Amicus Curiae Brief — Montgomery v. Louisiana, 135 S. Ct. 1546 (2015) (No. 14-280)

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Supreme Court, U S.

FILED

AUG 3 1 2015

OFFICE OF THE CLERK

No. 14-280

3n the Supreme Court of the Anited States

oe _

HENRY MONTGOMERY, PETITIONER

Vv.

STATE OF LOUISIANA

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI

TO THE SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

BRIEF OF AMICI CURIAE STATE OF

MICHIGAN AND 16 OTHER STATES IN

SUPPORT OF RESPONDENT

Bill Schuette

Michigan Attorney General

Aaron D. Lindstrom

Solicitor General

Counsel of Record

P.O. Box 30212

Lansing, Michigan 48909

LindstromA@michigan.gov

(517) 373-1124

B. Eric Restuccia

Deputy Solicitor General

Department of Attorney General

Attorneys for Amicus Curiae

State of Michigan

QUESTION PRESENTED

Whether the rule announced in Miller v.

Alabama, 132 S. Ct. 2455 (2012), applies retroactively

to cases final on direct review under the framework

set out in Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288 (1989).

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Introduction and Summary of Argument.................. 2

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I. A duty to revisit all mandatory-life-without-

parole sentences for teenage murderers

would offend principles of finality. ...................... 7

A. The Miller principles cannot be applied

meaningfully to what are effectively cold

B. Relying on five states with a large

number of juvenile offenders, as many as

half committed their crimes more than 20

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II. The Miller rule should not apply

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A. The new rule that Miller created is a

eel nisiicciticsiniiiannebiincassiaisniuldemniainiasninie 17

B. The primary arguments about why Miller

is substantive are unavailing. ..................... 20

1. The fact that life without parole for

juveniles is still available after Miller

I ciisincstisinctiuieinmicenmnnisetntnnnionnee 21

2. Requiring consideration of specific

factors, as Miller does, is primarily a

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APPENDIX TABLE OF CONTENTS

Appendix A Pennsylvania List of

SEINE ENA ee SEU SES Natineae la-17a

Appendix B - Michigan List of

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Appendix C Louisiana List of

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Appendix D Missouri List of

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Appendix E - Cook County List of

Offenders 43a-45a

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TABLE OF AUTHORITIES

Cases

Atkins v. Virginia,

I celal 20

Beard v. Banks,

| ESTES LEE Ee Seen n 7,18

Branch v. Cassady,

__ §.W.3d ___ (Mo. Ct. App. W.D. 2015).......... 15

Commonwealth v. Cunningham,

Be I es TIE uccrcttintiesecneneeninenioneetabeniendnens 13

Falcon v. State,

162 So.3d 954 (Fla. 2015)...........:cccccscsssssesseseeees 13

Geter v. State,

115 So. 3d 375 (Fla. App. 3 Dist. 2012) ........... 5, 6

Graham vy. Collins,

8 | 17, 18, 19

Graham v. Florida,

I i eee 11

Graham v. Florida,

EEN EEE PRC NEE Wier a eee 20

Hanna v. Plumer,

EERIE Severe oenenonree 21

Miller v. Alabama,

een passim

Mills v. Maryland,

I eile 21

Penry v. Lynaugh,

Se Ss ee GI srcrisecnsnnnsincencscsntentanensesninen 18, 19

People v. Carp,

852 N.W.2d 801 (Mich. 2014)...00..........eee eee eeeeee 14

People v. Davis,

BE IE SING cccncenncbcecensensateenesinkaieiinnin 15

Ring v. Arizona,

I nn cinsits iainrincaeinitsinihddieiiaiiantl 24

Roper v. Simmons,

eC TIITIIED i ccnnstsineninincennnnddneninnaiinnmnideiinnes 20

Schriro v. Summerlin,

es Se IED scttenbictdteninncccesuidsinsneninn: passim

State v. Tate,

EAE REESE nce ee 14

Teague v. Lane,

I ica ceniatncmmeinieaio’ passim

Statutes

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Mich. Comp. Laws § 769.25(9) .............ccccccccsesseseeeees 14

Mich. Comp. Laws § 769.25a(2) .............cccccccceceeeseees 14

INTEREST OF AMICI CURIAE

The Attorneys General of the States are the chief

law enforcement officers of their respective states, and

they have a vital interest in protecting the finality of

judgments for murder convictions that have been

obtained over the last fifty years. This Court ruled in

Miller v. Alabama, 132 S. Ct. 2455 (2012), that the

mandatory imposition of life without parole for

teenage murderers is unconstitutional. The question

here is whether this decision applies retroactively.

The answer directly affects the administration of

justice in the States. While federal prisons hold only

37 such prisoners, more than 2,000 criminals who

committed murder while teenagers are currently

incarcerated in state prisons. And the convictions for

these state prisoners span more than five decades.

Thus, the considerations of finality weigh heavily

here. Any retroactive application of Miller would

challenge the settled expectations of victims that

these violent murderers would never be subject to

release.

As guardians of the community’s security, the

amici States note that these offenders are as a

category some of the most dangerous. They commit-

ted the gravest crime—murder. And they have been

incarcerated for virtually their entire adult lives.

Requiring the States to resentence hundreds of

offenders, many of whose crimes were committed

decades ago, would undermine the community’s safety

and would offend principles of finality.

INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY OF

ARGUMENT

Contrary to the suggestion of some, the prisoners

who seek the retroactive application of Miller are not

all hapless aiders and abettors who played a

secondary role and whose cases reached finality a year

or two before the Miller decision. Rather, the cases

span more than fifty years. And they include some of

the most vicious criminals anywhere.

In Michigan, for example, James Porter system-

atically executed a woman and her four children. He

committed this brutal crime in 1982, when he was 16.

The idea of having a resentencing hearing more than

30 years later to examine Porter’s “immaturity [and]

impetuosity,” 132 S. Ct. 2468, when he is now almost

50 years old is dubious. Such examples are legion

throughout the states.

In fact, the experience of the states with some of

the largest number of murderers committed by

juveniles (Pennsylvania, Michigan, Louisiana,

Illinois, and Missouri) underscore the deep problems

of finality raised by this case. Of the more than 2,000

offenders nationwide, as many as half were sentenced

more than 20 years ago.

Even aside from the practical limitations on

retroactivity, the determination whether a rule is

substantive and therefore should be applied retro-

actively should depend on whether the conduct for

which the defendant is currently incarcerated is not

criminal or carries a sentence that the law cannot

impose. By this definition, Miller did not announce a

substantive rule and does not apply.

This rule makes sense because while it offends

basic fairness to force a criminal to serve a sentence

that could never have been imposed, that is not the

case here. Miller does not require that the juvenile

receive a different sentence, but a different process.

Montgomery could again receive the same sentence—

life without parole—even if Miller applied. The

mandatory nature of the sentence is not a part of the

punishment, but only a description of the mechanism

for the decision. Miller did not exclude a category of

punishment.

The courts. below that have applied Miller

retroactively and the United States in its argument

that Miller should apply retroactively both make two

primary errors.

First, the fact that Miller changes the range of

sentences, requiring the option of a more lenient

sentence, does not indicate that it is a substantive

change. The key point is that the same sentence may

still be imposed. In this way, not a single criminal

defendant is currently held for a sentence that could

not have been imposed after Miller.

Second, the fact Miller requires a sentencer to

consider additional factors, namely the offender’s

youth and related characteristics, does not mean that

it changes the sentencing elements. Miller does not

require any specific finding. It only requires

individual sentencing. !

1 This brief only addresses the first question presented. With

respect to the second question, the amici assume for purposes of

argument that this Court has jurisdiction over the issue.

STATEMENT OF FACTS

Currently there are more than 2,000 inmates in

prison serving life sentences for murders they

committed when they were teenagers. Hundreds of

these offenders were sentenced more than 20 years

ago. The facts of one of these cases—the James Porter

case from Michigan—underscore the considerations of

finality at issue.

In 1982, James Porter was 16 years old and

seemed to be the friend of Eric Giuliani, who had

graduated from the high school that Giuliani still

attended. (1/11/83 Tr., vol. II, at 478-79.) In the few

months before the date of the crime, the Giuliani home

had been subject to a couple of burglaries. (Jd. at 488—

91.) On April 7, 1982, Eric’s sister, Cindy, and her

mother, Elizabeth Giuliani, were planning on going

bowling. It had been a snow day. (Jd. at 529.) On that

same day, Porter’s younger brother Kent saw James

Porter leaving the family home with a “gun case.”

(1/10/83 Tr., vol. I, at 394—96.)

The evidence demonstrated that Porter arrived at

the Giuliani home that morning and systematically

executed the entire family, except the father, Richard

Giuliani, who was not at home.

Mrs. Giuliani was found outside of her bathroom

in the hallway; Porter had shot her twice in the head

with a .22 rifle, once above her right eye and again

above her left ear. (1/11/83 Tr., vol. II, at 616—17, 657.)

Sixteen-year-old Kathy was found next to her

mother, still dressed in her pajamas; Porter shot her

once in her left temple. (/d. at 620, 660.)

Kathy’s younger sister, Cindy, who was 13, was

found in the bathroom. (/d. at 661.) She was already

dressed, wearing a blue blouse, blue jeans, and socks.

(Id.) Porter shot her three times, once in her left

shoulder, and twice in her head. (/d. at 626.)

Eric Giuliani was found near his own bedroom;

Porter shot him twice in the head. (/d. at 628, 665.)

The final victim found in the house was Dean or

“Deano” Giuliani, who was ten years old. He was in

the small bathroom, fully dressed, apparently hiding

in the shower stall. (/d. at 666.) Porter shot him in his

left temple and face with the bullet passing through

his brain. (Id. at 632). There were casings throughout

the house. (Jd. at 604 (the responding officer said the

casings were “everywhere I went”).)

Afterward, Porter withdrew some cash from Eric

Giuliani’s bank account and went shopping with his

friend at a car audio store, K-Mart, and Taco Bell

before his arrest. (1/13/83, vol. III, at 879-80). Porter

had argued with Eric about the earlier burglaries

before his killing spree. (Jd. at 984—86.)

James Porter was sentenced to life in prison with

no opportunity for parole for five counts of first-degree

murder on March 14, 1983, more than 30 years ago.

Crimes such as Porter’s are indicative of the

crimes in this class of offenders. For example, the

Florida Court of Appeals, the first appellate court to

address Miller’s retroactivity, addressed the sentence

of a 16-year old who committed a brutal murder and

held that Miller did not apply retroactively. See Geter

v. State, 115 So. 3d 375 (Fla. App. 3 Dist. 2012).

The facts in Geter’s case provide another

illustration of the kinds of crimes that have led the

States to seek life sentences for some teenage

murderers:

Geter was arrested for first-degree murder in

December 2000, on the eve of his seventeenth

birthday. Earlier that same day, a rock or

stone was thrown through the front window of

the victim’s home, breaking the window, and

allowing Geter to gain entry into the home.

The victim, in an attempt to defend her home,

her child, and herself, struggled with Geter

and struck him in the head with a crowbar.

However, Geter was able to overpower the

victim. He ripped the victim’s panties from

her body, raped her, and ejaculated inside her

vagina. During the violent struggle between

the victim and Geter, the victim’s three-year-

old son was awoken by his mother’s screams.

