Petition for Writ of Certiorari — David C. Kwok, Petitioner v. Zhong Qiu Li, et al.

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FILED

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

APR 3 2025

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

In re: DAVID C. KWOK,

Debtor,

No.

23-60027

BAP No. 22-1152

ORDER

DAVID C. KWOK,

Appellant,

v.

ZHONG QIU LI; JAMES QUAN,

Appellees.

Before: FRIEDLAND, BENNETT, and BADE, Circuit Judges.

The panel has unanimously voted to deny the petition for panel rehearing.

The petition for panel rehearing is DENIED.

NOT FOR PUBLICATION

FILED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

MAR 18 2025

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

In re: DAVID C. KWOK,

No.

Debtor,

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

23-60027

BAP No. 22-1152

MEMORANDUM*

DAVID C. KWOK,

Appellant,

v.

ZHONG QIU LI; JAMES QUAN,

Appellees.

Appeal from the Ninth Circuit

Bankruptcy Appellate Panel

Lafferty III, Spraker, and Corbit, Bankruptcy Judges, Presiding

Submitted March 14, 2025**

San Francisco, California

Before: FRIEDLAND, BENNETT, and BADE, Circuit Judges.

Appellant David C. Kwok appeals from a decision of the Bankruptcy

This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision

without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).

Appellate Panel (BAP) affirming the bankruptcy court’s order dismissing his

adversary proceeding for failure to state a claim.1 We have jurisdiction under 28

U.S.C. § 158(d). We review the BAP’s decisions de novo and apply the same

standard of review the BAP applied to the bankruptcy court’s rulings. Boyajian v.

New Falls Corp. (In re Boyajian), 564 F.3d 1088, 1090 (9th Cir. 2009). We

affirm.

1.

In 2017, Shorb DCE, LLC filed a voluntary petition for relief under

Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code (the Shorb bankruptcy). Kwok was the “sole

100% member of Shorb.” The bankruptcy estate’s primary asset was an apartment

building (the Property). On August 30, 2017, the bankruptcy court converted the

case to a Chapter 7 proceeding and appointed a trustee.

Meanwhile, during July and August 2017, Appellees approached Kwok and

“devised a plan” to buy the Property for $2,450,000. They “convinced” Kwok not

to market the property and in exchange offered to pay him $150,000 in the form of

a note payable directly to Kwok after the close of escrow (the Note). In September

2017, the trustee filed a motion to sell the Property to Appellees. That motion and

the underlying purchase agreement did not disclose any agreements between

1 In a prior order, we limited the scope of this appeal to the bankruptcy

court’s July 21, 2022 order granting Appellees Zhong Qui Li’s and James Quan’s

motion to dismiss the adversary complaint. Dkt. 7. In accordance with that order,

the opening brief does not challenge the bankruptcy court’s sanctions order.

2

Appellees and Kwok. The bankruptcy court approved the trustee’s motion to sell

the Property to Appellees for $2,450,000, and the sale closed on December 11,

2017. Appellees never paid on the Note.

In November 2018, Kwok commenced an individual bankruptcy under

Chapter 13 that was later converted to Chapter 7 (the Kwok bankruptcy). Kwok

did not disclose the Note in his schedules or to the Kwok bankruptcy trustee until

2022, prior to the closure of the bankruptcy.

On January 19, 2022, the Kwok bankruptcy trustee commenced the

adversary proceeding that is the subject of this appeal. Kwok later substituted

himself as plaintiff and filed a second amended complaint (SAC). The SAC

asserts claims for: (1) breach of contract based on Appellees’ failure to pay the

Note; (2) avoidance of the sale of the Property under 11 U.S.C. § 363 (n), or an

award of damages; (3) turnover of the Property under 11 U.S.C. § 542; and

(4) financial elder abuse under the California Welfare & Institutions Code

§ 15610.30. The bankruptcy court granted the Appellees’ motion to dismiss under

Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), and the BAP affirmed.

2.

Kwok argues that the SAC was improperly dismissed because the

doctrine of unclean hands/zn pari delicto does not apply. Appellees argue that the

Note is “void as against public policy,” and that Kwok’s claims for relief are

barred by the doctrine of in pari delicto. Under this doctrine, “when a participant

3

in illegal, fraudulent, or inequitable conduct seeks to recover from another

participant in that conduct, the parties are deemed in pari delicto, and the law will

aid neither, but rather, will leave them where it finds them.” Sugarman v. Taylor

(In re Yellow Cab Coop., Inc.), 602 B.R. 357, 360 (Bankr. N.D. Cal. 2019)

(quoting Uecker v. Wells Fargo Cap. Fin., LLC (In re Mortgage Fund ’08 LLC),

STI B.R. 351, 366 (N.D. Cal. 2015)). The doctrine is codified in California Civil

Code § 3517, which provides that “[n]o one can take advantage of their own

wrong.”

