Petition — Peplinski v. North Carolina

No.%6-377 i] cco ia sz

Iu the

Supreme Cowt of the United States

Octoser Term, 1976

MICHAEL LEOPOLD PEPLINSKI,

Petitioner,

vs.

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA,

Respondent.

PETITION FOR WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE

SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA

THOMAS P. CERNEK

221 North LaSalle Street

Chicago, Illinois 60601

Attorney for Petitioner

Micuaret Lzopotp PEPLINSKI

UNITED STATES LAW PRINTING CO., CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60618 (312) 525-6581

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

Chpteibom GE the Cormrt TRebeWl nnn ceccccccecccecsccccsscceccoccesssoree 1

I 9 cai emaanelanen 2

Questions Presented for Review 2220....0......2..2...:ccceeeeeeees 2

Constitutional Provisions Involved _.....22..20....0.-.cceeeeees 4

NS Ge TR MID > csscscopattshevnsevantatabiasesinceecmnaednpesbibhitansiten 4

How Constitutional Questions Were Presented and

MINT wiiccihiatdenedeisetsernretecacacaicenialanahcscnlatiaiadeniaiaidadeensenie 7

Reasons for Granting the Writ 200.200.2222. cece cece 8

NCE aT ee EE SE SAITO eR EO 13

Appendix

Opinion of the Supreme Court of North

SIIIIIID-.diciceanscdehindttaapictenciacstasnednidadaseissenmaadenaiinedlace App. 1

Affidavit of Trial Counsel] o....0..000.00.ccccccccccssseeoeees App. 18

TABLE OF AUTHORITIES

Cases

Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967) —..000000000000... 11

Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123 (1967) _.......... 13

Berger v. United States, 295 U.S. 78 (1934) 2.00000... 8

Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18.000. ceeeeee ee 10

Entsminger v. lowa, 386 U.S. 748 (1967) -...0.....0020.22.2..-.. 11

Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963) _............ 11

Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60 (1941) 200... 11

il

PAGE

Griffin v. California, 380 U.S. 609 (1965) —20000000.... 9

Hickory v. United States, 160 U.S. 408 (1895) ............ 9

Lisenba v. California, 314 U.S. 219 (1941) 200000... 8

Michelson v. United States, 335 U.S. 469 (1948) ........ 8

Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45 (1932) -...00002222..... 11

Stewart v. United States, 366 U.S. 2 (1960) 0. 9

Turner v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 466 SEED cccncdiaisacieudeais 11

Wilson v. United States, 149 U.S. 60 (1892) 0000... 9

Other Authorities

Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution .... 11

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitu-

RE SPY hRSV OG Oe OD ID ae ee Re NLS Me 11

In the

Supreme Cowt of the United States

OcroBeR TERM, 1976

No.

MICHAEL LEOPOLD PEPLINSKI,

Petitioner,

vs.

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA,

Respondent.

PETITION FOR WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE

SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA

To: The Honorable, The Chief Justice and Associate Jus-

tices of the Supreme Court of the United States.

Petitioner, Michael Leopold Peplinski, prays that a

writ of certiorari issue to review the opinion of the Su-

preme Court of North Carolina.

OPINION BELOW

The opinion of the Supreme Court of North Carolina

affirming petitioner’s conviction of first degree murder

2

and sentence of death by lethal gas is reported at -.......

|S > Seas , 225 S.E. 2d 568 (1976). *??

JURISDICTION

The jurisdiction of this Court rests upon 28 U.S.C. 1257

(3) (1970), the petitioner having asserted below and as-

serting here a deprivation of rights secured by the Consti-

tution of the United States.

The judgment of the Supreme Court of North Carolina

was entered on June 19, 1976. The petition for writ of

certiorari was filed on September ........ , 1976.

QUESTIONS PRESENTED FOR REVIEW

1. Whether petitioner was deprived of his constitu-

tional right to a fair trial by the cumulative prejudicial

effect of prosecution misconduct amounting to plain error

of constitutional magnitude, where the prosecutor, in the

presence of the jury:

(A) Improperly elicited from his own witness testi-

mony that petitioner’s alleged accomplice (deceased

at the time of trial) was an ‘‘eseaped felon’’ during

the commission of the alleged murder and had been

in the ‘‘North Carolina prison system’’. |

1 Subsequently, the North Carolina mandatory death sentence

statute, pursuant to which petitioner was convicted and sentenced,

was held violative of the Eighth and lourteenth Amendments to

the United States Constitution, Woodson v. North Carolina, 75-5491.

2 Rule 31 (g) of the New North Carolina Rules of Appellate

Procedures provide that courts will not entertain petitions for re-

hearing in criminal cases.

3 An administrative order was entered in the Superior Court—

Robeson County, North Carolina on September 7, 1976 resentenc-

ing petitioner to life imprisonment.

-

3

(B) Repeatedly cross-examined and discredited a

State’s witness (co-defendant who was not tried with

petitioner), thereby prejudicing petitioner.

(C) In his final argument to the jury, he alluded

repeatedly to the fact that petitioner put on no de-

fense or evidence in his own behalf. He also improp-

erly argued ‘‘that the guilty fleeith where no one

pursueth’’,

2. Whether petitioner was denied effective assistance

of counsel in his appeal to the Supreme Court of North

Carolina, where such appointed counsel omitted to raise

on appeal deprivation of constitutional rights which oc-

curred during the trial.

3. Whether the utilization of a Baptist Church for

trial imposed such physical limitations of courtroom fa-

cilities as to deprive petitioner of an opportunity for a

constitutional jury determination of his guilt or innocence,

where the jury was not sequestered ?*

4. Whether petitioner was denied procedural due pro-

cess by the prejudicial effect of certain prosecution evi-

dence amounting to plain error of constitutional magni-

tude, where, in the presence of the jury:

(A) A prosecution crime laboratory technician spec-

ulatively testified as to the manner and of his per-

sonal observations of test firings of the death weapon

into clothing worn by the deceased.

(B) The prosecution was permitted to place into evi-

dence a shotgun, shotgun shells and handcuffs which

were taken by the police from a compartment behind

the back seat of the station wagon allegedly used in

the commission of the offense by the petitioner and

his accomplices; the receipt into evidence of gloves,

4 Affidavit of trial counsel App. 18.

4

wallet and petitioner’s business cards which were

found on the body of petitioner’s deceased alleged

accomplice at the scene of the occurrence?

