Petition for Writ of Certiorari — R. Susan Woods, Petitioner v. Alina's Real Estate, LLC
Supreme Court briefOct 18, 2021
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DT _
ORIGINAL
W JL
Supreme Court, U.S.
FILED
OCT 1 8 2321
No.
OFFICE OF THE CLERK
IN THE
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
R. Susan Woods,
Petitioner
vs.
Alina's Real Estate, LLC and It's Managers Amaya and Branche,
Respondents (First Circuit No. 20-1991);
Joseph B. Collins, Chapter 7 Trustee,
Respondent (First Circuit No. 20-1992); and
Joseph B. Collins, Chapter 7 Trustee,
In his Official and Individual Capacity,
Respondent (First Circuit No. 20-1993).
On Petition for Writ of Certiorari to
The United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit
PETITION FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI
R. Susan Woods, pro se
P. O. Box 160
Hadley, MA 01035-0160
mobile 413-883-1414
rsusanwoods@gmaiI.com
Questions Presented for Review
(generalized from lower court cases)
a. Under what circumstances is it appropriate for the courts to refuse
accommodation to the disabled?
b. Can a trustee in a bankruptcy matter use personal funds to purchase property
for an estate?
c. Must non judicial foreclosure follow the letter of the laws pertaining thereto?
d. Is court bias against the wrongfully foreclosed excusable, and if so, in what
circumstances?
e. Are bankruptcy exemptions subject to judicial discretion?
f. Is the inability to afford the costs of depositions a barrier to a fair trial?
g. Can a party who expressed interest in purchasing a property scheduled for
foreclosure, but who then declined to bid, be questioned about price rigging
within an adversary proceeding involving the buyer?
h. Can third party buyers be held liable for damages in matters of wrongful
foreclosure?
i. Is it ever appropriate for a bankruptcy trustee to demand escrowed rents from
tenants in cash?
j. Is having and maintaining safe, secure housing implicit relative to the right to
pursue happiness?
k. Does an officer of the Court have discretion to act outside of court authorized
orders? And if so, under what circumstances?
l. Can mortgagors be held liable for "forcing borrowers into bankruptcy"?
m. Are Registers of Deeds accountable to the courts? And if so, how?
n. Under what circumstances can tenants be threatened to vacate a foreclosed
property?
o. When, if ever, is it appropriate to displace a disabled person from their
lawfully occupied home?
p. When, exactly, does the sale of a property occur?
q. Is an officer of the courts personally liable for knowingly making false
representations, material omissions, or engaging in other illegal acts?
r. Are systemically important, too-big-to fail banks omnipotent?
s. Is the res judicata doctrine applicable against defendants?
II of XV
Questions for Review
(Specific to denial of request to proceed in forma pauperis)
1. Matters of due process are raised as to whether the appeal qualifies as
frivolous/not in good faith.
2. Constitutional matters are raised concerning
• property rights,
• indigent court costs law,
• Woods' state law right to the quiet enjoyment of her home, and
• "burdened rights".
3. Matters of jurisdiction are raised as to "voidness".
A. Did the judge err by applying the wrong standard to Woods’s forma pauperis by
requiring of her, because she is indigent, a litmus test on her right to appeal which is
not applied to those similarly situated who are not indigent (an apparent violation of
equal protection and due process, Amendments XIV and V)?
B. Did the judge err in apparently relying on opposing bankruptcy trustee’s
characterizations of Woods as litigious, when, beyond her control and against her best
judgment and, actually, physical capacity, bankruptcy rules require appeal of every
interlocutory decision, or you waive your appeal rights?
C. Did the judge err in declaring Woods’s appeals frivolous or vexatious, if such a
standard could even Constitutionally be applied, given the following:
III of XV
1. The jurisdictional issue of whether the bankruptcy judge can apply Federal equity
powers where a plain, adequate and complete remedy at law exists?
2. The jurisdictional issue of whether the bankruptcy judge can exercise her Federal
equity powers over a province of state law, where a state law provides a plain,
adequate and complete remedy?
3. Where issues as to the lower court’s jurisdiction had been raised, could the judge
foreclose on Woods’s right to appeal for the benefit of the court, where the only
question with a forma pauperis is the use of court resources going forward?
4. Where the question of the lower court’s jurisdiction was a central issue in the
appeal, is it not a removal of Woods’s due process rights to deny her an
opportunity to appeal and be fully heard, as guaranteed in such a situation?
5. Given that a review of the evidence is necessary to demonstrate the lower court’s
abdication of its obligation to review the veracity of a trustee’s report can only
be shown through the evidence?
6. Where the lower court judge’s avoidance of reviewing the relevant state statutory
requirements in an area that is the province of state law is only reviewable by
reviewing the evidence in the record, especially where Woods brought the
correct statutory interpretation to the attention of the lower court judge.