The allegations in the SAC show that Kwok made an agreement with

Appellees related to the primary asset in the Shorb bankruptcy estate under which

he would receive funds that he did not disclose. This agreement violated his

fiduciary duties to the Shorb bankruptcy estate. See 11 U.S.C. § 1107(a)

(providing that “a debtor in possession” has the same duties as “a trustee serving in

a case” under Chapter 11); Holta v. Zerbetz (In re Anchorage Nautical Tours, Inc.),

145 B.R. 637, 643 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 1992) (explaining that corporate officers owe a

fiduciary duty to the corporate debtor in possession and to the creditors). Kwok,

therefore, cannot seek redress based on his own alleged wrongful conduct. See In

re Yellow Cab, 602 B.R. at 360 (noting that courts in California “applied the in

pari delicto defense to dismiss actions filed by bankruptcy trustees against third

parties who may have participated with a debtor ... in the concealment or

4

dissipation of the debtor’s assets prior to the petition date”).

Kwok argues that the bankruptcy court and the BAP failed to consider

Aghaian v. Minassian, 279 Cal. Rptr. 3d 191, 210-12 (Ct. App. 2021), and other

cases applying exceptions to the “general rule that courts will not enforce illegal

contracts.” But Kwok did not cite these cases before the bankruptcy court or the

BAP, and he did not argue that the Note fell within an exception to the doctrine of

unclean hands/zw pari delicto. Therefore, as Appellees argue, Kwok forfeited this

argument by failing to present it to the bankruptcy court or to the BAP. Burnett v.

Resurgent Cap. Servs. (In re Burnett), 435 F.3d 971,975-76 (9th Cir. 2006).

3.

Kwok argues that the BAP “misapplied the statute of limitations” to

dismiss his § 363(n) claim because his claim is “sufficient” and timely. This

argument fails because the SAC does not sufficiently allege the elements of the

§ 363(n) claim. 11 U.S.C. § 363(n). Under § 363(n), a trustee may avoid a sale or

seek damages when “an agreement among potential bidders” controlled the sales

price of an asset of the bankruptcy estate. Id. Potential bidders are “all persons

who are contemplating making an offer to purchase property of a bankrupt estate

that the trustee seeks to sell.” Wine Grp. v. Diamante (In re Hat), 310 B.R. 752,

759 (Bankr. E.D. Cal. 2004) (quoting Ramsay v. Vogel, 970 F.2d 471, 473 (8th Cir.

1992)). The SAC alleges that there was an agreement—the Note between Kwok

and Appellees. It also alleges that Appellees were the only bidders at the sale of

5

the Property; Kwok was not a potential bidder. Because the SAC does not allege

the existence of an agreement “among potential bidders,” it fails to state a claim

under § 363(n).

The § 363(n) claim is also time barred under the one-year limitations period.

Robertson v. Isomedix, Inc. (In re Int’l. Nutronics, Inc.\ 28 F.3d 965, 969 (9th Cir.

>

1994) (applying a one-year limitations period to § 363(n) claims). Kwok is

incorrect in arguing that, under 11 U.S.C. § 108(c), the limitations period is

extended due to the automatic stay. See 11 U.S.C. § 108(c) (providing for an

extension of the statute of limitations in actions “on a claim against the debtor”).

He also suggests that the statute of limitations applicable to his § 363(n) claim

should be determined under California law, but he does not cite any binding

authority for this proposition.

4.

Kwok also challenges the dismissal of his third claim for relief,

turnover under 11 U.S.C. § 542. “Section 542(a) enables the bankruptcy trustee, or

the debtor-in-possession in a reorganization case to seek turnover of the debtors’

assets, for the benefit of the estate.”2 Collect Access LLC v. Hernandez (In re

2 To support a cause of action for turnover, the trustee (or here,

the debtor-in-possession) has the burden of proof, by a preponderance

of the evidence, to establish that: (1) the property is in the possession,

custody or control of a noncustodial third party; (2) the property

constitutes property of the estate; (3) the property is of the type that the

trustee could use, sell or lease pursuant to section 363 or that the debtor

6

Hernandez), 483 B.R. 713, 725 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 2012). Kwok, however, seeks

turnover of the Property to himself. A Chapter 7 debtor generally lacks standing to

assert a claim for turnover. Id. The SAC, therefore, does not state a claim for

turnover under § 542 and that claim was properly dismissed.

5.

In the fourth claim for relief, Kwok seeks damages for financial abuse

of an elder under California Welfare & Institutions Code § 15610.30. This claim

was properly dismissed for failure to state a claim, and Kwok does not present any

specific arguments challenging the dismissal. To state a claim under

section 15610.30(a)(l)-(3) or (b), Kwok must allege that Appellees took or

retained his “real or personal property” for a “wrongful use” or with an “intent to

defraud.” The SAC does not allege that Appellees took or retained Kwok’s

property. Instead, it alleges they took the “Shorb property,” which belonged to the

Shorb estate, not Kwok. To the extent this claim is based on Appellees’ failure to

pay on the Note, it was properly dismissed under the doctrine of unclean hands/m

pari delicto, as discussed above.

6.

Finally, Kwok did not make any arguments before the bankruptcy

court, or this court, explaining how he could cure the deficiencies in the SAC.

could exempt under section 522, and (4) that the property is not of

inconsequential value or benefit to the estate.