After the rape, Geter got a butcher knife. He

stabbed the victim in the neck eight to twelve

times. Geter then cut the victim from her

elbow to her wrist so that she would bleed

faster and die. When the victim still had not

died, Geter finally choked her to death. The

victim’s three-year old son witnessed the

brutal murder of his mother. Before leaving

the victim’s home, Geter passed by the

victim’s son and told him to be a good boy.

[Geter, 115 So.3d at 376.]

ARGUMENT

I. A duty to revisit all mandatory-life-without-

parole sentences for teenage murderers

would offend principles of finality.

Finality is an important principle, particularly in

the context of convictions no longer subject to review.

“Application of constitutional rules not in existence at

the time a _ conviction became final seriously

undermines the principle of finality which is essential

to the operation of our criminal justice system.”

Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 309 (1989) (plurality).

The retroactive application of new rules to cases that

are final impedes the effective operation of state

criminal justice systems by “continually forc[ing] the

States to marshal resources in order to keep in prison

defendants whose trials and appeals conformed to

then-existing constitutional standards.” Id. at 310. By

limiting retroactive application, “the Teague principle

protects not only the reasonable judgments of state

courts but also the States’ interest in finality[.]” Beard

v. Banks, 542 U.S. 406, 413 (2004).

The decision in Miller envisions a particular kind

of sentencing for juveniles convicted of murder:

sentencing that enables the court to consider the

individual characteristics of the offender, including

the mitigating qualities of youth. Miller, 132 S. Ct. at

2467. But for cases more than 20 years old, these

considerations are blunted, if not irrelevant. A

resentencing would not reflect Miller at all but would

effectively become a parole hearing. The experience of

some of the states with the largest populations

discloses the threat to finality.

A. The Miller principles cannot be applied

meaningfully to what are effectively cold

cases.

Teague balances the principle of finality with the

goal of protecting convicted defendants from constitu-

tional violations. Teague, 489 U.S. at 309-10. While

constitutional issues often involve questions of

fairness, the States’ interest in finality also implicate

considerations of justice. Any retroactive application

of Miller to these old, closed cases would offend the

administration of justice in two ways.

As an initial matter, using only the numbers from

five states with significant numbers of offenders

sentenced to life without parole as juveniles,

retroactive application of Miller would require the

reevaluation of sentences of more than 1,000 prison-

ers who committed the most heinous of crimes under

state law. And the cases span a fifty-year history. In

real terms, these are cold cases: all of the relevant

witnesses have moved on, police officers may have

retired or died, and family members of the victim and

perpetrator will need to be tracked down. For any

medical professional who wishes to address the

perpetrator’s mental state at the time of the murder,

their endeavor will require new investigation. It is a

huge undertaking. It will be difficult in most cases and

may be impossible in some.

In fact, for many of the cases, the sentencing court

will now be unable to accomplish the specific task

required under Miller. Miller lists the different factors

that the sentencing court may consider in determining

whether to impose life without parole, factors which

may be digested into six categories:

(1) the “immaturity, impetuosity, and failure

to appreciate risks and consequences,” Miller,

132 S. Ct. at 2468 (emphasis added);

(2) “the family and home environment that

surrounds [the defendant]—and from which

he cannot usually extricate himself—no

matter how brutal or dysfunctional,” id.;

(3) “the circumstances of the homicide

offense,” id.;

(4) “including the extent of his participation in

the conduct,” id.;

(5) “the way familial and peer pressures may

have affected him,” id. (emphasis added);

(6) how “he might have been charged and

convicted of a lesser offense if not for

incompetencies associated with youth—for

example, his inability to deal with police

officers or prosecutors (including on a plea

agreement) or his incapacity to assist his own

attorneys,” id.

Several of these factors are dependent on the

psychological profile of the perpetrator at the time of

the crime, not the time of (re)sentencing. And these

are facts that would have been unnecessary to prove

at trial, so there will be no existing factual record on

which to draw. The question whether a specific

juvenile murderer was “immature” or “impetuous,”

and whether that person was affected by familial or

peer pressure at the time of the murder, may now be

infeasible to determine.

Significantly, half of these offenders were sentenc-

ed to life without parole more than 20 years ago, some

reaching back more than 50 years. See 1.B, pp. 12-16.

Any medical witness addressing the juvenile’s mental

status back then will not have conducted the research

when the crimes occurred, so these questions may now

be unanswerable. This fact shows one of the reasons

why finality is an important legal principle: the

passage of time often makes it less likely, not more,

that courts will be able to uncover the truth. At some

juncture, a decision that was constitutionally proper

at the time it was made must stand, and cannot be

subject to a radical revisiting 40 or 50 years later.

Consider the case of James Porter, one of the

hundreds of prisoners who committed murders long

ago who would be subject to Miller if that case applied

retroactively. His brutal murder of a mother and her

four children occurred on April 7, 1982, more than 30

years ago. He was 16 years old then and is almost 50

years old today. Porter systematically murdered his

teenage friend Eric Guliani and his family, including

10-year old Deano, who was hiding in the bathroom.

Whether Porter was “impetuous” or “immature” in

1982, or whether he was under family or peer

pressure, when he committed this mass murder will

be hard to determine. That moment has passed. The

States’ strong interest in finality—an essential

concept in the American criminal justice system—will

be significantly undermined if Miller is applied retro-

actively. For the Porter case, and hundreds like it, the

Miller test cannot even be meaningfully applied.

Consistent with the administration of justice, the

courts should not have to try to square the circle.

Rather, for the older cases, such resentencings

will really amount to parole hearings. As an illustra-

tion, the National Association of Criminal Defense

Lawyers provides guidance on how to conduct these

(re)sentencings and advises defense counsel to focus

on the prisoner’s current state of mind:

At the sentencing hearing, one must try to

explain to the court that (1) the kid who

committed this crime (___ years ago) is not the

same person who stands before the court now

or (2) he is still a kid and that kids are very

different from adults.

For a resentencing, the defense must show

that the client is now a mature person and

quote the language in Graham [v. Florida, 130

S. Ct. 2011, 2032 (2012)]: “Maturity can lead

to that considered reflection which is the

foundation for remorse, renewal, and

rehabilitation.” This is a person who, because

he was a kid at the time, did not understand

the full consequences of what he did. He now

fully understands what he did and all of the

consequences, and now he is in full control of

his behavior. He is safe to be released. He has

been punished for what he did. Obvious and

considerable changes in a person can have a

significant impact on a judge, prosecutor, and

victim’s family. [Stephen K. Harper,

“Resentencing Juveniles Convicted of

Homicide Post-Miller” (emphasis added).]?

2 The article may be found at the NACDL website:

The point is a straight-forward one: for an older case,

a sentencing court may give more consideration to the

ability to release safely the offender rather than

whether the offender “fail[ed] to appreciate [the]

risks” or had been influenced by his “famil[y] and

peers” at the time of the crime as Miller provided. 132

S. Ct. at 2468. The most notable aspect of the NACDL

article is its focus on the “change” exhibited by the

offender since the time of the crime, and not the Miller

factors themselves. “Resentencing Juveniles,”

(“Another essential task is to speak to people in the

jail or prison system (classification officers, teachers,

corrections officers) who know and have worked with

the defendant and have seen him change.”)3 The

“circumstances of the homicide offense” and “the

extent of his participation” in this view have yielded

to the question whether the offender is safe now to be

released. That reflects parole considerations, not

Miller, and not a sentencing hearing more generally.

B. Relying on five states with a large

number of juvenile offenders, as many as

half committed their crimes more than

20 years ago.

According to a 2010 report from the National

Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), there were

at that time 2,105 juvenile offenders sentenced to life

without parole as a mandatory matter. “Juvenile Life

http://www.nacdl.org/Champion.aspx’?id=32657 (visited August

31, 2015). See March 2014 edition of Champion magazine.

3 See n. 2.

Without Parole (JLWOP),” pp. 1-17.”4 More than 70%

of these offenders are found in six states: Penn-

sylvania, Michigan, Louisiana, Florida, Illinois, and

Missouri. Setting aside the State of Florida, as its

offenders will not be affected by this decision,® this

brief surveys the remaining five states each with more

than 100 juvenile »>ffenders to demonstrate the prac-

tical implications of a finding of retroactivity here.®

1. Pennsylvania

The Pennsylvania Supreme Court found Miller

not retroactive under Teague. Commonwealth v.

Cunningham, 81 A.3d 1, 8-9 (Pa. 2013). The legisla-

tive response changed the sentencing scheme for

juveniles committed of murder who were convicted

after Miller. Thus, there have been no resentencings

for cases that were final on direct review.

For the listed 482 offenders, more than half were

sentenced more than 20 years ago. See Appendix A

(Pennsylvania). The oldest offender, Joseph Ligon,

committed murder in 1956. The idea that the re-

sentencing for Ligon, now 78 years old, will reflect any

of the Miller factors in a meaningful way is untenable.

* See http://www.ncsl.org/documents/cj/jlwopchart.pdf (visited

August 31, 2015). The report listed 2,574 offenders, but 469 were

sentenced to life as a discretionary matter.

5 The Florida Supreme Court found that the Miller decision

should apply retroactively in applying its own state rules of retro-

activity. Falcon v. State, 162 So.3d 954, 961-63 (Fla. 2015).

6 According to the NCSL report, see n.4, the five states each had

more than 100 offenders in 2010, and they comprise a majority

of the total juvenile lifers. The lists from the five states include a

small percentage of cases that were pending at the time of Miller.

2. Michigan

Michigan follows a similar pattern. The Michigan

Supreme Court found that Miller does not apply

retroactively, reviewing it under federal law and its

own state standard of retroactivity. People v. Carp,

852 N.W.2d 801, 832, 841 (Mich. 2014), cert. pending,

Carp. v. Michigan, No. 14-824, Davis v. Michigan 14-

8106. The Legislature passed a statute in the wake of

Miller addressing juvenile lifers whose cases were

final, creating a trigger if this Court rules that Miller

is retroactive. Mich. Comp. Laws § 769.25a(2). In that

circumstance, the prosecution would have the election

to seek a life-without-parole sentence, and the

sentencer would have to choose between life without

parole and a term of years. Mich. Comp. Laws

§ 769.25a(2); § 769.25(9) (providing either life without

parole or an indeterminate sentencing range 25-to-40

years minimum and 60-year maximum sentence).

More than half of the 368 listed offenders in

Michigan, i.e., more than 200 offenders, committed

their offense before 1995, more than 20 years ago. See

Appendix B (Michigan). The oldest of these offenders

is Sheldry Topp, who is 70 years old; he murdered his

victim in 1962. Any resentencing for Mr. Topp would

be more of a parole hearing than a sentencing.

3. Louisiana

Like Pennsylvania and Michigan, the Louisiana

Supreme Court found that Miller was not retroactive.

State v. Tate, 130 So.3d 829, 841 (2013). The Loui-

siana Legislature responded by making those juvenile

offenders eligible for parole after 35 years if there has

been a “judicial determination” that the murderer is

entitled to parole eligibility. La. Rev. Stat. § 574.4(E).

Like Michigan and Pennsylvania, more than

half—130—of the 202 committed their crimes more

than 20 years ago. See Appendix C (Louisiana). The

oldest offender, Clifford Hampton, committed murder

on May 26, 1958, and he is now 74 years old.

4. Missouri

The issue of the retroactivity of Miller is pending

in the Missouri Supreme Court. Branch v. Cassady,

_. S.W.3d _ (Mo. Ct. App. W.D. 2015), case

transferred to Missouri Supreme Court, March 31,

2015. The state intermediate court found Miller

retroactive and remanded that case for resentencing

in light of Miller. Branch, 2015 WL 160718, *1. The

Missouri Legislature has passed no legislation in

response to the Miiler decision.

