 971,h C,

-! ql

3 Figuiree rhilve tden House

h@4member 4f selccL

r~ia and

are

urret

am of th Si4 o

! RQ5

TOGA

8TO

4 1

6.8

1.9

4,097

1,0

7.0

-essma|

2.9

W,.Iork'load and Ac

d e ,i

0 1

or : U.S. 1oun. of Rpor-"+ norea .

w-milti- on the Orgu-nixation of Congrcss, I'aaring, 79th C oug lt Soqs, March 1;3-Jno 29, 1945 Washita on.

y the "C;rkof the louse of ReFesentatis ., lrLwn sao. u,

'ngres'i

hing Co, U

Od.C' ongres orta and Adi.oi i-in

o7,nO Monitor

Mqiolers were pemit~e to vote in e

tee.

A,'rootding-yw since then thv have been

, and Oe Roeident Cownsiasiter. for a t.oil of 440 Meralem

mr'As h y t5 nuerr of Members, which was 436 fom the 7911 Congre-s to the 91st C

froan the 98th CogrcEs to lte$04th Conll res

tr is,

St-ltoA, Sppe1ah

&.1aint

Coxaited

:a_' of Congs. Cc

Delegates and

Nubcomri~ttc

fatnuding

Commntteaff

Source" Dar through the t02nd Congress are takeui h wr

Report No. 493-07 GOV, by Ikuheot Mon and CaroI Hlardy V

1 Itg-nning with the 92nd Con.gce,

-S

Z1.2

1298

In the 104th Cnnhgeoss there were 135 Rsf,p

iheir subomnite .va

frit

nuted it thoe figu res

,136 i

4nu

the 92nd

CRS-14

Table 4. Distribution of Representatives

by Number of Committee and Subcommittee Assignments,

102nd-104th Conressl

....

Nu Cer of

ents

Number of Rlepresentatives

102nd Cogress

103rd Congress

10,

Conigress2

'07

119

674,

114

6.0

4,5

Average Nu

Aasi4MentS Den

IPuibli-ing Co., Waahingon, D C- 1991 and 1992ads. for !02nd- Fall ed., 1914 for

)r l4th.

the 102ndLCngrts

was als ore v-ia

Leader and Minori

louse standing, select, andjoint committees and their subomm itees Teby d' mir re~lct hrIoe hi ppostio-s,

:reas, task 'area. boar s, or commissiors

fmriiy Loadr do not sore on Ftanding, seect, orjoint committees except in an ex-offi io capaor r. Thus for

Prteth 1r3rd Congrera, data aic provided for 437 Members because there

elt,

ata are provided 'or 4cB M8

dqla rv ph-i0ed for 136 Memben because- in addition, the Majority

it tis time, For the 104th G-n-rFi,

Whip did -ol

serve on any committees.

2 Data

are varoil as CZille Spring of !99.

These averages differ from tie table "House Committee A-Assigments, "9th-'4*h Con,

result from using data from different sources as available for the respetive time periods

uirch as 0.J.

The differenci

CRS-15

Table 5. House CommitLee Staff

CurntCmm8owr

1981

A~ !r71

7fl

198

1921084

1979-

__99?

6.5

571

Appropria .Aius

137

133

147

170

too

l 917

2, 1

205

200

215

Barikh!,6 mid Finai-M Services

14f

945

idgret1

0.1

100

108

101

1011

Cummk im,

154

146

140

1 01

141

139

144

Econumc arid Erhu+..ional

-isr di

120

136

Ing

"15

I11

120

110

116

121

109

191

192

188

IDA

212

zoo

2,1

195

19J

lb misc Ovq-gigbtl

266

250

2611

25F

256

2661

269

254

273

+-Hv+:rw min f,.R

8rnl

Nafla S eriirty

Nai6-1a

;.ur'e

8C,

447

r.,

+)]

12,

818y)

4V,

Science

90 1

d Ards of Offia(31

, Rtdu.

