Prologue — Maneja v. Waialua Agricultural Co.
Supreme Court brief1955
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TRANSCRIPT OF RECORD
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Supreme Court of the United States
OCTOBER TERM, 1954
No. 357
CIRACO MANEJA, ANTONE VIERRA, TADAO
WATANABE, ET AL., PETITIONERS,
vs.
AIALUA AGRICULTURAL COMPANY, LIMITED
es No. 358
AIALUA AGRICULTURAL COMPANY, LIMITED
PETITIONER,
vs.
CIRACO MANEJA, ET AL.
N WRITS OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF
APPEALS FOR THE NiNTH CIRCUIT
_No. 13114 _
———————————————————
United States
Court of Appeals
for the Linth Circuit.
WAIALUA AGRICULTURAL COMPANY,
LIMITED, a Corporation,
Appellant.
vs.
CIRACO MANEJA, et al.,
Appellees.
Cranscript of Record
In Two Volumes
Volume I
(Pages 1 to 402)
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Hawaii.
——— —— = = — — = — a
Priinps G@ Vor Orden Lo. 870 Brannan Street San Francisco Colt
INDEX
[Clerk’s Note: When deemed likely to be of an important nature,
errors of Gobtful roatters appearing in the original certified record
are printed literally in italic; and, likewise, cancelled matter appear-
ing in the original certified record is printed and cancelled herein
accordingly. When possible, an omission from the text is indicated by
= : italic the twe words between which the omission seems
0 occur.
PAGE
Additional Findings of Fact................. 308
SII HI i ooo co ck bio ont a ew sv.ob Wa 6
ME Ae INE c o'¢s;- S cee sb OR Ne Bs 15
Amendment to Amended Complaint........... 18]
Amendment to Answer to Amended Complaint,
and Counter-Claim, Cross-Claim, and Cross-
DONE So ORG ia ae ae oy is anon 24
Amendment to Stipulation. .................. 179
Answer to Amended Complaint, and Counter-
Claim, Cross-Claim and Cross-Complaint.... 16
Re re Se ee 670
Declaratory Judgment and Judgment Awarding
Defendants Overtime Compensation, Liqui-
dated Damages, Costs and Attorney's Fees... 321
Exhibit, Defendants’:
No. 2—Plantation Organizations.... .... 639
Exhibits, Plaintiff's:
A—Waialua Agric. Co., Ltd., Daily Time
Sheets for Machine Shop. ...0..0..... 661
B—Waialua Agn. Co., Ltd... Emplovee’s
en ls oe ee et GH7-A
C-——Waialua Agric. Co. Ltd., Employee's
Time Reeord.....
il Watalua Agricultural Co., eve.
INDEX PAGE
Motion as to Non-Printing of Defendants’ Ex-
bibits Mos. SA ONE SB... 2 ccc ccctcccccess 711
ee eee ee rer rere er 712
Motion as to Non-Printing of Parts of Original
ee eee er eee 713
ee ee I oa crane aevee ede cus ees 719
Motion to Reopen Record................... 184
Order Reopening Record.............. . 185
Names and Addresses of Attorneys........... |
OO a EOP oe fee ore ee ere ere re 339
Opinion and Decision of Court............... 190
a ee ee ee 190
Order to Drop Certain Parties Defendant... .. 4
Order to Drop Certain Parties Defendant and
to Eliminate Class Representation Aspects... 4
Order Granting Motion for Additional Find-
EES ERIE D SB TR OPI ET TO 307
Order Setting Aside Prior Order Granting
Separate Trial of Certain Issnes........... d
Reply and Answer to Counter-Claim, Cross-
Claim, and Cross-Complaint.......0....0.... 20
Second Amendment to Stipulation... .... a<
Statement of Points on Which Appellant) In-
FR ean AN fe rer ene ae Oy.
vs. Ctraco Mane ja, et al. iil
INDEX PAGE
Stipulation Filed August 30, 1950.00.00... .. 27
ee 129
G—Date Schedule of the Off Seasons for
All Plantations in the Territory From
eC 177
H- Charge Which is Made to Labor, Ma-
terials, Sundries and Departmental
Services to All Direct Operating
OMEN sot ctsye eo ee! 178
S‘ipulation as te Original Papers in File to Be
Transmitted to Appellate Court.......... 340
Transcript of Proceedings................... 343
Witnesses, Defendants’:
Clannan, Damaso
ES ves 645555 Lae ce HOG
Crisostomo, Roque
ewido re have ba) 5O4
Cumlat, Simeon
SS a HH]
Kzawa, Masaru
ee oo
Faria, Barney
ed hae is ae eee 3. 6800
Fujiwara, Margaret
se eee — 403
SE 1+ 44:64 58 ob oe ka wou ak _ 416
-redirect ........ eae Cree 416)
WUE 6c ts tbe cee ene Se
iv Waialua Agricultural Co., ete.
INDEX PAGE
Witnesses, Defendants’ —(Continued) :
Hayashi, Tsuruo
TE ga a Pee ares a er Soe 445
Eee SRS at el Baa Pee AO ya pr a ee) ee 451
N90 en a a 456
Holm erg, Peter
Sl RE PP era 433
EN, etre eb Cort ea a te a 44?
oil ct OS se che ap Te ar 444
Kashiwabara, Tosnio
SE cc v'enwhaskcceeeuneaeeees 421
ME a docs peat AON aes 428
ee eee ere 430
WII oon cG as «ste ee es cree? 4353
Kibota, Haru
DS RR EL So APE 465
Sen. «i. ws ose wea ee eee CEE WES 474
Lorenzo, Augustine
a ee rae a re ae 458
Maneja, Ciraco
ee ee ree ae 481
ME oe a ee ok eee Ute 489
vs. Ctraco Maneja, et al.
INDEX
Witnesses, Defendants’—( Continued) :
Mori, Edwin
WD Siw wes xo ve C'ieb wk seueveey,
Oato, Masaiki
cc ae EE eee
Pacheco, Louis
ie gh, OEE OPE Oe Be Re
I Ah th'y o's 6 + pa otha db oe he kek
Reyher, Alfred
WOE 65.9 0 vole vp baie oe Sain Oe tas
Robello, Seraphine
It 9.5550 G4 dots ovine head oak:
Takata, Hirosaku
a, a oS es me
Tanaka, Toshio
eae eee
Watanabe, Tadao
PE OS ane ious < 0-6 dec
Yamada, Yoshiji
i
————— se eee
Vv
PAGE
vi Waialua Agricultural Co., etc.
INDEX PAGE
Witness, Plaintiff's:
O'Donnell, Raymond John
PE 6s coe kW ee bw Wed kee es
NO occas wae c a Kaen eu Eee 6s 377,
NE 55 ok cane bh eedes ts 652,
a ceekbadeheeriaranets
Kixhibits Attached to Stipulation of Facts:
Ex. A—-Map of Plantation
D-—Map of Transportation System
F—Plantation Building and Yard Area Show-
ing Mill, Shops, Warehouses, ete.
I—Non Plantation Buildings Watalna Aert-
cultural Co., Ltd.
Proceedings in the United States Court of Appeals for
the Ninth Cirenit
Opinion, Fee, J.
Judgment
(pinion, fee, Jd. of petition for rehearing
Order denying petition for rehearing
Opinion, Metzger, J. of the United States District
Conrt for the District of Tlawati
( pinion, ee, J.
Order extending tine to file petition for writ of cert
Orders granting certiorari
6253
659
656
shi
NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF
ATTORNEYS OF RECORD
For the Plaintiff, Waialua Agricul’urai Company,
Limited,
RUFUS G. POOLE, ESQ..
1625 K Street, N. W.,
Washington 6, D.C.
LIVINGSTON JENKS, ESQ..
ANDERSON, WRENN & JENKS,
Bank of Hawaii Building,
Honolulu, Hawaii.
ERNEST C. MOORE, J R., SSQ.,
PRATT, TAVARES & CASSIDY,
Alexander & Baldwin Buiiding,
Honolulu, Hawaii.
MILTON ©. DENBO, ESQ.,
1625 K Street, N. W.
Washington 6, D. C.
For the Defendants, Ciraco Maneja, et al.,
RICHARD GLADSTEIN, ESQ..
GLADSTEIN, ANDERSEN & LEONARD,
240 Montgomery Street,
San Franeisee, California.
In the District Court of the United States
for the District of Hawaii
Civil No. 737
WALALUA AGRICULTURAL COMPANY,
LIMITED,
Piaistiff,
Vs.
CIRACO MANEJA, ANTONE VIERA, At
GUSTINE LORENZO, HARU KIBOTA,
TADAO WATANABE, KOLCTIL OKOUCHE,
TSURUO HAYASHI, CORNELIO| ASUN-
CION, ROQUE CRISOSTOMO, PETER
HOLMBERG, HATSUSUKE SERA, TA.
KUMI OKOUCHI, PEDRO DUMLAO.
BERNABE HERNANDEZ, DOMINGO GUI
GUI, USHINOSUKE KONDO, TERUTLCHI
KUBO. MASAIKI OATO, SIMON CUM
LAT, APOLONTO. LAZO, GILCHILT HAMA
MOTO, DIONTOTO CARRIT, SERAPHINGE
ROBELLO, TOSHLO TANAKA, BARNEY
FARTA, FUMIO SUNATIARA, HIROSAKU
TAKATA, ALFRED REYHER. MASARU
EZAWA, DAMASO CLAUNAN, ANTONE
ROBELLO, YOSHIJT YAMADA. EDWIN
MORI, GENITRO THIRONAKA, JTRO
SAKAI, MARGARET FUJIWARA, LOUIS
PACHECO, YUKISHIGE TSUTSUL YAcK
CHUN LER. FIKO SAKAGUCHI, MOSES
FERNANDEZ, AND TOSHIO KASHIWA-
BARA,
Defendants.
4 Waralea Agricultural Co., ete.
ORDER PO DROP CERTAIN PARTLES
DEFENDANT
li pom motion of the plaintiff pursuant to Rule
“to of the Rules of Civil Procedure, Which motion
Was ooblserites te by the deienedants, vund it appear
ing te be just and reasonable co the Court, it ts or
dered that Takeo Mivazaki, Gerth: Lendio, De-
mingwe Menor Kirehi Varnada, Mataiel Danas ane
Keiehi NRamivama be dropped as partios defendant
to this getion,
Dated Honoluin, ‘TP. HL. this 21st day of August.
1990.
s DD. BE. METZGER,
Judge of the United States Distriei Court for the
Destriet of Phawan.
{Rndorsed]: Filed August 21, 1990, [5°]
[Tithe of District Court and Cause.J
ORDER TO DROP CERPAIN PARTIES DE
PENDANT AND TO ELIMINATE CLASS
REPRESENTATION ASPECTS
Upon motion of plaintiff, which motion was con
sented to by the defendant, and it appearmg to be
just and reasonable to the Court—
It Is Ordered that, pursuant to Rule 21 of the
Kederal Rules of Civil Procedure, Loeal 145-7 of
the International Longshoremen’s and Warehouse
~* Page numbering appearing at toot of page of original Reporter's
Transcript of Record.
vs. Ciraco Mane ja, et al. 5
men’s Union, and Jack Hall, Regional Director,
Territory of Hawaii, of the liternational Long-
shoremen’s and Warcehousemen's Union. he dropped
as parties lefendant to this action: [>]
It Is Further Ordered that all class representa
Hien aspects of this aetion he elimunated and that
the presently retnaling partios defendant In this
action be sued in their individual capacities only
wind mot as representatives of othe. einiplovees of
plainvifi whe are stmitlarly situated,
Dated Honolulu, T. H.. this 2Ist day of Angust,
1950).
s/ ID. ELM ETZGER,
Judeo of the United States Distriet Court for the
District of Hawaii.
[Endorsed]: Filed August 21, 1950, [6]
[Title of Distriet Court and ¢ ‘ause, }
ORDER SETTING ASIDE PRIOR ORDER
GRANTING SEPARATE TRIAL OF CER-
TAIN ISSUES
The order of this Court tiled March 22, 1948, di-
recting a separate trial of certain issues in this ae-
tion is hereby vacated and set aside.
It is further ordered that all Claims and issues
presented in this action shall be heard and tried
Jointly.
6 Waialua Agricultural Co., ete.
Dated Honolulu. T. H.. this 21st day of August,
1950.
/s/ D. E. METZGER,
Judge of the United States District Court for the
Distriet of Hawaii.
[Endorsed]: Filed August 21, 1950. [8]
ae ne
[Title of District Court and Cause. ]
AMENDED COMPLAINT
I.
Autlegations of Jurisdiction
The Complaint filed in this action on April 9,
1947, and as subsequently amended on July 18, 1947,
is hereby amended to read as follows:
1. This action arises under the Fair Labor
Standards Act of 1938 (the Act of June 25, 1938,
92 Stat. 1060, 29 U.S.C. Sections 201 et seq.) here-
inafter sometimes called the ‘‘Act,’’ which is a law
regulating commerce, and is brought to secure a
declaratory judgment. This court has jurisdiction
pursuant to Section 24 of the Judicial Code ag
amended, 28 U.S.C. Section 1337 and pursuant to
Section 274d of the Judicial Code, 28 U.S.C. See-
tion 2201. [10]
II.
Parties and Nature of Action
2. Plaintiff is a corporation duly organized and
existing under and by virtue of the laws of the Ter-
vs. Ctraco Mane ja, et al. T
ritory of Hawaii, with its head office located in the
City and County of Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii,
and with a plantation, where it produces sugar cane,
processes it into raw sugar and conducts related
operations, located in the District of Waialua, City
and County of Honolulu, Teritory of Hawaii.
3. All defendants are employees of Plaintiff who
Were engaged in performing work on or about the
Plaintiff’s plantation during the period of time
from November 20, 1946, to September 14. 1947,
both dates inclusive.
ITI.
Plaintiff's Operations and Duties of Defendants
4. Since the incorporation of Plaintiff iy 1898,
it has been engaged almost exc.usively in the grow-
ing, cultivating and harvesting of sugar cane on
land owned or leased by it, and the processing of
such sugar cane into raw sugar and molasses on the
plantation where produced. Luring the period of
time from November 20, 1946, to September 14,
1947, the Plaintiff has not processed any cane ex-
cept that grown by itself on its plantation, nor has
it engaged in any sugar refining operations. Sub-
stantially all of the land (9663 acres) devoted to
Sugar cane production during said period of time
has been owned or leased and used by Plaintiff for
this purpose since 1910.
». On its plantation during the period from No-
vember 20, 1946, to September 14, 1947, Plaintiff
prepared and plowed the fields for the planting of
8 Waalua Agricultural Co.,, ele.
sugar eane; planted sugar eane; [11] ratesned the
fields; cultivated sugar cane; applied fertilizer to
the cane fields; irrigated cane fields by a network
of irrigation ditches and water storage reservoirs;
harvested sugar cane; maintained a network of field
roads (which criss-erossed the cane-growing land )
for the transportation by truck of labor, field sup-
plies and equipment throughout the plantation; and
transported sugar cane by a narrow-guage railroad
(which also criss-crossed the cane growing land)
from the fields where grown to the Plaintiff’s mill.
6. The Plaintiff's mill was located on its plan-
tation. At the mill during the period from Novem-
ber 20, 1946, to September 14, 1947, the Plaintiff
ground the sugar eane into raw sugar and molasses
and loaded bagged raw sugar and molasses for ship-
ment to the continental United States. The loading
of the bagged raw sugar and of the molasses into
the railroad cars of an independently owned and
operated carrier at the site of the mill and the push-
ing of such cars from such site onto a nearby spur
of the carrier, completed the operations of the
Plaintiff and the work of its employees relative
thereto.
7. During the period from November 20, 1946,
to September 14, 1947, Plaintiff had equipped and
maintained complete service shops for prompt
minor repairs and emergency work and major over-
haul of agricultural and processing machinery,
equipment and facilities indispensable to its grow-
ing. harvesting and processing operations. ‘These
us. Ciraco Mane ja, et al. i)
service repair shops were located in an area extend-
ing not more than 300 fee from the mill building
proper,
8. During the period from November 20, 1946, to
September 14, 1947, Plaintiff owned and Inamtained
820 dwelling houses, all [12] of which were located
on the plantation; various facilities and services
were provided the occupants of such dwelling
houses. During said period these dwelling houses
Were occupied by 3373 persons, of whom 2952 were
employees and pensioners of the Plaintiff and their
families. The remaining 421 persons living in such
heuses were persons and their families who were
not employed by the Plaintiff and who either
worked off the planiation or who owned, operated
or were employed by independently controlled busi-
nesses within it. No employee, including each of
the defendants herein, was required during said
period of time or at any other time as a condition
of employment to live on the plantation or in plan-
tation dwelling houses or to use any service or faeil-
ity which the plantation furnished or rendered its
employees. The relationship which existed between
the Plaintiff and its employees by virtue of the ov-
cupancy of such houses, including each and every
employee Defendant herein, during the period of
time involved in this suit, was that of landlord and
tenant.
9. During each and every workweek of the pe-
riod involved herein, namely from November 20,
1946, to September 14, 1947. both dates inclusive,
10 Waialua Agricultural Co., ete.
the Defendants were engaged on Plaintiff's plan-
tation in growing, cultivating, harvesting and proc-
essing sugar cane and in performing various opera-
tions incidental and functionally necessary and in-
dispensable thereto and in repairing and maintain-
ing dwelling honses of the Plaintiff that were lo-
cated op the plantation and in furnishing related
facilities and services to the occupants of such
dwelling houses. During each and every workweek
of the said period of time, each and every Defend-
ant generally worked in excess of forty hours. [13]
During said period Plaintiff generally did not pay
any Defendant overtime compensation in accord-
ance with the standards of Section 7(a) of the Act
in that Plaintiff generally did not pay any Defend-
ant overtime compensation for all hours worked by
him in excess of 40 per workweek. In such instances
where during said period Plaintiff did pay any of
said Defendants overtime compensation for all hours
worked by him in excess of 40 per workweek there
is a controversy between the parties as to whether
the Act required such payment.