Of the more than 100 offenders, approximately

half—53—were sentenced more than 20 years ago.

See Appendix D (Missouri). One of the oldest

offenders, Tommy Thomas, was sentenced on July 2,

1987.

5. Illinois

In contrast to Pennsylvania, Michigan, and Loui-

giana, the Illinois Supreme Court found Miller to be

retroactive under Teague. People v. Davis, 6 N.E.3d

709, 722 (ill. 2014). Like Missouri, the [Illinois

Legislature has made no change in response.

Relying on the numbers from Cook County, it

appears that more than half of the approximate 100

listed offenders committed their crimes more than 20

years ago. See Appendix E (Cook County) (33 of the 53

offenders’ cases from that county arose before 1995).

In addition to these five states, there are more

than 20 other states that have another 700-plus

offenders, and several of these states have around 50

such offenders (Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Iowa,

Massachusetts, South Carolina, and Virginia).’

Extrapolating from the lists of offenders from the five

states surveyed, it is likely that another 350 or so

juvenile offenders committed their murders more

than 20 years ago. The finality concerns are

unmistakable: reopening hundreds of cold cases in an

attempt to ascertain how mature teenage murderers

were decades ago when they committed their crimes

would be a step much more likely to undermine than

to improve the accuracy of these sentences.

Applying Miller retroactively raises the specter of

hundreds of resentencings across the country to what

are effectively cold cases. Such a ruling would

undermine the administration of justice.

ll. The Miller rule should not apply

retroactively.

Miller creates a procedural rule that should not

apply retroactively. It is also not a watershed rule.

And the arguments that Miller should apply

retroactively—that it is a substantive rule—would

significantly change this Court’s retroactivity

jurisprudence in a way that would undermine the

primary values undergirding the reasons for

retroactivity.

7 The numbers are taken from the NCSL report. See n. 4.

A. The new rule that Miller created is a

procedural one.

This Court has held that new rules announced in

its decisions apply to all cases that are pending on

direct review or not yet final. Schriro v. Summerlin,

42 U.S. 348, 351 (2004). But for convictions that are

already final, the new rule applies in only “limited

circumstances.” Jd. at 351-52.

The exceptions that allow retroactivity fall into

two categories. “The first exception permits the

retroactive application of a new rule if the rule places

a class of private conduct beyond the power of the

State to proscribe, or addresses a substantive

categorical guarantee accorded by the Constitution,

such as a rule prohibiting a certain category of

punishment for a class of defendants because of their

status or offense.” Graham v. Collins, 506 U.S. 461,

477 (1993) (internal citations omitted). The second

exception, which applies to watershed rules, has not

yet been fully defined but is “clearly meant to apply

only to a small core of rules requiring observance of

those procedures that are implicit in the concept of

ordered liberty.” Jd. (internal citations omitted).

On the question whether the Miller rule is a

substantive or procedural rule, this Court has

explained that the key to the analysis for a procedural

change is that it “regulates only the manner of

determining the defendant’s culpability.” Summerlin,

542 U.S. at 353. As a consequence, a procedural rule

does not “alter the range of conduct the statute

punishes.” Jd.

In contrast, a substantive change does change the

range of conduct subject to punishment. This Court

has explained that a substantive rule:

- “(Pjrohibit[s] a certain category of punishment

for a class of defendants because of their status

or offense.”®

- “(Pjlace[s] particular conduct or persons

covered by the statute beyond the State’s

power to punish.”

+ “(Njarrow(s] the scope of a criminal statute by

interpreting its terms.”!°

- “[Mijodifies the elements of an offense.” "!

These descriptions interplay with one another. For

example, where a decision modifies the elements of a

crime, it alters the range of conduct the statute

punishes, thereby rendering some formerly unlawful

conduct lawful. Summerlin, 542 U.S. at 354.

Applying these standards, Miller does not

decriminalize any class of conduct, see Graham v.

Collins, 506 U.S. at 477, and does not prohibit a

certain category of punishment for a class of

defendants—juvenile murderers may still be

sentenced to life without parole. Miller, 132 S. Ct. at

2471. And there is no question that the Miller decision

does not narrow the scope of a criminal statute, see

8 Beard, 542 U.S. at 416 (citing Penry v. Lynaugh, 492 U.S. 302,

330 (1989)); accord Graham v. Collins, 506 U.S. at 477.

9 Summerlin, 542 U.S. at 351-52.

10 Jd.

11 Jd. at 354.

Summerlin, 542 U.S. at 351-52, and does not place

particular conduct outside the State’s power to

punish. Miller, 132 S. Ct. at 2471. Finally, it does not

change the sentencing elements for the imposition of

life without parole sentence because it does not

require any specific finding.

Rather, Miller changes the sentencing process.

The Court seemed to anticipate this question:

Our decision does not categorically bar a

penalty for a class of offenders or type of

crime—as, for example, we did in Roper or

Graham. Instead, it mandates only that a

sentencer follow a certain process—consider-

ing an offender's youth and attendant

characteristics—before imposing a particular

penalty. [Miller, 132 S. Ct. at 2471.]

The thing that the new scheme requires is

“individualized sentencing.” Jd. at 2466 n.2 (“Graham

established one rule (a fix. ban) for nonhomicide

offenses, while we set out a_ different one

(individualized sentencing) for homicide offenses.”).

This is a change to the process.

To put it another way, a convicted teenage

murderer post-Miller may still be sentenced to life

without parole. This is why it is not a categorical bar.

Cf. Penry v. Lynaugh, 492 U.S. 302, 330 (1989) (“[I}f

we held, as a substantive matter, that the Eighth

Amendment prohibits the execution of mentally

retarded persons such as Penry regardless of the

procedures followed, such a rule would fall under the

first exception to the general rule of nonretroactivity

and would be applicable _. on collateral review.”).

Miller thus is different from this Court’s other

categorical exclusions. Cf. Graham v. Florida, 560

U.S. 48 (2010) (excluding life sentence for juveniles for

non-homicides); Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551, 568

(2005) (excluding death penalty for juveniles); Atkins

v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304, 321 (2002) (excluding the

death penalty for the mentally disabled). Miller does

not exclude any penalty.

This distinction between substance and procedure

is rooted in basic fairness. Teague ensures that a

substantive rule applies retroactively because

otherwise there is “{1] a significant risk that a

defendant stands convicted of an act that the law does

not make criminal or [2] faces a punishment that the

law cannot impose upon him.” Summerlin, 542 U.S. at

352 (internal quotes and citations omitted). Under

Miller, a juvenile murderer is still subject to a life-

without-parole sentence. None of this Court’s

definitions of substance apply to Miller. '2

B. The primary arguments about why

Miller is substantive are unavailing.

The petitioner and his amici offer two primary

justifications about why Miller is substantive: either

because it expands the range of possible punishments

or because it requires a sentencer to consider certain

factors at sentencing. These arguments for

retroactivity would require a significant change in the

law and would not further the basic values underlying

the Teague test. This Court should reject them.

12 The amici agree with the arguments that Louisiana makes

about why Miller is not a watershed rule.

1. The fact that life without parole for

juveniles is still available after Miller

is dispositive.

Both Montgomery and the United States rely as

their first argument on the fact Miller alters the range

of sentences available as to why the change here is

substantive. Pet. Br. 16-19; U.S. Br. 13-18. It is true

that before Miller only life without parole was

available and now either paroleable life or a term of

years must be available. But a change in possible

outcomes does not fit within any of this Court’s

existing categories of the definition of “substantive.”

Miller does not exclude a category of punishment, but

requires consideration of a lesser punishment that

was not previously available.

That the change may yield different outcomes

should not be dispositive as to whether the change is

procedural or substantive. Cf. Hanna v. Plumer, 380

U.S. 460, 468 (1965) (recognizing, when addressing

the Erie doctrine, that “procedural variation[s]” may

also be “ ‘outcome-determinative’ ”). As with all

significant changes to procedure for sentencing, a

change in process very well may alter the sentence

imposed. The most obvious example of such a change

is Beard, which found that a prior decision striking

down a unanimity requirement on mitigating factors

for death penalty cases did not apply retroactively.

452 U.S. at 420. A jury might well decide to impose a

lesser sentence, rather than the death penalty, where

the jurors no longer must agree on the same basis for

mitigation. See Mills v. Maryland, 486 U.S. 367, 384

(1988) (“The possibility that a single juror could block

such consideration, and consequently require the jury

to impose the death penalty, is one we dare not risk.”).

To define “substantive” to include expanding the

range of sentencing options would not further the

considerations of justice that undergird this Court’s

retroactivity analysis. Finality properly yields where

someone is serving a sentence that the government

could not have lawfully imposed. See Summerlin, 542

U.S. at 352 (standards of retroactivity ensure that a

criminal! defendant will not “face[ ] a punishment that

the law cannot impose upon him.”) (internal citations

omitted). But no one convicted of committing murder

while a juvenile in Louisiana—or anywhere else—is

currently serving a sentence that could not have been

imposed. All of them could have received the same

life-without-parole sentence if they committed first-

degree murder today. For these offenders, the

considerations of finality should govern.

The fact that this Court predicted that such

sentencing outcomes would be “uncommon,” see

Miller, 132 S. Ct. at 2469, does not rebut the point.

Basic principles of justice are offended by

incarcerating someone for something that is not a

crime or by imposing a sentence that could never have

been imposed. But because life without parole

remains a _ permissible sentence, there is no

“significant risk” under Summerlin, 542 U.S. at 352,

that someone is serving a sentence that could not be

imposed. Contra U.S. Br. 21. The offense to justice is

not in a criminal defendant serving a sentence

unlikely to be constitutionally permissible, but rather

serving one that could never be constitutionally

imposed. The categorical nature of the exclusion is

essential. It makes all the difference.

2. Requiring consideration of specific

factors, as Miller does, is primarily a

change in process.

In arguing that Miller was substantive and

therefore retroactive, Montgomery argues that Miller

requires consideration of specific factors. Pet. Br. 22—

25. But Montgomery takes these factors too far. His

analysis conflicts with the thrust of this Court’s

analysis in Miller and its death-penalty jurisprudence

on retroactivity as it relates to consideration of

mitigating circumstances at sentencing.

The key analysis from Miller explaining the

Court’s holding underscores the point that the Eighth

Amendment requires a change to the sentencing

process, and does not require any specific findings.

Miller, 132 S. Ct. 2469 (“We therefore hold that the

Eighth Amendment forbids a sentencing scheme that

mandates life in prison without possibility of parole

for juvenile offenders”) (emphasis added); id. at 2475

(“the mandatory sentencing schemes before us violate

this principle of proportionality”). The change in

process is predicated on the need for the opportunity

to consider mitigating evidence, but is nonetheless

still a procedural change. This is true for all the

mitigation cases.

Montgomery conflates the change in process that

enables the sentencer to consider mitigating

circumstances with the Court establishing a

requirement that the sentencer make a specific

finding necessary to a particular sentence, the latter

of which would be a substantive change.

In particular, Miller requires a change to the

sentencing scheme—the procedure of sentencing—to

enable the sentencer to consider mitigating factors.

Miller, 132 S. Ct. at 2458 (“But the mandatory penalty

schemes at issue here prevent the sentencer from

taking account of these central considerations [of the

offender's youth].”). Miller sets out a different

sentencing scheme—‘individualized sentencing’—

rather than a mandatory penalty scheme.

