Appendix — Milliken v. Bradley

Supreme Court brief1974

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TABLE OF CONTENTS TO APPENDIX

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Excerpts from Supplemental Memorandum of Decision,

December 6, 1973, United States of America, et al. v.

The Board of School Commissioners of Indianapolis,

et al. (S D Ind: No. IP-68-C-225)’........¢.... Al1-Al0

Growth of Non-White Population in Major Central Cities,

PE Sb 4 Gee Sse cin dace cane bea sugewew ees All

Bureau of Census—Table on birth expectations for report-

ing wives, 18 to 39 years old, 1967 and 1972 ........ Al2

Bureau of Census—Births to date per 1,000 wives to 18 to

PO, BOUOE OR BOTS. inn ccc nae osanne tenets es Al3

Bureau of Census—School Enrollment, 3 to 34 youre old

Sr Wee OS 1978 wis i Sis iiss iW Chases Al4

Chart of optimum school district size recommendations .. Al5

APPENDIX

UNITED STATES DistrICT CouRT

Southern District of Indiana

Indianapolis Division

UNITED STATES OF AMERICAN, et al., )

Plaintiffs,

vs.

>Cause No. IP-68-C-225

THE BOARD OF SCHOOL COMMISSION-

ERS OF INDIANAPOLIS, et al

Defendants.

EXCERPTS FROM —

SUPPLEMENTAL MEMORANDUM OF DECISION

(December 6, 1973)

I. Introduction

Heretofore, on August 18, 1971, the Court filed herein its

Memorandum of Decision, incorporating its findings of fact and

conclusions of law, and making certain interim orders, with

respect to the issues presented by the complaint of the original

plantiff, United States of America, and the answer of the

original defendants, The Board of School Commissioners of the

City of Indianapolis, the individual members of such Board, and

the Board’s appointed Superintendent of schools. Such decision,

which will be referred to hereafter as “Indianapolis I,” is re-

ported in 332 F. Supp. 655, aff'd 474 F. 2d 81 (7 Cir. 1973),

cert. den. 37 L. Ed. 2d 1041 (1973).

Thereafter, on July 20, 1973, the Court filed herein a second

Memorandum of Decision, incorporating its findings of fact and

conclusions of law, and making certain interim orders, with re-

spect to certain issues presented by the complaint of the original

and added plaintiffs, Donny Brurell Buckley, et al, and the

answers of the original and added defendants. Such decision

will be referred to hereafter as “Indianapolis Il,” is reported

eneme F. Supp. ., 37 Ind. Dec. 524, and is now on appeal

to the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, Nos. 73-1968

to 73-1984, incl.

The key decision made in Indianapolis I was that the India-

napolis public school system (hereafter “IPS”) was being oper-

ated by the original defendants, and had been operated by their

predecessors in office, as a system practicing de jure segregation

of students of the Negro race. It was therefore held that the

Negro students were being denied the equal protection of the

laws, as guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. Brown vy,

Board of Education, 347 U. S. 483 (1954). Certain interim

measures tending to prevent further ‘segregation were ordered,

pending consideration of the questions to be presented and later

decided in Indianapolis II, it being understood that the law re-

quired the.defendants to take affirmative action to desegregate

IPS Green v. Country School Board, 391 U. S. 430 (1968).

The key decisions made in Indianapolis II were that (1) asa

practical matter, desegregation promising a reasonable degree of

permanence could not be accomplished within the present boun-

daries of IPS, and (2) added defendant officials of the State of

Indiana, their predecessors in office, the added defendant The

Indiana State Board of Education, and the State itself have, by

various acts and omissions, promoted segregation and inhibited

desegregation within IPS, so that the State, as the agency ult

matedy charged under Indiana law with the operation of the

public schools, has an affirmative duty to desegregate IPS.