IV of XV
D. Did the Court err in not reviewing the evidence of Woods’s limitations, given her
disability in any deficiency in the record, where she brought her limitations on
disability to the attention of the Court?
E. Did the Court err in, even if the frivolous or vexatious standard had been applicable,
not reviewing de novo the violations of Massachusetts law in relationship to areas of
state province: real property law (mortgaging, transfer of mortgage and note and
foreclosure by sale requirements) and possession of property?
F. Did the judge err in not scheduling an evidentiary hearing as the only means of
reviewing de novo the evidentiary based determinations by the lower court judge,
where no discretion is to be given to a review of documentary evidence?
Public Interest Questions Raised bv These Cases
G. Given an unprecedented number of federal and state government lawsuits
against the mortgage servicers, lenders, and foreclosing entities, with
unprecedented size settlements, and vast evidence of illegal systemic practices,
and given that the very wealthy banks pauper their victims in predatory loans
and foreclosures, is it not especially in the public’s interest that a financial bar
not be used to stop the prosecution of what the jurisprudential record shows are
unusually likely to have been illegal actions by the huge predatory lending and
foreclosure industry?
V of XV
H. Given that Massachusetts foreclosure laws allow for (what a minority of states
still allow for) non-judicial foreclosure, where even the steps that are reviewed
by the courts as not reviewed as to the legal regulatory and jurisprudential
requirements for legal, not-void foreclosures, is it not especially in the public’s
interest that the claimed violations of those laws of the land be reviewed for
due process and equal protection violations as well?
I.
Given that those purportedly foreclosed are likely to be impoverished and
likely to be made homeless and to have their health harmed, is it not in the
public interest to make sure the Bankruptcy Trustees and Courts are required to
respect the laws of the state in this area, and the foreclosure related laws in the
state (given that real property and possession laws are provinces of state law),
the federal jurisdictional limits given the likelihood of the number of those
facing foreclosure or post foreclosure eviction are likely to have to file a
bankruptcy?
VI of XV
Additional Parties to the Proceedings
No. 20-1991: Wells Fargo Bank, National Association*
No. 20-1992: Martin Amaya Barazza (fraudulent claim)
No. 20-1993: Goldman Sachs Mortgage Company**; Andrea O'Connor;
Mickey Long and Cora Long
Related Cases
• Woods v. Alina's et al, No. 20-1991, U. S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.
Judgment entered April 27, 2021.
• Woods v. Alina's et al, No. 3:20-cv-30026, U. S. District Court for the Western
District of Massachusetts. Judgment entered October 22, 2020.
• Woods v. Alina’s etal, APNo. 18-03019, U. S. Bankruptcy Court for the
District of Massachusetts. Judgment entered February 4, 2020.
• Woods v. Collins, No. 20-1992, U. S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.
Judgment entered April 27, 2021.
• Woods v. Collins, No. 3:20-cv-30047, U. S. District Court for the Western
District of Massachusetts. Judgment entered October 22, 2020.
• Collins v. Woods, AP No. 19-03012, U. S. Bankruptcy Court for the District of
Massachusetts. Judgment entered February 28, 2020.
• Woods v. Collins, No. 20-1993, U. S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.
Judgment entered April 27, 2021.
• Woods v. Collins, No. 3:20-cv-30060, U. S. District Court for the Western
District of Massachusetts. Judgment entered October 22, 2020.
• In re: R. Susan Woods, No. 18-30549, U. S. Bankruptcy Court for the District of
Massachusetts. Judgment entered April 8, 2020.
* ** The banking entities are listed for liability purposes.