The analysis from Summerlin demonstrates the

point and confirms that the change here is not a

substantive one. In Summerlin, this Court announced

that Ring v. Arizona, 536 U.S. 584 (2002), established

a procedural rule when Ring held that a jury—not a

sentencing jyudge—must find aggravating

circumstances necessary for the imposition of the

death penalty. Summerlin, 542 U.S. at 353. This

Court noted that where a judicial decision “made a

certain fact essential to the death penalty,” the

resulting new rule would be a substantive change. Jd.

But that is not what happened here.

Indeed, no single factor is controlling—no “certain

fact” essential—under Miller that a sentencing court

must find to justify its sentence. Miller merely lists

considerations. It does not create a sentencing

“element.” If Montgomery were right, Miller would

require a jury decision, since any new sentencing

element would be prerequisites to the nenalty. Ring,

536 U.S. at 604 (“the required finding [of an aggravat-

ed circumstance] expose[d] [Ring] to a greater punish-

ment than that authorized by the jury’s guilty ver-

dict.”). Not true here. The punishment of life without

parole is available without any new required finding.

To be sure, Miller is replete with references to the

importance of the sentencing court considering the

teenage murderers youthful characteristics and

requires the sentence to “tak[e] account of an

offender’s age and the wealth of characteristics and

circumstances attendant to it,” 132 S. Ct. at 2467, but

nevertheless this Court was unambiguous that the

cure to this ill was to provide an individualized

sentence, i.e., to give the sentencing court “discretion

to impose a different punishment.” Jd. at 2460; 2466

n.2 (describing the rule it sets out as one of

“individualized sentencing”). It is a change in the

process, not in the “elements” or findings a court must

make. See Miller, 132 S. Ct. at 2471 (“it mandates only

that a sentencer follow a certain process”) (emphasis

added). It is not a substantive change.

CONCLUSION

This Court should hold that Miller v. Alabama,

132 S. Ct. 2455 (2012), does not apply retroactively.

Dated: AUGUST 2015

Respectfully submitted,

Bill Schuette

Michigan Attorney General

Aaron D. Lindstrom

Solicitor General

Counsel of Record

P.O. Box 30212

Lansing, Michigan 48909

LindstromA@michigan.gov

(517) 373-1124

B. Eric Restuccia

Deputy Solicitor General

Department of Attorney General

Attorneys for Amicus Curiae

State of Michigan

ADDITIONAL COUNSEL

Luther Strange

Attorney General

State of Alabama

501 Washington Ave.

Montgomery, AL 36130

Leslie Rutledge

Attorney General

State of Arkansas

323 Center St. Ste 200

Little Rock, AR 72201

George Jepsen

Attorney General

State of Connecticut

55 Elm Street

Hartford, CT 06106

Gregory F. Zoeller

Attorney General

State of Indiana

302 W. Washington St.

IGC-South, 5th FI.

Indianapolis, IN 46204

Derek Schmidt

Attorney General

State of Kansas

120 S.W. 10th Ave.,

2nd FI.

Topeka, KS 66612

Douglas J. Peterson

Attorney General

State of Nebraska

2115 Capitol

Lincoln, NE 68509

Timothy C. Fox

Attorney General

State of Montana

P.O. Box 201401

Helena, MT 59620

Adam Paul Laxalt

Attorney General

State of Nevada

100 North Carson St.

Carson City, NV 89701

Joseph A. Foster

Attorney General

State of New

Hampshire

33 Capitol Street

Concord, NH 03301

Peter F. Kilmartin

Attorney General

State of Rhode Island

150 S. Main St.

Providence, RI 02903

Alan Wilson

Attorney General

State of South

Carolina

P.O. Box 11549

Columbia, SC 29211

Marty J. Jackley

Attorney General

State of South Dakota

1302 E. Highway 14, Ste. 1

Pierre, SD 57501-8501

Ken Paxton

Attorney General

State of Texas

P.O. Box 12548

Austin, TX 78711-2548

Sean D. Reyes

Attorney General

State of Utah

P.O. Box 142320

Salt Lake City, UT 84114

Peter K. Michael

Attorney General

State of Wyoming

123 Capitol Bldg.

Cheyenne, WY 82002

APPENDIX A

PENNSYLVANIA

Offender Year of Birth Offense Year!’

1. Joseph Ligon 1937 1956

2. Donald White 1947 1966

3. James Romberger 1948 1967

4. Thomas Roach 1950 1969

5. Haywood Fennell 1950 1969

6. Foster Tarver 1951 1970

7. James Ferguson 1951 1970

8. John Nole 1951 1970

9. Albert Irby 1952 1971

10. Steven Northington 1952 1971

11. Carl Garnett 1953 1972

12. Michael Wilson 1953 1972

13. Louis Stanton 1953 1972

14. Robert Blagman 1953 1972

15. James Cobbs 1953 1972

16. Howard Jones 1953 1972

17. Richard Klinger 1954 1973

18. Benjamin Wright 1954 1973

19. Frank Lee 1954 1973

20. Jackie Thompson 1954 1973

21. William Hines 1955 1974

22. Earl Rice 1956 1975

23. Wayne Pritchett 1956 1975

13 The Pennyslvania Department of Corrections did not have

dates of offense, so the year listed is the latest year the murder

could have been convicted and the offender still have been under

the age of 18.