The Court also held in Indianapolis II that IPS could be effec-

tively desegregated either by combining its territory with that

of all or part of the territory served by certain added defendant

school corporations, into a metropolitan system or systems, and

then reassigning pupils within the expanded system or systems

thus created, or by transferring Negro students from IPS to

added defendant school corporations, either on a one-way or an

exchange basis.~ It further held that the State, through its Gen-

eral Assembly, should be first afforded the opportunity to select

its own plan, but that if it failed to do so within a reasonable

time, the Court would have the power and the duty to promul-

gate its own plan, and place it in effect. Bradley, et al, v. Milli-

ken, et al, ............ ey eon . (6 Cir. 1973). See Baker v. Carr,

369 U. S. 186 (1962); Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U. S. 533 (1964).

By way of affirmative relief pending action by the General

Assembly, the Court ordered IPS to effect pupil reassignments

for the 1973-74 school year sufficient to bring the number of

Negro pupils in each of its elementary schools to approximately

15%, which has been accomplished. The Court also directed

IPS to transfer to certain added defendant school corporations,

and for such corporations to receive and enroll, a number of

Negro students-equal to 5% of the 1972-73 enrollment of each

transferee school, with certain exceptions. This order was, on

August 8, 1973, stayed by the Court until the 1973-74 school

year by an order made in open court but not previously reduced

to writing.

At this time, certain matters have been presented to the

Court, both formally and informally, which require further rul-

ings in the premises. Such rulings are now made, as hereafter

set out, as supplementary to or, in some instances, in lieu of

tulings heretofore entered in Indianapolis II, as heretofore

IV. Guidelines of this Court—General

It is, of course, recognized by the Court that it cannot

issue a positive order to the General Assembly to enact specific

legislation. It is, for such reason that the Court has suggested

several different methods by which the General Assembly

could approach the problem of effectively desegregating IPS,

and it does not imply that there may not be other equally

effective methods which may occur to that body.

Within the context of what has been suggested as possible

alternatives, however, the Court offers further observations, as

follows:

(1) With respect to the concept of one metropolitan school

district, embracing the area designated in Figure 1, attached

to the Court’s opinion in /ndianapolis I/, it is apparent that

some advantages would be obtained from such a system. To

name a few, a uniform tax base would be provided for the

education of the more than 200,000 pupils in the combined

system, and economy in operation could be achieved through

central purchasing and reduction of administrative overhead.

Complete desegregation would be simplified. On the other

hand, it may be that such a system would be too large in terms

of difficulty of administration and remoteness of the central

office from school patrons.

(2) With respect to the concept of creating various new

metropolitan districts—for example, six or eight to replace the

present twenty-four pictured on Figure 1, it is apparent that

some of the advantages above noted would be reduced, and

some of the disadvantages improved. Another alternate of

course, would be to create one metropolitan system for taxing

purposes, which in turn would be subdivided into several semi-

autonomous local districts. So long as IPS and the local districts

are each effectively desegregated, the method used would be

(3) With respgct to the concept of permitting the present

school corporations shown on said Figure 1 to remain as is,

insofar as geography and control is concerned, such a solution

would of course preserve local autonomy, and this Court would

have no reason to disapprove such a solution, so long as each such

corporation is required to participate in the desegregation of

IPS. Put in other terms, local autonomy for such corporations

is, under the law of Indiana, a privilege—not a right—all

as discussed in detail in Indianapolis II. The consideration

for permitting the various corporations to continue their separate

existences‘ might therefore be stated to be their participation in

a meaningful plan to desegregate IPS. Some of the pertinent

facts which the General Assembly may wish to consider in

this regard are set out in the next two sections hereof.

V. Transfer of Pupils

When speaking of the transfer of pupils, the first logical

question is as to the numbers involved. In this connection, the

focus must be on the elementary schools within IPS which

were not affected by the interim plan adopted by the Court for

the present school year, and~:which have an enrollment of

Negro pupils exceeding 80%. There are nineteen such schools,

fourteen of which have Negro enrollments in excess of 97%.

Two additional schools have enrollments exceeding 60%, and

should also be considered. The total enrollment of black

students in these 21 schools, excluding kindergarten and special

education students, is approximately 11,500.