IV.
Statement of Controversy
10. The controversy between the parties hereto
relates to the judicial construction of Sections 3(b),
3(f), 3(j), 6, 7(a), T(«) and 13(a) (6) of the Act,
and the application of those sections of the Act to
the work performed by the Defendants during the
period of time from November 20, 1946, to Septem-
ber 14, 1947, both dates inclusive. The meaning and
vs. Ciraco Mane ja, et al. 11
scope of these provisions have been the subject of
a serious dispute for inany years between the Plain-
tiff and the Defendants.
Il. Plaintiff contends:
(a) That during each and every workweek from
November 20, 1946. to September 14, 1947, both
dates inclusive, each and every Defendant was an
employee, ‘employed in agriculture’ as the term
‘agriculture’? was defined in Section 3(f) of the
Act and that, therefore, each said Defendant was
exempt during each workweek of said period from
the overtime provisions of the Act. l.e., Section 7(a),
as provided by Section 13(a) (6) of the Act;
(b) That during each and every workweek of
said period of time each and every Defendant, when
engaged in the hauling [14] of sugar cane from
the fields to the mill, the processing of sugar
cane into raw sugar and in their incidental and
functionally necessary and indispensable operations,
was also exempt from the overtime provisions of the
Act, i.e., Section 7(a), as provided by Section 7(c¢)
of the Act; and
(c) That during each and every workweek of
said period of time each and every Defendant, when
engaged in work in connection with the repair and
maintenance of Plaintiff’s dwelling houses and the
furnishing of related facilities and services to
Plaintiff's employees and others vecupying such
houses under a landlord-tenant relationship with
Plaintiff, was not “engaged in commerce or in the
production of goods for commerce” as the terms
12 Waialua Agricultural Co., ete.
*commerce’’ and ** produced” were defined in See-
tions 3(b) and 3(j) of the Act and that, therefore
none of the overtime provisions of the Act applied
to any said Defendant when he was so engaged dur
ing said period; and that even if any Defendant
was “engaged in commerce or in the production of
goods for commerce,”’ as the terms * commerce” and
‘“produced’’ were defined in the Act, during any
workweek of said period of time, he was exempt
from the overtime provisions of the Act by virtue
of Section 13(a) (6) or 7(¢).
12. The Defendants deny each and every con-
tention and allegation of the Plaintiff as set forth
in Paragraph 11 of this Amended Complaint.
V.
Necessity for Relief of Declaratory Judgment
13. The meaning of the agriculture and agricul-
tural processing exemptions in the Act and the scope
of its coverage have long been a subject of contro-
versy between Plaintiff and its [15] employees in-
cluding each and every Defendant herein. The
Plaintiff is in need of relief of declaratory judg-
ment in order to avoid:
(a) A multiplicity of suits under Section 16(b)
of said Act with consequent vexation, cost and ex-
pense of defending said suits;
(b) Suits brought under Section 16(b) of the
Act in different jurisdictions—in the United States
District Court or Territorial Courts—and the de
“ie
vs. Ciraco Mane ja, et al. 13
lays incident to final determination and the chances
of different adjudications by different jurisdictions:
(©) Delays in settlement of the controversy if
final determination of the legal questions is left to
adjudication in various suits brought under Seetion
l6(b): and
(d) Great expense in paying overtime compen-
sation in accordance with the standards of Section
7(a) of the Act and the Defendants’ contentions.
VI.
Prayer
Wherefore, Plaintiff respectfully prays that it
may be declared, ordered, adjudged and decreed as
follows:
(a) That during each and every workweek of
the period involved herein each and every Defend-
ant was an employee “employed in agriculture’ as
the term “‘agriculture’’ was defined in Section 3(f)
of the Act and that, therefore, each said Defendant
was exempt during each workweek of said period
from the overtime provisions of the Act pursuant to
the provisions of Section l5(a) (6);
(b) That during each and every workweek of
the period involved herein, each and every Defend-
ant, when engaged in the (16] hauling of sugar cane
from the fields to the mill, the processing of sugar
cane into raw sugar, and in their incidental and
functionally necessary and indispensable operations,
was also exempt from the overtime provisions of the
Act by virtue of Section Te) thereof: and
14 Waialua Agriculturai Co., cte.
(©) That during each and every workweek of
the period involved herein each of the Defendants,
when engaged in work in connection with the repair
and maintenance of Plaintiff's dwelling houses and
the furnishing of related facilities and services to
Plaintiff's employees and others occupying sue.
dwelling houses under a landlord-tenant relationship
with Plaintiff, was not ‘‘engaged in commerce or in
the production of goods for commerce” as the terms
‘‘commerce’’ and ‘**produced’’ were defined in See-
tions 3(b) and 3(j) of the Act; and that even if any
Defendant was ‘‘engaged in ecommerce or in the
production of goods for commerce”’ during any
workweek of said period of time, he was exempt
from the overtime provisions of the Act by virtue
of Section 13(a) (6) or 7(¢).
Plaintiff further prays for such other relief as to
the Court may seem just and proper.
Dated at Honolulu, T. H., this 21st day of August,
1950.
/s/ RUFUS G. POOLE,
/s/ LIVINGSTON JENKS,
ANDERSON, WRENN &
JENKS, |
/s/ ERNEST C. MOORE, JR.,
PRATT, TAVARES &
CASSIDY,
Attorneys for Plaintiff.
1 eonsent to the filing of the above-Amended
Complaint.
/s/ RICHARD GLADSTEIN,
Attorney for the Defendants.
vs. Ctraco Vane ja, et al. 15
(Title of District Court and ¢ ‘ause.]
UNITED STATES MARSHALS RETURN
The within Amended Complaint was received by
me on the 21st day of August, A.D. 1950. and the
same is returned duly executed by me this 22nd day
of August, A.D 1950, upon Richard Giladstein, At-
torney for the Defendants, by handing to and leay-
ing with Myer C. Symonds, Attorney, Merchant
Street, Honolulu, T. H., at the request of Richard
Gladstein, Attorney for the Defendants, a certified
copy of the original Amended Complaint, at 9:20
a.m,
Dated at Honolulu, T. H., this 22nq day of Au-
gust, A.D. 1950.
OTTO F. HEINE,
U. S. Marshal, District of
Hawaii.
By /s/ EMMANUEL U. MOSES, JR.,
Deputy.
[Endorsed]: Filed August 21, 1950. [18]
16 Waialua Agricultural Co., ete.
[Title of Distriet Court and Cause. ]
ANSWER TO AMENDED COMPLAINT, AND
COUNTER-CLAIM, CROSS-CLAIM AND
CROSS-COMPLAINT
Come now the defendants above named, and an-
swering the Amended Complaint on file herein, and
further by way of and as a Counter-Claim, Cross-
Claim and Cross-Complaint against the plaintiff
named above, deny, admit and allege as follows:
I.
Admit the allegations contained in Paragraphs 1,
2, 3, 4 (except as hereinafter denied), 5, 6 (except
as hereinafter denied), 7, 8 (except as hereinafter
denied), 10, 11, 12 and 13 of the Amended Com-
plaint. [20]
LT.
In reference to Paragraph 6 of the Amended
Complaint, defendants allege that during the period
covered by this action the plaintiff company, to-
gether with thirty other sugar plantation companies
operating in the Territory of Hawaii, and compris-
ing the vast majority of such companies in said Ter-
ritory, and producing in excess of seventy-five per
cent of the total sugar produced in said Territory,
were members and in control of the California and
Hawaiian Sugar Refining Corporation, Limited, a
California cooperation, which had been and was
qualified as a eooperative marketing association
under the Federal Capper-Volstead Act and under
the lews of California; that the members of said
vs. Crraco Mane ja, et al. 17
cooperative, including plaintiff company, were dur-
ing all of said period of time under contract to de-
liver and did deliver all of the raw sugar produced
by them to said cooperative; that said deliveries,
insofar as plaintiff Company Was concerned, were
made as referred to in said Paragraph 6 of the
Amended Complaint, being placed into the railroad
cars there referred to, and said deliveries continued
thereafter by rail, by ship, and by subsequent trans-
port on the Mainland of the United State s, to and in-
to a certain refinery located in Crockett, California,
Which retinery was owned, controlled and maintained
by the said cooperative; that the greater part of said
raw sugar so delivered was then and there refined at
Crockett, California; that. thereaftey such refined
sugar, and the portions of raw sugar not refined,
were sold by the said cooperative: that all proceeds
of the sale of such refined sugar and raw sugar
Were after the deduction of expenses, distributed to
or [21] held for the account of the uember planta-
tions of said cooperative in direct proportion to,
and in accordance with. the sugar furnished to said
cooperative by said plantations. including the plain-
tiff company.
IIT.
In reference to Paragraphs 4 and 8 of the
Amended Complaint, these defendants have no in-
formation or belief sufficient to enable them to an-
swer the allegations contained therein, and basing
themselves on said ground deny each and every, all
and singular, generally and specifically, the allega-
tions contained therein.
18 Waialua Agricultural Co., ete.
IV.
In reference to Paragraph 9 of the Amended
Complaint, the allegations contained in the first
sentence thereof are denied, and in this connection
the defendants allege that they have performed
work, tasks and duties for plaintiff company during
various workweeks contained within the period of
time involved in said action, and in many instances
in excess of forty hours per workweek, without re-
ceiving overtime compensation for hours per work-
week in excess oi forty up to forty-eight, and which
said work, tasks and duties constituted production
for commerce as defined by the said Fair Labor
Standards Act.
V.
The said work, tasks and duties performed by de-
fendants for plaintiff were and are within the eov-
erage and protéction of said fair Labor Standards
Act, and not within [22] any exemptions contained
therein, and by reason thereof the said plaintiff be-
came and was obligated te pay to defendants, for
hours worked in excess of forty per workweek, com-
pensation at the rate of one and one-half times the
regular rate of pay of defendants; that during var-
ious workweeks covered in this action, the defend-
ants did in fact work hours in excess of forty per
workweek, and by reason thereof were entitled to
receive overtime compensation as aforesaid, as re-
quired by said Fair Labor Standards Act; that
plaintiff failed and refused to pay such overtime
compensation ; that defendants have made elaim and
demand of plaintiff that payment of such unpaid
vs. Ciraco Mane ja, ef al. 19
compensation be made, and plaintiff has refused and
neglected to comply with said claims and demands ;
that there is due and owing from plaintiff to the de
fendants certain sums of money for such unpaid
overtime compensation, and Judgment against plain
tiff and in favor of defendants sheuld be rendered
in the amounts so due and owing, as established by
evidence which defendants are miepared to and will
produce in the trial of this action.
Wherefore, defendants pray for judgment against
plaintiff for unpaid overtime compensation, liqui-
dated damages in amounts equal to such compensa-
tion, costs and attorney's fees, and for such other
rehef as may be just and proper.
Dated Honolulu, T. H., this 23rd day of August,
1950.
KICHARD GLADSTEIN.
GLADSTEIN, ANDERSEN.
RESNER & LEONARD,
By /s/ RICHARD GLADSTEIN.,
Attorneys for Defendants.
[Endorsed]: Filed August 23rd. 1950. [23]
Ja Waialua Agricultural Co., ete.
[Title of Distriet Court and Cause.]
REPLY AND ANSWER TO COUNTER-CLAIM,
CROSS-CLAIM, AND CRESS-COMPLAINT
Comes now the Plaintiff above named, by its at-
torneys, Ii!uius G. Poole, Livingston Jenks and
Errvest C. Moore, Jr. and for reply and answer to
the Counter-Claim, Cross-Claim and Cross-Com-
plaint appearing in Paragraph V of Defendant's
Answer to Amended Complaint, and Counter:
Claim, Cross-Claim and Cross-Complaint, admits,
denies, and alleges as follows:
1. Plaintiff denies each and every allegation con-
tained in Paragraph V of the Defendants’ Answer
to Amended Complaint, and Counter-Claim, Cross
Claim and Cross-Complaint, except that it admits
a. That during each and every workweek from
November 20, 1946, to September L4, 1847, both
dates inelusive (the period of time involved in this
action), each and every Defendant generally worked
in excess of forty hours;
hb. That during said period Plaintiff generally
did net pay any Defendant overtime compensation
in accordance with [25] the standards of Section
Tia) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1958
hereinafter ealled the Aet) in that Plaintiff gener
ally did net pay any Defendant overtime compen-
sation for all hours worked by him in excess «of
forty per workweek ; and
vs. Ciraco Mane ja, et al. 21
e. That Defendants have demanded that Plain-
tiff pay them overtime compensation in accordance
with the standards of Section i(a) of the Act as
aforesaid for the period covered by this action but
that Plaintiff has refused to comply with such de-
mand and claim.
In connection with Plaintiff's refusal to ray De-
fendant such overtime compensation it alleges that
each and every Defendant during each and every
workweek covered by the Complaint, namely trom
November 20, 1946, to September 14, 1947. either
Was not engaged in commerce or in the production
of goods for commerce within the meaning of the
Act or was exempt frou the overtime provisions of
the Act—
a. As provided in Section 13(a) (6) of the Aet
because he was “‘emploved in agriculture’ as the
term “agriculture”” is detined in Section 3(f) of the
Act, or
bh. As provided in Section 7(¢) of the Act be-
cause he was empleved by the Plaintiff where the
Plaintiff was engaged in the “processing of * * *
sugar cane * * * into sugar (but not refined sugar)
or inte svrup.”* or
c. As provided in Section 13(a) (2) of the Net
heeause he was an “employee engaged in any retail
er service establishment the greater part of whose
selling or servicing is not intrastate commerce.”
in view of the foregoing, the Plaintiff was hot re-
22 Waialua Agricultural Co., etc.
quired by the Act to pay the Defendants any over-
time compensation. [26]
2. For the period November 20, 1946, to May
13, 1947, inclusive, the act or omission, if any, of
Plaintiff to pay the Defendants in accordance with
the claims of Defendants as set forth in paragraph
V of the Defendants’ Answer to Amended Com-
plaint, and Counter-Claim, Cross-Claim and Cross-
Complaint, was in good faith in conformity with
and in reliance on administrative regulations, or-
ders, rulings, approvals, and interpretations of
agencies of the United States and in good faith in
conformity with and in reliance on adn.imistrative
practices and enforcement policies of agencies of
the United States with respect to the class of em-
ployers to which Plaintiff belonged. Pursuant to
Section 9 of the Portal-toPorta! Act of 1947, there-
fore, Plaintiff is not liable to the Defendants or
any of them for any act or omission during the
period November 20, 1946, to May 13, 1947, inclu-
sive, complained of by Defendants.
3, For the period May 14, 1947, to September
14, 1947, inclusive, the act or ommission, if any, of
Plaintiff to pay the Defendants in aceordance with
the claims of Defendants as set forth in paragraph
V of the Defendants’ Answer to Amended Com-
plaint, and Counter-Claim, Cross-Claim and Cross-
Complaint, was in good faith in conformity with
and in reliance on written administrative regula-
tions. orders, rulings, approvals, and interpreta-
us. Ctraco Mane ja, et al. 23
tions of the Administrator of the Wage and Hour
Division, U. 8. Department of Labor, and in good
faith in conformity with and ir reliance on admin-
istrative practices and enforcement policies of the
said Administrator with respect to the class of em-
ployers to which Plaintiff belonged. Pursuant to
Section 10 of the Portal-to-Portal Act of 1947,
therefore, Plaintiff is not liable to the Defendants
or any of them for [27] any act or omission during
the period May 14, 1947, to September i4, 1947, in-
clusive, complained of by Defendants.
4. During all periods of time referred to in
paragraph V of the Defendants’ Answer to
Amended Complaint, and Counter-Claim, Cross-
Claim and Cross-Complaint, the act or omission, if
any, of Plaintiff to pay the Defendants in accord-
ance with the claims of Defendants as set forth in
said paragraph, was in good faith and Plaintiff had
reasonable grounds for believing that such act or
omission was not a violation of the Act. The court
therefore, pursuant to Section 11 of the Portal-to-
Portal Act of 1947, should in the exercise of its
discretion award no liquidated damages to Defend-
ants.
Wherefore Plaintiff prays that Defendants take
nothing by their Counter-Claim, Cross-Claim and
Cross-Complaint, that the Counter-Claim, Cross-
Claim and Cross-Complaint herein be dismissed
and that Plaintiff have such other and further
relief as may be proper in the premises.
24 Waialua Agricultural Co., ete.
Dated Honolulu, T. H., this 25th day of August,
1950.
/s/ RUFUS G. POOLE,
/s/ LIVINGSTON JENKS,
ANDERSON, WRENN &
J ENKS,
/s/ ERNEST C. MCORE, JR.,
PRATT, TAVARES &
CASSIDY,
Attorneys for Plaintiff.
Receipt of copy acknowledged.