PENNSYLVANIA

Offender Year of Birth Offen ar

24. Freddy McCutchen 1956 1975

25. John Veltre 1956 1975

26. Nathanial Anderson 1956 1975

27. Tyrone Jones 1956 1975

28. Lamont Harris 1956 1975

29. Scott Griffin 1957 1976

30. Brian Wallace 1957 1976

31. Kevin VanCliff 1957 1976

32. George Elliott 1957 1976

33. Charles Lawson 1957 1976

34. Floyd Wilson 1957 1976

35. George Peterson 1957 1976

36. Jeffrie Carr 1957 1976

37. John Young 1957 1976

38. Jeffery Dean 1957 1976

39. Bobby Brightwell 1957 1976

40. Damon Allen 1957 1976

41. Joseph Baynes 1957 1976

42. Brian McMichael 1957 1976

43. Kevin Davis 1958 1977

44. Kevin Evans 1958 1977

45. David Phillips 1958 1977

46. Michael Twigg 1958 1977

47. Kenneth Allen 1958 1977

48. Michael Kutenits 1958 1977

49. Larry Markle 1958 1977

50. John Cooper 1958 1977

51. Douglas Hollis 1958 1977

PENNSYLVANIA

Offender Year of Birth nse Year

52. Jeffrey Cristina 1958 1977

53. Steven Austin 1958 1977

54. Michael Sullivan 1958 1977

55. Darryl McBee 1959 1978

56. Michael Watson 1959 1978

57. Willie Hill 1959 1978

58. Allen Brown 1959 1978

59. Terrance Kronk 1959 1978

60. Warner Batty 1959 1978

61. Lewis Lee 1959 1978

62. Darryl Ryan 1959 1978

63. Joseph Evans 1960 1979

64. Martin Knecht 1960 1979

65. Franklin Baines 1960 1979

66. Thomas Tomoney 1960 1979

67. Bruce Williams 1960 1979

68. William Sheppard 1960 1979

69. Yul Hayward 1960 1979

70. Andre Martin 1960 1979

71. Joseph Frisina 1960 1979

72. Stevin Linder 1960 1979

73. Ricky Battles 1960 1979

74. Stephen Mitchell 1960 1979

75. Raynard Green 1960 1979

76. Gregory Sourbeer 1961 1980

77. Marvin Garcia 1961 1980

78. Henry Satchell 1961 1980

79. John Lekka 1961 1980

80. Trina Garnett 1961 1980

PENNSYLVANIA

Offender Year of Birth Offense Year

81. Robert Burgess 1961 1980

82. Ronald Long 1961 1980

83. Kevin Brinkley 1962 1981

84. Kevin Hughes 1962 1981

85. Alphonso Leaphart 1962 1981

86. John Thompson 1962 1981

87. Tyrone Zeigler 1962 1981

88. Joseph Romeri 1962 1981

89. Eugene Richardson 1962 1981

90. Brian Hooper 1962 1981

91. Ceaser Grant 1962 1981

92. Michael Scribe 1962 1981

93. Robert Buli 1962 1981

94. Mark Robinson 1962 1981

95. Glenn Winokur 1962 1981

96. Eddie McCrary 1962 1981

97. Henry Smolarski 1962 1981

98. Roxanne Severcool 1962 1981

99. Roderick Allen 1962 1981

100. Anthony Jones 1962 1981

101. Courtney Richardson 1962 1981

102. Daniel Peters 1963 1982

103. Robert Ruffin 1963 1982

104. Leonard Bocchicchio 1963 1982

105. Steven Ivey 1963 1982

106. Henry Robinson 1963 1982

107. David Maldonado 1963 1982

108. George Brooker 1963 1982

109. Paul Boatwright 1963 1982

PENNSYLVANIA

Offender Year of Birth Offense Year

110. Chris Jordan 1963 1982

111. Jeffery Branch 1964 1983

112. Charles Brown 1964 1983

113. Dennis Flanagan 1964 1983

114. Courtney Boyd 1964 1983

115. Ronald Saunders 1964 1983

116. Richard Phelps 1964 1983

117. Raymond Holley 1964 1983

118. Edward Martin 1964 1983

119. Donnell Bennet 1964 1983

120. Victor Scott 1964 1983

121. Eugene Carney 1964 1983

122. James Button 1964 1983

123. Tyrone Payne 1964 1983

124. Richard Olds 1964 1983

125. Vincent Boyd 1965 1984

126. Christopher Nolan 1965 1984

127. John Waters 1965 1984

128. Vincent Beckton 1965 1984

129. James Miller 1965 1984

130. Scott Davis 1965 1984

131. Anthony Brown 1965 1984

132. Clarence Hayman 1965 1984

133. Edwin Humphreys 1965 1984

134. Robert Bebout 1965 1984

135. David Perry 1966 1985

136. Robert Garcia 1966 1985

137. Francis Washington 1966 1985

138. Joseph Aulisio 1966 1985

PENNSYLVANIA

Offender Year of Birth Offense Year

139. Scott Shaw 1966 1985

140. Joyce Granger 1966 1985

141. Raymond Williams 1966 1985

142. Charles Manor 1966 1985

143. Henry Smalis 1966 1985

144. Troy David 1966 1985

145. Joseph Laconti 1966 1985

146. Reginald Roana 1967 1986

147. Kenneth Bryant 1967 1986

148. Johnnie Freeman 1967 1986

149. Raymond Mitchell 1967 1986

150. John Lebo 1967 1986

151. Anthony Johnson 1967 1986

152. Tracey Pietrovito 1967 1986

153. Herbert Harris 1967 1986

154. Armenious Alston 1967 1986

155. Vernon Steed 1968 1987

156. John Pace 1968 1987

157. Richard Mazeffa 1968 1987

158. Edwen Garcia 1968 1987

159. Percy Lee 1968 1987

160. Carl Kirksy 1968 1987

161. Anthony Cessna 1968 1987

162. Keith Johnson 1968 1987

163. Aaron Phillips 1969 1988

164. Luis Gonzalez 1969 1988

165. Jesse McCrath 1969 1988

166. Norman Bryant 1969 1988

167. Richard Moore 1970 1989

PENNSYLVANIA

Offender Year of Birth Offense Year

168. Jose Hernandez 1970 1989

169. Bernard Williams 1970 1989

170. James Rodgers 1970 1989

171. Kerry Marshall 1970 1989

172. Demetrius Cull 1971 1990

173. Corey Hollinger 1971 1990

174. Keith Anderson 1971 1990

175. Michael Boettlin 1971 1990

176. Johnny Miller 1971 1990

177. James Martinez 1971 1990

178. Juan Gonzales 1971 1990

179. Rashid Parks 1971 1990

180. Donald Zoller 1971 1990

181. Michael Vest 1971 1990

182. Michael Holmes 1971 1990

183. Maurice Murray 1971 1990

184. Antonio Gonzelez 1971 1990

185. Michael] McFadden 1971 1990

186. Horace Deloatch 1971 1990

187. Theopholis Wilson 1971 1990

188. Maurice Jones 1971 1990

189. Jason Reed 1972 1991

190. Kempis Songster 1972 1991

191. Shawn Bell 1972 1991

192. Timothy Hanson 1972 1991

193. Henry Whitman 1972 1991

194. Scott Noll 1972 1991

195. John Blount 1972 1991

196. Dale Gardner 1972 1991

PENNSYLVANIA

Offender Year of Birth Offense Year

197. Tracey Marrero 1972 1991

198. Dameon Brome 1972 1991

199. Michael Reed 1972 1991

200. Dwayne Morningwake 1972 1991

201. Roberto Gonzalez 1972 1991

202. George Teets 1972 1991

203. Michaele Anderson 1972 1991

204. Christopher Weatherill 1972 1991

205. Anthony Wright 1972 1991

206. Miguel Martinez 1972 1991

207. Donnell Drinks 1973 1992

208. Jermaine McEleveen 1973 1992

209. Bobby Harris 1973 1992

210. Mark Graber 1973 1992

211. Paul Brewton 1973 1992

212. Alfonzo Madison 1973 1992

213. Erik Vanzant 1973 1992

214. Michael Lehman 1973 1992

215. Wilfredo Caballero 1973 1992

216. Michael Henry 1973 1992

217. Toby Wooten 1973 1992

218. Virgil Shaw 1973 1992

219. Stacey Torrance 1973 1992

220. Robert Rosser 1973 1992

221. Michael Howard 1973 1992

222. Robert Holbrook 1974 1993

223. Theodore Burns 1974 1993

224. Yerodeen Williams 1974 1993

225. Frank Grazulis 1974 1993

PENNSYLVANIA

Offender Year of Birth Offense Year

226. Shaurn Thomas 1974 1993

227. Joseph Metts 1974 1993

228. Tabitha Buck 1974 1993

229. Daniel White 1974 1993

230. Shannon Robinson 1974 1993

231. David Lahoz 1974 1993

232. James Hough 1974 1993

233. Marvin Woods 1974 1993

234. Ernest Franklin 1974 1993

235. Mollo Figuera 1974 1993

236. Giovanni Reed 1974 1993

237. Michael Arce 1974 1993

238. Alan Earp 1974 1993

239. Samuel Gladden 1975 1994

240. Hector Flores 1975 1994

241. Scott Shroat 1975 1994

242. Joseph Jones 1975 1994

243. Perry Lighty 1975 1994

244. Henry Dennison 1975 1994

245. Christopher Baker 1975 1994

246. Regis Seskey 1975 1994

247. Harry Williams 1975 1994

248. Kenon Sayles 1975 1994

249. Donald Flynn 1975 1994

250. Ricky Roberts 1975 1994

251. Frazier Martinez 1975 1994

252. Harold Stinson 1975 1994

253. Joseph Chamberlain 1975 1994

254. Marlo Clark 1975 1994

10a

PENNSYLVANIA

Offender Year of Birth Offense Year

255. Tyrone Henderson 1975 1994

256. Ronald Fairiror 1975 1994

257. Ellery Little 1976 1995

258. Sharvonne Robbins’ 1976 1995