Process Am., Inc. v. Cynergy Holdings (In re Process Am., Inc.), 588 B.R. 82, 98

(Bankr. C.D. Cal. 2018).

7

Accordingly, the bankruptcy court properly dismissed the SAC without leave to

amend.

AFFIRMED.

8

APPENDIX

12

FILED

MAY 23 2023

NOT FOR PUBLICATION

SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK

U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL

OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL

OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

In re:

DAVID C. KWOK,

Debtor.

BAP No. CC-22-1152-LSC

BAP No. CC-22-1153-LSC

(related appeals)

DAVID C. KWOK,

Appellant,

v.

ZHONG QIU LI; JAMES QUAN,

Appellees.

Bk. No. 2:18-bk-23346-BR

Adv. No. 2:22-ap-01026-BR

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court

for the Central District of California

Barry Russell, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding

Before: LAFFERTY, SPRAKER, and CORBIT, Bankruptcy Judges.

INTRODUCTION

David C. Kwok appeals the bankruptcy court's orders dismissing his

adversary complaint against appellees and imposing Rule 9011 sanctions.1

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication. Although it may be cited for

whatever persuasive value it may have, see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1, it has no precedential

value, see 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1.

1 Unless specified otherwise, all chapter and section references are to the

Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, "Rule" references are to the Federal Rules of

Bankruptcy Procedure, and "Civil Rule" references are to the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure.

We agree that the complaint was properly dismissed and that sanctions

were appropriate. However, because the record is insufficient to permit us

to determine whether the amount of the sanctions was appropriate, we

REMAND for further proceedings as set forth below.

FACTS

A.

The Shorb bankruptcy and asset sale

Kwok is the sole member of Shorb DCE, LLC (‘"'Shorb")- In 2017,

Shorb filed a chapter 11 petition. The case was converted to chapter 7 on

August 30, 2017. Thereafter, the bankruptcy court approved the chapter 7

trustee's ("Shorb Trustee") motion to sell Shorb's primary asset, a 100%

ownership interest in an 11-unit apartment building in Alhambra,

California (the "Property") for $2,450,000, subject to overbid. The Property

had significant equity. James Quan and Zhong Qiu Li (the "Buyers" and

"Appellees") were the only bidders, and the bankruptcy court approved

the sale to them. The sale closed December 11,2017.

Unbeknownst to the Shorb Trustee or the bankruptcy court, shortly

before the Buyers entered into the purchase agreement for the Property,

they signed a promissory note payable to Kwok or Elke L. Coffey (Kwok's

girlfriend) in the amount of $150,000 (the "Secret Note"). The unsecured

Secret Note (as more fully explained below) states that it is valid upon

completion of the Buyers' purchase of the Property and is due in full 45

days after the close of escrow on the Property. The Buyers, however, never

paid any amount to Kwok or Coffey on the Secret Note.

2

B.

The Kwok bankruptcy

Kwok filed a chapter 13 petition in November 2018. The case was

converted to chapter 7 a few months later. Kwok scheduled as his primary

asset a 100% membership interest in Shorb, but he did not disclose the

amount owed to him from the Secret Note, nor did he disclose it to the

chapter 7 trustee ("Kwok Trustee") until January 2022.

In July 2019, the Kwok Trustee obtained an order in the Shorb

bankruptcy authorizing the distribution of surplus funds from the Shorb

estate directly to the Kwok Trustee. After the Shorb Trustee's final report

was approved, he paid $468,508.51 to the Kwok Trustee from the Shorb

estate.

While the Kwok Trustee was preparing his final report, Kwok's

bankruptcy counsel informed him of the existence of the Secret Note.

Kwok's counsel provided a copy of the Secret Note and advised that an

amendment to Kwok's bankruptcy schedules would be filed to add the

Secret Note, but this was never done.

C.

The adversary proceeding

In January 2022, the Kwok Trustee filed the adversary proceeding

against the Buyers that is the subject of this appeal.2 The complaint alleged

claims for: (1) breach of a written contract based on Buyers' failure to pay

the Secret Note; (2) avoidance of the sale of the Shorb Property under

2 In a subsequent declaration, the Kwok Trustee explained that he filed the

adversary proceeding to avoid the running of the statutes of limitations.

3

§ 363(n) or alternatively for damages, including punitive damages; and

(3) turnover of the Property under § 542.

The Kwok Trustee also moved in the main case to abandon the Secret

Note and the adversary proceeding on the ground that, even without those

assets, he expected to be able to make a 100% distribution to creditors plus

a small surplus distribution to Kwok. Accordingly, he did not believe it

worthwhile to pursue the estate's claims against the Buyers due to the

increased administrative expenses that would be necessary to pursue those

claims. The bankruptcy court granted the motion to abandon.

Thereafter, Kwok substituted himself in as plaintiff in the adversary

proceeding. Kwok then filed a second amended complaint ("SAC") which

contained the same claims as alleged in the original complaint, plus a

fourth claim for financial elder abuse under California Welfare and

Institutions Code § 15610.30.