[Endorsed]: Filed August 2, 1950. [28]
[Title of District Court and Cause. }
AMENDMENT TO ANSWER TO AMENDED
COMPLAINT, AND COUNTER-CLAIM,
CROSS-CLAIM, AND CROSS-COMPLAINT
Come now the defendants, counter-claimants,
eross-claimants and eross-complainants above
named, and upon consent of plaintiff, and with
leave of Court first had and obtained, do file the
within Amendment to that certain pleading hereto-
fore filed and designated as ‘‘Answer to Amended
Complaint, and Counter-Claim, Cross-Claim, and
Cross-Complaint,”” and for such Amendment do al-
lege as follows:
1. In reference to the allegations contained in
Paragraph V of said Answer to Amended Com-
vs. Ciraco Mane ja, et al. 25
plaint, and Counter-Claim, [29] Cross-Claim, and
Cross-Complaint, and by way of further allegation
in respect of the same, it is hereby alleged that the
work, tasks and duties performed for plaintiff by
the defendants, as referred to in said Paragraph V,
were compensable by the express provisions of then
existing, applicable and effective written collective
bargaining contracts entered into and carried out by
plaintiff and by the collective bargaining repre-
sentative of defendants; that said work, tasks and
duties, and all activities connected therewith, were
further compensable br reason of custom and prac-
tice, then and there in effect during all of the time
said activities were performed, and particularly dur-
ing all of the time ecvered by the Complaint on file
herein, at and within the establishments and places
where these defendants were employed, and that
said customs and practices did vover said activities,
and were not in anywise inconsistent with any writ-
ten or non-written contracts in effect at the time of
the performance of such activities; that the work,
tasks, duties and activities performed by defend-
ants for plaintiff, referred to and described in said
Paragraph V, consisted of and were the main and
principal work and duties for which defendants
were employed by plaintiff, and were the main and
principal duties and functions actually performed
by defendants; that all such work and activities
were engaged in and performed by defendants dur-
ing the portions of the days with respect to which
the same were made compensable as aforesaid: that
26 Waialua Agricultural Co., etc.
a!l such work, tasks, duties and activities were in
fact intended to be, and were, paid for aml com-
pensated by plaintiff, ana no dispute exists between
the partics as to whether such activities should have
been paid for, but on the contrary the [30] dispute
between the parties is as to whether the amounts
paid by plaintiff have been sufficient to discharge
its obligations under the said Fair Labor Standards
Act for overtime compensation.
Wherefore, defendants pray for judgment as re-
quested in the said Answer to Amended Complaint,
and Counter-Claim, Cross-Claim, and Cross-Com-
plaint.
Dated Honolulu, T. H., this 29th day of August,
1950.
RICHARD GLADSTEIN,
GLADSTEIN, ANDERSEN,
RESNER & LEONARD,
By /s/ RICHARD GLADSTEIN,
Attorneys for Defendants.
We consent to the filing of the above Amendment.
/s/ RUFUS G. POOLE,
/s/ LIVINGSTON JENKS,
/s/ ERNEST C. MOORE, JR.,
Attorneys for Plaintiff.
[Endorsed]: Filed August 30, 1950. [31]
vs. Ciraco Mane ja, et al. 27
[Title of District Court and Cause. ]
STIPULATION
Index
Part |]
Pages
Description of the Plantation and Its Opera-
inte EE EEE PRG abe piel ERR! pec 50
1, Name and Location of Company........ 30
“. The Business of the Plantation........._. 3]
3. Relative Position of Plantation in Terri-
vias? EE LE ENE Ne UE att y Oy: 32
4. Sugar Cane Not an Article of Interstate
RUIN ph aie ree rie eo 33
9. Some General Facts About the Plantation 33
6. Location of Buildings and Facilities on
PN occu Pe eg ee oe 38
7. Preparation of Land for Planting. ...... 39
a Medecine, CPE oT OCOD Se Aeon ree 40
ot ee DEA A el ekemee Ue tet 42
pers cra SE EEO OI ele 42
se hh che tcprica., OEP OEL OPO OPE SRE es oe 44
sec Berens PEI E PR a emnee Lie 45
Ma ME ahem 52
14. Railroad Transportation ..........000 02. 59
Waialua Agricultural Co., etc.
Pages
Field Road and Public Road Transporta-
Se ae SG sy sigh bets Uae 69% BO es b+
es eae dviee en ee es 68 66
Chopping and Crushing Cane............ 72
Clarifying and Crystallizing............. 76
Sugar Bagging and Shipping............ 82
Work Schedules of Mill Employees...... 82
Week End Repaiv of Mill.............-. 53
No Non-Plantation Cane Processed by Mill 84
ee ee re S4
Fire Room and Power Production... ..... 8
Generation and Distribution of Electric
GOR: NS alee Oe Mere ie aed eae nR pare 89
ee ee ee re eee ee er ee ee 94
Laboratory Tests and Sampling.......... 103
Concrete Products Plant................ 105
Storage of Plantation Supplies.......... 106
Main Administration Office.............. 108
I Roe ei vie oud aba Wank es kes 109
Ne eae haK ew eer Nes 109
Mill Repairs During the Off Season...... 111
Mechanization and Improved Management 114
vs. Ciraco Mane ja, et al. 29
Pages
39. Relationship of Cane Production to Cane
Processing in ‘Terms of Direct Operating
Expenses and Hours Worked............ 117
36. Plantation Villages ................. -. oa
Part II
Description of the Work and Duties of Defend-
ants as Employees of Plantation........._ 123
* * *
en Sy gs 2 ees Ey 124
% *
48. Peter MI Ge oli ants 125
Sy ee OO cs 125
¥ * *
Part II]
Additional Data Relating to Work and Duties
We I 55 iid as we st 127
SMI 05 dseineksdh dois kes vcs. 128
MS hacen sce. ued. fre ese 128
30 Waialua Agricultural Co., etc.
It Is Hereby Stipulated by and between Waialua
Agricultural Company, Limited, Plaintiff herein,
by and through Rufus G. Poole, Livingston Jenks,
and Ernest C. Moore, Jr., it Attorneys, and Ciraco
Maneja, Antone Vierra, Augustine Lorenzo, Haru
Kibota, Tadao Watanabe, Koichi Okouchi, Tsuruo
Hayashi, Cornelio Asuncion, Roque Crisostomo,
Peter Holmberg, Hatsusuke Sera, Takumi Okouchi,
Pedro Dumlao, Bernabe Hernandez, Domingo
Guigui, Ushinosuke Kondo, Teruichi Kubo, Masaiki
Oato, Simon Cumlat, Apolonio Lazo, Giichi Hama-
moto, Dionicio Carrit, Seraphine Robello, Toshio
Tanaka, Barney Faria, Fumio Sunahara, Hirosaku
Takata, Alfred Reyher, Masaru Ezawa, Damaso
Claunan, Antone Robello, Yoshiji Yamada, Edwin
Mori, Genjiro Hironaka, Jiro Sakai, Margaret
Fujiwara, Louis Pacheco, Yukishige Tsutsui, Yack
Chun Lee, Eiko Sakaguchi, Moses Fernandez and
Toshio Kashiwabara, Defendants herein, by and
through their Attorney, Richard Gladstein, in Civil
Action No. 787, that the following are true and
accurate facts: [36]
Part I.
Description of the Plantation and Its Operations
A
Name and Location of Company
Waialua Agricultural Company, Limited, herein-
after sometimes referred to as the ‘* Plantation,’
———
IThe term ‘‘ Plantation”’ is also used in this stipu-
lation to mean the geographical area or which the
Waialua Agricultural Company, Limited, is pro-
us. Ciraco Mane ja, et al. 31
is a corporation duly organized and existing under
and by virtue of the laws of the Territory of
Hawaii, having been organized in IS98, with its
head office located in Honolulu, City and County of
Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii, and its plantation
located in the District of Waialua, City and County
of Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii.
»
The Business of the Plantation
Since the original incorporation of the Company
in 1898, the business of the Plantation has been and
continues to be the growing, cultivating and har-
vesting of sugar cane on lands owned or leased by
the Plantation; the processing of such sugar cane
into raw sugar and molasses; the bagging, loading
and shipping of the raw sugar to refineries situated
in the continental United States; and the loading
and shipping of molasses in bulk to continental
United States, ail of which is hereinafter deseribed.
The loading of the bagged rw sugar and of the
molasses into railroad box and tank cars of the
Oahu Railway & Land Company, an independently
owned and operated carrier (hereinafter referred to
as the [387] ““O. R. & 1.’’), at the site of the mill?
ducing sugar cane, processing it into raw sugar and
conducting related operations.
“The term ‘mill’? as used herein means the
building and equipment of the plantation used in
the actual processing of sugar cane into raw sugar,
including eane carrier, cane cleaning plant and
scales, crushing plant, boiling house, fire rovum,
power plant, sugar warehouse and molasses tanks,
and all equipment therein.
32 Waialua Agricultural Co., ete.
and the pushing of such cars from such site onto a
nearby spur of the O. R. & L., complete the oper-
ations of the Plantation and the work of its em-
ployees relative thereto. The Plantation does not
engage in any sugar refining operation.
3.
Relative Position of Plantation in Territory
The Waialua Agricultural Company, Limited, 1s
one of thirty-four (54) sugar plantations located,
operating and doing business in the Territory of
Hawaii (hereinafter referred to as the ‘*Term-
tory’’). The total raw sugar produced by these
thirty-four plantations in 1945 was 821,216 tons.
Of this amount the Waialua Agricultural Company,
Limited, produced 56,193 tons or slightly less than
7%, and as such it ranked as the third largest pro-
ducer of raw sugar in the Territory in 1945. The
total number of employees of the thirty-four planta-
tions as of September 1, 1946, was 29,517 and was
approximately 28% of the total number of persons
privately employed in the Territory. The raising
of sugar eane and the processing of it into raw
sugar constitutes the principal industry in the
Territory in terms of the number of persons pri-
vately employed, invested capital and the value of
the product produced. Between the years 194] and
1945, the Territory produced between 13.30% and
10.76% of all sugar, both beet and cane, distributed
for consumption in the continental United [38]
States.
ae
=~
*-
=~
vs. Ciraco Mane ja, et al.
4,
Sugar Cane Not an Article of
Interstate Commerce
Sugar cane is highly perishable, as will be here-
inafter described, and starts to deteriorate immedi-
ately after harvesting. To avoid serious losses it
must be processed into sugar, syrup or molasses
within a few hours after it has been burned? or
severed from the ground. For this reason and be-
cause of the great weight and bulkiness of cane as
compared with raw sugar, it must be processed
within a few miles of where it is grown. Sugar
cane never moves into interstate commerce in its
natural state. Except for small amounts which are
used as seed cane, it is grown exclusively for the
purpose of producing sugar, syrup or molasses and
it is these end products, which are the result of the
processing of cane, which becomes articles of inter-
state commerce,
D
Some General Facts About the Plantation
At the present time the Plantation grows and
produces sugar cane on 9,663 acres of land owned
or leased by it. Substantially all of the land now
devoted to sugar cane production has been owned
or leased by the Plantation and used by it for this
purpose since 1910. The table set forth in para-
graph 34 of this stipulation will show that the num-
’The references herein to the “burning”* of sugar
‘ane are to the burning of the leaves and rubbish
in the cane field as part of the harvesting operation.
In such burning the eane stalks are undamaged,
JA Waialua Agricultural Co., etc.
ber of acres under cane cultivation since 1910 flue-
tuated above and below the present cane acreage
by approximately 10%. [39] The acreage reduction
shown for 1935 was due to the establishment of
quotas by the Federal Government under the author-
ity of the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1935,
7 USCA § GOL et seq., but the acreage eliminated
from cultivation at that time was eliminated on a
temporary basis only, and continued as a part of the
plantation and was subsequently replanted. In 1915
and 1920 the acreage excceded present acreage by
some 10%. This was due to the fact that the Planta-
tion was at that time attempting to produce cane
on certain of its marginal areas, the use of which
for such purpose was later abandoned. The cane
growing land of the Plantation, its buildings and
yard area, and other lands owned or leased by the
Plantation, but unsuited for cane growing, includ-
ing a wooded area from which firewood is cut for
use as fuel by plantation employees living in the
plantation villages hereinafter described, form a
contiguous and compact area as shown by Exhibit
‘A’ which is attached hereto and made a_ part
hereof, except that an area of 470.42 acres of cane
growing land located on the lowlands at the west
end of the Plantation is connected with the prin-
cipal area of the Plantation only by a strip of land
40 feet wide and 1,150 feet long over which the
Plantation has a perpetual easement for rights-of-
way for the moving of its agricultural equipment
supplies and sugar cane.
Sugar cane is grown in fields which in one area
us. Ciraco Mane ja, et al. i)
of the plantation are cut by deep guiches and waste
land unsuited for cane production, while in other
areas the fields are separated only by plantation
roads or publie highways. Cane erowing land is
criss-crossed with a network of plantation field roads
and a narrow gauge plantation-owned railroad. [40]
Planting, cultivating and harvesting Supp lbes, min.
terials and equipment are transported over these
field roads. The railroad is used te transport cane
from the fields to the mill and te transport some
agricultural supplies and harvesting equipment he-
tween the plantation buildings and yard area and
the fields. There is also a network of irrigation
ditches throughout the plantation and a number of
water storage reservoirs, since all eane Crown ot
the plantation must be irrigated.
All the lands devoted te the growing of suear
eane are managed and operated by the Plantation
as an integrated farming unit and single enterprise
with identical croppimg, eultivation and harvesting
practices, and with the same labor and cou pment,
Employees work in the fields moving from one area
to another depending upon the program of plowing,
planting, irrigating, fertilizing, applying herbicides
and insecticides, weeding and harvesting. The cane
lands are in various stages of production or prepa.
ration. Some acreage is being plowed and furrowed
for new planting, some is being *“‘ratooned”’ (a
process hereinafter described), some acreage is in
young growth, some in old growth nearing ma-
turity and other acreage is being harvested, The
growing, harvesting and processing of the cane and
36 Waialua Agricultural Co., ete.
the marketing of the :aw sugar constitute one con-
tinneus and vear around operation except that an-
nually harvesting and processing of cane are
suspended for approximately three (3) months for
the purpose reconditioning the mill and equipme t,
as hereinafter described. [41] |
As of September 1, 1946, the Plantation had a
total of 1.144 emplovees. The Plantation consid. v's
this number of iovees sufficient for its oper-
ations as conducted at the present time. [ts labor
requirements are substantially the same throughe it
the vear.
The Plantation has ten (10) job classifications fr
its rank and file or nen supervisery employees, W. 0
numbered 959 as of November 19, 1946. The hourly
wage rates for such ten (10) classifications ranve
from a minimum of Se te a maximum of $1.08.
The Plantation, however, employs 12 handicapped,
superannuated and part-time workers who receive
a minimum hourly wage of 74c. The weighted aver-
eee hourly wage rate for all non-supervisory em-
ployees of the Plantation is 90.8¢. The existing col-
leetive Dargaining agreement dated November 19,
1946, between the Plantation and the International
Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union, Loeal
145-7. as collective bargaining agent for most of
the non-supervisory emplovees, which contract sets
forth the wages, hours and working conditions of
the employees herein involved, is attached hereto
as Exhibit Band made a part hereof.
Prior to March 1, 1940, the Plantation paid no
overtime compensation but since that date it has
vs. Ciraco Mane ja, et al. 37
paid time and one-half for all hours worked in
exeess of eight in one day and forty-eight in one
work week, Work performed on New Year's Day,
Dadependence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day
and Christmas Day have also been compensated at
the rate of time and one-half. since March 1, 1940,
On July 12, 1943, most of the oftice staff and most
of the warehouse employees were placed on a 40-
hour work week schedule and have continued since
that date on such schedules [42] with time and one-
half being paid for all hours worked In excess of
forty per week,
Since October 4, 1943. employees in the mill and
in the allied service shops have been paid time and
one-half during the off season for all hours worked
in excess of forty per week,
It is the contention of the plaintiff that the pro-
Visions of the Fair Labor Standards Act do not
require it to pay any of. its emplovees overtime
compensation, Conversely, it is the contention of
the defendants that sneh Aet requires the plaintiff
to pey all of its employees time and one-half for
wl hours worked in excess of forty per week,
All Plantation operations and activities are under
the over-all direction and control of the Plantation
manager, Under him as immediate assistants are
the assistant manager and three staff assistants, the
field and mill coordinator, and the personnel train-
ing and development director.
The various plantation operations described here-
Inafter are each under the supervision of a man-
aver or superintendent as follows: Field operations,
38 Waialua Agricultural Co., etc.
the field swperintendent; mill and allied shop oper-
ations, the cane processing superintendent; ware-
house, the warehouse superintendent ; construction,
the construction superintendent ; accounting, the
office manager; and civil engineering, the civil engi-
neer. All of these superintendents are responsible
to the plantation manager.
6.
Loeation of Buildings and Facilities
on Plantation
The plantation buildings, including the mill, which
processes the cane into raw sugar, a number of
buildings housing [43] repair shops for the main-
tenance of field, transportation and mill equipment,
warehouses for plantation supplies, and other build-
a
ings having functional relation to the entire planta-
tion operations, are centrally lo sated on the lowlands
of the plantation in a small, compact and con-
tiguous area. The administration offices of the
Plantation are located on the plantation within a
distance of not more than one-fourth (14) of a mile
from the other buildings. Surrounding such planta-
tion buildings and administration office area are
plantation-owned houses in which employees work-
ing in both field and mill live with their families.
Community service establishments and recreational
facilities are also located here. Public highways
and an independently owned narrow gauge railroad
cut across this area. Other company-owned facilities
include a hospital and a general merchandise retail
store which sells to both plantation employees and
vs. Ciraco Mane ja, et al. 39
the general public. Located along the public high-
Ways running through the plantation are non-plan-
tation-owned stores, shops, theatres, automotive
service stations, barber shops, churches, a bank and
other facilities which are normally a part of any
typical small community in a farming area. See
Exhibit **A’’ which illustrates the general deserip-
tion given above of the location of the cultivated
areas, gulches, waste lands, buildings, plantation and
private communities and highways.
7.
Preparation of Land for Planting
Sugar cane is a giant bunch-grass_ producing
clumps or stools of solid strongly jointed stalks or
sticks measuring from 1 inch to 24% inches in
diameter, well developed stalks [44] reaching on an
average 10 feet to 15 feet in height. The sugar cane
grown on the plantation requires generally 22 to
24 months to mature after planting or ‘ratooning.””