Trr.pridation

i89and 14m, It uO EA

-,18

212

148

Ir2

144

140

li1

117

115

104

208

206

195

182

277

293

2,5

314

32D

31$

161

101

106

102

781

$82

nOr62 Brt

3)i

'71

151

1:;

1n0

AC,1

g8i

138

103

2-9

1,86

1,924

1,86!

1,918

1940

'0in

,39

,97

1,7fl,

'.o

Permanut Se.lect (OPFTMt.PP ,iN

Su1,t,

Wsys ard We0

Smill l a

Vetel.n

w s

199d

And

k+-rm

Rda l

19__

29110

2,1

1.21

CRS-16

Table 5. House Committee Ltf_

Othr

Conuvittoi

''l~i

b 1I0

199 ~

4 lid

198

11179

Children Youth, and Families

i it~I

15:

11 nger

I'l,

2,29b

1 , tis i Covert Amsa

TratiUriltatio w'tb Iran

Merchant Marine and Fieiries

81.

Nareoics Abuse and 'uutrol

2(0

Outer Contineotn Shelf

1,1

,qolj)

9il

'IYrAL

2XO77

'onreu

Data through 1994 were taketn frm S. Lif

1994. CRS Repurt No 93-445 111 erraim Tr,

6d,&

as of September )0, -xcept,Itat1 19915 rigures are as 4

its table is based on 1995 committee FI rtwte. V

•Axmed S

ics The staff'of the Cuncil tvec; onr [eact

for comparing with tmelnew Gowvrruuet Reform andC

limruaite-O and other committees

eliminated

before 1!

Thiamnmn ]ibt, the 1 -uoe:

3 Fion'r-

for

ingcul

:Lgh

Freduri-k I I P~xit

19 951,

a2b

We 41;

2 -I)

1,998

2J01

2,094

1271

"11

2,001!

1,217

ne it Ho e acd Senate Co

immitee

lnqu in Fun dirg asI NeSfeng Aite

h oriatons 97 on, 1993 p 7- 1 hm I yvaTI the oripil ou ee

was the feporf [fthe Clcrh o 't e Iouse

i. chanis -%ocv rr4,d (tat Is Hlama was To

hietie eorespondng committee te g.. Natinaiul Si

tfo

tly is vten ievd to the tor er

'Civil Serviio ano Sic District of CAhmbia were added tu l C mm ilk e wi

eove

nmunt Upratis in the years 1979- 1994

o<mantee, Thn, Casmnitee o rluvhlt Mariie i ml Fisilw rIc. eliminated in 1995 (with jursdlion transferred to multi e

-4s!etod in th . - x,,n 1

1 he table as "other committees."

h~b, 4i

order.

The House'

only non-staading com.ini

Prrear

.eet

IS,-Iv

Committee oniti!hignce,

it lited last

mlhNi, thamt elxted, Thus,ethe d nit shoatthe committee structure o1 patt Congesses

CRS- 7

Table 6. Comparison of House Committee Staff, 1994 and 1995'

1199

1994

Iee..

Commit

Agricuin re

Aproiatn212

Anied S- rvkes

anrking

NClomite

Agriculture

Appropr atine

14h

Natia

Fianceiankin

and Urban ffair

a8k

Budget

Staff Red-ictions

25%

andFinncia3-5

andF

40%

-3

Budget

nf Columcia

Fdue -ti-n and Labor

104

Eonomic and Educatona. Opyertunities

347

Eneiv and Co

138

Commerce

49%

Foreign Affairs

Interm

P-Lthon-

61u

Government Operationes

Government Reform and Over0gl

House Administretiod

316

House Ovrzgbni

261

1Ltelli

intc tigence

Diter

eir-,

cinr

17.

Judiciary

Merhant Marine and Fisheie,4

Natural Resources

Pet

Offie and Civil Se2

Public Works & Tranepari-

,h1

100%

1%60

....