(C) The prosecution was permitted to elicit from

the deceased victim’s widow opinion testimony that

it was common knowledge her husband carried $6,000

or $7,000 on his person at all times.

(D) Prosecution witness, Deputy Hubert Stone, was

improperly permitted to read the confession of peti-

tioner’s accomplice (Locklear—who testified ‘as a

prosecution witness during the trial). Such confes-

sion strongly implicated petitioner, and the manner

of its presentation was highly prejudicial.

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS

The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitu-

tion provides, in pertinent part, that:

‘*In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall...

have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense.”’

The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Con-

stitution provides, in pertinent part, that:

‘*Section 1.... nor shall any State deprive any per-

son of life, liberty or property without due process

of law; ...’’

STATEMENT OF THE CASE

Petitioner, Michael Leopold Peplinski, was tried to a

jury in Robeson County, Superior Court, North Carolina,

upon an indictment charging him with murder in the first

degree. The State proceeded on the theory that the al-

leged murder was committed while petitioner, Larry Clark

and David Earl Locklear were attempting to rob Hudler

Hunt, who was shot and killed in the occurrence.

4)

Petitioner offered no evidence in his defense. The

State’s evidence-in-chief tended to show that on January

18, 1975 petitioner owned two Bars in Fayetteville, North

Carolina (R. 26) and on that date a locksmith, summoned

by an employee of petitioner, made a key for a 1973 yellow

station wagon bearing Florida license plates. (R. 19-20)

Said employee, whose name was Doris Peplinski, drove

the station wagon to a house which she shared with peti-

tioner and, upon her arrival petitioner, David Locklear

and Larry Clark were together. (R. 21-22) She gave the

key to petitioner, and left with Tina Aprile. The two

women returned to the house after lunch and observed

that the three men and the station wagon were gone. (R.

22-24) On the following morning, after Doris telephoned

petitioner, the two women drove to Bennettsville, South

Carolina, where they joined Peplinski, Locklear and Clark

in a restaurant. All five spent that night in a motel in

Bennettsville and, on the following merning, January 20,

1975, petitioner asked the girls to reserve the room for

the men for another night. The yellow station wagon re-

mained with the men. (R. 22-24)

Petitioner’s alleged accomplice, David Locklear, testi-

efid that he, petitioner, and Larry Clark returned to North

Carolina on January 20, 1975, so that Clark could collect

a debt from Hudler Hunt. Upon arriving at the Hunt

home at about 6:30 P.M., Locklear remained in the station

wagon while petitioner and Clark went to the house. Lock-

lear heard shots being fired and he saw petitioner and

Clark run for the station wagon. Locklear attempted to

back the station wagon up, but he ran into a ditch and be-

came stuck. He ran into nearby woods, where he was ar-

rested the following afternoon by the police. (R. 29-31)

Mrs. Hunt testified that she and her husband were

watching TV on January 20, 1975 at about 6:30 P.M. when

the doorbell rang. Upon going to the door she observed

petitioner and an Indian. (R. 79-80) She did not open the

6

door but she returned to the den, whereupon her husband

picked up a weapon and went outside. Petitioner came

into the den and requested that he be permitted to use the

telephone, explaining that he was a chain gang guard, and

he needed help because an inmate in his custody had es-

caped at David Miller’s station. She became suspicious

and left the den because she knew that there was a tele-

phone at David Miller’s station. When she left the porch,

petitioner came up behind her and sprayed her with tear

gas. She pulled her shirt up over her head, and heard

petitioner ask the Indian, ‘‘have you got his pocketbook?”’

Petitioner then began spraying tear gas toward her hus-

band, and at that time both her husband and the Indian

began to shoot. She saw her husband fall. Petitioner left

the porch and asked the Indian, ‘‘did you get it?’’ The

Indian replied, ‘‘no, let’s get the hell out of here, I am

hit’’. She returned to the house, obtained her rifle and

fired it toward the men sixteen times. She then ealled a

neighbor to help move her husband’s body. (R. 82)

Deputy Sheriff, Hubert Stone, testified that on January

20, 1975, he and other officers responded to a call and when

they arrived at Hudler Hunt’s home, he observed that

Hudler Hunt was dead. He observed the Indian, Larry

Clark, dead in a nearby hog pen, a .32-20 seven shot re-

volver, containing seven empty hulls in the dead man’s

hand. He also saw a 1973 Chevrolet station wagon near

the Hunt yard, stuck in a ditch, the engine running and

headlights were on. He observed blood on the outside and

inside of the station wagon, and he further noted a small

hole, about the size of a .22 bullet hole, about half way up

the top of the car. That Locklear was arrested nearby in

a swamp the next day, and petitioner was arrested in a

wooded area about one-quarter mile from the Hunt home

on January 22, 1975. Petitioner had three bullet wounds

in his body. (R. 90-114)

7

Dr. Thompson, a pathologist, testified that his examina-

tion of the body of Hunt, on January 21, 1975, disclosed

four bullet wounds in the body, and in his opinion, Hunt

died of multiple gunshot wounds. (R. 99-160)

A firearms expert testified that the bullets removed

from Hunt’s body were fired from the revolver found in

Larry Clark’s hand, and after examining a brown work-

shirt and Tee shirt taken from Hunt’s body, powder burns

on the two shirts resulted from bullets making burns at

extremely close range. (R. 123-133)

HOW CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTIONS WERE

PRESENTED AND DECIDED BELOW

Petitioner’s appeal included assignments of error that

his trial and the sentence of death imposed contravened

the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United

States Constitution. The North Carolina Supreme Court

succinctly rejected petitioner’s claims. State v. Peplinski,

oie N.C. ......... 225, S.E. 2d 568 (1976).

REASONS FOR GRANTING THE WRIT

Although this Court has ruled that the mandatory death

sentence statute involved here violates the Eighth and

Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution, there are

numerous additional errors of constitutional magnitude

which affected petitioner’s right to a fair trial.

We submit the following reasons for granting the Writ:

1. The prosecutor’s tactics throughout flouted tradi-

tional concepts of justice and fairness, thereby effectively

denying a fair jury consideration.