Three or four crops can be obtained from each
planting, Jelds being replanted each six to eight
years. Between these times of planting a field. is
“ratoorea”’ at the end of each harvest. Seed used
for planting is actually 24-inch to 30-inch young
‘ane cuttings. These cuttings of cane have nodes
every 5 inches to 8 inches apart. At every node
there is a bud which forms a new stool. Planting
seed is obtained from cane that is cight to twelve
months old,
Plowing of the field for the planting of new crops
commences soon after the harvesting operations on
40 Waialua Agricultural Co., ete.
the previous crop are completed. The plowing is
performed with 110-horsepower diesel powered trac-
ters with rooter type subsoil attachment. The sub-
1 is broken up to « depth of 18 inches to 24
nehes. Two or mer —~”’ soil plowings of each field
are carried out, the second plowing being performed
at right angles to the first. After the field has been
subsoil plowed twice, a dise plow (eight 28-inch
discs) is drawn by a tractor over the field, breaking
up large cane stools and lumps and turning over
the soil. When this operation is completed, the sub-
soil tractor subsoils the field onee again and the final
plowing is completed with the dise plow. This leaves
the field well broken up and ready for the planting
operation. Each type of plow used in the above
operation is manned by a tractor operator and
helper. Tractors may be operated in two shifts
or one shift may work longer than the customary
eight hours depending upon the urgency of com-
pletion of the plowing operation. [45]
After the field is plowed, a crew of six men in-
eluding a tractor operator using a tractor with a
‘*stone boat’’ attachment, clears the field of obstrue-
tions, such as stenes. This same crew and tractor
are also used to move concrete irrigation flumes and
pipes to the proper location, if the locations are to
he changed.
8,
Planting
Planting is done by a planter machine mounted
on a 75-horsepower diescl powered tractor manned
by a crew of cight men including the tractor oper-
vs. Ctraco Mane ja, et al. 41
ator, This planter consists of : nlatform which will
hold sixty to seventy-five bags of seed weighing
sixty-five to ninety pounds each. The bagged roud
is spotted in the field prior to planting and is loaded
onto the planter by the planting machine erew. A
fertilizer hopper is also mounted on the tractor, and
fertilizer is distributed concurrently with the plant-
ing. The planter progresses across the field and twe
mold boards attached to the tractor drawbar make
two “V" shaped furrows from fourteen to eighteen
inches deep. The seed is guided by chutes from the
platform of the planter to the furrows; fertilizer
is distributed in the furrows from. the fertilizer
hopper. The planting machine plants about one
acre per load. After the planter drops the seed and
fertilizer, a gang consisting of ten to fifteen men
with hoes follows the planter spacing the seed and
covering it with an inch or two of soil. A’ flume
laying gang, consisting of fifteen men under the
supervision of a flume laying foreman, then pro-
ceeds to install concrete flumes. These flumes are
spotted throughout the field having been brought
up by truck from the plantation concrete products
plant where they are made. Sections [48] of con-
crete flumes are from 30 inches te 36 inches long
and are approximately 1514 inches wide at the top.
A small crew of eight men construct necessary head-
Ings, which are special wood or conerete thume
headings or gates required at the point at which
water is brought into the field. Field irrigation
lines are carefully plotted out according to pre-
arranged plan and method which will be deseribed
42 Waialua Agricultural Co., etc.
hereafter. As soon as possible after the seed is
planted, irrigation water is applied.
Approximately six weeks after the planting has
been completed and the crop has commenced to
grow, further planting is performed to the extent
of filling in any blank spots where the cane seed
has failed to germinate. The seed is hauled by truck
to the edge of the fields and then spotted throughout
the field by pack mules. This work is done by a
pack mule man, with a helper. Holes are dug by
hand hoe, and seed pieces; are then laid in these
holes by hand and covered to a depth of two inches.
A gang of approximately twenty-four employees
perform this work.
9,
Ratooning
As previously stated, fields are replanted each
six or eight years. Between these times of planting
a field is ‘‘ratooned’’ at the end of each harvest.
*Ratooning”’ is a term referring to the operations
performed after a field is harvested to prepare the
field for the growing of another crop. In- such
preparation the old cane stools or stubble are left im
place and the ground is refurrowed into rows.
The undamaged cane stools or stubble will then send
up new [47] shoots upon application of water and
fertilizer to the field. New seed is added to fill in
blank spots or to replace damaged stools or stubble.
10.
Cultivation
To eontrol weeds, herbicides are applied. The
us. Ciraco Mane ja, et al. 43
first application is performed within one week after
planting in order to destroy the first germination
of the weeds. Thereafter herbicides are applied at
intervals varying from fifteen to twenty days de-
pending on the weather and the condition of the
field. The last application is performed when the
‘ane is approximately six months old. Thereafter
spraying of herbicides is limited to the spraying
of irrigation flume areas, for a distance of ten to
fifieen feet on either side of the Hume, and also
spraying of the area along the main ditches and the
level ditches within such particular field area.
Herbicide gangs are composed of thirteen to nine-
teen men. Each man in the gang is equipped with
a knapsack sprayer: that is, a sprayer which is
strapped to the backs of the men, the herbicide be-
ing applied by means of a nozzle at the end of a
hose which is directed by hand as the gang members
walk along the areas being treated.
After two or three applications of the herbicides,
a weeding gang composed of fifteen to twenty-five
men remove the remaining weeds with the use of
hoes. A gasoline driven tractor equipped with two
revolving discs at either side of the cane stool is
sometimes used. The tractor cuts the weeds and
throws them to the top of the banks between the
rows of planted cane. [48]
Truck sprayers of herbicides are employed to
control weed growth on plantation field roads and
along storm ditches and main irrigation ditches.
This operation utilizes a truck which ‘arries a tank
of 1,000-gallon capacity and a special spray pump
44 Waialua Agricultural Co., ete.
which pumps the herbicide through a hose pipe
equipped with a spray nozzle. One man then guides
the nozzle along the road sides and ditches.
Although insecticides are occasionally called for,
their application is infrequent. When performed,
the method used is a similar knapsack spraying,
applying the insecticides to the top of the cane.
Herbicide gangs perform this operation also.
A total of approximately forty men is engaged
in herbicide operations.
11.
Fertilizing
After planting there are two or three additional
applications of fertilizer before the cane reaches the
age of seven months. The fertilizer is hauled by
truck to the edge of the field or nearest point of
distribution and then reloaded on pack mules, which
place bags alongside the irrigation flumes or levei
ditches according to the number of pounds to be
applied per acre. Each man in the fertilizer gang,
numbering twelve men, is equipped with a bag which
he fills with fertilizer and then proceeds along the
cane rows applying the same by hand near the base
of the cane stools.
Irrigation water is also used to apply fertilizer
to the field after the cane is too high to permit hand
application. Normally, two applications of fertilizer
are applied by water.
Fertilizer applied for the year 1945 totaled 2,855
tons. [49]
vs. Ctraco Mancja, et al. 45
12.
[rrigation
Intensive irrigation throughout the vear is re-
quired for the entire plantation acreage devoted to
sugar cane production. Although the normal annual
rainfail is about thirty inches, precipitation is un-
evenly distributed throughout the year, thereby re-
quiring supplemental irrigation at all times.
An extensive and comprehensive system of water
supply from surface and artesian sources has been
developed by the Plantation since it was incor-
porated in 1898. The primary source of surface
water is the Wahiawa Reservoir, constructed and
developed in 1904-06 and operated by another com-
pany. This reservoir has a storage capacity of 2,540
million gallons, obtained from a mountain water-
shed. Water from this reservoir is conveyed through
four miles of tunnel and open ditch to the 750-foot
contour of the Plantation where it. is conveyed
through a major eanal forming in general the upper
boundary of the cultivated area.
Surface water is diverted by small dams at the
headwaters of the streams running down the gulehes
indicated as wasteland on the map marked Exhibit
“C” which is attached hereto and made a part
hereof. Flow from the streams in these gulches is
sporadic and reservoir capacity to store freshet
peaks is limited.
In addition to the above sources of water, a
system of deep well pumps has been developed
vradually on the Plantation since 1898 to tap the
artesian slopes from the two mountain ranees Iving
46 Waialua Agricultural Co., etc.
on either side of the Plantation. The present pump
system comprises twenty-two pumping stations with
a rated capacity of 11.36 million gallons per 24-hour
day. [50] Three of these units are powered by
steam; the remainder are operated by push-button
controlled electric power units.
In addition to supplying irrigation water for
sugar cane production, the artesian system supplies
the mill and the domestic water needs of the planta-
tion villages. Occasionally, water from artesian
wells is also supplied to home gardens of plantation
employees and to small farmers, all of whose prod-
uce is consumed locally. Artesian water may also
be used for fire protection purposes. Surface flow
water may be used, however, for home gardens, as
well as for fire protection needs.
The following table summarizes the amount of
water received from various sources during the
years 1941-1945, and reflects the amounts of these
totals which have been required for irrigation pur-
poses: [51]
1940
Steam Pumps ........ 4,186.93
Electric Pumps ....12,183.16
Total Pump Water..16,370.09
Wahiawa Res. ......... 9,835.10
Helemano Stream.. 1,874.82
Opaeula Stream...... 1,926.33
Kamananui Stream 1,235.88
——
Total Surtace
ee ee 14,945.83
Total Water
Received ..............31,615.92
Total Water Used
for Cane
Irrigation ............ 30,547.71
1941
0,082.49
12,347.43
17,900.47
7,908.97
1,710.95
2,138.21
1,140.51
ee
12,541.40
SO 441.87
29,895.84
(In millions of gallons)
1942
3,059.50
7,747.88
10,807.38
8,835.71
2,306.17
1,979.71
1,852.34
15,069.35
95,876.73
24,665.12
1943
4,250.56
8,445.01
12,695.57
9,366.64
1,698.47
1,855.05
1,193.41
14,182.48
26,878.05
26,002.83
1944
9,842.23
12,601.78
18,444.01
8,000.40
1,820.14
1,590.53
067.35
12,028 95
30,472.96
29,658.02
1945
6,495.03
11,979.92
18,474.95
6,539.75
1,023.05
1,014.43
229.58
8,806.81
‘)0 a “wlaunyy oonsrg “sa
Lb
48 Waialua Agricultural Co., etc.
A flexible system of earth, conerete and stone-
lined eanals, steel inverted siphons, and concrete
pipes and flumes distributes water to the cane fields
of the Plantation. Approximately 50 per cent of the
cultivated land of the plantation is irrigated solely
by surface water; approximately 5 per cent is irri-
gated solely by artesian water; and the balance is
irrigated by both surface and artes.an water.
The plantation is traversed by three main supply
‘canals. The Wahiawa Ditch at the upper boundary
of the cultivated area follows approximately the
750-foot contour and delivers gravity water from
the Wahiawa Reservoir, supplemented by flows
from the other stream diversions. A group of canals
at approximately the 300-foot contour receive and
distribute water from high-lift pump units, and a
third group of canals along the 100-foot contour
deliver low-lift pump water. A few low-lift pumps
supply artesian water directly to certain areas
through separate ditch systems.
In practically all cases, water is delivered from
each source to several areas of the plantation across
deep ravines and rugged topography which necessi-
tate the use of long inverted steel siphons of 24 to
54-inch diameter or of high flumes. Lateral distri-
bution from each canal is provided by ‘‘straight
ditches,’ usually lined with stone or concrete to
prevent erosion, through which water is delivered
to the fields or to the next Jower canal in the system.
Distribution reservoirs, of whieh 30 ranging in
‘capacity from 1.0 to 50, million gallons, have been
vs. Ciraco Mane ja, et al. 49
constructed by the Plantation, provide night. stor-
age and equalize water flows.
One of two methods of irrigation is emploved
depending upon the topography. On tlat lands with
a slope of two feet [53] or less te each hundred
feet, the field is in furrows runnine down the slope.
Low level ditches extend across the fields at right
angles te the furrows. Water flows from the field
supply ditches into the level ditehes which are
spaced approximately 200 to 300° feet down the
slope, and the irrigator diverts water into the cane
furrows, either by cutting through the banks of
the level ditehes with a hoe or by using contrelled
gates on permanent pipes connecting with each
furrow. The method described is referred to as the
“Long Line’ method.
Another method used is the ‘* Herringbone”
method. If the field slope is in exeess of two fee
per one hundred fect, the concrete tlhimes previously
mentioned are laid along the ridges or highlands.
The field slope may be as high as 10 or 12 feet per
one hundred feet. Openings cast in the sides of the
walls at the time of making are spaced so that
these openings are opposite the head of each furrow.
The furrows run across the field at 2 moderate
grade. The irrigator adjust. the flow of water
through the holes in the conerete flume with the
use of a metal scoop placed in the flume. These
Scoops are made in the plantation tinsmith shop
for this purpose.
Four water supply ditchmen are responsible for
50 Waialua Agricultural Co., ete.
the inspection, maintenance and control of the upper
reservoirs and intake dams. Twelve water distribu-
tion ditehmen are responsible for reeciving the
irrigation water at the main canals and distrib-
uf ng it to the field irrigators. During periods
When irrigation is suspended, both the water supply
ditechmen and the water distribution ditchmen are
engaged In maintenance, cleaning and minor repairs
to the ditch and reservoir systems. At present, 105
emplovees are engaged [54] in field irrigation and
incidental cultivation of specific fields. These field
inrigators receive water from the field supply ditch
or one of the main canals and distribute it according
te one or the other of the two methods described
above,
The entire irrigation system of the Plantation is
located on lands owned or leased by the Plantation
and constituting a part of the integrated farming
unit. The location of the principal plantation irri-
gation channels, canals, reservoirs and pumps. is
shown on Exhibit "CL"
The frequency of irrigation applications varies
slightly during the year, depending greatly on
natural rainfall received and to a lesser extent on
the temperature and amount of sunlight. The domi-
nant factor in determining the frequeney of irriga-
tion is the age of cane and the consequent spread
of the root system and the exposed leaf mass. The
mass of stalks and leaves offer great resistance to
the thaw of Irrigation Water at the base of the plant,
thereby requiring heave applications af Water, A
vs. Ciraco Mane ja, et al. dl
gencral schedule of irrigation frequency, for periods
without rainfall in excess of 0.50 inch, at the Plan-
tation is:
Cane from 0 to 1 month old: Irrigate every 7
to 10 days,
Cane from 1 to 6 months old: Irrigate every 12
days.
Cane from 6 to 12 months old: Irrigate every
15 days.
Cane from 12 to 18 months old: Trrigate every
18 days.
Cane from 18 months to maturity: Irrigate every
20-25 days.
Cease irrigation from one to three months before
harvest. [55]
Irrigation frequency at the Plantation is guided
by soil moisture samples collected weekly from each
field of the Plantation. The field eapacity of each
soil type has Ween determined by standards de-
veloped by the U.S. Department. of Agriculture,
and the soil moisture available to the plant is re-
ported for each locality in terms of acre inches
of water available and the number of days interval
required to replenish the supply.
For the crop years 1933-1945 inclusive. the ratio
of sugar produced to million gallons of water used
for irrigation at the Plantation was as follows:
32 Waialua Agricultural Co., etc.
Crop Tons Sugar Million Gallons Tons Sugar
Year Produced Water Applied Per M.G. Water
AE 55,473 29,588 1.87
EE Snunddinennobtnciins 55,669 31,454 1.77
I a 50,520 25,554 1.98
IEE accuiladoneaad ceesecnerss OOOO 29,068 1.85
SSE FY 29,085 1.82
Se ee 46,853 29,478 1.59
ATES Eee eee 53,879 30,509 1.77
URES 58,212 30,548 1.90
See 58,410 29,896 1.95
TIE Sincecelsiet ciel cie i 52,967 24,665 2.15
| ENS 51,875 26,003 1.99
ASS 54,684 29,658 1.84
UE teiichhlidnhdeataaee i 56,193 26,507 2.12
From 1899 to 1941, inclusive, tons sugar are
commercial; from 1942, tons sugar are 96° U. S.
Department of Agriculture.
13.
Harvesting
Harvesting is programmed at least one or two
years in advance and the order of harvesting the
various fields determined. In order to assure a con-
tinuous and balanced flow of cane to the mill, har-
vesting schedules must be properly balaneed with
planting and ratooning of succeeding erops, [56]
irrigation water distribution and the capacity of
transportation facilities. In this way the harvest-
ing, planting, ratooning, irrigating, transporting and
milling operations can be evenly coordinated. Har-
vesting operations are conducted throughout the
vear except during the so-called ‘off-season?’ —a
period of approximately three months when the
mill is closed down for repairs as will hereinafter
he described. Before any harvesting operations com-
menee, field maps are prepared and the entire har-
vesting operation is planned out in every detail.
vs. Ctraco Mane ja, et al. 53
Sugar cane fields ready for harvesting are first
burned over. Experience has shown that burning
of the sugar cane results in insignificant losses in
sugar content while efficiency in harvesting is
greatly increased not only in removing the eane
from the fields, but also throngh reduction of the
amount of trash carried to the mill. Efficiency in
operation of the transportation system as well as
in the operation and maintenance of the mill is
thereby effected. Trash percentage may run as high
as 50 to 60 per cent in harvesting unburned cane,
but in harvesting burned eane, trash percentage
averages only 13 to 20 per cent. Trash is the term
applied to anything other than millable cane, and
includes dead cane, soil, foliage, cane stools. stones,
tramp iron or any other foreign matter gathered up
and sent to the mill in the course of harvesting
operations.
An average of 10 to 15 acres of cane is burned at
one time. Firebreaks approximately 15 feet wide
are cut through the unburned cane by a moditied
(-horsepower tractor bulldozer referred to as a
bulldozer rake. This machine has a series of nine
heavy steel teeth extending out in front of [57]
the machine and tears the cane stalks from the
stools and pushes the cane off to the side inte the
upright cane. It requires one operator. A) eround
erew of four men work with the rake cutting cane
stalks missed by the rake and alse removing ob-
structions in the preparation of firebreaks. They
also clear aveas around telephone and power line
poles, fenees and pump houses for proper fire pro-
fection during cane burning. This crew alse mids
o4 Waialua Agricultural Co., etc.
the rake operator in making minor repairs on the
machine.