Transportadin and Infrastructure

Rules

150

Rules

30%

Scianca, Space and Techno]i•

Science

34%

35%

f_nd_

Sm', Foashqs

Stadar

Qf Oflal

Vniorn-wi

AiTa

Sma-I Buerne

_____

Sta, dhrfk of O-ficial Conduct

Veterans' Affars

297

-Ways am Mens

Is eand Jsleals

Se ni.; Rd-,,

to te

a wl

1071

f 14

the C erh, .fnkp House, Septemrer 80, 1994 and March 31, 19-6

This tabk refleacts:he AiangzsM committee structure between 194 and 199, WIhre name changes a rred, cmparieon if made

crespondung conmhtv

-e.g. Armed Seees is compared to the new Na ional Security CoMmi-te

2 The merger of the Cuunit-e (n Pcst Ofi:c and CM' Servie, Dtrict of Colum ia, ard

government Operazions into one

comait-, Gornrmint Ffform and (versight resulted in a staff reduction of 101 or 5r' of the previous total for the three committees.

Tbir O-gore is reflected ite

zel staff reduction of 684.

.3 Ttal includes staffaflIcuoe Infmatin Systef6 o

r 228 Ahik, the ot-er sff

N994 .- werr HIS, aniffane 67 were nr.t in 199; - 1 S, -taffwas reduced

declined to 53

4 The Committee on Merchant Marina and Fisheries was eliminated in 19,

CR S18

Table 7. Number uf Senate Committees and Their Subcommittees,

79th-1O4th Congress

ISelect and

String

Special

Committees

Number,

Full

Number

Suutotal

iA Committees

er,

N umber

Sub

Full

mittees

Number,

Full

Numbrr

Sub

Commi

1 45 46

(1947-481

1949-50i

N1A

1951-52)

19-4)

1955-56;

"%C

113

85 '!7,

9L_____18

!959-60

127

(1961-62

107

134

193 -64)

885

i C3

104

133

i89

195-66f

(1967-68,

1969-0)

(71

72)

101

1P73-74)

-8

097.5-16)

122

95'977-8)

151

96____5

9,9

k191-

10)

k 9K-4

102

1198-6

!30

1 ]-9

7-8,.

131

41 99-90

102

9 19-2S

8rL

103

11998-,4)

104'7

11995-90

142

i12

125

157

128

148

158

173

156

190

149

180

113

1,39

105

129

111

135

11-2

1I7

9.1

118

119

111

Source- Data thrOigb tbe 102n Congrler I taken from US. Library of Congress, Confessional Research Service Workload and

s Snate, 1946-1992. Repor No 443'78 GOV. by Robert Muo and Carol IlardyVincera. Washington 1992.

A irn Report: Untd Stcrt

Record. hots f committee assignmen-s published by

otherwise noted, sources include the CrrcsIma

alesr

p, 31 For all Congresses, u

ni7 and

Congre; fonal Quarivri A7a'

Senc tary of rbI Seoiatp, Brown os, Congr0assona7Staf-DirecoD. Congressional Quartery

and Monitor Publishing

e atbe.Vews.

Cowgreoonn cdAdrmin o

W: PUsh1 4xo Co'. T C

r-psrlWe(9719

(ongressyco7a,714n

b ellow Book

ogreo ,nu

Co-, Co

t1.

NA indicates thai the information is not readiCy available,

I I741705

oue thre-member Ad Hoe Working Group of the Selct Committee on Intelligence.

2 Does not inbde one'as] 1. fe-

e7 a

S Data are current as of clip spring cr

47A1dAJg

Committee.