The Court below conceded that error intervened by

significantly emphasizing prosecutor misconduct in its

Opinion (App. 17). Although generally this Court will not

review rulings on evidence in State proceedings, it has

admonished that States are not completely unfettered in

such matters. Minimum standards of procedural due pro-

cess must be adhered to. Lisenba vy. California, 314 US.

219 (1941). Prosecutor misconduct resulting in a denia!

of due process has been condemned. Berger v. United

States, 295 U.S. 78 (1934).

In Michelson v. United States, 335 U.S. 469 (1948), this

Court acknowledged the need for fundamental concepts

of fairness, at (pp. 475-476):

‘Courts that follow the common law tradition al-

most unanimously have come to disallow resort by

the prosecution to any kind of evidence of a defen-

dant’s evil character to establish a prebability of his

guilt .. . The inquiry is not rejected because charac-

ter is irrelevant; on the contrary, it is said to weigh

too much with the jury and to so overpersuade them

9

as to prejudge one with a bad general record and deny

him a fair opportunity to defend against a particular

charge. The overriding policy of excluding such evi-

dence, despite its admitted probative value, is the

practical experience that its disallowance tends to

prevent confusion of issues, unfair surprise and undue

prejudice.’’

In the case at bar, prosecution testimony that petitioner

consorted with an escaped felon (his alleged accomplice) ;

and repeated attempts by the prosecutor to impeach his

own witness (also petitioner’s alleged accomplice) null:-

fied petitioner’s right to a jury determination according

to the law of the land.

Failure of a defendant to testify or to put on a defense

can never be the thrust of the prosecution’s case. Griffin

v. California, 380 U.S. 609 (1965). See Stewart v. United

States, 366 U.S. 2 (1960).

The prosecutor’s argument ‘‘that the guilty fleeith

where no one pursueth’’ was likewise prejudicial. Hickory

v. United States, 160 U.S. 498 (1895). The conviction here

was procured by tactics which have been condemned by

this Court. Wilson v. United States, 149 U.S. 60 (1892).

Compounding other prosecutorial misconduct, the pros-

ecutor put the imprimatur of his office in impressing the

jury repeatedly that petitioner did not testify or put on a

defense when he argued:

‘|. every scintilla of evidence adduced in this court-

room, in this lawsuit, was put on by the State of North

Carolina. Every bit of it.’’ (TR 328)

‘‘You see, the way the case has developed, the State

presenting all the evidence in this case, I find myself

in a position of being sandwiched on the arguments

double teamed.’’ (TR 329)

10

‘‘T guess that—well, this lawsuit, even though the

State has presented every bit of the evidence in it,

this lawsuit is just like 99 per cent of all criminal law-

suits, it boils down to one proposition: Who do you

believe? Do you believe the State’s witnesses in this

case?’’ (TR 338)

‘*Well, that’s the case. That’s the State’s case. That’s

all the evidence there is in this case.’’ (TR 361)

PLAIN ERROR

Considering the demonstration of the multiplicity of the

prosecutor’s prejudicial conduct throughout every phase

of the trial and in his viciously unfair closing argument,

it is the respondent’s burden to demonstrate that the

errors are harmless ‘‘ beyond all reasonable doubt.’’ Chap-

man v. California, 386 U.S. 18. Chapman made explicit

that ‘‘an error in admitting plainly relevant evidence

which possibly influenced the jury adversely to a litigant

cannot ... be concluded as harmless .... Before a federal

constitutional error can be held harmless, the court must

be able to declare a belief that it was harmless beyond a

reasonable doubt.’’ 7d. at 23-24. The all pervasive miscon-

duct of the prosecutor, we submit, was not ‘‘harmless be-

yond a reasonable doubt.’’

The repeated misconduct of the prosecutor rendered the

trial a farce, with conviction a foregone conclusion. The

jury was misled and necessarily disabled from rendering

a fair and dispassionate verdict.

2. Petitioner was denied the effective assistance of

counsel in his appeal to the Court below.

The inadequacy of petitioner’s appointed counsel on

appeal deprived him of a fair and complete review of his

conviction. Inexplicably, appointed counsel omitted to

11

present for review the pivotal issues of: the constitutional

shortcomings of the courtroom, a Baptist Church; the prej-

udicial reading by a prosecution witness of Locklear’s

confession strongly implicating petitioner; the considerable

inflammatory and improper evidence regarding the death

weapon and clothing worn by the deceased.

Failure to afford effective assistance of counsel for an

indigent defendant charged with a felony has been held

to be violative of the due process clause of the Fourteenth

Amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963) ;

Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60 (1941); Anders v.

California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967) and Entsminger v. Lowa,

386 U.S. 748 (1967); also Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S.

45 (1932). Sixth Amendment to the United States Con-

stitution. Fourteenth Amendment to the United States

Constitution.

3. Utilization of a Baptist Church as the courtroom cre-

ated an atmosphere which amounted to a denial of a con-

stitutional forum.

This Court stated in Turner v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 466

(1964) at p. 472:

‘‘The requirement that a jury’s verdict ‘must be

based upon the evidence developed at the trial’ goes

to the fundamental integrity of all that is embraced

in the constitutional concept of trial by jury. ‘The

jury is an essential instrumentality—an appendage—-

of the court, the body ordained to pass upon guilt or

innocence. Exercise of calm and informed judgment

by its members is essential to proper enforcement of

law.”’

‘*In the constitutional sense, trial by jury in a crimi-

nal case necessarily implies at the very least that the

‘evidence developed’ against a defendant shall come

from the witness stand in a public courtroom... .’’

12

The highly unusual physical characteristics of the eourt-

room, jury room and appurtenant facilities for trial were

constitutionally inadequate and denied petitioner a fair

jury trial. Although the jury was not sequestered and was

from time to time removed to the so-called jury room, the

close proximity of the jury to the courtroom at all times,

the absence of sound barrier protection in the jury room

to insulate the jury from prejudicial proceedings, resulted

in a substantial deprivation of procedural due process.

Thus, when the jury was removed to the jury room (osten-

sibly out of earshot) during the reading of Locklear’s con-

fession, strongly implicating petitioner, the proceedings

became so prejudicial that the trial judge was constrained

to admonish, ‘‘keep your voice down’’, ‘‘these walls are

paper thin’’ (TR 69). Petitioner was intolerably burdened

with the task of meeting the effect of such confession.