The General Assembly might order the exchange of all

or a substantial part of these 11,500 students with students

from the suburban school corporations. For purposes of illustra-

tion, if it were determined to desegregate such schools on the

basis of approximately 85% white—15% black, then about

9,775 black children would need to be transferred to suburban

schools, and about the same number of non-black children

would need to be transferred to IPS.

There is case law to the effect that transfers of students

must be made on an approximately equal basis insofar as the

faces are concerned, unless there is good reason why this

should not be done. In such cases it has been held that to

impose the “burden” of being transported wholly or largely

upon students of one race is yet another from of racial dis-

crimination and in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment

fights of the group transported. United States v. Texas Educa-

tion Agency, 467 F. 2d 848 (5 Cir. 1972); Lee v. Macon

County Board of Education, 448 F. 2d 746 (5 Cir. 1971);

Haney v. County Board of Education of Sevier County, 429

F. 2d 364 (8 Cir. 1970). Such cases, if followed, would

seem to mandate so-called “two-way” busing, absent compelling

reasons to the contrary.

The Supreme Court has not specifically addressed itself to

this question. However, it is worthy of note that in McDaniel

v. Barresi, 402 U. S. 39 (1971), that Court approved a de-

segregation plan adopted by the Clarke County (Ga.) Board

of Education which reassigned pupils in five heavily Negro

“‘pockets’” to other attendance zones, busing many of them,

without any corresponding busing of whites. Other “one-way”

busing plans have likewise been approved, depending on the

factual setting. Hart v. County School Board, 459 F. 2d 981

(4 Cir. 1972); Norwalk Core v. Norwalk Board of Education,

423 F. 2d 121 (2 Cir.-1970). Indeed, the Fourth Circuit has

flatly held that a pattern of assigning Negro students to formerly

all-white schools, without requiring similar travel on the part

of whites, does not violate the equal protection clause of the

Fourteenth Amendment. Allen v. Asheville City Board of

Education, 434 F. 2d 902 (4 Cir. 1970). Moreover, analysis

of the cases cited in the preceding paragraph indicates that

they have been decided on their particular facts, even though

some of the language is in terms of absolute requirements.

The Court does not find it necessary to attempt to resolve

this question in terms of constitutional absolutes, nor could it

appropriately do so on the present record, since the question

has not been squarely presented. However, the record does

contain undisputed evidence that virtually all of the twenty-one

IPS elementary schools above referred to (located as shown in

Figure 13, attached) are substantially out of line with the re

quirements of present Indiana law and regulations establishing

minimum acreage requirements for elementary schools. The

regulations require seven acres for schools with 200 or less

pupils, plus an additional acre for each additional 100 pupils |

or major fraction thereof. Burns Indiana Rules & Regs., § (28-

415)-3. As reflected in Figure 14, attached, only one of these

schools meets acreage requirements. Most schools are grossly

deficient in the space required—for example, the pupil density

at School 66 is 544.21 pupils per acre, and is 493.57 per acre

at School 42 and 481.33 per acre at School 73. By way of

comparison, the pupil density at School 42, taking into con-

sideration its enrollment and the State formula, should be 57.58

pupils per acre. It is thus overcrowded by 857.18%!

The evidence further shows that, with a few exceptions, the

twenty-one schools in question are among the older schools in

the IPS~system—some dating back 100 years, more or less.

Although there is no evidence that the Board of School Com-

missioners has not maintained such schools as well as could be

expected under the circumstances, it is a fair inference, subject

to further proof, that the type of construction, use of flammable

materials, etc., would fail by a wide margin to meet safety

standards for newly constructed schools. On the other hand,

the evidence discloses that the school plants maintained by

added defendant school corporations are, for the most part,

felatively new and in compliance with acreage and safety

standards.

On the basis of the foregoing facts, therefore, this Court

would not feel justified in condemning out of hand a “one-

way” suburban busing plan involving pupils from such of the

twenty-one schools as may seem to the Board, on analysis, to

afford inadequate educational plant facilities, viewed in the

light of current standards. Additionally, such a plan would

involve transportation of substantially fewer pupils, and there-

fore be less expensive.