995-

CRS19

Table 8. Senate Committee Assignments, 79th-lO

To1 Num...

o..mm1i.

alg

i89dect,

Standing

jjome

Sub committees 84

of Standing

ISpeia,

~vm

....

eignmocipi

bmeitt,

f Seleo

on-

191.5 46

489

J17

0194-48)

201

326

11449-0)

208

2.1

41951-62

293

332

1983-54)

211

372

2.2

( 1139

212

b14

IOU

874

9&7 F&

228

630

09 611

251

631

1961 6b2)

89)

119o.310

41F6.]I

(1965461

2511

72,

I11

f19I-681:

252

752

I 1969-70)

241970

11 71-72)

247

911

19734-

258

946

19240

of S'milast

:=im

3.9

(),7

1.0

015

9.3

1G'

13 7

10 6

1111

154

t,2q2

2.5

7.11

128

120

165

1-Rd

7.6

184

1 416

2.5

8.0

1.1

13A

124

197

1-46

2.5

9 0

1.2

2,0

14.6

217

1,53;9

2,6

9.6

1.5

15.7

228

1,857

2.4

9.7

1.2

2;3

15-9

1.01

0.8

0,7

106

0.8

10,7

1,074

2,5

1,119

6.9

1,19

8 0

1t9

(190-841

658

24977U

202

11981-21

N1[A

22I0fl

1,1

0.8

11.2

120

CRS-20

Table 8. Senate Committec Assignments, 79th-1 04

Total Ninbcr of Committee Ainmna

StanqIng

Congress

Com

tls

I uvr

Sublcvasmleec

Sol act,

Subcorawi~

of Standing

Committees

Special,

& joint2

of Select,

Spival , Joint

Totld

ormfttes

2.8

k196h861

282

G72

1 176

187-88

29d

688

1u(1

(

66296

7]13

l02

1(99192)

294

738

198

11998-94)

294

744

1(K

104

6Ig9-96)

294

628

100

6-90)

Data for sabcoumnitt e i oftitanding (.onii.ilii

s for !fi

79h C

of Select

Specia joint

TotI

10,6

7 1

0.3

112

0.8

11.5

1,1P1

1 Oo

2,9

-2

10.0

aRao I U

tatcs Scote

aReport

93-789

-trice W

compiled froam1r

IL, D~ata for

oad

d Actw

1 o

11.4

m te on the

7tho of Cono ss. tarings, 79th Cong., 1st

tho 98th Cgress werederived from U S Cuigreipi

S-oatc United

U P

p. 77-12

nurced the

0 Fur all Other Conrsos,

OeretarWy Of tike 9WIaU BrowaN

any

fi/ ir["

fir rr

Cor

soop i Quarterly Atootsw atnd

Adrnvr.nsire,

New

e and Monitor Publishring (in, Congressi na Yeliw Book,

~awfg cammait

is soict-t cpeiaL and joint c(srnittees and their

3 Date ar. curiont As Of tio, Fpringof 1995

Speial,

& goin

19"q

2 Figires rAcH ila Xi'r a

nor eranding c-rnmit

0.7

8upecapitattees

C01

I Fhi3 figure is &-rived by dividing the

8umrbr Of conniltee

Select,

g68

ofni

mnites

Source Datahrough th

sarclaitrUm

fO2rong

COV y Rby erit Moon and Carol Hardy Vinvent, WashingtJ

Svs-- Marah I'-Jne 29, 1945 Winbgton, L-& (- I'D., 194F)

states Telephone Direettij-, May 1984. S na,, Pcato

, 93l

Uotgreq.,'nal Raeord; lists of committee asngnm--nt igh

Congrcssonaf Quareerly Weekiy Rclpo t; W,.,t Pi dh,-ii Co.,

NA indicate ghUt the irornhrntiot

atiadly

ovailav |

96 rm Iin 791 Coi poin

f i5tb

ubcotmmittoes

Congress and It0 since t1rhei

CRS-21

Table 9. Distribution of Senators by Number of Committee.

and Subcommittee Assignments, 102nd-104th CongressI

Number of Senators

102nd Congress

I 0-%h d Congress

104th Congress2

Number of Assignments

.......................