4. Petitioner’s right to a constitutional jury determi-

nation was substantially abridged by the cumulative ef-

fect of certain improperly admitted evidence.

Inflammatory and speculative opinion evidence was in-

troduced and argued to the jury relating to laboratory

experiments concerning the death weapon and clothing

worn by the deceased. Nothing probative was adduced but

it served solely to mislead and inflame the jury. (TR 285-

311)

Weapons and handcuffs which were not relevant to any

issue in the case, and their connection with petitioner was

never proved, were introduced into evidence. Also, gloves,

a wallet and petitioner’s business cards, taken from the

body of deceased Larry Clark, were improperly admitted

into evidence.

13

In his zeal to prejudice the jury, the prosecutor im-

properly elicited from the deceased victim’s widow that it

was common knowledge he usually carried $6,000.00 or

&7,000.00 on his person at all times.

The prosecutor took full advantage of the awesome

powers of his office and inflamed the jury with prejudicial

evidence obtained from and applicable solely to petition-

er’s accomplices, Clark and Locklear, notwithstanding that

petitioner was tried alone. Bruton v. United States, 391

U.S. 130 (1967).

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Petitioner respectfully

submits that this Petition for Writ of Certiorari should

be granted.

Respectfully submitted,

Tuomas P. Cernek

Suite 3316

221 North LaSalle Street

Chicago, Illinois 60601

(312) 372-0061

APPENDIX

APPENDIX A

Appeal by defendant from Godwin, J., June 1975 Ses-

sion of Robeson Superior Court.

The State’s evidence, in substance, tended to show that

on 18 January 1975 a locksmith in Fayetteville, North

Carolina, made a key for a 1973 yellow station wagon

bearing Florida license plates. The key was received by

aun employee of defendant who delivered it to a woman

identified as Doris Peplinski. Doris Peplinski drove the

station wagon to a house which she shared with defendant

and upon arrival, she found defendant Peplinski, David

Locklear and Larry Clark in the house. She gave the keys

to defendant and left with Tina Aprile who had come to

the house in Doris’s automobile. After lunch, the two

women returned to the house and found that the three men

and the yellow station wagon were gone. On the following

morning, after Doris had telephoned defendant, the two

women drove to Bennettsville, South Carolina, where they

joined Peplinski, Locklear and Clark at a restaurant. They

all spent the night in a motel room in Bennettsville and

afterwards Doris P plinski, at the request of defendant,

reserved the room for an additional night. The two women

returned to Fayetteville leaving the station wagon with

the men.

David Locklear testified that he, Larry Clark and Pep-

linski returned to North Carolina on 20 January 1975 so

that Clark could collect a debt from Hudler Hunt who

lived near Rowland, North Carolina. Upon arriving at

the Hunt home at about 6:30 p.m., he remained in the sta-

tion wagon while the other two men went to the Hunt

dwelling. He then heard shots and saw Clark and Pep-

linski run toward the car. He tried to back the station

App. 2

wagon up but ran into a ditch. He was frightened and fled

into the woods where he remained until his arrest on the

following day at about 3:00 p.m.

Mrs. Hudler Hunt testified that she and her husband

were watching T.V. at about 6:30 p.m. on 20 January 1975

when she heard the doorbell ring. Upon going to the door,

she observed a white man and an Indian. At this point,

defense counsel objected and Judge Godwin, after con-

ducting a voir dire hearing concerning the admissibility

of identification evidence, ruled the evidence to be admis-

sible. When the jury returned, Mrs. Hunt identified de-

fendant as the white man who came to her home on 20

January 1975. She stated that upon observing these men,

she did not open the door but returned to the den. Her

husband then picked up a weapon and went outside. De-

fendant Peplinski came into the den and said that he

wanted to use the telephone. He explained that he was a

chain gang guard and that he needed to get help because

an inmate in his custody had escaped at David Miller’s

station. She became suspicious and left the den because

she knew there was a telephone at David Miller’s station.

Upon reaching the porch, defendant came up behind her

and sprayed her with tear gas. She pulled her shirt up

over her head and at that time heard the defendant ask

the Indian, ‘‘Have you got his pocketbook?’’ Defendant

then began spraying the tear gas toward her husband and

at that time. both her husband and the Indian began to

shoot. She saw her husband fall. Defendant left the porch

and asked the Indian, ‘‘Did you get it?’’ The Indian re-

plied, ‘‘No, let’s get the hell out of here, I’m hit.’’ She

returned to the house, obtained her rifle and fired it to-

ward the men sixteen times. She then called a neighbor

to help her move her husband’s body.

—_

App. 3

Deputy Sheriff Hubert Stone testified that he and other

officers went to the Hudler Hunt home on 20 January in

response to a call. Officer Stone observed that Mr. Hudler

Hunt was dead. He then found the dead body of an Indian

man, later identified as Larry Clark, in a nearby hogpen.

A .32-20 seven-shot revolver containing seven ‘‘empty

hulls’? was found in the dead man’s hand. He also found

a 1973 Chevrolet station wagon near the Hunt yard with

one of its rear wheels in a ditch. The engine was running

and the headlights were on. He observed blood on the out-

side and inside of the station wagon and he further noted

a small hole about the size of a .22 bullet hole ‘‘about half-

way of the top of the ear.’’ He related that David Earl

Locklear was apprehended in a nearby swamp at about

3:00 p.m. on the next day and that defendant Peplinski

was found and arrested in a wooded area about a quarter

of a mile from the Hunt home on Wednesday, 22 January

1975. Peplinski had three bullet wounds in his body.

Dr. Marvin Thompson, an expert in pathology, testified

that he examined the body of Hudler Hunt on 21 January

and found four bullet wounds in the body. He removed

two bullets from the body and stated that in his opinion,

Hudler Hunt died as a result of multiple gunshot wounds

‘‘with subsequent hemorrhage.’’

An $8.B.1. firearms expert testified that in his opinion,

the bullets removed from Mr. Hunt’s body were fired from

the revolver found in Larry Clark’s hand.

Defendant offered no evidence.

The jury returned a verdict of guilty of murder in the

first degree and defendant appealed from judgment im-

posing the death penalty.