Finally, unless convinced to the contrary by additional evi-

dence in an appropriate hearing, this Court is not prepared

to characterize busing as an unmitigated “burden.” Although

it might appear to a child to be “burdensome” to be deprived

of walking to school in the warm days of May and September

(which presupposes that children do not like to ride in motor

vehicles with their neighborhood friends—a somewhat nove

concept to the Court), the Court doubts that it would seem

such a burden to be trarisporied in a heated bus through &.,'

rain, sleet, and snow so familiar in this latitude during other

months of the school term. As pointed out in Jndianapolis Ii,

nearly 80% of suburban pupils (more than 80% since the

elimination of Greenfield) are bused to school at the present

time, without complaint.

The Court is not of the opinion that it would be wise to

require transportation of kindergarten pupils, primarily because

of their age, nor to transport special education pupils because

of the various special problems which would inevitably arise

in this regard. Further, the Court recognizes that special prob-

lems arise with respect to high school pupils, which might

render their transfer counter-productive once their high school

training has begun. As to pupils in grades 1-8, however, the

Court knows of no reason why transfer of pupils, in whatever

fashion the General Assembly may elect, would not be reason-

able and practical to accomplish the constitutional duty imposed

by the Supreme Court, with the understanding, of course, that

a transferred elementary pupil would thereafter routinely con-

tinue to be transferred to the same transferee school corpora-

tion for continued education through high school.

If, for example, transfer were made of Negro pupils from

those of the twenty-one schools failing to meet modern stand-

ards to the schools of added defendants situate within the

geographical area depicted in said Figure 1, all of those trans-

ferred would be afforded education in a desegregated setting.

It should be no great task to desegregate the remaining school

or schools within IPS. The Court estimates, based on the

statistics and projections in the record, that it would be neces

sary for the suburban schools within such Figure 1 area, ex

cluding the Washington Township and Pike Township schools,

to accept transfer of IPS elementary pupils in grade‘ 1-8 in

number equivalent to approximately 15% of their 1973-74

enrolments in the same grades in order to accomplish this

result. :

After such transfers were accomplished, the racial percentages

in each school to which transfers were made would be approxi-

mately 87% white and 13% Negro—a ratio which, by coin-

cidence, would approximate that of the nation as a whole. As

regards Washington Township, its minority percentage as pro-

jected for the present school year is already this high, so that

general 1-8 transfers to this defendant would not appear to be

indicated; however, the acceptance of pupil initiated transfers

from IPS to its Everett J. Light Industrial Center, to the extent

that vacancies exist, might well be required. Pike Township

likewise has a substantial minority percentage at this time; how-

ever, a number of transfers sufficient to increase such percent-

age to a figure approximating that of the other suburban schools

should be considered.

VI. Costs and Mechanics of Transfers

One advantage of the dual transfer system would be that if

approximately equal numbers of pupils were transferred to and

from suburban schools, tuition, transportation, and other costs

would balance out as between IPS and the various other cor-

porations, and no additions to school plants would be necessary.

On the other hand, more pupils would be transported, thus in-

creasing this total cost, and such a system would continue the

use of the IPS antique buildings and grounds.

_A one-way transfer plan would involve substantial tuition

payments from IPS to the transferee schools. To the extent that

such tuition applied only to the actual per capita cost of instruc-

tion, utilities, maintenance service, etc., no hardship would be

imposed upon IPS, because it is apparant that IPS expense for

such services would be correspondingly reduced. However, the

Al0

present transfer law, [.C. 1971, 20-8.1-6-1 through 20-8.1-6-15,

as amended, Burns $§ 28-5001 through 28-5015, also contem.

plate charges related to the fair value of the transferee school

plant, tax levies for building purposes, and other items related

to capita! outlay of the transferee school. Considering that the

State of Indiana is itself at fault in this matter, as previously

found, the General Assembly should consider whether the State

should be required to contribute the necessary amount to com-

pensate the transferee corporations for the use of their respective

plants. Such a provision, with an appropriate formula, could be

adopted as an amendment to the existing transfer law.