After the firebreaks are completed, a crew of six
men proceeds under the field supervisor to set fires
aleng the firebreaks. Backfire is a common prac-
tice as a safety measure. Burning of the cane may
be performed at any time during the day, including
early mornings or late evenings depending upon the
winds and weather conditions. The six-man crew
performing this work is commonly referred to as
the “‘burn eane crew.’’ Four of the men in this
crew make up the rake crew referred to above.
After the cane is burned, this rake and the four
ground crewmen open up lines through the burned
cane for the laying of portable track over which
empty cane cars can be hauled from the main line
of the Plantation railroad on a siding thereof into
the field for loading and full cars can be hauled out
of the field, to the main line for transportation to
mill. A portable track plow or leveler then follows
through the lines opened in the burned areas by the
rake to make proper beds for the portable track.
This equipment consists of two rails welded to-
gether to a point, then spreading out into a large
trowel-shaped attachement mounted on the front of
a 30-horsepower caterpillar tractor. A rail [58]
drag consisting of a number of rails welded to-
gether in a rectangular form 9 feet by 6 feet and
attached by a chain to the rear of a tractor is pulled
along the track lines for further leveling. The plow
is used to break up the packed soil while the drag
is used to fill or drag out excess soil. Ditehes and
vs. Ctraco Mane ja, et al. 55
manned by one tractor operator. When the tractor
is not required, the tractor operator leaves his ma-
chine and performs work, as required, with the
portable track crew.
When the portable track beds have been prepared,
rail cars loaded with sections of portable track are
then drawn into the field by tractors. The portable
track lifting machines lift the track sections from
the loaded cars and place them in approximate po-
sition on the track bed. A crew of three men fol-
lows, and, with the aid of a pinch bar, draw the
sections together, placing shoes on the connecting
joints, flush end to end.
After the portable track line has been laid from
the main line into the field, empty cars are hauled
into position for loading. The number of cars
needed for each portabie track line is determined
by the estimated tonnages of cane on the ground. It
the cane tonnage is light, or cane is being picked up
after the first loading, the cars are spaced to carry
an average weight. If the tonnage is heavy, the ears
are left coupled up the full length of sueh track
line,
Where the main line passes through the field or
is adjacent to the field the main line is utilized as a
field track, harvested cane being loaded directly into
rane cars spotted on the main line track. [59]
The cane is loaded on the cars by caneloading
machines. These machines are caterpillar cranes
Weighing approximately 23 tons equipped with a
1G-foot boom and a finger-like grab which pulls or
grabs the cane loose from its growing position and
loads it direetly into rail ears. The machine is
56 Waialua Agricultural Co., ete.
operated by a 65-horsepower diesel engine. The
cane grab operated by heavy steel cables consists of
a number of tines capable of lifting approximately
one to two tons of eane at one time. The machine
moves on its eaterpillar treads parallel with the
portable track lines on which the cane cars have
been placed. The Plantation owns nine of these
caneloading machines. Four caneloading machines
are normally assigned to each harvesting operation,
there usually being two harvesting operations being
performed on the plantation simultaneously; the
remaining machine acts as a spare. Each machine
has one operator and four ground erewmen for each
of two 8-hour operating shifts per day. The four
ground crewmen for each ecaneloading machine cut
cane stubble and stack up loose eane falling from
the grab. They give guiding signals to the operator,
remove obstructions from the path of the machines
and assist in minor repairs to the machine itself.
The loading machine is sometimes called upon to
assist in placing wrecked ears back on the field or
main line tracks, and in such eases the ground crew
constitutes the wrecking crew working with the op-
erator. A service unit of one operator and a helper
service all equipment each day. Lunch periods of
the loading machine crews are staggered to permit
servicing by the service unit without delaying the
operation. Cane which is located in field corners,
along fenees, under transmission lines or which is
otherwise [60] diffienlt or impossible to reach with
the eaneloading machine, is bulldozed into reach-
able piles by the rake and subsequently loaded into
ears by the caneloading machine.
us. Ciraco Mane ja, et al. 57
The caneloading machines are equipped with gen-
erator units supplying power for the operation of
Hoodlights on the boom and the eab. The entire
machine and the ground surface around the ma-
chine have sufficient light so that the efficiency of
the night loading operations is equivalent to that of
day loading.
During the interim period between the termina-
tion of the day shift work and the beginning of the
night shift, service and repair men complete neces-
sary repairs. During this time also the haul cane
men, hereafter described, are able to remove the
balance of the loaded cane cars out of the field,
thereby permitting the locomotives to clear the side
tracks and bring up empty cars for the night load-
ing operations.
After cars are loaded by + eaneloading machine,
they are hauled from the field to the main line of
the railroad (at the edge of the field) by tractors.
Employees handling this operation are called. the
haul cane crew, Preparatory to the movement of
the loaded cane cars, one man or more of the haul
cane crew using a eane knife cuts off some over-
lapping or protruding cane. Two haul cane trae-
tors then move into position. One tractor is coupled
directly to the rear car, enabling the operator to
push or hold back the entire string of cars as re-
quired oy the gradient of the track. The seeand
tractor couples up alorgside the cars in the front
half of the string by means of a cable and is also
in position to push or to hold back the cars. The
sround erow then mans the brakes o. the cars, re-
08 Waialua Agricultural Co., ete.
leasing them to start loaded cars rolling, and there-
after releasing and applying brakes [61] as_re-
quired to eliminate full load weights on the tractors.
Carloads average 4.75 tons per car gross cane.
Cane trains may consist of as many as eighty to
ninety cars, depending upon the grade or the steep-
ness of the field. Cane trains average sixty cars.
Movement of field loads are supervised by the haul
cane supervisor and the supervisor in charge of the
field, one taking charge of the front and the other
the rear portion or half of the train load. They
signal the hand brake operators and the tractor
operators. The steady crew for this operation eon-
sists of the haul cane supervisor, two tractor oper-
ators and three brakemen on the day shift, with one
tractor operator and two brakemen on the night
shift. Tractors equipped with lights move empty
cars into position for the night loading with the
assistance of the brakemen.
A pickup crew consisting of two sunervisors, two
tractor operators, and twelve to sixteen ground crew-
men pick up all cane pieces along the track, throw-
ing the cane into carts drawn by tractors. Full
earts are dumped near the loading machines The
erew also handeuts and loads cane from such parts
of the field as the loading machine and bulldozer do
not reach. When field) pickup is completed they
serve as ground erew men for a small diesel loco-
motive which tows empty cane cars along the main
line from the field te the mill, picking up fallen
eane. After the loading machines leave the har-
vested field, this crew cleans up remaining cane
us. Ciraco Mane ja, et al. 29
loading it into e¢ane cars pulled by a tractor. The
erew also serves as a general utility gang acting as
replacements for the other gangs or crews. [62]
14.
Railroad Transportation
From the time the Plantation was organized, and
continuing to the present, the Plantation has owned
and operated a narrow gauge railroad system. This
railroad system is constructed, located and operated
exclusively on the plantation. It hauls no cane or
freight for anyone other than the Plantation. It
is used predominantly by the Plantation fer the
purpose of hauling sugar cane from the fields of
the plantation to the plantation mill. (Cane burned
by accidental fires is sometimes hauled to the mill
by truck if the tonnage is small.) It is also used
to a much lesser extent to haul portable rails and
other agricultural supplies and equipment from the
plantation warehouses and shop yards to and from
the fields. However, most of this latter type of
hauling is handled by the plantation trucks operat-
ing over plantation field reads and also public
roads,
The plantation railroad is also used for one other
purpose at the present time. The Plantation has
a spur track of approximately 3.000 feet in length
running from its mill and warchouses and connect-
ing with the railroad line of the O. R. & L. This
spur track is used by the Plantation to deliver box
and tank cars loaded with sugar and molasses to
the O. R. & L. and to receive incoming plantation
60 Waialua Agricultural Co., etc.
supplies delivered to the Plantation by the O. R. &
L. The O. R. & L. discontinued its operations at
the end of the year 1947. Since that time the out-
going and incoming freight of the Plantation has
been handled by an independently owned and op-
erated trucking company. [63]
Attached hereto and made a part hereof is a map
marked Exhibit ‘‘D’’ showing the location of the
railroad lines composing the railroad network ex-
tending over the plantation. This railroad network
consists of fifty-six miles of main line track and
nine and thirty-four hundredths miles of portable
track. Portable track laid in the fields is not shovm
on the map since it is installed only during the
harvesting period and is then removed when har-
vesting is completed. Also omitted is a total of
approximately twelve and one-half miles of line
which is not permanent inasmuch as it is laid either
biannually or annually on plantation roads.
Portable track laid in the field) for harvesting
operations lacks proper roadbed for the econ.
tives. The primary reason for the use of the port-
able track for harvesting is that permanent track
cannot be laid in the field because of interference
Which would otherwise result in planting and eul-
tivating operations. During the short periods when
such track in the fields is in use it is an integral
part of the railroad system over whieh eane cars
Move directly from the fields to the mill.
The plantation railroad equipment is as follows:
Six 25-ton steam locomotives, one 17-ton steam
locomotive, one T2-ton steam locomotive. one 12-ton
us. Ciraco Mane ja, et al. 61
gasoline locomotive and one 14-ton diesel locomo-
tive; two hundred steel cane cars. measuring ap-
proximately 11 feet by 6 feet by 5 feet, and five
hundred and twelve wooden cane cars measuring
approximately 10 feet by 6 feet by 5 feet.
Main line switches to portable track, a few of
Which are permanent, are installed at predeter-
mined locations [64] along the main line for mox e-
ment of empty cane cars into the fields to be
harvested and return of the loaded cars. The num-
ber of switches used per field depends on the
proximity of the field to the main line, its size,
shape and terrain.
Empty cane cars are moved into the harvesting
fields as much as possible at night with the night
shifts of railroad crews. This allows the night har-
vesting field crews to spot empties for night and
day loading operations free from interferences of
outgoing traffic. Empty cane cars are moved into
the harvesting fields during the daylight hours only
as ame and traffie permit or te meet a field exigeney
or to meet demands of the mild for additional cane.
Loaded cane cars are haul Prom the field to a
main line track by tractors and thence to the mill
by steam or diesel locomotives during daylight
hours only, On the return from the mill available
eipty cars are moved to some poimt near the har-
vesting field. In this manner flow of traffic in and
outoof the harvesting fields ts primarily one-way
traftic.
Krpty cane ears are often pushed by the loer-
totives direethy onto the portahle track. Loeome
62 Waialua Agricultural Co., etc.
tives do not go onto the portable track, only to the
field switch.
Loaded cane ears are moved part way onto the
main line. The cars may be stationary or may be
moving at the time connection to the locomotive is
made. At places «vhere a siding is convenient, the
loaded cars may be moved onto the siding by field
tractors.
Movement of trains to and from the mill is ae-
complished with a train crew of four men consisting
of an engine driver, fireman, front and rear brake-
men. Six to nine crews, with an average of seven,
depending upon harvesting field locations, [65] are
required daily to handle cane and incoming and
outgoing freight. The yard engine, which operates
during the day only, handles the incoming and
outgoing freight, and assists with spotting and
segregating Incoming cane cars. Maintenance of
a steady flow of cane ears to the mill is also the
responsibility of a vard crew.
A crew of a diesel engine locomotive driver and
one man sprays the railroad rights-of-way with a
herbicide approximately every two weeks. The op-
eration requires four days.
Employees known as section men maintain the
main line trackage and keep it in good repair.
Picking up of cane spilled along the railroad
rights-of-way requires two to three days per week
with one locomotive and an average of twenty cars.
The piekup crew consists of locomotive driver and
one brakeman (diesel locomotive is used) together
vs. Ciraco Mane ja, et al. 65
with a crew of pickup men from the field of between
six and twelve men.
One hostler and one engine wiper wash the loeo-
motives and steam boilers, oil and grease the loeo-
motives, fire the steam locomotives preparatory to
the day's operations and assist in minor repairs to
locomotives. This service Work is performed in the
plantation roundhouse.
Ten crossing watchmen are used to protect the
public at government read crossings. Between the
hours of 10:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m., train erews are
responsible for flageing all government road cross
ings. One man is used to dry and maintain a sup-
ply of dry sand for use by the locomotives. Another
man is employed to keep the mill yard rights-of-
way clean.
During the off season when cane is net being
harvested, the section men are used in the repair
and maintenance of [66] main line trackage sup
plemented by approximately twelve brakemen and
five firemen. Watchmen are used for cleaning and
weeding the rights-of-way. Usually one engine
driver, two firemen and three brakemen are as-
signed to assist the electricians on mill work
primarily. One firem: » and two brakemen are ven-
erally assigned to the welding shop for assisting in
off season factory repairs and installation of new
equipment. Two more brakemen are sometimes as-
signed to boiling house repair work. One vard
engine erew is maintained during the off season. The
crew consists of engine driver and brakemen for
the diesel locomotive. Engine drivers. not otherwise
used, assist im locomotive repairs,
64 Waialua Agriculturcl Co., ete.
1é.
Field Road and Public Road Transportation
The size of the plantation has necessitated the
construction and maintenance by the Plantation of
a network of field roads for the transportation of
labor, field supplies and equipment throughout the
plantation. |
This network of roads is shown on the transporta-
tion map marked Exlibit **D."” The main roads,
as shown on this Exhibit, are publicly owned roads,
paved and maintained by the City ana County of
Honolulu, or by the Territory of Hawaii.
Most Plantation-owned roads are dirt surface
roads, maintained by the Plantation with its own
diese] powered grader. A few roads have a_ top
dressing of either sand, coral ov crushed rock. Some
Plantation-owned roads are paved.
These roads are used to transport plantation
labor from the main plantation village situated
around the plantation buildings and yard area out
to the fields; some plantation [67] labor, however,
is hauled from outlying villages to various fields.
All this labor is hauled by truck.
Kield supplies, such as concrete irrigation fiumes,
irrigation flume putty, fertilizer, cement, ete., are
hauled from the plantation warehouses and yard
area out to the various fields by 114-ton to 714-ton
gasoline driven trucks. At times the plantation rail-
road may be used to haul some of the above sup-
plies, especially when certain parts of the fields are
more easily reached by railroad. Most of the time
the fertilizer is loaded by hand directly from O. R.
vs. Crraco Mane ja, et al. 5)
& LL. box ears onto trueks and then hauled to the
fields. Cement and other supplies are loaded from
warehouses by hand onto trucks. Conerete prod-
ucts, such as irrigation flumes, pipes, ete. are
loaded from the plantation-owned and operated con-
erete products vard onto trucks by hand.
Herbicides are hauled in their original containers
from a Plantation warehouse to nearby mixing sta-
tion by trucks. After the herbieide is mixed, it is
put into 2-gallon containers and trucked out to the
fields in a one-ton truck, Tank trucks haul mixed
diluted herbicide solution out and spray this on
weeds located along roadsides, ditehes, ete.
Cane seed is trucked on 2!.-ton to 715-ton trucks
from the field in which the seed is cut into the
fields where it is to be planted. This seed is bagged
and loaded by hand.
All field mechanical equipment is hauled from
field to field or to the shops on rubber-tired trailers
drawn by trucks or a rubber-tired tractor. Heavy
equipment, such as harvesting machines, plow trae-
tors, cane rakes, bulldozers, ete., is hauled on a
large 25-ton, 6-wheeled trailer drawn [68] by a
98-hersepower rubber-tired tractor. Light equip-
ment, such as ratooning tractors and other light
tractors, is hauled on a 2-wheel trailer drawn by a
214-ton truck.
Fuel and servicing equipment for field power
operated equipment, such as harvesting machines,
tractors, air compressors, ete., is hauled out in tank
trucks. Fuel for the two steam irrigation pumps is
hauled in O. R. & L. tank ears from the O. R. & LL.
66 Waialua Agricultural Co., ete.
siding to the pumps by Plantation locomotives on
the Plantation railroad.
Sand is hauled from a Plantation-owned sand
area in Waimea Bay to various parts of the planta-
tion in 214- to 714-ton trucks. The sand is loaded
mainly by crane and clamshell bucket, but is some-
times loaded by hand.
At times when there is 2 shortage of certain sup-
plies at the plantation, trucks may go to Honolulu
or any other part of the island to obtain them.
16.
Cleaning Cane
Locomotives deliver the loaded cane cars to the
mill yard to be moved up to the cane cleaning plant
where the cane is washed in preparation for con-
veyance into the mill. Locomotives bringing in cane
ears may move the cars directly into position for
unloading into the cane cleaning plant, if all cane
ears delivered to the mill on the preceding day
have been emptied during the might operations of
the mill. One of the mill vard track lines leads
directly into the cane cleaning plant and accom-
modates approximately one hundred loaded ears.
An adjacent traek line receives empty cars from
the cane cleaning plant and accommodates about
sixty cars. [69] During the night, loaded cars are
moved up from the track sidings by a mill yard
engine, since additional toaded cane cars are not
delivered to the mill from the field during the night.
Time elapsing between the loading of the ears in
the tield and the unloading into the eane cleaning
us. Ciraco Mane ja, et al. 67
plant may vary from four te sixteen hours. Time
elapsing between the arrival of cane from the field
to the mill vard and the unloading into the cane
cleaning plant may vary from a few minutes to an
hour during the morning. Cane delivered to the
mill yard in the afterncon may not be unloaded
until the following morning.