App. 4

Attorney General Rufus L. Edmisten, by Special Deputy

Attorney General Edwin M. Speas, Jr. and Associate

Attorney Elizabeth C. Bunting, for the State.

J. H. Barrington, Jr., attorney for defendant appellant.

Brancu, Justice.

Defendant, by his first assignment of error, challenges

the imposition of the death penalty on two grounds. He

first argues that the death penalty cannot be imposed be-

cause the evidence discloses neither an intent to rob or

murder deceased nor any overt act on his part from which

such an intent can be inferred. We disagree.

‘*Any murder... which shall be committed in the per-

petration or attempt to perpetrate any ... robbery...

shall be deemed to be murder in the first degree and shall

be punished with death.’’ G.S. 14-17. It is not necessary

to support a conviction of felony-murder that defendant

actually inflicted the fatal shot. In this jurisdiction, it is

well settled that when several persons aid and abet each

other in an attempt to perpetrate a robbery, and while so

engaged, one of them fatally wounds the victim, all being

present, each is guilty of murder in the first degree. See

State v. Fox, 277 N.C. 1, 175 S.E.2d 561; State v. Kelly,

216 N.C. 627, 6 S.E.2d 533.

The State offered evidence tending to show that: (1)

Defendant gained entrance to the Hunt home by making

false representations, (2) he attempted to incapacitate

Mrs. Hunt by the use of tear gas at the time Larry Clark

was engaged in an attempt to rob her husband, (3) he

assisted Larry Clark in his attempt to rob Mr. Hunt by

spraying Mr. Hunt with tear gas, (4) before fleeing the

premises, defendant twice asked Larry Clark if he had

obtained Mr. Hunt's pocketbook, (5) defendant concealed

himself in a nearby wooded area until he was discovered

and taken into custody by police officers two days after

App. 5

the killing. In our opinion, this evidence was sufficient to

raise reasonable inferences which would support jury con-

clusions that defendant shared in the criminal intent to

rob Mr. Hunt and that he, by overt acts, took part in the

attempted armed robbery of Hudler Hunt.

Secondly, defendant contends by this assignment of er-

ror that the imposition of the death penalty in a felony-

murder case is cruel and unusual punishment prohibited

by the United States and North Carolina Constitutions.

In the recent case of Slate v. Woodson, 287 N.C. 578, 215

S.E.2d 607, Chief Justice Sharp, quoting from State v.

Fox, supra, stated:

‘‘When a murder is ‘committed in the perpetration

or attempt to perpetrate any ... robbery, burglary

or other felony,’ G.S. 14-17 declares it murder in the

first degree. In those instances the law presumes pre-

meditation and deliberation, and the State is not put

to further proof of either. ... Furthermore, when a

conspiracy is formed to commit a robbery or burglary,

and a murder is committed by any one of the con-

spirators in the attempted perpetration of the crime,

each and all of the conspirators are guilty of murder

in the first degree.’’...

The authorities cited by defendant do not persuade us

that we should abandon the holdings in Woodson and the

long line of cases which support it.

This assignment of error is overruled.

Defendant by his Assignment of Error No. 2 contends

that the trial judge erred in overruling his objections to

leading questions. The exceptions upon which this por-

tion of this assigument of error is based relate to the fol-

lowing:

Q. Was your husband in the habit of carrying lots

of cash on him or not, Mrs. Hunt?

Mr. High: Object.

App. 6

The Court: Overruled.

The Witness: Yes.

Q. (By Mr. Britt): About how much cash did he

normally carry?

Mr. Harrington: Object.

The Court: Overruled.

Q. (By Mr. Britt): Go ahead.

A. About six or seven thousand dollars.

This constitutes defendant’s exception number 18

(3% p .... )

Q. (By Mr. Britt): Did he or not carry that kind

of money in public, Mrs. Hunt?

A. Had it in his pocketbook.

The Court: His pocket book?

‘The Witness: Yes, sir.

). (By Mr. Britt): And where was his pocket-

book?

A. In his pocket, left rear pocket.

This constitutes defendant’s exception number 19

(Bp ..... )

In 1 Stansbury’s North Carolina Evidence § 31, at 83

(Brandis Rev. 1973), we find the following:

. A leading question is a question that suggests the

answer desired, and frequently a question that may

be answered by ‘‘yes’’ or ‘‘no’’ is regarded as lead-

ing.

Leading questions have also been defined as those which

embody a material fact which admit of an answer a simple

‘tyes’? or ‘‘no.’’ 81 Am.Jur.2d Witnesses §429, at 438.

Only the first and third questions above quoted appear to

be leading questions. The vice in these questions is that

they embody a fact which could be answered by a simple

‘‘ves’’ or ‘‘no’’ and suggest to the witness the answer

desired. Even so, it is well established in this jurisdiction

that whether counsel may ask a leading question is a mat-

ter within the discretion of the trial judge and his ruling

thereon will not be disturbed on appeal absent a showing

of abuse of discretion. State v. Staten, 271 N.C. 600, 157

S.E.2d 225; State v. Painter, 265 N.C. 277, 144 S.E.2d 6;

Ducker v. Whitson, 112 N.C. 44, 16 S.E. 854; 81 Am.Jur.2d

Witnesses § 430, at 438, 439. We find no abuse of discre-

tion in Judge Godwin’s rulings.

By this assignment of error, defendant also contends

that the trial judge erred by overruling counsel’s objection

and motion to strike hearsay testimony. During her testi-

mony, the witness Mrs. Hudler Hunt testified that she ob-

tained her rifle and fired sixteen times. Immediately after

this testimony, the record shows the following:

.. Do you know whether or not you hit anybody?

A. 1 don’t know it, but I heard it.

(). You heard it. What did you hear?

A. I heard—

Mr. Barrington: Object to what she heard.

ihe Court: Just a moment. Say again. You heard

what?

The Witness: That I hit Peplinski,

Mr. High: Object. Move to strike, your Honor.

The Court: The objection is overruled. Motion de-

nied.

‘*Evidence, oral or written, is called hearsay when

its probative force depends, in whole or in part, upon

the competency and credibility of some person other

than the witness by whom it is sought to produce

ms oes

Hearsay evidence, unless it falls within one of the

recognized exceptions to the hearsay rule, is inad-

missible.