In the SAC, Kwok alleged that while Shorb was still in chapter 11, he

hired a broker to list the Property himself, but about six weeks into the

Shorb case, Kwok suffered a severe heart attack and was subsequently in

and out of the hospital for several months and taking painkillers and

antibiotics. It was during this period that the Shorb case was converted to

chapter 7, but Kwok alleges that he was unaware of this until a few weeks

after the conversion and believed he was entitled to sell the Property as a

debtor-in-possession.

4

Kwok further alleged that during this time, the Buyers approached

him to express an interest in purchasing the Property. According to the

complaint, they convinced Kwok not to market the Property or involve his

broker further. Instead, they devised a plan to purchase the Property for

$2,450,000. To ensure Kwok's cooperation, Buyers offered an additional

$150,000 in the form of a note payable directly to Kwok. They also

allegedly promised to allow Kwok to keep an existing apartment he

occupied in the Property for two years or until he recovered. Kwok also

alleged that Buyers advised him that if he did not do the deal, he would get

nothing from the bankruptcy. He alleged that he relied on the Buyers'

advice, but, had he known the true facts, he would have requested the

broker take an active role in marketing the Property, and he would not

have agreed to the deal with the Buyers.

The allegations continue: After the sale closed in December 2017, the

Buyers took possession of the Property and permitted Kwok to remain in

his unit until April 2018, when the Buyers presented Kwok with a three-

day notice to quit. When Kwok asked Li about the payment of the note, Li

"walked away saying she did not understand anything about it."

Turning to the specific claims, the SAC alleges that: (1) the Buyers

breached the parties' contract by not paying anything on the Secret Note,

and Kwok is entitled to recover damages of $150,000 plus interest and

attorneys' fees; (2) the sale of the Property should be avoided under

§ 363(n) or damages of $1.3 million plus punitive damages should be

5

awarded because the sale price for the Property was controlled by an

agreement among potential bidders at the sale, including the Buyers;

(3) the Property should be turned over to Kwok pursuant to § 542 because

it is property of the estate that has been abandoned; and (4) the Buyers are

liable for financial elder abuse. The financial elder abuse claim alleged that,

at the time of the negotiations between the parties, Kwok was over the age

of 65 and was impaired due to his health condition, and he relied on the

advice of the Buyers, who fraudulently induced him to sell the Property at

less than market value, which Kwok alleged was $3,750,000. He alleged

that the Buyers' conduct was willful, predatory, callous, and fraudulent.

The Buyers filed a motion to dismiss the SAC under Civil Rule

12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. With

respect to the first claim for relief for breach of contract, they argued that

the Secret Note lacked consideration; specifically, alleging that the Secret

Note was given in exchange for Kwok's cooperation with the sale of the

Property, but Kwok did not own the Property. The Buyers argued in the

alternative that even if a contract were formed, it was void as against

public policy because Kwok had breached his fiduciary duties to the Shorb

bankruptcy estate.

With respect to the § 363(n) claim for relief, the Buyers argued that

the SAC did not allege all the elements required for such a claim, and the

one-year statute of limitations had expired.

6

As to the third claim for relief under § 542, the Buyers argued that

this claim must fail because neither the Secret Note nor the Property were

property of the Kwok bankruptcy estate.

Finally, with respect to the financial elder abuse claim for relief, the

Buyers argued that the SAC did not allege sufficient facts to establish the

necessary elements of such a claim because there was no allegation that

Kwok's property was taken (the Property belonged to Shorb); Kwok was

judicially estopped and lacked standing to bring the claim because he did

not list it on his bankruptcy schedules; and the claim was time-barred due

to the four-year statute of limitations given that Kwok admitted in the SAC

that he was advised as of August 31, 2017 that the sale was required to go

through the bankruptcy court.

The Buyers also argued that all four claims for relief were barred by

the doctrine of in pari delicto because Kwok admitted in the SAC that he

agreed to the Secret Note to obtain funds "outside of escrow" and he did

not disclose the Secret Note to either the Shorb Trustee or the Kwok

Trustee.

After complying with the safe harbor provisions of Rule 9011 by

sending a letter and a proposed motion for sanctions under Rule 9011 to

Kwok explaining why his claims were baseless, the Buyers filed the motion

for sanctions, concurrent with the motion to dismiss, arguing that the

claims in the SAC were frivolous and noting that Kwok had failed to

7

withdraw the SAC despite being given the statutory 21-day opportunity to

do so.

Kwok filed a one paragraph response to the Civil Rule 12(b)(6)

motion requesting leave to file a third amended complaint, but he did not

contest in any meaningful way the arguments set forth in the motion, nor

did he include a proposed amended complaint nor otherwise explain how

he would amend the claims. He also filed a brief three-paragraph response

to the motion for sanctions arguing that the claims were not frivolous

because, except for the elder abuse claim, they were the same ones asserted

by the Kwok Trustee. He requested additional time for further

investigation and discovery.

The Buyers filed replies pointing out that Kwok had not even

contested, let alone refuted, any of the arguments made in their motions.