916

15i

Average

o ANuberr1en1s0

lAsfgl1

per Sea o3IL

17M

curztU, S.t

CointCmmitteen rntfr 3g°

1991 12,CongssioniLr

Dcoy

102d Congress 102ndC ong ItSae

Wazhington, LB C P(), 191 p 603-517. S. Pub. - 02-4

Summer, 1992,e. ffor 102ndCuings

The Cvigroqnoai Ye7ow BookP Moniter Publishing Co. Washington, DC Fall eil- 19il For Le ffBrd; and Ow Cvgressior'ac

IItou Book, Spring ed. 1995 for the 10ith.

I Figures include aL Senate standing and other committee and their subcmmitteez. They dzanoz reflect leadership positicrns

or aasagnments to caucuses. task forces. board, or commissionE,

2 Data are current as of fie Spring of '995

3Tlhsse averages differ from t

a h, "Svn iIii Comittae. ssirmert, 9h-4104hC ongres Sy

bas ruchaa 1.4 Theadifrancea

rusult fin

usiug data from

soures

oWfwruaq evaiable for !he respective

ine periods.

CRS-22

Table 10. Senate Committee Staff, 197E

___________

19791 1980

[9 [

195;2

1983

1]i 4

1985

1ii8(

198 7

Agr1ulture. Nutritioa & Furct-y

Apprpmiatio

Aimed Sur'iciii

341313

Rlkiug, HUiMP, &

in ffairR

Budget

Tran sportation

Em rgy mid Natural Rcsourrfs

.5 :9

Favvirnnlni

t and Public Works

Finance

'M.

iu0

rir-ienlal Afairs

168

116

123

Judiiary

191

167

123

Iar

14"9

111

122

124

jil

i18

and H-Tumnnn Rwi u'

uknv,

Vetrans' Affaim

S1b21 i

1. 121

41 1

117

1g4

27 1

994

4';

i95

7,t

41,

117

'67

1(1

137

'2l

121

106

921

5l1a

t)1,1

Rle6s vod Adiviniatration

mall

1,8

t}( 19 I921993 {

601

105

112

10F

128

214

l87

101

110

112

9,1

t26

107

106

21)

Ifi25

.13

,027

973

Q79

t,004

993

1,00

667

? 19

946

CRS-23

Table 10. Senate Commitiee Staff. 19711WTAND,)iNC oNmmu'lEs~

979~

1"0'

11~

D8C

-19)--

109

V 5

OTUER

Agin.

Ethics

Indian Affhir

Intelligence

19 :

;'V

14~~a

I9 N[1

fl .

104d

PHU

1,0 74 1 I t 2

1 ,2 '

Ixpied Conifteeg2

T OTA L

Soncu ' Repir, f fthr5

, 1

certery of

I rhp Conuifte on Sin]I B40ns

, 12

I10744

IJ,0

12 0

1 14

l1 8

Ii:) ,

1 09,()3

120l

1,1 12 ; t,12 2

12-1

i t)

1 124 .

l9fl

9 &i

7 91

e Senate as of Sept mib

wq, a select

onateifte0

itteh

1i1

2 1 hh row ro.ntels rxmnittees that existed at some tim,-frna

A liviti. S fie iDepa

etib

oofJustice. l)1984 tii

MilitarY Assistance to Ifra ar

he Noositio

Ol,

was

In 19i82 there wam aeSelect Corintteo to Study Law Enforopinnt U1 hmovor

GnuniLkev SyStvm

In 11187 and 1988 Chore w s a Select C(1m4 itl,4 r

;0m01theo o4n POW/MA Affa4rL

Secret

CRS-24

APPENDIX OF SELECTED REFORM COMMITTEES

I. The Joint Committee on the Organization of Congress, 1945.

Davidson, Roger H. The Legislative Reorganization Ac

Legislative studies quarterly, v. 15, Aug. 1990: 357-373.

of 194&

Galloway, George B. The operation of the Legislative Reorgo

of 1946, American political science review, v. 45, Mar -'

Act

Pauls, Frederick H. Legislative Reorganization Act o. 1946:

provisions. Aug, 6, 1991. Washington, Congressional Rese

1991. 8 p. (91-593 RCO)

2. The Joint Committee on the Organization of the Congress, 19(

Bibby, John F. and Roger H.