259. Ricardo Noble 1976 1995

260. Omar Shamsiddeen 1976 1995

261. Malik Bey 1976 1995

262. Benjamin Brabham 1976 1995

263. Jamal Allen 1976 1995

264. Omar Dennis 1976 1995

265. Bernardo Burnside 1976 1995

266. Michael Foust 1976 1995

267. Michael Harrison 1976 1995

268. Melisa McManus 1976 1995

269. Michael Gibbs 1976 1995

270. Antonio Howard 1976 1995

271. Thomas O’Neal 1976 1995

272. Todd Hill 1976 1995

273. William Taylor 1976 1995

274. Avery Talmadge 1976 1995

275. Phillip Foxx 1976 1995

276. Tyrone Jackson 1976 1995

277. Albert Butler 1976 1995

278. Norman Gundrum 1976 1995

279. Nathaniel Bunday 1977 1996

280. Lawrence Fisher 1977 1996

281. Tyree Sanders 1977 1996

282. Rondell Carrero 1977 1996

283. Atil Finney 1977 1996

lla

PENNSYLVANIA

Offender Year of Birth Offense Year

284. Asim Mack 1977 1996

285. Darrell Heath 1977 1996

286. Carl Collins 1977 1996

287. Justin Secreti 1977 1996

288. Robert Innis 1977 1996

289. Dorian Lamore 1977 1996

290. Carl Wilkins 1977 1996

291. Gregory Brown 1977 1996

292. Ronnie Bethea 1977 1996

293. Johnny Berry 1977 1996

294. Keith Hicks 1977 1996

295. Rodney Derrickson 1977 1996

296. Julius Jenkins 1977 1996

297. Rafael Gary 1977 1996

298. Bryan Freeman 1978 1997

299. Christopher Young 1978 1997

300. Jermaine Young 1978 1997

301. Shaun Winters 1978 1997

302. Maurice Bailey 1978 1997

303. Ricardo Campos 1978 1997

304. Nathan Riley 1978 1997

305. Ricardo Cruz 1978 1997

306. Fabian Lopez 1978 1997

307. Manuel Ortiz 1978 1997

308. Michael Crosby 1978 1997

309. Clayton Faxon 1978 1997

310. Jason Scott 1978 1997

311. Terrence Lewis 1978 1997

312. Ahmad Holmes 1978 1997

12a

PENNSYLVANIA

Offender Year of Birth Offense Year

313. German Cruz 1978 1997

314. Ollie Taylor 1978 1997

315. Anthony Lewis 1978 1997

316. Tamika Bell 1978 1997

317. Neil Lyew 1978 1997

318. Jamar Sowell 1979 1998

319. Michael Williams 1979 1998

320. David Freeman 1979 1998

321. Jorge Munoz 1979 1998

322. Rodney Walton 1979 1998

323. Scott Walker 1979 1998

324. Tony Lewis 1979 1998

325. Rafael Torres 1979 1998

326. Eugene Gilyard 1979 1998

327. B. Whetstone 1979 1998

328. Brian Samuel 1979 1998

329. Aquil Tillman 1979 1998

330. Dirron Tindal 1979 1998

331. Clarence Laudenberger 1979 1998

332. Samuel Smith 1979 1998

333. Jamar McCullough 1979 1998

334. Hassan Mayhew 1979 1998

335. Hector Huertas 1979 1998

336. Phillip Pratt 1979 1998

337. Jorge Cintron 1979 1998

338. Ricky Moorefield 1979 1998

339. Ricardo Peoples 1979 1998

340. Trazis Durham 1979 1998

341. Timothy Rose 1979 1998

13a

PENNSYLVANIA

Offender Year of Birth Offense Year

342. Melvin Ortiz 1980 1999

343. Parris Harper 1980 1999

344. Hasan Abbott 1980 1999

345. John Jacob 1980 1999

346. Nicholas Bowen 1980 1999

347. Levar Jones 1980 1999

348. Kristopher Heggins 1980 1999

349. Riyad Johnson 1980 1999

350. Dwayne Smith-Bey 1980 1999

351. Leroy Walker 1980 1999

352. David Valasquez 1980 1999

353. Clarence Adams 1980 1999

354. Allie Speights 1980 1999

355. Ronnie Johnson 1980 1999

356. Aramis Gonzalez 1980 1999

357. Daron Nesbit 1980 1999

358. Antonio Morales 1980 1999

359. Edward Walls 1980 1999

360. Ivory King 1981 2000

361. Aaron Smith 1981 2000

362. Jonathan Hernandez 1981 2000

363. Raheem Shackleford 1981 2000

364. Derrick Harvey 1981 2000

365. Yusef Whitehead 1981 2000

366. Nicholas White 1981 2000

367. Vincent Talley 1981 2000

368. Anwar East 1981 2000

369. Andrew Callahan 1981 2000

370. James House 1981 2000

14a

PENNSYLVANIA

Offender Year of Birth Offense Year

371. Clinton Walker 1981 2000

372. Joseph Flowers 1981 2000

373. Charles Carlson 1981 2000

374. Muhammad Davis 1981 2000

375. Jessica Holtmeyer 1982 2001

376. Arthur Dunn 1982 2001

377. Shariff Ingram 1982 2001

378. Dontae Chambers 1982 2001

379. Derrick Chappell 1982 2001

380. Ian Cunningham 1982 2001

381. Maurice Williams 1982 2001

382. Neil Simpson 1982 2001

383. Daniel Castro 1982 2001

384. Michael Pendleton 1982 2001

385. Terrell Clary 1983 2002

386. Zachery Witman 1983 2002

387. David Moua 1983 2002

388. Kenneth Crawford 1983 2002

389. Donald Brown 1983 2002

390. Miguel Garcia 1983 2002

391. James Provitt 1983 2002

392. Robert Outlaw 1983 2002

393. Gabriel Correa 1984 2003

394. Bryan Chambers 1984 2003

395. Malik Johnson 1984 2003

396. Mack Hill 1984 2003

397. Michael] Bourgeois 1984 2003

398. Bryant Foreman 1984 2003

399. Fred Porter 1984 2003

15a

PENNSYLVANIA

Offender Year of Birth Offense Year

400. Jermaine Abrams 1984 2003

401. Nasir Elliott 1985 2004

402. Richard Kemper 1985 2004

403. Edward Goudy 1985 2004

404. Ronaldo Sanchez 1985 2004

405. Dominic Coia 1985 2004

406. Kamil Walker 1985 2004

407. Aaron Wilson 1985 2004

408. Bradley Grim 1985 2004

409. Brandon Brown 1985 2004

410. Brian Bahr 1985 2004

411. Steven Pannebaker 1985 2004

412. Derrick Davis 1985 2004

413. Brandon Summers 1986 2005

414. Steve Jones 1986 2005

415. Justin Robertson 1986 2005

416. Wayne Goodman 1986 2005

417. Nicholas Coia 1986 2005

418. Marcus Christie 1986 2005

419. Yariel Cortes 1986 2005

420. Ramon Cintron 1986 2005

421. Edward Batzig 1986 2005

422. Aleem Williams 1986 2005

423. Anthony Machicote 1986 2005

424. Kiyiem Hagwood 1986 2005

425. Jeremy Melvin 1986 2005

426. Keith Warrington 1987 2006

427. Anthony Romanelli 1987 2006

428. Jimmy Carrero 1987 2006

16a

PENNSYLVANIA

Offender Year of Birth Offense Year

429. Tyson Montgomery 1987 2006

430. Randolph Creighton 1987 2006

431. Kyle Williams 1987 2006

432. Fanon Zuber 1987 2006

433. Jamil Thomas 1987 2006

434. Enk Surrat 1987 2006

435. Delbert Williams 1987 2006

436. Tamir Turner 1988 2007

437. Christopher Duncan 1988 2007

438. Khalif McDuffy-Anderson 1988 2007

439. Alante Manigualt 1988 2007

440. Chaiz Brown 1988 2007

441. Felix Rosa 1989 2008

442. Clarence Saunders 1989 2008

443. Tashan Bundy 1989 2008

444. Rahmil Fields 1989 2008

445. Luis Andujar 1989 2008

446. Walter Stawarz 1989 2008

447. Michael McMillan 1989 2008

448. David Sparks 1989 2008

449. Tajjideen Whitaker 1989 2008

450. Christopher McEneaney 1989 2008

451. Maleek Williams 1990 2009

452. Vincent Pratt 1990 2009

453. Raymond Ward 1990 2009

454. Darnell Hamrick 1990 2009

455. Devon Knox 1990 2009

456. Jovan Knox 1990 2009

457. Eric Smith 1990 2009

17a

PENNSYLVANIA

Offender Year of Birth Offense Year

458. Emru Kebede 1990 2009

459. Anthony Jacobs 1990 2009

460. Andre Vessels 1990 2009

461. Johnny Brown 1991 2010

462. Alec Kreider 1991 2010

463. Kwilson Coleman 1991 2010

464. Dorian Peterson 1991 2010

465. Eric Hancock 1991 2010

466. Qu’eed Batts 1991 2010

467. Stephen Hall 1991 2010

468. Anton Patterson 1991 2010

469. Lamon Street 1991 2010

470. Earl Hawkins 1991 2010

471. Raymont Walker 1991 2010

472. Earl Hawkins 1991 2010

473. James Canady 1991 2010

474. Christian Hernandez 1991 2010

475. Joseph Gainer 1991 2010

476. lan Seagraves 1992 2011

477. Johnie Washington 1992 2011

478. Michael Felder 1992 2011

479. Anthony Satchell 1992 2011

480. Christian Kenyon 1992 2011

481. Isaiah Hereford 1993 2012

482. Omar Hooks 1992 201214

14 The list from the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections

includes some offenders whose cases were pending when Miller

was decided, generally the cases where the offense date was

committed in 2008 or later. These offenders are entitled to

resentencing irrespective of the Montgomery decision.