1 Stansbury’s North Carolina Evidence § 138, at 458, 460

(Brandis Rev. 1973).

The above-quoted testimony is ambiguous in that it

might be interpreted to mean that the witness actually

App. 8

heard the shot hit defendant. In that case, it would not

come within the hearsay rule. On the other hand, the testi-

mony could be interpreted to mean that someone told the

witness that she had hit defendant. Under the latter in-

terpretation, the evidence would clearly be hearsay. As-

suming, arguendo, that the testimony did violate the hear-

say rule, we discern little prejudice to defendant. He was

positively identified as one of the men who was fleeing the

scene of the attempted robbery and in whose direction

Mrs. Hunt fired sixteen times. He was found within a

quarter of 2 mile of the Hunt residence in a wooded area

with three separate bullet wounds in his body. Under these

circumstances, whether defendant was wounded by Mrs.

Hunt or someone else would add little to the State’s other

evidence showing that defendant was present and aiding

and abetting in an attempted armed robbery in which Hud-

ler Hunt was fatally wounded. In our opinion, the evidence

admitted by the trial judge’s discretionary rulings on the

leading questions and his ruling on the alleged hearsay

evidence was not of such import as to raise a reasonable

possibility that the evidence contributed to defendant’s

conviction.

Defendant’s Assignment of Error No. 2 is overruled.

Defendant attacks the argument of the district attorney

and the manner in which he examined the State’s witness,

David Ear] Locklear.

During the direct examination of the witness Locklear,

the following exchange took place:

Q. Well, did you tell the officers anything about

going there to rob Hudler Hunt?

Mr. Barrington: Object.

Mr. High: Object.

The Court: The objection is sustained. Ladies and

Gentlemen, you will not consider a question put to the

App. 9

witness as evidence. It is not evidence and, therefore,

you will not consider it as evidence, the question that

has just been put to the witness.

. (By Mr. Britt): Do you remember talking to

me this morning before Court?

A. ‘Talking to you this morning?

Q. Yes, sir.

A. Yes, sir.

Q. Do you remember talking to me Sunday down

here at my office for about two hours?

A. Yes, sir.

Q. Do you remember telling me what you were go-

ing to testify to? Sir?

A. Yes, sir.

Q. What did you tell me you were going to testify

to?

Mr. High: Object.

Mr. Barrington: Object. If the Court please, it

seems—

The Court: I am assuming that your objection is

based upon the proposition that in your view the Dis-

trict Attorney is attempting to challenge his own wit-

ness?

Mr. High: This is a State’s witness.

The Court: I understand whose witness he is. I

understand your objection and am going to try to re-

solve it. Read the question back, please, Mr. Storms.

(Last question read by Reporter.)

The Witness: I told him I—

Mr. Barrington: Wait.

The Court: Just a moment. Overruled. He may

answer the question: ‘‘What did you tell me you were

going to testify to?’’

Q. (By Mr. Britt): Go ahead.

A. That I was coming in the courtroom and asked

me what I was going to testify to, about the truth of

what they had told me to say. The officers. That is,

Hubert Stone, Frank Johnson and Mr. Joe Freeman

Britt.

App. 10

Q. Let me see if I understand you, David Earl.

Are you saying that Hubert Stone sitting here—

A. That’s right.

Q. —and | believe Frank Johnson—

A. Frank Johnson.

Q. -—the SBI Agent was there and I was there?

A. That’s right, sir.

Q. And my assistant, Mr. Martin McCall, was

there?

A. That’s right.

Q. And you are saying we told you to come in here

and tell a lie and—

Mr. Barrington: Objection.

The Witness: Well, you—

The Court: Just a moment. I'm going to rule on

the objection.

The objection to the question put is sustained. You

may not answer the last question put to you by the

District Attorney. You may answer the original ques-

tion that he put to you, which, as I understand you

have not yet answered; and the Reporter will read

that question again back to you. It had to do with his

question regarding what you told him you were going

to testify.

Now, you wait and listen to the Reporter read the

question back to you. If you don’t understand it, let

it be known.

(Requested question read by Reporter.)

The Court: You may answer that question.

The Witness: I was going to testify to the truth.

Mr. Britt: May I proceed, your Honor.

The Court: Yes, sir. Let me interrupt to inquire

if you think that your direct examination will continue

some time?

Mr. Britt: In view of the recent developments, I

think not.

Mr. Barrington: Object to the comment.

The Court: Objection is sustained. You will not

consider the last comment made by counsel.

This constitutes defendant’s exception number 12

< Qa b.

App. 11

Mr. Britt: If it please the Court, the State would

move at this time that the Court declare David Ear]

Lockiear a hostile witness so that the State can cross

examine him about previous statements.

At this point, Judge Godwin conducted an extended voir

dire on the question of whether the witness would be de-

clared a hostile witness. At the conclusion of the voir dire

hearing, David Ear! Locklear returned to the witness stand

and resumed his testimony before the jury at which time

the following occurred:

I am the same David Karl Locklear who was on the

witness stand yesterday. I have seen State’s Exhibit

2 which is sealed up. in that envelope I find a seven-

shot Russian revolver, which I have seen before. The

last time I seen it it belonged to Larry Clark.

Q. Okay. That’s what you told me on Sunday; is

that correct?

Mr. High: Object.

The Court: Sustained.

Q. (By Mr. Britt): All right. Now, you made

statements about this case to the officers on the day

after you were arrested; haven’t you?

A. No, sir.

Q. Huh?

A. No, sir.

Q. Never made a statement to Mr. Hubert Stone

sitting here?

Mr. High: Object.

Mr. Barrington: Object.

The Court: Sustained.

Q. (By Mr. Britt): Did you ever make a state.

ment, then, to Mr. Frank Johnson, sitting here?

Mr. High: Object.

Mr. Britt: What is the ruling?

The Court: The question is: Did he ever make a

statement?

Mr. Britt: Yes, sir.

The Court: You may say yes or not (sic).

App. 12

The Witness: No.

Q. (By Mr. Britt): You never made a statement

to this officer sitting here?

Mr. Barrington: Object.

Mr. High: Object.

The Court: Sustained.

Q. (By Mr. Britt): Have you ever made a state-

ment to me before yesterday when you were in Court,

concerning this case?