It is possible that the General Assembly could discharge its

duty in this matter simply by amending the existing transfer

law. The purpose of such law, as the Court understands it, is

to permit. the, better accommodation of school children. As

pointed out in Section III hereof, the Supreme’ Court Of the

United States has held that for a minority child to be compelled

to attend a segregated school denies the Fourteenth Amendment

rights of such child: in effect, the child is not properly accom-

modated. Therefore, if the transfer law were amended to recog-

nize transfers to accomplish desegregation of a school system

which has been finally adjudged to have been segregated de jure

(as is true in the case of IPS), a basis would be established for

other necessary changes regarding time of payment of tuition,

the share to be borne by the State, the matter of responsibility

for and payment of the cost of transportation, and similar details.

Since the actual number or percentage of pupils to be trans-

ferred is more of an administrative detail than a legislative fune-

tion, this matter could be left to the discreation of the local

school board or boards, subject to the approval of the court

having jurisdiction of the case.

A ll

MAJOR CENTRAL CITIES - 1960-1970

(2) (3) (4) (s) (6) 7)

Total Total Total Total Total Total Excess of

SMSA Central Central C i Central Central Ron-white Growth

Popula- City City Non- City City City Non- Rate Over White

tion 8 Net White White Popula- White White Growth Rate in

Change Popula- - Popula- alation Popula- Popula- Central City

1960-1970 tion % tion & Change tion Net tion Net (Col. 3 less

Change Change 1960-1970 Migration, Mi¢r=tion Co}. 2)

T960-1970 1960-1970

Rew York, ¥.Y. 7.8 - 9.3 61.6 8.1 ~955,500 435,800 70.9

ep cal. 16.4 4.7 $S.6 12.5 - 67,200 127,700 50.9

Qiicago, tll. 2.2 -18.6 38.4 - $.2 645,600 113,200 $7.0

» Pa.-8.2. 10.9 12.9 25.2 - 2.7 246,400 39,600 12.3

Detroit, Mich. 6 29.1 38.1 - 9.5 386,800 97,500 67.2

« Cak-

= Cal. 17.4 “17.2 $1.3 - 2.8 -154,500 66,900 68.5

Washington, D.C.

m.-¥a. 38.6 39.4 30.7 - 1.0 -138,300 38,300 70.2

Reston, Mase. SSA 6.1 -16.5 69.9 - 8.2 130,600 26,500 86.4

Pittsbergh, Pa. - 0.2 18.0 6.0 13.9 = 99,100 - 6,400 24.0

St. Levis, Mo.-T1l. 12.3 “31.6 19.1 17.0 181,800 - 900 $0.7

+ 4. 14.8 21.4 29.7 - 3.5 -149,700 31,700 $1.1

Cleveland, Ohio 8.1 -26.5 15.7 “14.3 -206, 400 = 2,800 42.2

Seeston, Texas 40.0 -25.5 50.9 31.4 67,200 $5,600 25.4

Severk, B.J. 9.9 -36.7 33.6 - 3.6 106,600 31,500 90.3 |

Simneapolis-St. Paul,

22.4 - 7.9 49.8 - 6.12 = 94,400 7,200 $7.7

tallies, 32.” 39.0 o2 —~?') 2¢.oma T, 508 46,98D.... - 32.2

» Mash. 28.4 - 8.5 43.5 - 4.4 - 72,600 9,800 $2.0

imahein-Santa-Ana-

Garden Grove, Cal. 101.8 $0.8 301.6 54.4 (ma) (WA) 250.8

Silveukee, Wisc. 9.8 “10.4 69.9 - 3.3 128,400 23,000 00.3

Milenta, Ga. 36.7 20.0 37.3 2.0 = 82,500 32,700 $7.3

Cincinnati, Ohio,

Ry-Ind. 9.2 17.2 15.9 10.0 -106,100 = 2,500 33.1

Paterson ~ Clifton- .