18a

APPENDIX B

MICHIGAN

Offender Year of Birth Offense Year

1. Sheldry Topp 1944 1962

2. Robert Trombley 1946 1963

3. John Hall 1949 1967

4. Bobby Griffin 1950 1967

5. Roderick Walker 1951 1968

6. Robert Cook 1952 1969

7. Daniel Wheeler 1952 1970

8. Zerious Meadows 1954 1970

9. David Bennett 1954 1972

10. Kevin Cottingham 1955 1973

11. David Abdalla 1956 1974

12. Timothy Clark 1956 1974

13. Kenneth Williams 1957 1974

14. Robert Morton 1957 1973

15. Walter Jones 1957 1975

16. William Cooke 1957 1975

17. David Walton 1957 1975

18. William Washington 1957 1975

19. Edward Sanders 1958 1975

20. Wiliam Garrison 1959 1976

21. Roger Hinton 1959 1976

22. Kenneth Carter 1959 1976

23. Mark Dawson 1959 1976

24. Charles Lewis 1959 1976

25. Charles Finch 1960 1976

26. Darnell Johnson 1960 1976

27. Michael Calvin 1960 1976

19a

MICHIGAN

Offender Year of Birth Offense Year

28. Joe Frank Wesley 1960 1978

29. Gary Peters 1960 1977

30. Anthony Jones 1961 1979

31. Thomas Anzures 1961 1979

32. Timothy Kincaid 1961 1978

33. Albert Garrett 1962 1980

34. Ronnie Waters 1962 1980

35. William Hogue 1962 1980

36. Robert Dukes 1963 1980

37. Donnie Davis 1963 1980

38. Ronald Tolbert 1963 1981

39. Henry Hill, Jr. 1963 1980

40. Christopher Powell 1963 1981

41. Timothy Carigon 1963 1980

42. Fonza Jackson 1964 1981

43. Ronnie Williams 1964 1981

44. Richard Musselman 1964 1980

45. Scott Davis 1964 1980

46. Charles Daniel 1964 1980

47. James Howard 1964 1981

48. Dennis Johnson 1964 1980

49. David Samel 1964 1981

50. Daren Porter 1964 1981

51. Ray Howell 1964 1982

52. James Porter [V 1965 1982

53. Kevin Denman 1965 1982

54. Garron Mason 1965 1982

55. Renard Johnson 1965 1982

56. Brian Granger 1965 1983

MICHIGAN

Offender Year of Birth

57. Ronald Moore, Jr. 1966

58. Michael McCracken 1966

59. Shane Richey 1966

60. Machelle Pearson 1966

61. Yolanda Simpson 1966

62. Michael Kvam 1966

63. Scott Rata 1966

64. Timothy Jordan 1967

65. Donald McAfee 1967

66. Michael Jackson 1967

67. Ernest Davis 1967

68. Diangelo Stewart 1968

69. Jerry Lashuay 1968

70. Dennis Watson 1968

71. William Bryant 1968

72. Ronald Hammond 1968

73. Thomas Ross 1968

74. Mark Storey 1968

75. Kenneth Anderson 1968

76. Charles Porter, Jr. 1969

77. Dexter Tolliver 1969

78. Walter Miller 1969

79. Damion Todd 1969

80. Terry Morris 1969

81. Richard Simmons 1969

82. Eric Brown 1969

83. Tony Taylor 1969

84. Jemal Tipton 1969

85. Gerald Colson 1969

20a

Offense Y ear

1981

1983

1984

1982

1984

1983

1984

1986

1983

1985

1984

1985

1986

1984

1986

1984

1986

1987

1986

1984

1987

2la

MICHIGAN

Offender Year of Birth

86. Willie Benjamin 1969

87. Ronald Williams 1969

88. Bennie Williams 1969

89. Melvin Banks 1969

90. Craig Whilby 1969

91. Robert Goodyear 1970

92. Herbert Allen 1970

93. Paul Young 1970

94. Tommy Richards 1970

95. Karl Strunk 1970

96. Lynn McNeal, Jr. 1970

97. Michael Patterson 1970

98. Kimberly Simmons 1970

99. Terrance Thomas 1970

100. Christopher Machacek1970

101. Antonio Espree 1971

102. Donyelle Black 1971

103. James Thomas 1971

104. James Taylor 1971

105. Steven Osterhout 1971

106. Sherwin McMillan 1971

107. Henry Jewell 1971

108. Norman Buck, Jr. 1971

109. Kendrick Youngblood 1971

110. Eric Cammon 1971

111. Norman Sego 1971

112. John Jackson 1971

113. Anthony Bonelli 1971

114. Shawn Harris 1972

ense Year

1987

1985

1987

1986

1987

1988

1987

1986

1987

1988

1989

1988

1989

22a

MICHIGAN

Offender Year of Birth Offense Year

115. Clifton Gill 1972 1988

116. Andre Calloway 1972 1989

117. Brian Ivory 1972 1987

118. Larone Harris 1972 1987

119. Jonathan Martin 1972 1988

120. Joseph Passeno 1972 1989

121. John Atkins, Jr. 1972 1989

122. Jerry Allore, Jr. 1972 1989

123. Patrick Gray 1972 1988

124. Jessie Hayes 1972 1989

125. Corey Bibbs 1972 1990

126. Mario Henderson 1972 1990

127. Marvin Lewis 1972 1990

128. Daryle Baker 1972 1990

129. Robert Anderson 1972 1990

130. Gerald Merrell 1973 1990

131. Kishan Miller 1973 1990

132. Timothy Riddle 1973 1988

133. Jamal Brown 1973 1991

134. Jamar Johnson 1973 1989

135. Bruce Michaels 1973 1989

136. Michael Perry 1973 1990

137. Demetrius Knuckles 1973 1990

138. Willie Servant 1973 1991

139. Efran Paredes, Jr. 1973 1989

140. Bekeiba Holland 1973 1991

141. Ramon Evans 1973 1990

142. John Loepke 1973 1991

143. Antonio Williams 1973 1991

23a

MICHIGAN

Offender Year of Birth Offense Year

144. Trevor Brownlee 1974 1989

145. Leonard Williams 1974 1990

146. Ferandal Reed 1974 1991

147. Amy Black 1974 1990

148. Victor Waterford 1974 1990

149. Barbara Hernandez 1974 1990

150. Bobby Hines 1974 1989

151. Michael Edwards 1974 1989

152. Thomas Armstrong 1974 1989

153. Thomas Bassett 1974 1991

154. Omair Camper 1974 1991

155. Thomas Krause 1974 1991

156. Brad Warner 1974 1991

157. Ervin Jennings 1974 1992

158. Alexis Ayala 1974 1990

159. Sergio Prince 1974 1991

160. Mark Reedy 1974 1991

161. Eddie Spiller 1974 1992

162. Agustin Pena 1975 1990

163. Jose Burgos 1975 1991

164. Timothy Lewis 1975 1992

165. Bosie Lee Smith 1975 1992

166. Christopher Tobar 1975 1993

167. William Rucker 1975 1992

168. Robert German 1975 1992

169. Deon Haynes 1975 1992

170. Clyde Potts 1975 1993

171. Jennifer Pruitt 1975 1992

172. Jenard Sharp 1975 1993

24a

MICHIGAN

Offender Year of Birth

173. Lorenzo Harrell 1975

174. Stanley Adams 1975

175. Michael Jarrett 1975

176. Shavante Johnson 1975

177. Roderick Elliot 1975

178. Stanley Fowle 1975

179. Kyle Daniel 1976

180. Rodney Black 1976

181. William Neilly 1976

182. Victor Polk 1976

183. Ulysses Averheart 1976

184. Robert Whitfield 1976

185. Marcus Walker 1976

186. Jeremy Longerbeam 1976

187. William Walker 1976

188. Jamie Huggins 1976

189. Donald Williams 1976

190. Frederick McKinney 1976

191. Gregory Wines 1976

192. Tavares Wesley 1976

193. Terrence Kelly 1976

194. Karlos Carmichael 1976

195. Lamont Card 1976

196. Dominic Burdis 1976

197. James Fuson 1976

198. Sean Sword 1976

199. Larry Irvin 1976

200. Juan Perez 1976

201. Robert Leamon III 1976

Offense Year

1993

1992

1993

1992

1991

1992

1993

1994

1993

1994

1993

1994

1993

25a

MICHIGAN

Offender Year of Birth Offense Year

202. Maurice Sanders 1977 1993

203. Antonio Payne 1977 1993

204. Cortez Davis 1977 1993

205. Stephen Launsburry 1977 1993

206. Michael Scott 1977 1993

207. Cortez Scott 1977 1994

208. Leander Foster 1977 1994

209. David Clayton 1977 1994

210. Gameliel Ware 1977 1994

211. Ming Ho 1977 1994

212. Christopher Wiley 1977 1994

213. James Adrian 1977 1995

214. Brandon Harrington 1977 1995

215. Kevin Boyd 1977 1994

216. Mark Smith 1977 1995

217. David Jordan 1978 1995

218. Jason Symonds 1978 1994

219. Clinton Cheeks 1978 1993

220. Willie Debardelaben 1978 1994

221. Devon Watts 1978 1995

222. Brian Grandion 1978 1995

223. Bennie Layton 1978 1996

224. Michael Anderson 1978 1994

225. Christopher Mitchell 1978 1995

226. Devon Wyrick 1978 1996

227. David Melfi 1978 1995

228. Shannon Powell 1978 1995

229. Jeffery Seay 1978 1995

230. Walter White 1978 1996

26a

MICHIGAN

Offender Year of Birth Offense Year

231. Diarra Bryant 1978 1996

232. Deshon Thomas 1978 1995

233. Tykeith Turner 1979 1995

234. Paul Carter 1979 1995

234. Juan Cantu 1979 1995

236. Willis Patton 1979 1995

237. Willie Clemons 1979 1995

238. Yusef Qualls 1979 1995

239. Daniel Jones 1979 1996

240. Allan Martin 1979 1996

241. Anthony Givens 1979 1996

242. Mark Abbatoy 1979 1997

243. Anthony Depalma 1979 1997

244. Federico Cruz 1979 1996

245. Darnell Johnson 1979 1997

246. Douglas Shuman 1979 1997

247. Anthony Martinez 1979 1997

248. Damon Jackson 1979 1997

249. Akil Logan 1979 1995

250. Benson Martin 1980 1995

251. Robert Maze 1980 1996

252. Christopher Peltier 1980 1996

253. Saulo Montalvo 1980 1996

254. Edward Matthews 1980 1996

255. Nathan Bell 1980 1996

256. Tieree Powell 1980 1997

257. Juan Nunez 1980 1997

258. Robert Wilson 1980 1997

259. Tyrone Reyes 1980 1997

27a

MICHIGAN

Offender Year of Birth Offense Year

260. Calvin Wilson 1980 1997

261. Terrence McCrady 1980 1998

262. Lonnell Haywood V_ 1980 1997

263. Garry Steffenhagen 1980 1998

264. Charles Waters 1980 1997

265. Elliot Whittington 1981 1997

266. Jerome Walker 1981 1998

257. Shytour Williams 1981 1997

268. Oliver Webb [V 1981 1998

269. Daniel Gonzalez 1981 1998

270. Marc Osborne 1981 1999

271. Cornelius Copeland 1981 1998

272. Derone Huffman-King 1981 1999

273. John Espie 1982 1998

274. TJ Tremble 1982 1997

275. Gregory Petty 1982 1998

276. Matthew Bentley 1982 1997

277. Ahmad Williams 1982 1998

278. Christopher Hynes 1982 1998

279. Lamar Haywood 1982 1997

280. Recho Burns 1982 2000

281. Joseph Stanford 1982 2000

282. Robert Prince 1982 2000

283. Travis Tillman 1982 1999

284. Chad Maleski 1982 2000

285. Joshua Rogers 1982 2000

286. Patrick McLemore 1982 1999

287. James Washington III 1982 1999

288. Ryan Kendrick 1983 1999

28a

MICHIGAN

Offender Year of Birth

289. Maurice Black 1983

290. Frederick Fields 1983

291. Chavez Hall 1983

292. Kenneth Hendrick 1983

293. Anthony Chapman 1983

294. Roy Jackson 1983

295. Mario Smith 1983

296. Frederick Williams 1983

297. Marcus Rushell 1983

298. Angela McConnell 1983

299. Leon Williams 1984

300. Marlon Walker 1984

301. Mark Gonzalez 1984

302. Eric Latimer 1984

303. Kevin Robinson 1984

304. Robert Hinds 1984

305. Cordell Powell 1984

306. Terrill Johnson 1984

307. Antonio French 1984

308. Maurice Ferrell 1985

309. Johnny Williams 1985

310. JaJuan Davis 1985

311. Demariol Boykin 1985

312. Jon Siesling 1985

313. Michael Kirksey 1986

314. Brandon Burns-Perry 1986

315. Sharon Patterson 1986

316. Jarrett Swanigan 1986

317. Nicole Dupure 1986

Offense Year

2000

1999

2001

2000

2001

2000

1999

2000

2001

2002

2001

2002

2003

2002

2003

2004

MICHIGAN

Offender Year of Birth

318. Larketa Collier 1987

319. Earl Rodgers 1987

320. Christopher Clark 1987

321. Anthony Fields 1987

322. Leeclifton Moore 1987

323. Michael Hills 1987

324. Christopher Jackson 1987

325. Cory Donald 1988

326. Thomas Coleman 1988

327. Adrian Nichols 1988

328. Michael Cannon 1988

329. Jerry Walker 1988

330. Nathaniel Gilbert 1989

331. Deondre Gaines 1989

332. Louis Hernandez 1989

333. Mark Moore 1989

334. Giovanni Casper 1989

335. Deandre Woolfolk 1989

336. Justin Blackshere 1989

337. Odies Murray 1989

338. Justin Stephens 1989

339. Raymond Carp 1990

340. Dequavious Johnson 1990

341. Jean Orlewicz 1990

342. Cquan Hinton 1990

343. Dremaris Jackson 1990

344. Deante Hawkins 1991

345. Shawn Commire 1991

346. Keith Maxey 1991

29a

Offense Year

2003

2004

2005

2006

2005

2006

2005

2007

2006

2007

2006

2007

2008

2006

2007

30a

MICHIGAN

Offender Year of Birth Offense Year

347. Jean Cintron 1991 2008

348. Mike Zuniga 1991 2008

349. Ihab Masalmani 1991 2009

350. Dallas McDade 1992 2010

351. Jonathan Belton 1992 2008

352. Corey Watson 1992 2010

353. Robert Taylor 1992 2009

354. Quamain Leak 1992 2009

355. Tia Skinner 1992 2010

356. William Morton 1993 2008

357. Thomas McCloud, Jr. 1993 2008

358. Elijah Key 1993 2011

359. Deonte Howard 1993 2010

360. Dequarius Stewart 1993 2010

361. Mendo Love 1993 2010

362. Quintin King 1993 2011

363. Dontez Tillman 1994 2008

364. Taywon Williams 1994 2011

365. Juwan Wickware 1994 2010

366. Dakotah Eliason 1995 2010

367. Francisco Cavazos 1995 2012

368. Semaj Moran 1996 201215

15 Like Pennyslvania, this list from the Michigan Department of

Corrections includes a small number of offenders whose cases

were pending when Miller was decided, generally the cases

where the offense date was committed in 2008 or later. These

offenders are entitled to resentencing irrespective of the

Montgomery decision.

3la

APPENDIX C

LOUISIANA!

Offender Year of Birth Offense Year

1. Clifford Hampton 1941 1958

2. Willie Richardson 1946 1962

3. Henry Montgomery 1946 1963

4. Donald Humble 1950 1967

5. James Preston 1951 1968

6. Robert Howard 1952 1967

7. Tommy Crogie 1952 1968

8. Leroy Jenkins 1955 1971

9. Emmitt Hills 1955 1972

10. Lue Sullivan 1956 1973

11. Joseph Woods 1956 1971

12. Larry Sylvester 1957 1973

13. Roderick Thomas 1957 1974

14. Kar] Davis 1957 1974

15. Charles Sneed 1957 1974

16. Steve Perkins 1957 1974

17. Gary Tyler 1958 1974

18. David Adams 1958 1975

19. Donald Brooks 1959 1976

20. Frederick Johnson 1960 1977

21. Coby Harris 1960 1977

22. Barry Williams 1960 1977

23. Warren Harris 1960 1977

24. Calvin Palmer 1960 1978

25. Donnie Collum 1961 1977

26. John DiGirolamo 1961 1978

16 The list of offenders from Louisiana included some convicted

of non-homicide offenses and those offenders are not included

here.