After a combined hearing, the bankruptcy court entered orders

granting both motions. The sanctions order awarded Rule 9011 sanctions of

$20,558.50 to Buyers, which allegedly represented their attorneys' fees

"incurred and estimated" in bringing the motions. Kwok timely appealed

both orders.

JURISDICTION

The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334 and

157(b)(2)(A), (E) and (O). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158.

ISSUES

Did the bankruptcy court err in dismissing the SAC with prejudice?

8

Did the bankruptcy court err in awarding Rule 9011 sanctions?

STANDARDS OF REVIEW

We review de novo the bankruptcy court's decision to grant a motion

to dismiss under Civil Rule 12(b)(6). Barnes v. Belice (In re Belice), 461 B.R.

564, 572 (9th Cir. BAP 2011). "De novo review requires that we consider a

matter anew, as if no decision had been made previously." Francis v.

Wallace (In re Francis), 505 B.R. 914, 917 (9th Cir. BAP 2014) (citations

omitted).

We review all aspects of the bankruptcy court's award of sanctions

for an abuse of discretion. See Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx Corp., 496 U.S. 384,

405 (1990) (Civil Rule 11 sanctions); Winterton v. Humitech ofN. Cal., LLC (In

re Blue Pine Grp., Inc.), 457 B.R. 64, 74 (9th Cir. BAP 2011), aff’d in part,

vacated in part on other grounds, 526 F. App'x 768 (9th Cir. 2013). In

determining whether the bankruptcy court abused its discretion we first

"determine de novo whether the [bankruptcy] court identified the correct

legal rule to apply to the relief requested." United States v. Hinkson, 585 F.3d

1247, 1262 (9th Cir. 2009) (en banc). If the bankruptcy court identified the

correct legal rule, we then determine whether its "application of the correct

legal standard was (1) illogical, (2) implausible, or (3) without support in

inferences that may be drawn from the facts in the record." Id. (cleaned up).

"We may affirm on any basis supported by the record." Caviata

Attached Homes, LLC v. U.S. Bank, Nat'l Ass'n (In re Caviata Attached Homes,

LLC), 481 B.R. 34, 44 (9th Cir. BAP 2012) (citation omitted).

9

DISCUSSION

Kwok raises arguments on appeal that he did not raise in the

bankruptcy court. "Ordinarily, an appellate court will not hear an issue

raised for the first time on appeal." Kaass Law v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 799

F.3d 1290,1293 (9th Cir. 2015). Courts may exercise their discretion to

consider a matter for the first time on appeal where: "(1) there are

exceptional circumstances why the issue was not raised in the trial court;

(2) the new issue arises while the appeal is pending because of a change in

the law; or (3) the issue presented is a pure question of law and the

opposing party will suffer no prejudice as a result of the failure to raise the

issue in the trial court." Raich v. Gonzales, 500 F.3d 850, 868 (9th Cir. 2007).

The Buyers argue that Kwok may not raise new issues on appeal

because he has failed to demonstrate exceptional circumstances. The

dismissal of Kwok's adversary claims however raises only questions of law

that we review de novo and no party will be prejudiced. We, therefore,

exercise our discretion to consider his arguments. See, e.g., City of Reno v.

Netflix, Inc., 52 F.4th 874, 877 n.2 (9th Cir. 2022) (citing AMA Multimedia,

LLC v. Wanat, 970 F.3d 1201,1213 (9th Cir. 2020)). As to the amount of the

sanctions, we find exceptional circumstances as set forth below that justify

our review of that issue.

10

A.

The bankruptcy court did not err in dismissing the SAC with

prejudice.

1.

Legal standard for motion to dismiss under Civil Rule

12(b)(6)

In reviewing the bankruptcy court's decision on a motion to dismiss,

we apply the same standards to Civil Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal motions that

all federal courts are required to apply. In re Belice, 461 B.R. at 572-73.

Under Civil Rule 12(b)(6), a trial court may dismiss a complaint for "failure

to state a claim upon which relief can be granted." We must take all the

factual allegations in the complaint as true, but "[t]hreadbare recitals of the

elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do

not suffice." Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell Atl. Corp. v.

Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). To survive a Civil Rule 12(b)(6)

dismissal motion, a complaint must present cognizable legal theories and

sufficient factual allegations to support those theories. See Johnson v.

Riverside Healthcare Sys., LP, 534 F.3d 1116,1121-22 (9th Cir. 2008). A

complaint must contain more than "an unadorned, the-defendant-

unlawfully-harmed-me accusation. A pleading that offers labels and

conclusions or a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action

will not do." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citations omitted).

2.

The bankruptcy court did not err in dismissing Kwok's

adversary claims.

The bankruptcy court provided little explanation of its specific

reasons for granting the motion to dismiss with prejudice. It appears the

11

significant reason was Kwok's conduct and involvement in efforts to

mislead the court and the parties with respect to the sale of the Property—in

other words, the doctrine of in pari delicto.

"The doctrine of in pari delicto dictates that when a participant in

illegal, fraudulent, or inequitable conduct seeks to recover from another

participant in that conduct, the parties are deemed in pari delicto, and the

law will aid neither, but rather, will leave them where it finds them."