Passaic, ¥.3. 14.5 - 9.2 $28.1 1.0 = 25,500 9,800 107.2

San Diego, Cal. 31.4 17.2 72.8 21.6 27,600 17,300 $s.6

teifelo, N.Y. 3.2 -20.7 “3a. “13.1 “111,100 9,000 34.8

Riani, Fla. 35.6 13.5 19.3 14.8 29,400 - $,700 - $.8

Senses City, Mo.-Kans. 14.8 fe) 37.3 6.¢€ - 28,800 13,000 37.3

Denver, Colo. 32.1 - 0.2 60.2 4.2 + = 61,100, 12,200 60.3

Sana Bernardino,

Riverside, Ontario,

Cal. 41.2 33.7 211.1 38.4 77.4

tndpls., Ind. 17.5 3.8 36.0 13.6 - 17,400 15,400 24.2

San Jose, Cal. 65.8 1ll.¢ 318.€ 118.3 (ma) ) 207.2

Sev Orleans, La. 15.3 17.6 14.9 - 5.4 - 91,600 -10,500 32.5

Tampa, St. Peters-

burg, Fla. nu. $.2 24.8 8.3 24,900 24,800 19.6

Portland, Ore.-Wash. 22.8 0.2 43.3 2.7 - 7,600 4,700 43.1

Phoenix, Ariz. 45.8 31.2 $2.2 32.4 71,500 $5,600 21.0

Celumbus, Ohio 21.4 11.3 30.8 24.5 - 10,600 9,400 19.5

Providence, Paw-

tucket, Warwick,

R.l.-Mass., SMSA 10.9 - 6.8 48.8 - 4.8 - 40,000 2,600 $5.6

Rochester, N.Y. 20.5 “17.1 115.1 - 7.0 = 68,500 16,600 132.2

San Antonio, Texas 20.6 3.8 30.6 11.3 = $2,300 $,300 20.8

16.9 17.6 30.7 - 7.1 - 60,300 6,100 48.5

n U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract

of the United States - 1972, Section 33, page 837, et seq. -

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS, THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC

STATUS OF THE BLACK POPULATION IN THE UNITED

STATES, 1972, RPT. P-23 NO. 26, (1973)

TABLE 59. SELECTED DATA ON BIRTH EXPECTATIONS FOR REPORTING

WIVES, 18 TO 39 YEARS OLD: 1967 AND 1972

Age of Wife

Subject Total,

18 to 39 | 38 to 24] 25 to 29] 30 to 34 [35 to 39}

years

1967

; number of reporting

wives:

Negro---------~thousands-~ 1,280 342 307 309 321

White----------thousands- 14,440 3,798 3,420 3,390 3,831 7

rage number of births

to date:

egro-~ 3.2 1.8 3.0 3.9 4.2

te- 2.4 1.1 2.3 3.0 3.1

number of total

births expected:

Negro- 3.7 2.8 3.4 4.3 4.24

te- 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.2

cent of expected children

already born:

Segro- 87 64 88 92 98

White- 77 39 75 93 97

1972

otal number of reporting

Fives : Be

kegro-----~----thousands-- 1,449 400 353 347 348

White- the as-- 16,681 4,670 4,392 3,909 3,711

werage number of births

to date:

Negro - 267 1.3 2.1 3.5 3.9

te 2.0 0.9 1.8 2.7 3.1

rage number of total

births expected:

Regro 3.2 2.4 2.8 Se? 4.0

White-- 2.6 2.2 2.4 2.8 3.2

teent of expected children

already born:

Negro- 84 55 76 95 99

White- 77 40 74 94 99

U.S. Department of Commerce, Social and

Administration Bureau of the Census.