VII of XV
Associated Cases as of 10/15/21
(All Cases are in Massachusetts)
-Open Cases in Bold-Cases pending re-opening in italicsOpening Date
Date of Judgment
1. 9/05/17
W. Housing Ct, No. 17H79SP003929 (Alina’s v. Woods)
6/7/18
2. 2/12/18
W. Housing Ct, No. 18H79SP000663 (Goldman v. Woods)
withdrawn
3. 3/12/38
Mass. Land Ct., No. 18MISC000146 (Goldman v. Woods)
4/23/21
4. 4/10/18
5/1/18
5. 7/10/18
Mass. Appeals Ct., No. 2018-J-0158 (Woods v. Alina's)
Bankr. Ct., No. 18-30549 (C.7, sought stay)
ongoing
6. 7/12/18
Bankr. Ct.,A.P.No. 18-03019, (Woods v.Alina’s, illegal eviction)
42/4/20
7. 9/21/18
Mass. Supreme Judicial Ct., No. SJ-2018-0427 (appeal of bond)
7/22/20
8 2/15/19
US District Ct., No. l:19-cv-10321-DJC (appeal order to sell)
9. 2/19/19
US District Ct., No. 3:19-cv-30023-DJC (appeal contempt)
6/7/19
6/7/19
10: 2/27/19
Mass. Superior Ct., No. 1980CV00040 (remandpending)
transferred
11. 2/28/19
US District Ct., No. 3:19-cv-30028-DJC (appeal order vacate)
6/7/19
12. 2/28/19
US District Ct., No. 3:19-cv-30030-DJC (appeal 2nd contempt)
6/7/19
13. 3/04/19
US District Ct., No. 3:19-cv-30029-MGM (re-openingpending)
transferred
14. 3/08/19
Bankr. Ct., A.P. No. 19-03010, Woods v. Collins (illegal eviction)
6/6/19
15. 3/20/19
Bankr. Ct, A.P. No. 19-03012, Collins v. Woods (denial discharge)
2/28/20
16. 6/20/19
US District Ct, No. l:19-cv-11379-DJC (appt dismissal A.P. 03010)
74/1/20
17. 7/12/19
First Circuit, No. 19-1698 (from l:19-cv-10321)
2/11/20
18. 7/12/19
First Circuit, No. 19-1702 (from 3:19-cv-30023)
2/10/20
19. 7/12/19
2/10/20
20. 7/12/19
First Circuit, No. 19-1703 (from 3:19-cv-30028)
First Circuit No. 19-1704 (from 3:19-cv-30030)
21. 8/15/19
22. 8/27/19
Mass. Supreme Judicial Ct., No. SJC-12794 (recon. pending)
BAP, No. 19-038 (Woods v. Alina’s, Protective Order)
7/16/20
9/23/19
23. 11/04/19
BAP, No. 19-052 (Woods v. Alina’s, Claim #2)
11/12/19
24. 2/18/20
US District Ct, No. 3:20-cv-30026-LTS (from A.P. No. 18-03019)
10/22/20
25. 3/13/20
US District Ct, No. 3:20-cv-30047-LTS (from A.P. No. 19-03012)
26. 4/22/20
US District Ct, No. 3:20-cv-30060-LTS (appl. denial m. void sale)
10/22/20
10/22/20
27.11/04/20
First Circuit, No. 20-1991 (from 3:20-cv-30026)
4/27/21
28.11/04/20
First Circuit, No. 20-1992 (from 3:20-cv-30047)
4/27/21
29.11/04/20
First Circuit, No. 20-1993 (from 3:20-cv-30060)
4/27/21
30. 3/10/21
BAP, No. 21-006 (abandon claims, dismissed by Woods)
withdrawn
31. 4/23/21
BAP, No. MS 21-014 (transferred by Collins to US District Ct.)
transferred
32. 6/22/21
Mass. Appeals Ct., No. 2021-P-0561 (appeal dismissal)
9/7/21
33. 6/23/21
34. 5/07/21
Mass. Appeals Ct, No. 2021-J-0287 (L.C. denial of costs vacated)
6/30/21
US District Ct., No. l:21-cv-10754 (appl. vex., denial Notes)
ongoing
VIII of XV
2/10/20
Table of Contents
Questions Presented................................................
II
Parties & Related Cases..........................................
VII
Associated Cases......................................................
VIII
Table of Contents.....................................................
IX
Index of Appendices................................................
IX
Table of Authorities.................................................
X
Opinions Below........................................................
1
Jurisdiction.............................................................. .
1
Constitutional and Statutory Provisions Involved
3
Statement of the Case....................
7
Reasons for Granting the Petition
15
Conclusion........