Cane once cut or burned undergoes an inversion
process involving a chemical reaction of the
sucrose, the sugar content of the cane, which trans-
forms it mto undesirable compounds. This reac-
tion, commencing with burning and_ harvesting,
continues with increased acceleration until the juice
is chemically treated or concentrated in the form of
syrup. Hold over of cane in cars in the mill yard
will result in a substantial inversion factor. For
this reason, harvesting activities and mill activities
are closely coordinated to reduce to a minimum any
hold over of the cane before crushing. Ideal condi-
tions are those in which there is a complete eon-
tinuity of movement of the cut cane, permitting
direct and immediate delivery from the harvest
field to the cane cleaning plant for cleaning pre-
paratory to crushing.
The following table shows the progressive rate
of deterioration of burned cane, whether standing
or cut, when not milled and the resulting percent-
ages of sugar losses: [70]
Davs since burning or cutting 1 2 3 4 5
Burned, left standing... 3.05 609 914 12.18 15.93
Burned, cut at once... ... 284+ 569 8.53 11.388 14.22
Days since burning or cutting 6 7 8 9 10
Bumed, left standing................... 18.03 20.83 23.63 26.43 29.23
Burned, cut at once......................-. 17.43 20.64 23.84 27.05 30.26
68 Waialua Agricultural Co., etc.
The purpose of the cane cleaning plant is to
remove as much trash as is mechanically possible.
Tramp iron and rocks passing into the mill rollers
result in serious damage to the rollers and equip-
ment, requiring shut downs for repairs.
Loaded cane cars are pulled into the cane clean-
ing plant by means of a heavy steel ferk that en-
gages the end car and the car line is pulled forwaru
one car length at a time by means of an electric
gear motor, sprocket and chain. As the string of
loaded ears is hauled into the eane cleaning plant,
each car is uncoupled as it goes onto a small rail-
road scale. Each loaded cane ear is supplied with
a ticket in a small metal pocket on the end of the
ear, the ticket having been placed there in the field
at the time of loading. These tickets have the car
numbers marked on them, together with informa-
tion as to the field, the time and date the cane was
burned, the date of loading and the cane variety.
The scale man removes the ticket from each car and
enters the weight while the car is on the seale. These
tickets are collected and totaied hourly and are
an important step im mill control. No washing or
trash removal takes place prior to weighing the
ears of cane.
After sealing a loaded car, the car is pushed
onto the car dumper by the next car entering the
scale. When it has come to a stop in the center of
the dumper table with the front ear axle against
a stop, the cane cleaning plant operator clamps if
down to the dumper table by means of [71] elee-
us. Cr, aco Maneja, et al. G9
trically operated clamps which engage the car. The
operator then unhooks the car side chains that hold
the cane in the car. The electrically operated
dumper table is tilted to an angle of sixty degrees
and the cane slides out of the side of the car and
into the tumbling conveyor, after which the op-
erator lowers the dumper. The empty car on the
dumper table is displaced by the next loaded car
coming off the scale and rolls onto an electrically
operated transfer car which carries it across to the
empty car line. It is then pushed onto the empty
line by a motor operated pusher and is manually
coupled to the end car in the empty string, the car
couplers being of the link and pin type.
The loaded car line is replenished at about two-
hour intervals and empty cars are hauled away at
one- to two-hour intervals.
The cleaning process is divided into three parts
and starts in a tumbling conveyor. First, the cane
bundle is tumbled on a steep carrier sixteen feet
wide and about fifty feet long, consisting of pipes
attached to a conveyor chain with one-half inch
spaces between the pipes. Cleats are attached to the
pipes to facilitate carrying the cane up the steep
incline of this carrier. Stationary side plates pre-
vent the cane from falling off the sides. of the con-
veyor. The conveyor moves at a maximum rate of
180 feet per minute, but may be operated at any
speed below this since it Is driven by a variable
speed motor. The cane comes off the cars in a
tangled mass and the tumbling conveyor breaks up
70 Waialua Agricultural Co., ete.
the mass so that the cane is carried up the steep in-
eline in a thin layer. Considerable amounts of dirt
and fine trash fall through the earrier onto a drag
conveyor below. When rocxs are present [72] in
the cane, the carrier is stopped after they have been
shaken out of the cane mass and are rolled by hand
off the lower end into a rock conveyor below. A
gate at the lower end of the carrier is raised by
means of an electric hoist during this operation.
As the eane leaves the upper end of the tumbling
conveyor, it is dropped onto the lower end of a
wash carrier. This wash carrier is sixteen feet wide
and twenty-five feet long. Water is sprayed on the
eane at the rate of about 2,000 gallons per minute
as it is earried under three sets of nozzles placed
over the upper portion of the carrier, This water
washes the cane directly under the nozzles and
eascades down through the cane approaching the
nozzles. In this way, most of the mud and dirt is
removed from the cane. This carrier is driven by
the tumbling conveyor motor.
When the washed cane leaves the wash carrier,
it is skidded down steel] plates to leave stripping
rolls. There are twenty-four pairs of these rolls
which are in contact and turn toward each other.
They are driven by six electric 25-horsepower gear
motors and remove most of the leaves and trash
from the cane as the cane slides over thein. Very
little cane is pulled through. Leaves and trash thus
removed fal] into a flume underneath the rolls, and
this material is flumed away.
us. Ctraco Mane ja, et al. 71
After leaving the leaf stripping rolls, the cane
falls into the mill carrier, which transports it to
the crushing plant. When rocky fields are being
harvested, rocks tind their way into this carrier
and a watchman is kept at this station to watch for
and remove them. The lower end of the mill ear-
rer is in a cement lined pit six feet wide. [73]
During bad weather when the cane is unusually
dirty, water is sprayed on the cane in the lower
portion of the carrier and the dirty water is
pumped out of the pit.
Most of the mud and dirt from the eane is flumed
with the wash water to low fields near the mill.
Leaves and trash, removed by the stripping rolls,
are flumed to a nearby motor driven three-roll mil]
where the material is ground fine and then dumped
into the wash water flume for disposal.
Seven men per shift are required in the cane
cleaning plant. One man uncouples the loaded ears
as they come onto the cane scale. Another scales the
cars. A third operates the electrical control board
that activates the car haul, the car dumper, the
empty car pusher, the rock and ditt carriers, the
tumbiing conveyor and the wash earrier. A fourth
couples up empty cars. The uncouple man, the
seale man and the eouple-up man assist in removing
any cane left on the cars after they have been
dumped and in removing stones and foreign ma-
terial from the tumbling conveyor. A fifth man is
stationed at the wash carrier to see that no cane
jams occur and to remove pieces of cane from the
small drag carrier that sereens the dirty wash
72 Weinlua Agricultural Co., ete.
water. A sixth man serves as rock watchman on the
mill earrier. The seventh man drivi> a rock and
dirt disposal truck.
In addition to the seven men per shift in the
cleaning plant, two men are required to work, on
the day shift only, in the disposal fields, spreading
the flumed ground trash anc mud. [74]
17.
Chopping and Crushing Cane
Extraction of juice from the cane stalks is pos-
sible only when the cane cells and tissues are rup-
tured. This rupturing action can be advanced by
shredding or chopping the cane with knives, and
thereafter completing the extraction process by
corapression exercised between grinding rollers.
After the cane has passed through the cane clean-
ing plant, it is carried on a six-foot wide c.rrier
to the crushing plant. Before entering the crusher
room, the cane passes under a set of sixty-eight
revolving knives bolted to dises on a shaft set
across the carrier. The shaft is driven by a 125-
horsepower motor. These knives serve to level the
blanket of cane as it is carried up to the crusher.
A similar set of knives is located at the top of the
carrier. These knives chop up the cane as it leaves
the carrier. From the mill carrier the chopped cane
is dropped down a chute into the crusher rolls.
The crushing operation consists of a cane crusher
and five mills arranged in tandem and extended
about 136 feet.
The erusher consists of two rolls, 78 inches wide
~”"y
vs. Crraco Maneja, et al. ie
and 39 inches in diameter. The five mills consist
of three rolls each which are also 78 inches wide
and have a diameter slightly less than the diameter
of the rolls in the crusher. The three rolls in each
mill are arranged horizontally with two rolls below
and one voll fitting down on top. (The term ‘*mill”’
is here used to refer to each of the five units of
three rolis. As so used, the term should not be eon-
fused with its common usage in referring to the
buiiding in which the entire processing [75] op-
eration is conducted. The term ‘*erusher’’ is used
to refer to the unit of two rolls which crush the
‘ane and pass it on to the mills.)
The purpose of the rolls is to press the fibre and
remoye the juice contained therein. The fibre pass-
ing through fhe rolis is referred to as bagasse. One
hundred per cent extraction of tue juice is impos-
sible due ip part to the eapillarity of the bagasse.
Normally, 40 to 60 per cent extraction is achieved
in the crusher rolls. The purpose of the sueceeding
five mills is to extract the remaining juices.
The erusher rolls are set horizontally with a 1”
opening between the rolls. Bearings on the top
rol] are so arranged as to permit the top roll to
rise slightly as the cane goes through. At the same
time, hydraulic jacks are set in such a manner as
to deliver the desired pressure on the crushed cane
as it goes through. Flow of cane to the crusher is
controlled by regulating the speed of the mill ear-
rier. Juice squeezed out of the cane is collected
in a sloped copper ,2ice pan set below the crusher
and the first mill rolls. This juice flows through a
74 Watalua Agricultural Co., etc.
sereen and is flumed to a juice tank from whieh it
is pumped to the boiling room.
The crushed cane passing between the crusher
rolls is discharged directly into the first mill. Clear-
ance between the front or leading bettom roll and
the top roll in this mill is three-eighths of an inch,
Clearance between the top roil and the back or
discharge roll is one-fourth of an inch. Juice ex-
tracted in the first mill is collected in the same
pan that receives the crusher juice. Approximately
70 per cent of the normal juice in the eane is ex-
tracted in the erusher and the first mill. [76]
The sueceeding four mills are similar to the first
mill, except that the rolls are set slightly closer
together.
The erushed or ground cane is conveyed from
one mill to the succeeding mills by means of an
inclined closed chute. Before ente ‘ing the last mill,
hot water is applied to the ground cane. This re-
sulting solution is squeezed out in the last mill and
is collected in a conical copper pan under the mill,
from which it is pumped to juice spreaders between
the previous mills where it is spread on the crushed
‘ane and again passes throug! the other mills,
ultimately being collected in the one juice tank from
which it is then pumped to the boiling house.
Approximately 96 to 97 per cent of the sucrose
in the cane is removed in the milling process.
Moisture content of the bagasse averages 45 per
cent. Fuel value is roughly equivalent to sawdust.
All of the bagasse is burned under the boilers to
generate steam for the processing of the eane and
us. Ciraco Mane ja, et al. TO
to produce power for the various integrated opera-
tions of the Plantation as wiil be hereinafter ex-
plained. The bagasse is carried by an inclined drag
carrier from the No. 5 mill to an overhead dis-
tributing conveyor in the fire room.
The mill and crusher retis are driver by three
steam engines totaling 1,400 horsepower. Since the
erusher rolls turn at a different speed from the
mill rolis while engines operate at a higher speed,
a system of heavy gears supplies the proper reduc-
tions in power.
Right motor driven centrifugal juice pumps are
installed to pump the juices through the crushing
and milling process and also to pump the mixed
juice to the boiling room. [77]
Seven men per shift work in the crushing plant.
Three engine tenders operate the three engines pro-
viding power for the crusher and the mills. By
regulating the speed of the engines, the engine
tenders can maintain an even feed through the
crusher and mills in coordination with the feeding
of the cane from the cane cleaning plant. One
engine tender is in charge of the crusher and the
mills and regulates the rate of operation. The sec-
ond engine tender is responsible for repairs in the
eane cleaning plant. The third tender is responsible
for lubrication of the mill gear system. The fourth
man in the ¢rew acts as mill feeder, regulating the
flow of cane to the crusher. The fifth man is the
mill oiler, responsible for the oiling and greasing
of the erusher and mill mechanisms, and also per-
fornis the oiling and greasing of the cane cleaning
76 Watalua Agricultural Co., ele.
plant. A sixth man is responsible for maintaming
the pressures exerted upon the top mill rolls. Ile
also watches the juice pans under the mill to pre-
vent trash clogging and operates the Juice pumps.
The seventh man is a utility man, taking assign-
ments as directed by the shift engineer.
In case of equipment failures, the engine tenders,
assisted vy other crew members, perform repair
work under the direction of the shift engineers.
Employees in the wetding shop, tia hine shop and
blacksmith shop, however, are called upon to do
most of the repair work requiring welding or
machining. All repair work required during proc-
essing operations to restart equipment must be
handled immediately to avoid serious sugar losses in
burned and harvested cane and in cane and eane
juices being processed and to avoid costly mill
cleaning operations. [78]
18.
Clarifying and Crystallizing
Clarifying of the juices extracted from the eane
in the erusher and mills and the crystallizing into
the raw sugar crystals are performed in the boiling
house.
The raw eane juice from the crusher and mills
is discharged from a flume into juice seales and ts
there weighed.
The juice is emptied from the seaies into a re-
ceiving tank underneath the seales. Milk of lime
solution is introduced into the juice and reacts
upon the phosphoric acid to form a precipitate
vs. Ciraco Mane ja, et al. 4
which permits the removal of the foreign matter
not in solution.
The mixture of juice and nuilk of linie is pumped
from the receiving tank through a set of four hori-
zontal tuoular heaters which function in sets of
two each.
The limed, heated juice is piped to the elaritier.
This consists of @ series of five trays, one above the
other, ino ai closed tank. Scraper arms revolve
slowly in this clarifier and the precipitated **mud”’
settles in the trays and is scraped to the side to flow
to the bottom of the elaritier tank. The clean juice
is drawn off through a pipe froin each compartment
formed by the series of trays. The clavitier, with its
five trays, measures 28 feet in diameter and 30 feet
in height.
The “mud” in the bottom of the clarifier is
treated in a side process since it contains cousider-
able sucrose and must be filtered to enable recovery.
It is therefore pumped to a filter station. There it
is first passed through a mixing tank where fine
bagasse, pneumatically conveved from the tire
room, is added to the “mud” as a filter aid. [79]
Three filters, consisting of rotating drums and aet-
ing on the vacuum principle, retate in the solution
of ‘mud’ and bagasse, picking up 2% so-called
“mud"’* cake on the surface of the drum which is
then carried through several hot water sprays that
wash out a large amount of sucrose, leaving a
waste residue which is disposed of by means of a
conveyor operating to a flume where it is washed
out to a aml waste disposal vard. Washings from
78 Waalua Agricultural C'o., ete.
the filter, although not elear enough to be added
to the clarified juiee, are pumped to the mixed
juice tank for reprocessing as a part of the initial
stage desermbed above.
After passing through the clarifier, the elean
juice flows to a supply tank from which it ts
pumped te the evaporator station. By evaporating
out the water which holds the snerose in solution,
the juice of the eane is concentrated. This permits
erystallization of the sucrese i the ferm of raw
sugar. This coneentration, performed after the
elimination of as many impurities as possible in
the clarifier, is begun in the evaporators, where the
tiajer water content is removed. The second stage,
that which takes place in the vacuum pans, is the
ervstallization stage preper.
In the evaperation stage, the juice is) pumped
first to the pre-evaporator where low pressure steam
is introduced in copper tubes jutting up into the
liquid juiee contained in the pre-evaporator. This
causes the juiee to beil and steam vapor is pro-
duced, collecting in the top of the pre-evaporator
from which it is withdrawn fer heating the vacuum
pans (the secondary stage referred to above). The
juice remaining in the pre-evaporator flows down
to the bottom and then moves [80] into the first cell
of the quintuple series of the evaporator, where the
same process is repeated, and so on through the
remaining four cells of the unit, the reneated proc-
ess in each cell resulting in further evaporation.
Rach of the quintuple cells of the evaporator is
vs. Ctraco Mane ja, et al. 79
heated by the vapors withdrawn from the preceding
cell,
After passing through the evaporator, the juice,
now reduced to a syrup, is pumped to supply tanks
at the vacuum pan station. Here the formation of
sugar crystals occurs. There are five vacuum pans,
each operated as an individual unit. They measure
10 to 14 feet in diameter and 15 feet in height.
Each pan is capable of making thirty-five tons of
raw sugar at a time. The vacuum pans are heated
either by the hot vapors from the pre-evaporator
or by low-pressure steam from the fire room, Re-
moval of vapors in the process is accomplished by
a central vacuum pump which also supplies the
evaporators.
High grade and low grade raw sugar are pro-
duced. High grade raw sugar is always the final
product while the low grade raw sugar is reproc-
essed to make high grade suger.
Low grade raw sugar is drawn into one of the
vacuum pans, inte which the sugar syrap is then
fed until the pan is full. This process requires
approximately 20g to 3l4 hours. During this time
the mixture of low grade raw sugar and syrup is
boiling and the density is maintained at an opti-
min pomt whieh will allow the original sugar
crystal to grow in size but not form any additional
crystals. This condition is determined by the op-
crater Whe retioves and inspects small samples
‘rom time te time. After 10 te 12 hours, the com-
pleted bateh, consisting of sugar ervstals and
Molasses, is [si] dropped from the pan ite a mix-
80 Waialua Agricultural Co., etc.
ing tank from which it is fed into centrifugal ma-
chines that separate the sugar from the moiasses.
The molasses is then pumped back into the
vacuum pans where it is mixed with svrup. The
same process described above is then performed
with this mixture to produce another grade of raw
sugar, which is also elassed as high grade, but not
as high as the grade above described. The molasses
resulting in this operation is lower in sucrose con-
tent. This molasses is the supply for obtaining low
grade raw sugar.