Economic Statistics

A 13

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(a) £$9°T| 8Sz’T | STz’*T | £68 T99 £69 016 TLL T2d ia 7a wo------siv2ek [Z pur 0Z

(a) (a) (g) (a) ys9 sos Ovs TeL T4s 809 88s on------S81e294 GI PUe BT

Loy’z | €6T°E| B89'Z | OMS’z | LSE’Z | GE0%Z | B00'Z | LzH‘zZ | OHT’Z | 060°Z | PRO’Z sizeok 6€ 03 8T

SOATM 000‘T 229d 93°0 OL SUIT

€L6t L96T ZL6ET | ELET L96T ZTL6T | €46T L96T TL6T ZL6T €L6T 2.

utb6yz0 esTA JO

gene oz6on 23TUM soley TIv e5e pue 3zoefqns

z (uotzetTndod TeuoT{nZTysuTUOU UeTTTATD)

EL6T 93 L96T +szeeX peqoeTes 203 utTStz0 ystueds pue eoex Aq pue ‘obe Aq ‘suotRez0edxg uo Buy3zzodey

PIO S2P8% 6E

‘~ “ose

*ON *O@=—d “Ldu

“€L6T ANAC SAAIM NVOIUGWY JO SNOIIVLOg

HiImiIg ‘SOSNZD ZHL 420 Nvaune wous Sia

A 14

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS, THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC

STATUS OF THE BLACK POPULATION IN THE UNITED

STATES, 1972, RPT. P-23 NO. 26, (1973)

TABLE 46. SCHOOL ENROLLMENT OF PERSONS 3 TO 34 YEARS OLD,

BY LEVEL: 1967 AND 1972

(Numbers in thousands. Minus sign (-)

denotes decrease)

level of school and race Percent

1967 1972 change

BLACK

6,826 7,959 16.6

140 185 32.1

418 448 7.2

school 4,618 4,573 -1.0

= 1,651 2,025 22.7

370 727 96.5

WHITE

43,816 51,314 17.1

564 1,079 91.3

2,840 2,633 -7.3

tary school 28,415 27,185 -4.3

11,997 12,959 8.0

5,905 7,458 26.3

U. S. Department of Commerce, Social and Economic Statistics

Source:

. Administration, Bureau of the Census.

A 15

OPTIMUM SCHOOL DISTRICT SIZE

by Michael E. Hickey

December 1969

Table V.

Summary of Optimum Size Recommendations

Criterion

Community control

General quality

Quality/economy

Effectiveness

Cost/pupil

Tax effort required

Special staffing

Net current expenditure

Blementary school unit

Secondary school unit

Administrative de-

centralization

Administrative de-

centralization

Administrative de-

centralization

Administrative district

Miministrative @istrict

Mainistrative district

Special Services:

Adult education

Business administration

Electronic Data Pro-

cessing

Special Education

Optimum Size

50,000 total population

7,000-8,000 pupils

10,000 pupils (min.)

28,000 pupils

50,000 pupils

1,500 pupils (min.)

10,000 pupils

25,000 pupils

10,000-20,000 pupils

5,000 pupils (min.)

$,000-6,000 pupils (min.)

12,000 pupils

10,000 pupils

50,000 pupils

12,000 pupils

25,000 pupils

$0,000 pupils

$00 pupils (max.)

700-1,000 pupils

300, 000-S500,000

total pop.

20,000 pupils

12,000-40,000 pupils

20,000-50,000 pupils

15,000-20,000 pupils

10,000-12,000 pupils

20,000 (min.)

35,000-S0,000 pupils

100,000 pupils

20,000 pupils

Source

Havighurst (1968)

State of California

Swanson (1962)

Benson (1965)

Conant (1969)

Packard (1963)

Comm. for Economic

Development (1960)

Paber (1966)

Fitzwater (1958)

School District

Reorg. (1948)

Hanson (1962)

Vincent (1966)

NEA DEP (1954)

White House Conf.

on Education

Havighurst (1968)

Passow (1967) ~

Bundy (1967)

IAR, Columbia

Univ. (1961)

Peabody Coll. (1965)

AASA (1959)

Great Plains

School District

Organization

Project (1968)

This is a copy of a public record, reproduced as it was published. It is not legal advice, and it may not be the version a court would rely on. Check the official source before you cite it.