Mr. Barrington: Objection.

The Court: Overruled.

The Witness: No, sir.

The Court: His answer is in.

Q. (By Mr. Britt): Let me ask you this: Are you

a defendant charged with murder also in this lawsuit?

Mr. High: Object.

The Court: Sustained.

Q. (By Mr. Britt): Are you a defendant charged

with conspiracy to commit armed robbery in this law-

suit?

Mr. Barrington: Object.

Mr. High: Object.

The Court: Sustained.

Mr. Britt: Take the witness.

The Court: Just a moment. Ladies and gentlemen,

I have heretofore reminded you—I do so again—and

you will bear in mind throughout the remainder of this

trial that unanswered questions put to a witness do

not constitute evidence. Evidence is the answer of a

witness to a question put by counsel. Any question

which has been put to this witness to which an objec-

tion was interposed and which objection was sus-

tained, does not constitute evidence and you may not

so consider it.

The record does not disclose the trial judge’s ruling de-

claring whether the witness was a hostile witness, how-

ever, the ensuing questions and rulings before the jury in-

dicate that the ruling was adverse to the State’s position.

It is still the well-established law in this jurisdiction that

a district attorney may not discredit a State’s witness by

App. 13

eliciting evidence that the witness had made prior state-

ments inconsistent with or contradictory of his testimony.

State v. Pope, 287 N.C. 505, 215 S.B.2d 139; State v. Ander-

son, 283 N.C. 218, 195 S.E.2d 561. However, the general

rule is that improper conduct of counsel is cured when the

trial judge sustains the adversary’s objection and in-

structs the jury not to consider it. This general rule does

not apply when the conduct is so gross and prejudicial that

no curative action by the trial judge could remove its

prejudicial impact from the minds of the jury. State v.

Britt, 288 N.C. 699, 220 8.E.2d 283.

In State v. Self, 280 N.C. 665, 187 S.E.2d 93, the defen-

dant was prosecuted on the charges of kidnapping, rape

and crime against nature. On cross-examination, the State

asked the defendant if he had not tried to gain en-

trance into a woman’s house in another county on the pre-

text of seeing the house as an interested possible purchas-

er. The court instructed the jury not to consider the ques-

tion but to strike it from their minds. Finding no prejudi-

cial error, we stated:

... We hold, however, that the court’s prompt action

in sustaining defendant’s objection to the question and

in excusing the jury and instructing the solicitor not

to ask further questions along that line, coupled with

the court’s specific instruction to the jury not to con-

sider the question but to strike it from their mind, was

sufficient to remove any possibility of error.

In State v. Moore, 276 N.C. 142, 171 S.E. 2d 453, 458

(1970), Justice Sharp quoted with approval from

State v. Ray, 212 N.C. 725, 729, 194 S.E. 482, 484

(1938) :

‘* .. *{Ojur system for the administration of

justice through trial by jury is based upon the

assumption that the trial jurors are men of

character and of sufficient intelligence to fully

understand and comply with the instructions of

App. 14

the court, and are presumed to have done so. Wil-

son v. Mfg. Co., 120 N.C. 94, 26 S.E. 629.’ Accord,

State v. Bruce, 268 N.C. 174, 150 N.E. 2d 216; 2

Strong, N.C. Index 2d Criminal Law § 96 (1967).”’’

In instant case it is obvious that the district attorney

was attempting to discredit his own witness by showing

prior contradictory statements. However, the only evi-

dence elicited Ly the district attorney through his ill-ad-

vised attempts to impeach his own witness was that the

witness had previously stated that he was going to tell

the truth when he was called to testify. We find little evi-

dence of prejudice to defendant since the witness seemed to

get the better of this exchange. Any prejudice arising

from this portion of the district attorney’s examination

was cured by the able trial judge’s prompt rulings and

curative instructions.

We next turn to defendant’s contention that prejudicial

error resulted from the following portion of the district

attorney’s argument:

Now, the facts are pretty simple in this case. Every

seintilla of evidence adduced in this courtroom, in this

lawsuit, was put on by the State of North Carolina.

Every bit of it.

* * .

... You see, the way the case has developed, the State

presenting all the evidence in this case, I find myself

in a position of being sandwiched on the arguments,

double teamed... .

G.S. 8-54, in part, provides:

... In the trial of all indictments, complaints, or other

proceedings against persons charged with the com-

mission of crimes, offenses or misdemeanors, the per-

son so charged is, at his own request, but not other-

wise, a competent witness, and his failure to make such

EE Ea Ss

App. 15

request shall not create any presumption against

him....

We have held that the effect of this statute is to prohibit

the district attorney from commenting on defendant’s faii-

ure to testify. State v. McCall, 286 N.C. 472, 212 S.E.2d

132; State v. Monk, 286 N.C. 509, 212 S.K.2d 125. Never-

theless we recognize that the statute does not prohibit the

district attorney from making comments upon the evi-

dence and drawing such deductions therefrom as were

legitimate before the passage of the statute so long as no

direct reference is made to the right of the defendant to

testify and his failure to do so. This statute enhanced the

rights of defendants but did not abridge the privileges of

the prosecution. State v. Smith, 290 N.C, ........, ...... S.E.

; State v. Weddington, 103 N.C. 364, 9 S.E. 577

(1889).

In State v. Smith, supra, the district attorney, in his

argument, said ‘‘I ask you to decide the case on the evi-

dence that you have before you and ask that you remem-

ber that it is uncontradicted.’’ Then defendant contended

that this remark was an improper remark on the defen-

dant’s failure to testify and that the failure of the trial

judge to censor the argument and give curative instruc-

tions on his own motion was prejudicial error. Rejecting

this contention, this Court speaking through Justice Hus-

kins, in part stated:

. . . Contradictions in the State’s evidence, if such

existed, could have been shown by the testimony of

others or by cross-examination of the State’s witnesses

themselves. Thus the prosecution was privileged to

argue that the State’s evidence was uncontradicted

and such argument may not be held improper as a

comment upon defendant’s failure to testify... .

See State v. Walker, 251 N.C. 465, 112 S.E.2d 61, cert. de-

nied 364 U.S. 832, 5 L.Ed.2d 58, 81 S.Ct. 45; State v. Hook-

er, 145 N.C. 581, 59 S.E. 866.