Formation of low grade raw sugar is accom-
plished by the same boiling process, differing only
from the making of high grade raw sugar in that
no sugar ervstals are introduced as a foundation
but the molasses is concentrated to the point where
spontaneous erystallization oceurs. The process is
then checked, and additional molasses is gradually
fed into the pan at a eontrolled rate which will
result in the growth of the crystals formed rather
than formation of additional erystals. This feeding
process continues for six to ten hours. This mixture,
is then dropped into an open evlindrical tank hav-
ing a capacity of 850 cubie feet. These tanks ave
called crystallizers. There are sixteen in use. After
two to three days in process the material is pumped
into a mixing tank from which it is fed into low
grade centrifugals.
The centrifugal station consists of nineteen low
grade and seven high grade centrifugal machines.
These machines consist of rotary baskets suspended
on a spindle and lined with perforated eopper
vs. Ciraco Maneja, et al. 8}
screen. They revolve at a high rate [82] of speed
by a direct connected electric motor, and the een-
trifugal force throws out the liquid material into
a curb from which it is flumed to a storage tank
while the sugar crystals remain on the screen. They
are removed by a mechanical scraper moving ver-
tically along the surface of the sereen. The low
grade centrifugal machine operates for a period
from 45 to 75 minutes, depending upon the quality
and amounts of material on hand. It is. then
stopped, the sugar removed, and the eycle repeated.
Since no further extraction of sugar is possible,
the low grade molasses remaining is an end by-
product. During 1946, an average of 460 tons of
molasses a week was obtained which amounted to
about 3.4 per cent of the weight of the net cane
processed or approximately .26 ton of molasses per
gon of raw rugar. This molasses is pumped to a
storage tank with a capacity of 1.300 tons and from
this storage tank it is repumped into railroad tank
ears for shipment to and sale in the continental
United States. A very small percentage is sold
locally for eattle feed. The percentage so sold
averages 500 to 600 tons per vear,
Low grade sugar removed from the centrifugals
is mixed with water and pumped to the vaeuum
pans for use in the process described above.
The high grade sugar eentrifugals are similar
to the low grade machines except that they are
driven by a high pressure water jet and the drying
eyele is only 3 to 4 minutes. The dried sugar is
removed from the centrifueals to an adjoining
82 Waialua Agricultural Co., etc.
sugar bin preliminary to bagging. The boiling
house employs a total personnel of 45, including the
boiling house superintendent and three shift [83]
foremen.
19.
Sugar Bagging and Shipping
The raw sugar flows from the bin through an
automatic scale which weighs out a 100-pound load,
and dumps it into a chute at the neck of which the
operator has attached a hemp bag. The entire op-
eration occurs in timed sequences automatically
upon the clesing of a switch. The released bag of
sugar is carried out by a conveyor through a sew-
ing machine head where the bag opening is sewn,
and the bagged sugar continues on the conveyor to
a railroad car for loading and shipment to the
continental United States or to the sugar warehouse
on the plantation for temporary storage. :
There are two sets of scales, baggers and sewing
machines with one operator each. Each set handles
about seven bags of sugar a minute. At the present
time the bagging station is operated for two 8-hour
shifts: with two operators on one shift and one
operator on the second shift. An average of 275
to 300 tons per day is bagged at this station. This
represents the average daily raw sugar production
of the mill.
20,
Work Schedules of Mill Eimplovees
Production in = the mill operations is keved
basi ‘ally to a six-day week with continuous and
around-the-clock operations, the null stopping the
vs. Crraco Mane ja, et al. 83
grinding of cane at 2:00 pam. on Saturdays and
starting up at 2:00 p.m. on Sundays. The 24-hour
day is divided into three 8-hour shifts running
from 6:00 am. to 2:00 p.m., 2:00 p.m. to 10:00
p-m., 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. [84]
21.
Week-End Repair of Mill
The weekly 24-hour shutdown period of mill is
necessary to perform cleaning and repair opera-
tions. The filter sereens must be cleaned out with
a traveling steam jet which takes about 45 minutes
per filter and is performed by the regular shift
operator. The juice heaters must be opened up, the
tubes steamed for half an hour, and then brushed
to remove the loose scale. Considerable scale forms
in the tubes of the evaporators and after the last
juice is removed on Saturday afternoon the tubes
are washed out with water and a continuous spray
of caustic soda solution is applied for 5 to 6 hours.
Then muriatic acid is added and. boiled, the cells
cleaned out with water and opened in preparation
for the seraping and brushing operations. The
vacuum pans are also boiled out with a weak acid
solution and the tubes brushed manually whenever
necessary. The oilers and repairmen also do the
necessary work ou the various pieces of equipment
that can only be aecomplished while they are idle.
Over the weck end two shift crews clean up and
make such repairs as are necessary in the erushing
plant and cane cleaning plant. Engine tenders are
responsible for mechanical jobs in sueh plants. They
are assisted by the remaining crusher room men and
84 Waialua Agricultural Co., ete.
the operators and scalemen from the cane cleaning
plant. Mill oilers are occupied in greasing up the
equipment in the cane cleaning plant.
While, in general, repairs are performed during
the week end, every effort is made to anticipate
week-end requirements and the various shops
located near the mill perform as much work as
possible while the mill is in operation. [55]
22.
No Non-Plantation Cane Processed by Mill
All of the cane processed by the Plantation mill
is produced on the Plantation and by the Planta-
tion.
23.
Sugar Warehousing
Under normal operating conditions the bagged
sugar after leaving the mill is loaded directly into
the railroad box cars for shipment. Due to the lim-
ited number of cars and storage space at the port
wharves and oceasional interruptions in ship sched-
ules, the sugar may be stored temporarily from time
to time in the plantation sugar warehouse. but
even this sugar is normally removed within a
month's time and the warehouse is usually empty
at the end of the grinding season. During the last
tive year period there were two years in which no
sugar Was stored in the plantation warehouse. Raw
sugar is never stored at the plantation because of
price, market or other economic considerations. The
most efficient and prefitable operations call for ship
ment to mainland refineries immediately upon pro-
duction.
us. Ciraco Mane ja, et al. BO
When stored in the sugar warehouse. the sugar
bags are carried by a long belt conveyor from the
room in the mill where they are weighed and filled
to one end of the sugar warehouse building. From
here they drop in a chute to a series of portable con-
veyors which carry them to any part of the build-
ing where they are stacked in piles. Additional
help is needed in performing this piling operation
and two men from the field force are temporarily
transferred to assist the regular pilers. To remove
the sugar bags to rail cars [86] for shipment a crew
of six or seven men is obtained from the field as the
regular men are usually occupied in handling the
current production.
In addition to sugar, all of the empty sugar bags,
in bales of one thousand to six hundred bags each,
ure stored in the warehouse. These are charged out
as they are removed to the mill for use. Due to a
shortage of warehouse space, fertilizer is al: 9 stored
in bags in this building from time to time.
24.
Fire Room and Power Production
In extracting the juices from the sugar cane. one
of the by-products is the cane fibre from the cane
stalks, which is referred to as bagasse. When dried.
one ton of bagasse has a fuel value approximately
equivalent to two barrels of fuel oil. As indicated
above, the extraction of the juices from the cane
hibre and the processing of sugar cane inte raw
sugar require large amounts of power for the opera-
Hon of the prime movers, conveyors and purnipes.
86 Waialua Agricultural Co., etc.
It is therefore traditional in sugar cane processing
to utilize the bagasse as an economical source of
fuel for the production of power for use in per-
forming the various processing operations. An
average of approximately three thousand tons of
bagasse is produced each week when the mil! is
operating at full capacity. Fuel is also essential in
the processing operations for the production of
steam for heating and evaporating of the juices
and the erystallization of the sugar. Fuel is also
used to produce steam for the generation of electric
power needed in the various operations of the plan-
tation, as will be hereinafter more fully described.
Tf the hagasse were disposed of [87] as waste, other
fuel would have to be obtained in order to cbtain
steam. If the bagasse were not utilized as fuel, a
difficult disposal problem would be presented be-
cause of its bulkiness and the large volume involved.
Bagasse produced by the plantation has no market-
able value.
The Plantation attempts to save and store enough
bagasse during the week to meet the requirements
for operating the boiler furnaces on the week-ends
when cane is not being ground. Sufficient quantities
of bagasse are not always available to satisfy the
fuel requirements of the mill. This condition occurs
during periods of breakdown of machinery and
during periods of wet weather when harvesting and
processing operations are slowed down by reason
of heavy trash contents. The beiler furnaces are
therefore equipped to burn fuel oi] which is stored
vs. Ctraco Mane ja, et al. ST
in a concrete fuel oil tank located in the mill yard
near the fire room for convenience of supply.
The fire room of the mill is located adjacent to
the crusher room. It houses seven water tube boilers.
Boiler feed pumps and two condensate pumps are
housed at one end of the fire room and are used to
supply water. A condensate tank is located in the
mill yard area adjacent to the fire room. Fuel oil
pumps and a fuel oil heater are also located in the
fire room area for use when fuel oil is being burned.
Furnaces used in burning bagasse are set in front
of the boilers in the fire room. The bagasse is fed
into the furnaces through chutes connecting with
the bagasse conveyor from the crusher room. Fuel
oil burners are installed in the back of the boilers
and the oil is burned directly below the boiler tubes.
Steam is generated at an average rate of ap-
proximately 150,000 pounds per hour when the mill
is operating at a maximum capacity. Steam lines
lead from the fire room to the crusher room where
steam is used to drive the mill engines which in
turn drive the crusher rolls and the mill rolls. Ex-
haust steam from these engines is piped to the
boiling house for direct use in the processing opera-
tions.
Another steam line from the fire room leads to
the power room for generation of electric power by
® turbo-generator and two steam engine driven
Senerators. Steam enters the turbine at a pressure
point of approximately 150 pounds and after con-
version of the initial energy in the steam into elee-
trical energy by the generator, bled steam. now
88 Waialua Agricultural Co., ete.
‘arrying a pressure of approximately 10 pounds,
is piped to the boiling house for use as process
steam supplementing the steam exhausted from the
mill engines. Steam is also exhausted from the
engine driven generators into the process steam line
in an identical manner with the exhaust steam from
the mill engines.
The automatic bleeder valve on the turbo-genera-
tor is the main coutrol point for maintaining the
pressure in the process steam line at a given
amount. A drop in pressure in the process line will
indicate insufficient process steam for the boiling
house requirements, in which case the turbine
bleeder valve opens automatically, thereby increas-
ing the flow of steam to the process line to main-
tain the necessary pressure for boiling house opera-
tions. On the other hand, if the pressure in the
process line increases above normal, the bleeder
valve then closes proportionately, thereby restrict-
ing the flow of steam to the process line and re-
turning the process line pressure to normal re-
quirements. [89]
Another steam line from the fire room supplies
steam to the steam driven auxiliary units in the
boiling house, and still another leads to the boiler
pump room to operate the boiler feed pumps.
Returning condensate from the power room and
boiling house is heated, together with any required
make up water by exhaust steam from the boiler
feed pump engines. If there is an excess supply of
returning condensate, this flows into the boiler feed
water tank outside the fire room.
vs. Ciraco Mane ja, et al. &9
Seven men per shift work in the fire room with
the addition of two boiler cleaners on the day shift.
The water tender is the fire room foreman and is
under the supervision of the shift engineer. He di-
rects the fire room men and also sees that the water
in the boilers is maintained at the proper level at
all times and that the feed water regulators are
working properly. It is his duty to blow down the
boilers at intervals to keep the solids in the boiler
water below safe operating limits. The fire room
oiler assists the water tender, takes care of the
pumps, oils the carriers and bagasse feeders, oper-
ates oil burners if required and assists in shoveling
bagasse when the mill stops. Two firemen reguiate
the flow of bagasse to the fires and regulate draft
with dampers to maintain steam pressure. They
also watch the water columns on the boilers. Three
ash and trash men clean the furnaces, distribute
bagasse in the bagasse storage space as required
and shovel trash from the stock pile into the re-
claiming conveyor when the mill is stopped. Two
boiler cleaners work on the day shift only. Besides
cleaning boilers they take care of minor repair
work in the fire room. Except for a few pumps,
there is no duplicate equipment. Generally three
shifts are used in the fire room for week-end re-
pairs. [90]
25.
Generation and Distribution of Eleetrie Power
As set forth before in connection with the pro-
duction of steam power In the fire room, the electric
power generating equipment of the Plantation is
seated in the mill. It consists of one 6600-volt
90 Waialua Agricultural Co., etc.
generator driven by a steam turbine and two +0-
volt generators driven by reciprocating steam en-
gines.4 The electric power generated by this ma-
chinery is generated from steam produced in the
boilers, which passes through the generating ma-
chinery and is then conveyed through steam lines
for use in the. processing operations in the boiling
room.
Electric power generated is not sufficient to sup-
ply the needs of the Plantation. For the purpose
of supplementing the power generated, electric
power is purchased from the Hawaiian Electric
Company, Limited, an independently owned and
operated public utility, on the Island of Oahu. Dur-
ing the period 1941-1945, inclusive, power generated
in the Plantation system represented 64-6/10 per
cent of the amount consumed. The remaining
35-4/10 per cent was purchased from the Hawaiian
Electric Company. The following table represents
POWER GENERATED AND PURCHASED
(Kilowatt-Hours )
Year Power Generated Net Purehased Total
1941 13,920,751 6.298 32S 20,219,079
1942 12.107,338 $252,311 16,359,649
1945 11,910,190 6,842,133 18,752,323
1944 13,362,393 8 540.695 21,903,088
1945 13,087 887 9 236,272 2»? 394.159
Average
Pereentage
Average
12,877,712
H4.66
7.033 948
3.4%
19,911,659
1H0G
*The Plantation also has a hydro-clectrie plant,
known as the Kemoo Plant, located on the Upper
side of the Plantation. This plant has not) been
operating sinee 1943 and is completely shut down
for an indefinite period,
vs. Ciraco Mane ja, et al. 9]
a breakdown of this power generated and [91] pur-
chased :
The power generated and purchased by the Plan-
tation is distributed to the mill, field irrigation
pumps, repair shops and related buildings, domestic
water pumps, plantation houses and services and
to several small non-plantation users living in the
plantation community who, because of their loca-
tion, cannot be conveniently served from the present
transmission lines of the Hawaiian Electrie Com-
pany. The electric transmisison lines representing
the distribution system of both the Plantation and
the Hawaiian Electric are shown on the map at-
tached hereto as Exhibit **E."’
Mor the years 1941-1945, inclusive, the use of the
electric energy distributed by the Plantation in the
terms of percentages was divided as follows:
For mill, shops and related buildings... 36.3%
For plantation irrigation pumps... ATAG
For plantation domestie water pumps... ... BIGF
For sundry use........... F Snead es
The power distributed for sundry use includes
power distributed to plantation houses for lighting,
electric ranges, water heaters and other electrical
appliances; to streetlighting, club houses, gvmnasi-
ums, playgrounds, bath houses, plantation store and
branches, and a hospital; and to several not-plan-
tation retail stores and service estavlishments,
churches and houses all situated in the general plan-
lation community. The total amount of power used
OY all non-plantation persons was less than %
or the total power distributed by the Plantation
for the years 1941-1945, inclusive. The various per-
92 Waiaiua Agricultural Co., ete.
centages of use set forth for such years are sub-
stantially true today [92] except that the distribu.
tion to non-plantation users in the community is
now approximately 1% of 1% of the total power
distributed by the Plantation because these users
are constantly being absorbed by the Hawaiian
Electric as it extends its transmission lines. None
of the electric power distributed to non-plantation
users by the Plantation is used for or in connection
with the production of goods for interstate com-
merce, nor is it used to operate any instrumentality
of interstate commerce nor is it transmitted into
interstate commerce.
As indicated before, for the purpose of obiaining
additional power from the Hawaiian Electric Com-
pany, the Plantation system is tied Into the former
system throughout the year. As a consequence, on
rare and infrequent occasions the Plantation will
feed back power into the Hawaiian Electric Com
pany lines. The feed back into the Hawaiian Klee-
tric lines oceurs when the electrical load of the
Plantation is small and the steam is great. Under
these conditions the Plantation may generate more
power than it uses. This situation may occur on
week ends when the mill is closed down and the
mill requirements are slight or completely absent
or it may occur at periods when some tield irriga-
tion pumps have shut down, Power is net fed back
to the Hawaiian Electrie lines for the purpose of
selling power but only beeause it is a leeessary,
eonvenient and economical method of disposing of
the excess power. To avoid feeding back power in
the situation described would be costly and imprae-
vs. Crraco Mane ja, et al. 93
tieal as it would either require a complete resetting
of the plantation generators to produce less power
(which would necessitate [93] the closing down of
the power plant) or it would require expensive ma-
chinery which would synchronize the generation re
quirements with the required power load othe
Plantation.
The times of the feed back are infrequent, irre.
lar and unpredictable and the Hawaiian bleetric
has no need for such power in this area.
A chart showing the total amount of power pur-
chased from Hawatian Electric and the total eredit
allowance for “eed back in dellar volume is set forth
for the vears 194i to August SI. 1946. inedusive.
Total Dollar Volume Total Dollar (red
of Power Purchased Allowanees tor Feed
Year from HR. Back from HEE to
194] SHI ILO A ¥ G2 12
144 5D 41 1 Jats
145 4225 23068
144 2.12941 LO St
145 | eee Jas
MWH6 Aug 31 WG16551 ee me
He 27009 SHC Tt
Operation of the mill power plant requires one
operator and one auxiliary tender per shift. Orne
mill maintenance electrician is needed for the shitt
from 2:00 pam. to 10:00 pam. and one for the shift
from 10:00 p.m. te 6:00 aim. Eleetricians from the
electric shop also are on eall for necessary repairs.
During the off season the turbines, steam engines,
venerators, motors and auxiliary equipment in the
nil are overhauled and reconditioned and during
94 Waialua Agricultural Co., ete.
such peried the Plantation generates no electric
power but purchases all of the power which it
needs from the Hawaiian rlectrie Company. [94]
26.