Sugarman v. Taylor (In re Yellow Cab Coop., Inc.), 602 B.R. 357, 360 (Bankr.

N.D. Cal. 2019) (citation omitted). See also Cal. Civ. Code § 3517 ("No one

can take advantage of his own wrong.").

The allegations in the SAC establish that Kwok's deal with the Buyers

was intended to put undisclosed money in Kwok's pocket in violation of

his fiduciary duties to the Shorb estate. Thus, Kwok has conceded that he

was a participant in illegal, fraudulent, or inequitable conduct. He cannot

therefore seek redress against the Buyers for alleged bad conduct in which

he participated.

Kwok argues for the first time on appeal that the in pari delicto

defense cannot be decided at the pleading stage. But he fails to

acknowledge that In re Yellow Cab Cooperative involved a similar dismissal

of a complaint for failure to state a claim. Id. at 358; see also, In re Crown

Vantage, Inc., No. 02-3836 MMC, 2003 WL 25257821, at *6 (N.D. Cal. Sept.

25, 2003), aff'd sub nom, Crown Paper Liquidating Trust v.

Pricewaterhousecoopers LLP, 198 F. App'x 597 (9th Cir. 2006), cert denied, 127

12

S.Ct. 1381 (2007) (chapter 11 trustees' complaint dismissed based on in pari

delicto). The cases Kwok dtes, Golden State TD Investments, LLC v. Andrews

Kurth LLP (In re California TD Investments LLC), 489 B.R. 124,134 (Bankr.

C.D. Cal. 2013), and Elder v. Greer (In re Sand Hill Capital Partners III, LLC),

Adv. Nos. 10-3089,10-3091 TC, 2010 WL 4269622, at *3 (Bankr. N.D. Cal.

Oct. 25, 2010), were based on their unique facts and do not establish such a

bright line rule.

Here, the allegations in the SAC establish that Kwok and the Buyers

colluded with the intent to benefit both parties at the expense of the Shorb

bankruptcy estate. The in pari delicto defense thus bars Kwok's asserted

claims against the Buyers.

3.

Additional grounds for affirming dismissal of the adversary

proceeding with prejudice

Additionally, the breach of contract claim is unenforceable under

California statutory law because it is contrary to public policy. Under

California law, a contract is unenforceable if it is (1) "Contrary to an

express provision of law;" (2) "Contrary to the policy of express law,

though not expressly prohibited; or," (3) "Otherwise contrary to good

morals." Cal. Civ. Code § 1667; see also Sheppard, Mullin, Richter & Hampton,

LLP v. J-M Mfg. Co., 6 Cal. 5th 59, 73-74 (2018) (attorney contract that had as

its object conduct violating the Rules of Professional Conduct was

unenforceable as contrary to public policy). A contract which purports to

do what § 363(n) forbids is contrary to an express provision of law.

13

The § 542(a) claim also fails. That statute provides, in relevant part:

"[A]n entity ... in possession, custody, or control, during the case, of

property that the trustee may use, sell, or lease under section 363 of this

title, or that the debtor may exempt under section 522 of this title, shall

deliver to the trustee, and account for, such property or the value of such

property, unless such property is of inconsequential value or benefit to the

estate." It is not clear Kwok has standing to assert a claim under this

section. See Collect Access LLC v. Hernandez (In re Hernandez), 483 B.R. 713,

725 (9th Cir. BAP 2012) (chapter 7 debtor generally lacks standing to assert

a claim for turnover). Even if Kwok had standing, the statute explicitly

excepts from its scope property that is of inconsequential value or benefit

to the estate. Given that the Kwok Trustee abandoned this claim, there is no

viable argument that Kwok may recover the Property for the benefit of the

estate.

The remaining claims are time-barred.3 A claim under § 363(n) for

avoidance of a sale4 is governed by the one-year statute of limitations

applicable to motions brought under Civil Rule 60(b)(3) (applicable via

Rule 9024). Robertson v. Isomedix, Inc. (In re Int'l Nutronics, Inc.), 28 F.3d 965,

968-69 (9th Cir. 1994). The sale closed on December 11,2017; the initial

3 The Kwok Trustee was unaware of the Secret Note and other facts underlying

the claims until shortly before the adversary proceeding was filed. This happenstance

may have impacted the triggering of the limitations periods as it applied to the Kwok

Trustee, but not to Kwok.

.4 Avoidance of the sale does not appear to be a viable remedy given that the

14

adversary complaint was filed January 19, 2022, over four years later.