App. 16

We believe that jurors are men and women of sufficient

intelligence and capacity to observe trial proceedings so as

to know when only the State has offered evidence. The

remark that the State put on all of the evidence may be

just as easily interpreted to refer to the absence of testi-

mony by witnesses other than defendant.

The district attorney’s statement that ‘‘the way the case

has developed, the State presenting all of the evidence, I

find myself in a position of being sandwiched on the argu-

ments’’ was a reference by the district attorney to the

fact that the failure of defendant to offer any evidence

gave defense counsel the last argument. Neither of these

statements were direct references to defendant’s right to

testify or his failure to exercise this right.

If a district attorney improperly comments on a defen-

dant’s failure to testify, this error may be cured by a

withdrawal of the remark or by a statement of the court

that it was improper, followed by an instruction to the

jury to disregard it. State v. McCall, supra; State v. Monk,

supra. Here defendant did not object to this portion of

the district attorney’s argument or call it to the trial

judge’s attention so that he might have given the proper

cautionary instructions. Nevertheless, in his charge to the

jury, Judge Godwin fully charged that the burden was on

the State to prove every element of the crime beyond a

reasonable doubt and further instructed:

The defendant has offered no evidence during the

trial of this case and I mention that fact for one pur-

pose and one alone and that is to afford me this addi-

tional opportunity to remind you that he had no obli-

gation to do so; that the law imposes upon him no

burden of proof; that he has a perfect right to decide

upon the strategy of his own trial; that he has a per-

fect right to decide—to rely upon what he may con-

sider to be the weakness of the State’s case; that the

sole burden of proof is upon the State to satisfy you

App. 17

of the truth of the charges, unaided by the defendant,

and that you may not hold that against this defendant,

the fact that he did not offer evidence. You may not

punish any man for doing a lawful thing, a thing that

he has a right to do.

Under these circumstances, we find no prejudicial error

in the district attorney’s references to the fact that the

State offered all the evidence in this case. Neither do we

find any substantial prejudice to defendant flowing from

the district attorney’s argument that the witness J. L.

Sams, an officer whose duties included the apprehension

of fugitives, knew Larry Clark. Although there seems to

be some confusion as to the basis of the trial judge’s in-

structions, he unequivocally told the jury not’ to consider

this remark. We perceive little prejudice in this argu-

ment since it related indirectly to the character of an al-

leged confederate rather than the defendant. In our

opinion, the cautionary instructions and the judge’s charge

removed any possible prejudice to defendant.

Finally, in light of the overwhelming evidence against

this defendant, any errors growing out of the district

attorney’s arguments and examination of the witness

David Ear] Locklear were harmless error beyond a rea-

sonable doubt. Schenble v. Florida, 405 U.S. 427, 31 L.Ed.

2d 340, 92 S.Ct. 1056; Chapman vy. California, 386 U.S. 18,

17 L.Ed.2d 705, 87 S.Ct. 324; State v. Watson, 281 N.C.

221, 188 S.E.2d 289.

We feel compelled to note that except for the trial

judge’s prompt rulings and cautionary instructions and

the overwhelming evidence against this defendant, the

district attorney’s continued attempts to cross-examine his

own witness could well have needlessly required a new

trial.

Examination of this entire record reveals no error war-

ranting a new trial.

No error.

App. 18

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA _ )

) SS.

COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND )

MICHAEL LEOPOLD PEPLINSKI,

Petitioner,

vs.

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA,

Respondent.

No. 75-CR-1275

AFFIDAVIT OF SNEED HIGH, ESQUIRE, CO-DEFENSE

COUNSEL IN THE ABOVE ENTITLED CAUSE

SyeeD Hicu, Esquire, being first duly sworn on oath

deposes and says:

1. That he was licensed to practice law in the Supreme

Court of North Carolina, and all inferior State Courts,

in 1941, and in June, 1975, he was a practicing attorney

in the law firm of Butler, High & Baer, with offices in the

First Union National Bank Building, Fayetteville, North

Carolina, and he is currently so engaged.

2. That in June, 1975, he was co-counsel, together with

J. H. Barrington, Jr., Esquire, representing the defendant

in cause entitled ‘‘State of North Carolina, Plaintiff, v.

Michael Leopold Peplinski, Defendant, No. 75-CR-1275”’

in the General Court of Justice—Superior Court Division,

Robeson County, North Carolina, The Honorable A. Pilston

Godwin, Jr., Judge Presiding. That said trial was con-

ducted in Lumberton, Robeson County, North Carolina.

That said matter was tried to a jury, and the jury returned

a verdict of guilty of first degree murder. That the jury

was not sequestered during said trial.

3. That the trial was conducted in a building which

was constructed and formerly utilized as a Baptist Church.

App. 19

The structure and physical dimensions, characteristics and

composition were essentially unchanged from that of a

Church.

4. That during the trial the jury, from time to time,

was removed from the main room into an ante-room which

they utilized for purposes of deliberation and, also, at

times when the jury’s presence in the so-called courtroom

was excused.

5. That on one oceasion, when a prosecution witness,

Deputy Sheriff Hubert Stone, was called to testify, the

jury was removed to the ante-room which was situated ap-

proximately 15 feet from the witness chair. Such police

officer, while testifying as a prosecution witness, read,

verbatim, the confession of David Earl Locklear, the al-

leged accomplice of MicuarL Leopotp PepLinski. Said

confession of Locklear implicated Per.iinskr directly in the

attempted armed robbery and murder of Hudler Hunt.

That during such testimony the Trial Judge admonished

and

9?

the witness testifying that he had ‘‘a strong voice

‘9

‘*these walls are paper thin

6. That affiant, on information and belief, states that

due to the physical characteristics of the Church, being

utilized as a courtroom; the loudness of the witness’ voice

while testifying; the proximity of the jury in the ante-room

to the witness chair; and the existence of a single door

between the jury and the witness, that the jury could have

(SH) heard the testimony of such witness when he so tes-

tified and read such confession.

/s/ Sneed High

SyeeD Hicu, Esquire

Subscribed and Sworn to

before me this 26th day

of August, 1976.

/s/ Dawn F, Carr

Notary Public

(SEAL)