Service Sb .ps
Roth tield and mill operations necessitat. the
equipping and maintaining of complete service
shops fer prompt minor repairs and emergency
work and major overhaul. Machinery breakdowns
in the mill may result in a shutdown of the entire
mill which, in turn, necessitates a discontinuance of
harvesting and transportation operations until mill
repairs are complete, Breakdown of harvesting ma-
chinery or of cane transpertation faciities in turn
may result ina shutdown of the entire mill. Repair
shops are located in an area extending net more
than 30 feet from: the mall burlding. Phe location of
the various service shops is shown on the map at
tached as Exhibit “FF which is attached hereto
and made a part hereef. A list of the shops and the
work which is performed by their personnel is as
follows :
(a) Machine Shop. This shop is staffed by
eight employees working: under the supervision of
ao ormeehine shop foreman. Practically all the ma-
chining work of the Plantation, except heavy work
required by the tall, railroad and shops, is done in
the machine shop. The erinding of crankshafts for
ears, trucks, tractors and cranes and the machining
of emergency parts for such equipment is also per-
formed here, as well as machine work on irrigation
vs. Ciraco Mane ja, et al. 95
pumps. Major locomotive repairs are made by ma-
chine shop personnel working with a heavy crane
in the welding shop.
Approximately 46 per cent of all machine shop
werk is for the mill. Fifty per cent of the annual
machine shop work is for other service departments,
including repairs to steam engine driven irrigation
Pullipes. During the off season, [95] mintil work done
by the machine shop accounts for 85 to 90 per cent
of the total man-hours’ work performed. Work in
this shop is fairly uniform throughout the year with
peaks in ease of emergency mill repairs and during
the mall off season. Locomotive overhaul is carried
out to a limited extent during the grinding season
to relieve machine shop off season work. Steam en-
vine driven water pumps are scheduled for overhaul
after the mall overhaul has been completed and
alter grinding operations are resumed.
A large portion of the work done by the machine
Shop personnel is performed within the shop, utiliz-
ig shop tools. Shop personnel are, however, from
time to time ealled into the mill, on instructions
‘rom the cane processing superintendent, for re-
pairs, regrooving of mill rolls and sueh other work
as cannot be expeditiously handled by mill workers.
The tools ef the machine shop include lathes. hy
draulic press, drill press, planer. boring machine
and crankshaft erinder.
(h) Welding Shop. Five employees work un-
der the welding shop, foreman. Approximately 46
per cent of welding shop work is for the mill. Dur-
Lig the on Season, welding shop work for the mill
96 Wealua Agricultural Co., ete.
represents approximately 90 per eent or more of
the tetal man-hours. Most of the welding repairs
to mill equipment are made in the shop, although
personnel are dispatched to the point of breakdown
on instructions received from the cane processing
superintendent. Steel cane car repairs are made
alongside the shop building by the shop personnel.
The welding shop employees also operate pipe rolls
located in the pipe rolling shed. The pipe which is
rolled is generally irrigation pipe, 18” in diameter
or larger. [96] Welding of this pipe is performed
by the shop welders. In this work the welding shop
employees are assisted by employees from the black-
smith or cane loading machine repair shop.
Welding shop cauipment consists of heavy pipe
rolls, several sets of acetylene and cutting outfits,
acetylene generators, two stationary and portable
welding generators.
(ce) Blacksmith Shop. The blacksmith shop is
located adjacent to the mill building. Personnel
consists of two blacksmiths and two helpers under
the supervision of the Cane Loading Machine Re-
pair Shop foreman. Approximateiy two days each
week are spent by two blacksmiths and two helpers
on mill work, consisting principally of constructing
and reconditioning of eane carrier leveling and
preparation knives. Cane car repair work, such as
straightening of bars and channels, repair of trac-
tors and caneloaders and field implement work oc-
cupy the great percentage of the man-hours in the
shop. Work of this shop is therefore uniform
throughout the year.
vs. Ciraco Mane ja, et al. 97
Equipment of this shop includes two forges, an
electric operated hammer and a variety of small
tools,
(dj Tinsmith Shop. Personnel consists of a tin-
smith journeyman and two employees. In this shop
mill repair work is negligible, although light sheet
steel work, including maintenance and repair of
roof gutters and down pipes, is performed by the
shop personnel. Repairs of auto, truek. tractor and
caneloader radiators are performed by the shop
personnel. Main work of the shop is the making
and reconditioning of tin irrigation scoops. These
Scoops are used in quantity in the field for the pur-
pose of deflecting water from concrete irrigation
Humes to field irrigation lines, [97]
(e) Cane Loading Machine Repair Shops Per-
sonnel consists of twelve employees under the super-
vision of a foreman. This shop performs all major
repairs and overhaul of caneloaders. grabs and mis-
cellancous field equipment. Men from this shop are
occasionally called upon to assist in the emergency
mill repairs. They also go into the field to make
repairs or caneloading machines during the course
of harvesting operations. An important function of
this shop is the construction of auxiliary field equip-
ment, such as subsoilers used in plowing, cane line
reshapers used to maintain irrigation water lines in
the field, and portable track line leveler attachments
used in leveling the lines for laving portable tracks,
On Exhibit “HH some of the work of this shop
Is carried under the title ‘* Mechanical Harvesting
Department.’
98 Waialua Agricultural Co., ete.
Repairs on such auxiliary field equipment are also
made in this shop with the assistance of tractor
repair shop personnel,
During the off season at least eight of the nine
caneloading machines are completely dismantled
and reconditioned. The ninth machine is recondi
tioned after harvesting operations have been re-
sumed. During the off season following the coniple-
tion of harvesting, ten to twelve caneloading ma-
chine operators are brought inte the shop to supple-
ment the regular crew and assist in overhaul. Five
‘ane grabs are overhauled and reconditioned during
the off season and all other cane grabs are repaired.
Three new cane grabs are usually built during the
harvesting season.
Shop equipment includes four portable welding
generators and three portable welding generators
mounted on trucks for field repairs. A hydraulic
press, overhead crane, motor driven grinders and a
variety of small tools complete the shop [98] equip-
ment.
Four welders in this shop take care of welding
repairs in the field and repairs to and building of
new field equipment.
(f) Tractor Repair Shop. Employees in this
shop number seven, supplemented during the off
season by twelve to fifteen tractor operators brought
into the shop from the fields to assist in repairs.
All tractors used in the harvesting field are over
hauled in this shop during the off season. Tractors
used for towing cane line reshapers are also over-
hauled during the off season. Other tractors which
vs. Ciraco Mane ja, et al. 99
cannot be overhauled during the period of off sea-
son are scheduled for overhaul at a later date. This
may mean that six or seven of a total of forty-eight
tractors are left) for operating season overhaul.
Tractor engines are overhauled at regular periods.
Shop men may be dispatched for repairs of trac.
tors in the fields. As indicated above under («)
personnel from this shop also assist in the repair
of field implements in the caneloading machine re-
pair shop.
(g) Garage. Combined garage and field sery-
ice personnel numbers 24. The primary work of the
garage is the maintenance and repair of 98 planta-
tion vehicles divided as follows: 18 passenger vebé-
cles; 48 pickup. trucks up to one ton; 27 heavy
trucks from 114 to 7 tons: one motoreycle; 2 fire
trucks and 2 panel trucks. These vehicles are as-
signed to the various operations as follows:
Passenger Piekup Heavy Motor- Fire
Vehicles Trucks Trucks eveles Trucks Panel
SANE 5 39 20
| ee aR aN 2 3 6 ]
_ ae 1
a I
Re 2
Administration... 7
Fire Trucks 2
Motor Pool 2 6 1
EN 18 4s 2d 1 2 2
(irand Total 98
Overhaul of ears and trucks is scheduled ‘through-
out the year with the exception of pickup trucks
used by the harvesting men which are overhauled
during the off season. Truck drivers are not used
to assist in truck or auto repairs since there js
generally a spare truck to drive when others are
100 Waalua Agricultural Co., ete.
being repaired. Shop equipment consists of 4 over
head cranes, a hoist, valve grinding machine, brake
drum lathe, boring machine, tire tools and a variety
of special tools.
Complete servicing equipment with necessary per
sonnel is also maintained. Seven full-time and one
part-time employees are employed to lubricate and
wash plantation automobile vehicies at stated inter
vals. One employee dispenses gasoline and oil at
the vard service station. Six employees are em-
ployed as helpers to garage mechanics when there
is no service work.
Field service covers the daily lubrication of all
equipment and replenishing of fuel tanks. ‘Tractors,
cancloading machines, portable air compressor, die-
sel and gas locomotives and all field equipment are
serviced daily by a total of 6 men. Two completely
equipped service trucks manned by two men each
service all field equipment except that in the har-
vestin » fields. In the latter case, a two-wheel trailer,
tractor drawn, is kept in each of the two harvesting
fields. Oil, gasoline, diesel oil, greases and water
are carried on the trailer together with power oper-
ated grease guns. One man assigned to each trailer
services the eranes and tractors in the harvesting
fields. In this way service work can be done during
the lunch hour and slack periods without serious
interference to harvesting operations, The field men
in turn are given an opportunity to learn the opera-
tion [100] of loading cranes during their spare time
with an opportunity when a vacancy occurs of mov-
ing up to a crane operator's Job.
Rel
vs. Ciraco Mane ja, et al, 101}
(h) Electrie Shop. A total of 15 emiplovees
Works in this shop. Three of these emplovees are
mil electricians who work two weeks in the mill
and one week in the shop. This shop is respoh sible
for the maintenance of electric purmips and = trans-
mission lines, domestie wiring repairs, including
Wiring of houses, and the building of new electrical
appliances, A small amount of work is done on elec-
tricai machines located in the other shops. In addi-
tion to mill repair work done by the employees
assigned as electricians to the mill. the electric shop
personnel may assist them in case of Inajor clectri-
eal repairs required. Approximately 50 per cent of
the work in this shop is for the mill. During the
off season, approximately 70 per cent of all work
is for the mill.
(1) Carpenter Shop. Employees in this shop
number 25 carpenters under two supervisors. The
‘arpenters perform all carpenter work on the Plan-
tation which includes the construction of mill seaf-
foldings, construction and maintenance of railroad
trestles and wooden gates for flumes, and the con-
struction and maintenance of cane cars. | n addi-
tion, they perform necessary maintenance work on
plantation buildings and houses. The ‘arpenters
also install and maintain steel and concrete pipe-
lines and siphons. Miscellaneous construction, such
as construction of tool lockers, scrapers and strain-
ers, is performed in this shop. Field work. includ-
ing work on the flumes, railroad trestles, siphons,
pipelines, ete., accounts for about 25 per cent of the
Work of the employees. Mill scaffolding and mii]
102 Waialua Agricultural Co., ete.
building repairs, construction of tool [101] lockers,
scrapers and strainers account for about 10) per
eent. Maintenance and repairs of plantation build-
ings and housing account for about 45 per cent.
Approximately twenty per cent of the work per-
formed by these employees is devoted to the con-
struction and repair of cane cars. During the off
season, the work of the employees in this shop is
similar to that in the grinding season. Additional!
men, averaging from 10 to 15, may be brought in
from the fields to assist in cane car everhauling and
general carpentry work during the off season.
(j) Paint Shop. This shop employs five painters
under one supervisor. They perform all painting
work on tne plantation buildings including housing
and also occasionally paint siphons and railroad
trestles. As a general rule, they do not paint for
the mill, this work being done by mill employees.
Almost the entire time of the paint shop crew
is devoted to painting of plantation buildings and
housing throughout the year. During the off sea-
son, an average of two additional employees brought
in from the fields may assist in the work of this
shop.
(k) Plumbing Shop. This shop employs. six
plumbers working under one supervisor. They per-
form all plumbing work on the Plantation, includ-
ing the construction and maintenance of sewer and
water systems and the plumbing for buildings and
housing. Approximately 10 per cent of the time is
devoted to mill plumbing work, 15 per cent to field
work and the remainder to housing. Assignments
rs. Ciraco Mane ja, et al. 103
vary little throughout the year. During the off sea-
son an average of two field employees may be as-
signed to the plumbing shop as helpers, [102]
(1) Roundhouse. Two employees work in this
shop servicing, cleaning and firine the plantation
locomotives, Additiona| emiplovees are vecasionally
assigned to this shop for miner locomotive repairs,
It is located near thi machine shop.
27.
Laboratory Tests and Sampling
Various chemical tests are nade by the laboratory
personnel in the course of all field and mill opera-
tions. This work is performed under the super-
Vision of a chief chemist With the assistance of thip-
teen chemists, testers and samplers. By careful
analyses of various kinds performed relative to the
cane and materials in the course of growing, culti-
vating and harvesting and extraction of the sugar
juices, all operations are controlled pursuant to
scientific methods.
Determinations of the cane fiber in each field. or
Variety of cane, are made during each shift. Fig-
ures obtained are used in calculating bagasse
Weights, field distribution and extraction percent-
ages,
Cane leaf analyses is made from samples of cane
tops brought in each day and analyzed for green
Weight mixture, total sugars, nitrogen, potash and
phosphate,
Tests are made each day to determine field trash
content in harvesting brought to the mill, One ear
104 Waialua Agricultural Co., ete.
is selected each day for each field being harvested,
The car is tagged in the field, placed on side track
and then delivered to the mill area. The car is then
weighed and the clean sound cane is piled in previ
ously weighed empty cars. Then the car of elean
cane and the ear from which the dirty cane was
removed are weighed and the percentage of trash
obtained. Percentage of trash obtained is used in
obtaining the net cane from each [103] field and
also the gross cane ground. A cheek upon cane
field vields is maintained in this manner.
Continuous samples are taken from the feed roller
of the first mill each hour and also at each change
of field harvesting. Records of ratios of cane to
available sugar are obtained from these analyses.
Juices extracted by the milling process and en-
tering the boiling house are sampled every hour.
Samples obtained are the main basis for determin-
ing the sugar in the cane extracted by the milling
process and entering the boiling house.
The juice extracted by the discharge roll of the
last mill is used in caleulating the weight of the
hagasse.
One sample is taken every three hours from the
clarified juice leaving the clarifier. The difference
in purity between this sample and the mixed juice
samples will show the relative amount of solids be-
ing removed by the lime and heat treatment of the
juice.
The purity of the syrup leaving the evaporator
is cheeked with the juice leaving clarifier.
Samples of bagasse are taken every two hours
vs. Ciraco Mane ja, et al. 105
aud ash determinations are alee thade on two sam-
ples prer diy to deterinine the Hdluence of the
different fields on the fire rooney,
Mixtures of Sugar and molasses discharged by the
sdenumM Pans are tested from each full discharge
from the pans. Samples are made daily of low
grade sugar, commercial ray sugar and waste mo-
lasses. The residue removed from the juice during
the clarification proeess is made onee during each
shift. The purpose of this analysis is to determine
the amount of sugar lost in the filter cake,
Test is also made of the mill boiler water. loco-
motive boiler water, steam pumps boiler water and
pump water. Pump [104] water from electric
pumps and well water are sampled onee each
month. Wash water from the Cleaning plant and
condenser water are also analyzed each shift.
28,
Concrete Products Plant
The Plantation operates its own concrete produets
plant which is loeated on Plantation lands adjacent
to the plantation buildings and yard area. At the
present time, six men are at work in this plant
although the number varies from 4 to 10 men. Work
ordinarily is performed on a single shift basis, but
if extra men are working, two shifts may be main-
tained,
This plant. is engaged primarily in producing
conerete irrigation ilimes and water supply pipe.
It also makes some blocks. footings, sidewalk slabs
and other various incidental concrete products re-
106 Waialua Agricultural Co.,, cte.
quired by the Plantation. Crushed rock used in
the manufacturing process is purchased locally.
while 80 to 90 per cent of all cement used is ob-
tained from the mainland. The work consists of
setting up forms, mixing and pouring concrete,
removing che previous day's products and arrang
ing them in storage. Cement used is stored in ears
which are set on the siding near the plant, or the
cement is stored in the cement shed as part of the
inventory of general supplies warehousing. In the
iatter case, unloading of cement is done by the
warehouse personnel. Various activities requiring
the flumes, pipe and other products receive them
direct from the storage aren where the products
are stored.
The operations do not have any off season, Dur-
ing the off season, however, additional personne!
may be brought in from the fields. In 1946, the
plant produced approximately 46,000 — concrete
pieces, including flume sections, pipe and other
products. [105]
29.
Storage of Plantation Supplies
Materials and supplies purchased for plantation
operations are warehoused or stored in several
separate buildings located in the plantation build-
ings and yard area. Value of supplies on hand
averages $500,000. ‘The total value of goods pro-
eured during a year including stock and special
order materials averages slightly over $1,000,000.
Most of the materials received are shipped = ty
vs. Ciraco Mane ja, et al. 107
the Plantation from Honolulu on the OL Ro & IT.
Purchases may be either local or by order and
direct shipment frem continental United States.
Freight received is placed in the proper warehouses
by the warehousing personnel. In almost all eases
railroad sidings permit placement of the O. R. & I.
ears next to the warehouse receiving the materials.
The warehousing personnel is not responsible for,
hor does it engage in, delivering materials to the
various operations or shops.
The principal buildings in which the supplies
and materials of the Plantation are stored are the
general supplies warehouse 2nd the heavy supplies
warehouse. They house electrical goods, building
hardware, paints, window screening, tractor and
eaneloading repair parts, copper tubing, pipe stock,
metal shapes stock, galvanized sheeting, steel sheets,
and many other items.
The oil storage warehouse houses lubricants and
a limited amount of paint.
Gasoline, fuel oil, diesel oil and kerosene are dis-
charged directly from the O. R. & L. tank cars into
storage tanks.
Most of the automotive parts and tractor, ecane-
loading and miscellaneous parts are stored in the
garage. [106]
Cement
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