Therefore, the claim is time-barred. And bankruptcy courts considering the

issue have held that damages claims under § 363(n) are governed by the

analogous state law statute of limitations, i.e., for fraud claims. See Szybist

v. Aircraft Acquisition Corp. (In re Taylorcraft Aviation Corp.), 163 B.R. 734, 738

(Bankr. M.D. Pa. 1993); In re Am. Paper Mills ofVt., Inc., 322 B.R. 84, 90-91

(Bankr. D. Vt. 2004). The California statute of limitations for fraud claims is

three years. Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 338(d). As noted, the adversary

proceeding was filed more than four years after the sale closed; the claim is

thus time-barred,

i

The financial elder abuse claim is also untimely. Such claims have a

four-year statute of limitations. See Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code § 15657.7 ("An

action for damages pursuant to Sections 15657.5 and 15657.6 for financial

abuse of an elder ... shall be commenced within four years after the

plaintiff discovers or, through the exercise of reasonable diligence, should

have discovered, the facts constituting the financial abuse.") The SAC

alleges that Kwok did not learn the case was converted until late

September 2017, and the sale closed in December 2017. Even if the elder

abuse claim relates back to the filing of the original complaint, that

complaint was filed in January 2022, more than four years after the alleged

abuse.

Property belonged to Shorb, not Kwok.

15

For the foregoing reasons, Kwok's allegations in the SAC fail to state

a viable claim, and he did not explain how he could amend the SAC to

address its deficiencies. Accordingly, the bankruptcy court correctly

dismissed the SAC without leave to amend. See Carrico v. City & Cnty. of

San Francisco, 656 F.3d 1002,1008 (9th Cir. 2011) (denying leave to amend

as futile where plaintiffs did not propose any specific allegations that might

rectify their failures, which demonstrated their inability to make the

necessary amendment).

B.

While the bankruptcy court did not err in finding that Rule 9011

sanctions were appropriate, it nevertheless did not make sufficient

findings to permit a determination of whether the amount of the

sanctions was appropriate.

1.

Sanctions under Rule 9011 were appropriate.

Rule 9011 imposes "an affirmative duty to conduct a reasonable

investigation into the facts and the law before filing" a pleading, motion, or

other paper with the court. Bus. Guides, Inc. v. Chromatic Commc'ns Enters.,

Inc., 498 U.S. 533, 551 (1991) (interpreting Civil Rule 11). The standard is an

objective one, even when the pleading is submitted by a pro se party.

Grantham v. Serrano (In re Virginia-Coast Highway Dev., Inc.), BAP No. CC06-1169-BKMo, 2006 WL 6811028, at *4 (9th Cir. BAP Dec. 26, 2006) (citing

Navarro-Ayala v. Nunez, 968 F.2d 1421,1425 (1st Cir. 1992)). Rule 9011

sanctions against the signer of a paper are appropriate when the paper is

either (1) frivolous or (2) filed for an improper purpose. Valley Nat'l Bank of

Ariz. v. Needier (In re Grantham Bros.), 922 F.2d 1438, 1441 (9th Cir. 1991).

16

Kwok's response to the Rule 9011 motion is telling. In it, he stated

only that the SAC was not frivolous because it was initially filed by the

Kwok Trustee, and he simply amended it. He also requested an

opportunity to investigate further. In his appellate brief, he argues that he

relied on the Kwok Trustee's investigation. It is clear from these statements

that Kwok did not undertake any independent investigation into the law

and facts before filing the SAC, let alone a reasonable one. Had he done so,

he would have uncovered the issues outlined above.

Moreover, Rule 9011 also imposes an obligation to comply with the

procedures included in the Rule concerning notice to the allegedly

offending party and the opportunity to respond to that notice. Observance,

of this procedure is critical to ensure that due process concerns re the

award of sanctions are satisfied, and the requirement that the responding

party acknowledge this notice and engage in the process of reviewing what

they have filed facilitates the overall purpose of the rule—to ensure that the

filing, or at least the pursuit, of baseless claims is minimized.

And, if a party intends to oppose a motion for sanctions, Rule 9011 at

least implies, if it does not expressly include, a duty to inform the

reviewing court in sufficient detail the factual and legal inquiries made, the

putative justification for the claims asserted, and any other details

necessary for the court to consider the serious question of whether the

claimant violated the duties imposed by Rule 9011, and should be

sanctioned.

17

Kwok failed to observe or perform any of these required tasks.

Accordingly, he did not meet the requirement to ensure that the claims he

asserted were "warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument

for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law or the

establishment of new law."

(

We agree that the filing of the SAC was sanctionable conduct under

Rule 9011. Kwok's failure to respond to the allegations within the 21-day

safe harbor period only strengthens the position that there is no error by

the bankruptcy court in granting the motion.

2.

The bankruptcy court did not make sufficient findings to

permit an appropriate review of the amount of sanctions.

Again, Kwok did not raise this issue before the bankruptcy court

although he argues it at length in his appellate briefs. We find that there are

exceptional circumstances to consider this argument because 1) the amount

is not insignificant, and 2) while the bankruptcy court clearly intended to

reimburse Buyers for their actual loss, i.e., attorneys fees incurred opposing

the SAC, there is a complete lack of evidence for the amount of the actual

attorneys fees incurred.

The bankruptcy court has wide discretion in determining the amount

of a sanctions award. Kowalski-Schmidt v. Forsch (In re Giordano), 212 B.R.

617, 622 (9th Cir. BAP 1997), aff'd in part, rev'd in part on other grounds sub

nom., Giordano v. Opportunity Mgmt., Inc. (In re Giordano), 202 F.3d 277 (9th

Cir. 1999) (table). We recognize that, when reviewing an order for abuse of

18

discretion, we may not substitute our judgment for that of the bankruptcy

court Hinkson, 585 F.3d at 1251.