LOUISIANA

Offender Year of Birth

27. John Czere 1961

28. Ervin Dorsey 1961

29. Arthur Funchless 1962

30. Joe Brown 1962

31. Phillip Schane 1963

32. Reginald Williams 1963

33. Eduardo Robinson 1963

34. Henry Smith 1964

35. Keith Stewart 1964

36. Darryl Crockett 1964

37. Anthony Richardson 1964

38. Darnell Huntley 1964

39. Jesse Trevathan 1964

40. Joseph Marshall 1964

41. Bob Thibodeaux 1965

42. Danny Battaglia 1965

43. Jeffery Lively 1965

44. James Gilmore 1965

45. Michael Nettles 1965

46. Asahel Harvin 1966

47. Thomas Sanders 1966

48. Scott Lingle 1966

49. Roger Nash 1967

50. Clifford Braud 1967

51. Jean Roux 1967

52. Rickey Sheppard 1968

53. Terry Fleming 1968

54. Jerome Smith 1968

55. Rodney Tolliver 1968

56. Glenn Payne 1969

32a

Offense Y ear

1978

1979

1980

1979

1980

1982

1981

1980

1981

1980

1981

1983

1982

1983

1982

1983

1984

1985

1984

33a

LOUISIANA

Offender Year of Birth Offense Year

57. Tony Evans 1969 1985

58. Matthew Pineda 1969 1986

59. Johnny Smead 1969 1984

60. Willie Campbell 1969 1986

61. Troy Griffin 1970 1987

62. Augustus Kimple 1970 1987

63. Troy Dugar 1971 1986

64. Thilero Tapp 1971 1987

65. Dwight Jenkins 1971 1988

66. Tyskie Ross 1971 1989

67. Chad Young 1971 1988

68. Paul Stone 1972 1987

69. Freddie Mills 1972 1989

70. Bryan Widenhouse 1972 1989

71. Anderson Hill 1973 1989

72. Bart Stewart 1973 1989

73. Terrance Winn 1973 1989

74. Tony DeLome 1973 1990

75. Fabian Harper 1973 1990

76. Leo Looney 1974 1989

77. Gary Laroux 1974 1991

78. Brenda Carter 1974 1991

79. Thoedess Perow 1975 1991

80. Ronald Olivier 1975 1991

81. James Bradley 1975 1992

82. Ivy Mathis 1975 1992

83. Frederick Thompson 1975 1992

84. Mark Singer 1975 1992

85. Willie Plater 1975 1992

86. Vernon Francis 1975 1992

34a

LOUISIANA

Offender Year of Birth Offense Year

87. David Mathis 1976 1992

88. Arthur Journet 1976 1992

89. Michael Gachot 1976 1991

90. Anthony Jones 1976 1993

91. Quentin Coleman 1976 1992

92. Jessie Grace 1976 1993

93. Johnny Powell 1976 1993

94. Darron Baker 1976 1993

95. Taurus Buchanon 1976 1993

96. Shon Williams 1976 1993

97. Herman Tureau 1976 1992

98. Terrance Simon 1976 1993

99. Troy Young 1976 1994

100. Shawn Arcement 1976 1994

101. Paul Bergeron 1976 1993

102. Dwaine Young 1976 1993

103. Antonio Jackson 1976 1994

104. Louis Gibson 1976 1993

105. Eric Laymon 1976 1993

106. Russell Rubin 1977 1992

107. Duane Henry 1977 1993

108. Joshua Williams 1977 1993

109. Eddie Smith 1977 1994

110. Jermaine Davis 1977 1993

111. Robert Bates 1977 1994

112. Toby Dupre 1977 1994

113. Toby Parfait 1977 1994

114. Michelle Benjamin 1977 1994

115. Rodney Temple 1977 1994

116. Calvin Tolbert 1977 1994

35a

LOUISIANA

Offender Year of Birth Offense Year

117. Leroy Wilson 1977 1995

118. Troy Keys 1977 1994

119. George Gillam 1977 1994

120. Anthony Williams 1977 1995

121. Charles Sumler 1978 1993

122. Jason Pilcher 1978 1993

123. Christi Cheramie 1978 1994

124. Christopher Davis 1978 1994

125. Frank Griffin 1978 1994

126. Eric Brown 1978 1994

127. Damien Riley 1978 1994

128. Willie Williams 1978 1995

129. Melvin Mingo 1978 1994

130. Rassie Givens 1978 1995

131. Alphonse Porter 1978 1995

132. Kevin Jordan 1978 1996

133. Cedric Howard 1978 1994

134. Shawn Foster 1978 1993

135. Patrick Wilson 1978 1995

136. Chakha James 1978 1995

137. James Fuller 1978 1995

138. Jermaine Coates 1979 1995

139. Nicaragua Demery 1979 1995

140. Kadrick Stewart 1979 1995

141. Lawrence Jacobs 1979 1996

142. Edward Richardson 1979 1996

143. Xavier Artis 1979 1996

144. Barry Pascual 1979 1996

145. Joseph Green 1979 1994

146. Joseph Revader 1979 1997

36a

LOUISIANA

Offender Year of Birth Offense Year

147. Andre Evans 1979 1996

148. Tyrone Webb 1979 1997

149. Byron Riley 1980 1996

150. Phillip Smith 1980 1995

151. William Scott 1980 1996

152. Audy Keith 1980 1996

153. Shedrick Brumfield 1980 1997

154. Addarryll Wesley 1980 1997

155. Clyde Joseph 1980 1996

156. Dominic LeBouef 1981 1998

157. Andrew Hundley 1981 1997

158. Shelton Cummings 1981 1998

159. Kyle Alexander 1981 1997

160. David Lightsey 1981 1998

161. Gabriel Logan 1981 1998

162. Corey Williams 1981 1998

163. Derrick Smith 1982 1999

164. Montreal Jackson 1982 1998

165. Michael Fasola 1982 1999

166. Ryan Crotwell 1983 1999

167. Stanley Stirgus 1984 2001

168. Bobby Terrick 1985 2001

169. Jesse Swartz 1985 2002

170. Brian Archuleta 1985 2003

171. Mark St. Julien 1986 2002

172. Raymond Green 1987 2003

173. Derrick London 1988 2005

174. Anthony Johnson 1988 2005

175. Cordell Shivers 1988 2006

176. Tyrone Brown 1989 2005

37a

LOUISIANA

Offender Year of Birth Offense Year

177. Clarence Johnson 1989 2007

178. Ronald Anderson 1989 2005

179. Jared Graham 1989 2005

180. Rontrell Wise 1989 2006

181. Glenn Carter 1990 2007

182. Juave Collins 1990 2007

183. Connor Wood 1991 2007

184. Patrick Williams 1991 2007

185. Justin Collins 1991 2008

186. Corenza Kelly 1991 2007

187. Jonathan Jones 1992 2008

188. Dominique Davis 1992 2009

189. Kevin Francis 1992 2009

190. Michael Louding 1992 2009

191. Willie Jones 1993 2010

192. Michael Williams 1993 2009

193. Tevin Crockett 1993 2009

194. Paris Smith 1993 2010

195. David Dove 1993 2009

196. Trevor Reese 1993 2010

197. Cody Smoot 1994 2011

198. Jamichae] Hudson 1994 2010

199. Jeffrey Doise 1994 2011

200. Dalton Fletcher 1995 2010

201. Gquan Baker 1995 2011

202. Tory Clark 1995 2010!7

17 Like Pennsylvania and Michigan, this list includes a small

number of offenders whose cases were pending when Miller was

decided, generally the cases where the offense date was

committed in 2008 or later. They are entitled to resentencing.

38a

APPENDIX D

MISSOURI'8

Offender Year of Birth Sentencing’

1. James Miller 1966 1986

2. Robert Gibbs 1966 1986

3. Bradley Houston 1967 1986

4. William Gebhart 1967 1986

5. Antoine Owens 1967 1987

6. Donald Steward 1967 1988

7. Tommy Thomas 1968 1987

8. Charles Criner 1968 1988

9. Kevin Bradshaw 1969 1988

10. Stacy Hunter 1969 1988

11. Ralph McElroy 1969 1989

12. Michael Conway 1969 1989

13. James Hardy 1970 1988

14. Lisa Harris 1970 1987

15. Liddell Wilson 1970 1988

16. Theron Roland 1970 1988

17. Robert Courtney 1970 1989

18. Ronald Clements 1970 1991

19. Joseph Dayringer 1971 1987

20. Sidney Roberts 1971 1989

21. Tino Wedlow 1971 1991

18 Because the Missouri list did not include offense dates for

some of the older offenders, it is not clear for 31 of the offenders

whether they were juveniles when they committed murder.

19 The list identifies the sentencing year because that

information is available for all offenders listed.

39a

MISSOURI

Offender Year of Birth Sentencing

22. Lamont Bounds 1971 1991

23. Michael Saunders 1971 1991

24. Aaron Frazier 1971 1991

25. Michael Silas 1971 1992

26. Michael McRoberts 1972 1990

27. Walter Eden 1972 1991

28. Bryan Crews 1972 1991

29. Jerry Goforth 1972 1991

30. Edward Ramsey 1972 1991

31. David Moore 1972 1992

32. Bryan Seddens 1973 1991

33. Robert Welch 1973 1992

34. Johnathan Collier 1973 1993

35. Marcus Terry 1973 1994

36. Michael Vincent 1974 1990

37. Douglas Brewster 1974 1992

38. Jeromy Lay 1974 1992

39. Daryll McNair 1974 1993

40. Ike Crawford 1974 1993

41. Jeffery Grice 1974 1993

42. Jamell Davis 1974 1993

43. Lonnie Evans 1974 1995

44. Chad Davis 1974 1995

45. Antonio Richardson 1974 2003

46. Lawanda Jackson 1975 1993

47. Sheena Eastburn 1975 1995

48. Curtis Stewart 1975 1991

49. Edward Anderson 1975 1993

50. Jason Minks 1975 1993

40a

MISSOURI

Offender Year of Birth Sentencing

51. Martin Gilliland 1975 1993

52. Rico Readus 1975 1993

53. Jess Rush 1975 1996

54. Christopher Santillan 1975 1998

55. Norman Brown 1976 1993

56. Joseph Clark 1976 1994

57. Shawn Barnaby 1976 1995

58. George Brown 1976 1995

59. Henry Ross 1976 1995

60. Roderick Forest 1976 1995

61. Christopher Simmons 1976 2003

62. Michael Williams 1977 1994

63. Christopher Polk 1976 1996

64. Christopher Creed 1977 1996

65. Charles Benjamin 1977 1994

66. Tony Jones 1977 1994

67. Trevin Gamble 1977 1995

68. William Rousan 1977 1996

69. Hasan Allison 1977 1996

70. Damon Caldwell 1977 1996

71. Jeremy Davis 1977 1996

72. Carlos Wade 1977 1997

73. Sterling Burns 1977 1996

74. Lonnie Lockhart 1978 1996

75. Nathaniel Hack 1978 1996

76. Tyrone Morant 1978 1997

77. Michael Cotton 1978 1997

78. Louis Clark 1978 1999

4la

MISSOURI

Offender Year of Birth Sentencing

79. James Hicklin 1979 1997

80. Marcus McCombs 1979 1997

81. Michael Davis 1979 1998

82. Carlos Saddler 1979 1998

83. Derrelle Pinner 1979 1998

84. Michael Taylor 1979 1998

85. Terrell Lacy 1979 1998

86. Levar Aikens 1980 1997

87. Joseph Burris 1980 1997

88. Antonio Ramirez 1980 1999

89. Zachary Wilson 1980 1999

90. Jessie Carter 1980 2000

91. Jeremy Payne 1980 2003

92. William Branch 1981 2000

93. Robert Proud 1981 1999

94. Sheron Davis 1981 2000

95. Gary Griffin 1981 1999

96. Johnnie Thomas 1982 2000

97. Cedric Clerk 1982 1999

98. Crystal Barge 1982 2006

99. Joe Dixon 1983 2001

100. Jared Cole 1983 2002

101. Joshua Wolf 1984 2001

102. Deangelo Crawford 1984 2003

103. Demont Waites 1984 2005

104. Quantel Lotts 1985 2003

105. Zacheriah Tripp 1985 2003

106. Jarrell Brooks 1985 2004

42a

MISSOURI

Offender Year irth Sentencing

107. Rodney Allen 1988 2006

108. Alexander Stirlen 1988 2006

109. Edward George 1989 2008

110. Aaron Robinson 1989 2010

111. Antonio Andrews 1992 2009

112. Laron Hart 1992 2011

113. Reyes Olivas 1993 201220

20 Like Pennsylvania Michigan, and Louisiana, this list from

Missouri includes a small number of offenders whose cases were

pending when Miller was decided, generally the cases where the

offense date was committed in 2008 or later. These offenders are

entitled to resentencing.

43a

APPENDIX E

COOK COUNTY

Offender Year of Birth?! Offense

Year”?

1. Joseph Rodriguez 1965 1982

2. Steven Hawthorne 1967 1983

3. Melky Terry 1969 1985

4. Manuel Bobe 1970 1986

5. Gerald Rice 1970 1986

6. Byia Bruce 1972 1999

7. David Biro 1974 1990

8. Joseph Wingard 1974 1991

9. Nelson Morris 1974 1991

10. Allen Caffey 1974 1990

11. Michael Wages 1975 1990

12. Cedric Cal 1975 1992

13. Albert Kirkman 1975 1992

14. Lindsey Crittle 1975 1992

15. Wendell Robinson 1977 1994

16. Andre Mauldin 1976 1992

17. Fred Weatherspoon 1976 1993

18. Johnny Plummer 1976 1993

19. Michael Cooks 1977 1991

20. Adolfo Davis 1977 1991

21 The Cook County list does not include birthdates, but only the

age at the time of the offense, so the year of birth is taken by

subtracting the age from the offense year.

22 The year dates from Cook County are taken from the year the

murder charge was filed, so it marks the latest year the crime

could have occurred.

44a

COOK COUNTY

Offender Year of Birth Offense Year

21. Jacqueline Montanez 1977 1992

22. Damien Phelps 1977 1993

23. Scott Chambers 1977 1994

24. David Evans 1977 1994

25. Car] Williams 1977 1994

26. David Wright 1977 1994

27. Marcos Gray 1977 1993

28. Bobby Cooley 1977 1994

29. Laron Warren 1977 1994

30. William Negron 1977 1994

31. Mark Coleman 1978 1994

32. Darrell Cosey 1978 1993

33. Albert Guerra 1979 1995

34. Wayne Antusas 1979 1996

35. Nicholas Morfin 1979 1996

36. Adam Gray 1980 1994

37. Martin Hill 1980 1995

38. Ronald Hood 1980 1996

39. Anthony Spaulding 1980 1996

40. Javell Ivory 1980 1997

41. Demetrius Jackson 1980 1997

42. Kevin Malone 1980 1997

43. Eric Anderson 1981 1996

44. Larod Styles 1981 1996

45. Jermaine Jameson 1981 1997

46. Daniel Henney 1981 1998

47. Kentrell Stoutmire 1981 1998

48. Dino Decorpo 1981 1998

49. Darnell Foxx 1982 1997

50. Antoine Anderson 1982 1999

45a

Offender Year of Birth Offense Year

51. Roberto Haynie 1984 2000

52. Marshun Hunt 1985 2002

53. Hector Delgado 1985 2001

This is a copy of a public record, reproduced as it was published. It is not legal advice, and it may not be the version a court would rely on. Check the official source before you cite it.