Legislative Reorganization

studies in the legislative

Press, 1972. p. 2 51-280.

Iavitz. Walter. The Legislativ

studies quarterly, v. 15, Au

3. The Joint Ci

U.S,

Col

Organ

192(l

(Repo

US.

Con

Or,2-n

Inertia and change:

The

In their On Capitol Hill;

ed.

Hindsdale,

Dryden

on Act of 1970. Legislative

ittee on the Organization of Congress, 1993.

s. Joint Committee on the Organization of Congress.

on of the Congress; final report pursuant to H. Con. Res.

I Congress), Washington, G.P.O., 1993 2 v. (108, 345 pJ

mate, 103rd Congress, 1st session, no. 103-215)

Joint Committee on the Organization of Congress.

on of the Congress; final report pursuant to H. Con. Res.

[ Congress). Washington, G.P.O, 1993. 2 v (162, 345 p.)

house, 103rd Congress, Ist session, noo 103-413)

This appendix ists the major reform committees of t-he past 50 years that. focused

exclusively, primarily, or substantially on the committee system in the House, Senate, or

both. Other efforts and measures affecting the committee system have been numerous

and are not covered here. From the vast literature on reform, the appendix also

identifies a few citations to the work of each committee if further information is desired-

CRS-25

Evans, C. Lawrence and Walter J. Oleszek. The politics of congressional

reform: the Joint Committee on the Organization of Congress. In

Remaking Congress; change and stability in the 1990s. Edited by

James A. Thurber and Roger H. Davidson. Washington. Congressional

Quarterly Press, 1995. p. 73-98.

4, The House Select Committee on Committees, 1973-1974.

Davidson, Roger H, and Oleszek, Walter J. Congress against itself.

Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1977. 306 p

Major House committee reform rejected. In 1974 CQ Almanac. Edited by

Carolyn S. Mathiasen. v. 30. Washington, Congressional Quarterly

Press, 1975. p. 634-641.

5. The House Select Committee on Committees. 2979-1980.

U.S. Congress. House. Select Committee on Committees. Final Report of

the Select Committee on Committees. Apr. 1, 1980, Washington,

G.P.O.. 1980, 669 p. (Report House 96th Congres,i

2nd session, no.

96-866)

Committee reorganization: Select Committee on Committees. In 1980 CQ

Almanac, Edited by Mary Cohn. v. 36. Washington, Congressional

Quarterly Press. 1981, p. 562-563.

6. The Temporary Select Committee to Study the Senate Committee System,

1976-1977.

Davidson, Roger H. Two avenues of change:

House and Senate

coitee

reorganization. In Congress reconsidered. Edited by

Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce L Oppenheimer. 2nd ed. Washington,

Congressional Quarrerly Press, 981. p. 107-133.

Parris, Judith H. The Senate reorganizes its committees, 1977. Political

science quarterly, v. 94, summer 1979: 319-337.

7. The Temporary Select Committee to Study the Senate Committee System,

1984

U.S. Congress. Senate. Temporary Select Committee to Study the Senate

Committee System. Report together with proposed resolutions. Dec.

14 1984. Washington, G.P.O., 1984. 61 p. (Print, Senate, 98th

Congress, 2nd session, no. 98-254)

Calmes, Jacqueline and Diane Granat. 'Minor' panels not completed:

Senate cuts committee slots; Members assigned to panels.

Congressional Quarterly weekly report, v. 43, Feb. 23, 1 985: 348. 364.

This is a copy of a public record, reproduced as it was published. It is not legal advice, and it may not be the version a court would rely on. Check the official source before you cite it.