The evidentiary basis for the amount awarded however is

exceptionally slight. The motion for sanctions included a declaration of

Lane K. Bogard which stated in part:

As a consequence of Plaintiff's failure to dismiss or

amend the Second Amended Complaint voluntarily, my clients

have incurred or will incur attorneys' fees as follows:

A. Preparation of the letter dated May 27, 2022, giving

Plaintiff twenty-one (21) days to withdraw the Complaint -1.5

hours;

B. Preparation of this Motion for Sanctions- 5 hours;

C. Preparing the Request for Judicial Notice in support of

the Motion for Sanctions-.5 hours;

D. Legal research related to the Motion for Sanctions- 2.0

hours;

E. Reply to an Opposition to the Motion for Sanctions10.0-15.0 hours;

F. Anticipated Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings

and/or Motion to Dismiss - 30.0.0-40.0 hours;

G. Anticipated Reply to an Opposition to the Motion for

Judgment on the Pleadings and/or Motion to Dismiss Summary

Judgment- 20.0 to 30.0 hours;

G. Anticipated appearance at the hearing on the Motion

for Judgment on the Pleadings and/or Motion to Dismiss - 2.04.0 hours; and

H. Anticipated appearance at the hearing on this Motion

for Sanctions - 2.0-4.0 hours.

Total: 73.0-102.0 hours.

19

<1

The declaration went on to say that " [i]t is also anticipated" that other

attorneys in the firm would spend additional specific time working on the

motion to dismiss and the motion for sanctions. It concluded with an

estimate that the amount of attorney's fees "to be incurred by my clients

will be between $20,558.50 and $28,058.50." The declaration in the filed

motion is the same declaration that was included with the letter warning

Kwok that the motion was coming if he did not withdraw the SAC. It had

not been updated to the actual time spent and therefore the resulting cost

to the Buyers. The declaration includes no more than a few hours of time

actually incurred; the remainder being estimated leaving the actual amount

to nothing more than conjecture.

The two motions were heard together and the entire hearing time

was no more than 11 minutes. The bankruptcy court made no findings

regarding the amount of sanctions it awarded. It simply stated:

As far as the sanctions, I'm going to grant the sanctions in

the amount of an order for 20,558.50. Now, I don't know if you

can pay it. That's a different question. But it's important for you

to understand you can't keep amending things and filing, in my

opinion, frivolous complaints and expect there's no

consequences. They had to hire attorneys and they haven't been

paid.

Hr'g Tr. (Jul. 12,2022) at 10:18-24.

It added:

And the sanctions ... they have incurred probably more

than the amount that I've just described, but this has to end.

20

You don't have [the] ability to just without any consequences to

keep amending and amending. They gave you fair warning

that this would happen.

Hr'g Tr. (Jul. 12, 2022) at 11:6-13.

The Supreme Court confirmed in Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v.

Haeger, 581 U.S. 101,108 (2017), that "such a sanction, when imposed

pursuant to civil procedures, must be compensatory rather than punitive in

nature." (Citation omitted). "[A] sanction counts as compensatory only if it

is calibrated to the damages caused by the bad-faith acts on which it is

based. A fee award is so calibrated if it covers the legal bills that the

litigation abuse occasioned." Id. (cleaned up).

The only evidence presented to the bankruptcy court regarding the

legal bills was an estimate made by counsel roughly a month before nearly

all of the work was done. And much of the anticipated work likely did not

occur. For example, Kwok's opposition to the motion for sanctions was

three short paragraphs. Therefore it is a stretch to say that the reply took

10.0-15.0 hours, just for Mr. Bogard. The opposition to the motion to

dismiss was a single paragraph for which the original estimate for the reply

was 20.0 to 30.0 hours. We can only speculate about the actual time spent

on that task.

In short, the bankruptcy court's minimal findings based on even less

evidence are not sufficient to permit us to review the amount awarded in

the order granting sanctions.

21

CONCLUSION

We agree that the SAC was properly dismissed and that Rule 9011

sanctions were appropriate, especially given that the safe harbor procedure

under Rule 9011 was followed. However, because there is insufficient

record to permit us to determine whether the amount of the sanctions was

appropriate, we REMAND to permit the bankruptcy court to make further

findings regarding the appropriate amount of sanctions.

And one last observation.

This dispute arose from a highly problematic transaction, wrongfully

entered into by each of these parties. We do not suggest that the in pari

delicto doctrine would provide a defense against the Buyers' Rule 9011

motion, since Kwok's acts are violative of Rule 9011 and separate and

discrete from any underlying offense or misdeed shared between the

parties. However, in a broader, ethical sense, it can hardly escape notice or

remark that this entire unfortunate situation might have been avoided, had

Buyers simply managed to avoid attempting to abuse the sale process in

the Shorb bankruptcy case, and potentially defrauding the creditors of that

estate. What, if anything, to make of that observation will be for the

bankruptcy court to determine on remand.

22