17
Proof of Service
(separate document)
Index of Appendices
Appendix A: Decision of the U.S. Court of Appeals, No. 20-1991
Appendix B: Decision of the U. S. District Court, No. 3:20-cv-30026
Appendix C: Order of U. S. Court of Appeals Denying Rehearing
Appendix D: Decision of the U.S. Court of Appeals, No. 20-1992
Appendix E: Decision of the U. S. District Court, No. 3:20-cv-30047
Appendix F: Order of U. S. Court of Appeals Denying Rehearing
Appendix G: Decision of the U.S. Court of Appeals, No. 20-1993
Appendix H: Decision of the U. S. District Court, No. 3:20-cv-30060
Appendix I: Order of U. S. Court of Appeals Denying Rehearing
Appendix J: Statement by Attorney Sarah McKee
Appendix K: Doctor’s Note re: Covid during trial Woods v. Alina's
IX of XV
Table of Authorities
Acosta Abreu v. United States, 308 F.2d 248, 248 (1st Cir. 1962) (per curiam)
Adjartey v. Central Division of the Housing Court Department,
481 Mass. 830 (2019)
Allis v. Billings, 6 Mete. (Mass.) 415, 30 Am. Dec. 744
Andrew Robinson Int'l, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co.,
547 F.3d 48,52 (1st Cir. 2008)
Attorney General v. Dime Savings Bank, 413 Mass. 284 (1992)
Ayala Serrano v. Gonzalez, 909 F.2d 8, 15 (1st Cir. 1991)
Bank ofAmerica, N.A v. Ceferino S. Rosa, 466 Mass. 613 (2013)
Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 880, 893 (1983)
Baugh v. Taylor, 117 F.3d 197, 201 n.18 (5th Cir. 1997)
Benefits Ins. Agency v. Arkison, 134 S. Ct. 2165, 2172 (2014)
Berish v. Bornstein (2002) 437 Mass. 252, 270-271
Bonan v. Boston, 398 Mass. 315, 320 (1986)
Bongaards v. Millen, 440 Mass. 10, 15 (2003)
Boston v. Massachusetts PortAuth., 364 Mass. 639, 645 (1974)
Bui v. Ma, 62 Mass. App. Ct. 553,579 (2004)
Burlingham v. Crouse, 228 U.S. 459, 473 (1913)
Butner v. United States, 440 U. S. 48 (1979)
Chace v. Morse, 189 Mass. 559, 561 (1905)
Chipman v. Massachusetts Bay Transp. Authy., 366 Mass. 253, 256, 316 N.E.2d
725 (1974)
cert, denied, 449 U.S. 829, 101 S.Ct. 96, 66 L.Ed.2d 34 (1980)
Commonwealth v. Bernardo B. supra at 168
Commonwealth v. Fremont Investment & Loan, 452 Mass.
733,897 N.E. 2d 548 (2008)
X of XV
Commonwealth v. King, 374 Mass. 5, 20 (1977)
Commonwealth v. Lockley, 381 Mass. 156, 160 (1980)
Commonwealth v. McLeod, 437 Mass. 286,294 (2002)
Commonwealth vs. Reginald Souza, 397 Mass. 236, quoting Commonwealth v.
Lockley, 381 Mass. 156, 160 (1980)
Commonwealth v. Washington W., 457 Mass. (2010)
Commonwealth v. Welosky, 276 Mass. 398, 401, 177 N.E. 656 (1931)
Coppedge v. United States, 369 U.S. 438 (1962)
Crosby v. Bradstreet Co., 312 F.2d 483 (2nd Cir.) cert, denied,
373 U.S. 911 (1963)
Cuppettv. Duckworth, 8 F.3d 1132, 1148 (7th Cir. 1993) (en banc) (Ripple, J.)
Curtis v. Leavitt, 15 N. Y. 9, 90
Danca v. Taunton Savings Bank, 385 Mass.l, 8, 429 N.E.2d 1129, 1133 (1982)
Daniels v. Coleman, 253 S.C. 218 (1969)
DeLongv. Hennessey, 912 F.2d 1144, 1147 (9th Cir. 1990)
Deutsche BankNatl. Trust Co. v Gabriel, 81 Mass. App. Ct. 564, 565-566 (2012)
Douglas v. California, 372 U.S. 353
Draper, supra, 372 U.S. at 499, 83 S.Ct. at 781
Eaton v. Fed. Nat. Mortgage Ass rn, 462 Mass. 569, 584-85 (2012)
Eaton v. Federal National Mortgage Association, 93 Mass. 216 (2018)
Ellis v. United States, 356 U.S. 674, 674 (1958)
Exec. Benefits Ins. Agency v. Arkison, 134 S. Ct. 2165, 2172 (2014)
Fafardv. Lincoln Pharmacy ofMilford, Inc., 439 Mass. 512,515 (2003)
Fed. Nat. Mort. Ass’n. v. Gordon, 91 Mass. App. Ct. 527,
Frostv. Johnson, 256Ala. 383 (1951)
Green v. Pettingill, 47 N.H. 375 (1867)
Gupta v. Quincy Med. Ctr., 858 F.3d at 662-63, 664-65
XI of XV
Hanlon v. Rollins, 286 Mass. 444, 447, 190 N.E. 606 (1934)
Harper v. Virginia Bd. ofElections, 383 U.S. 663)
Herbert v. Sullivan, 123 F.2d 477, 478 (1st Cir. 1941)
Home Sav. Bank ofAmerica, FSB v. Camillo,
697 N.E.2d 134, 45 Mass.App.Ct 910 (1998)
HSBC Bank USA, N.A. v. Norris, 83 Mass. App. Ct. 1115; 983 N.E.2d 749 (2013)
HSBC Bank USA, N.A., Trustee v. Matt. 464 Mass. 193, 200 (2013)
Industrial Fin. Corp. v. State Tax Commn., 367 Mass. 360, 364,
326 N.E.2d 1 (1975)
In re: Felice, 480 B.R. 401, (Bankr. D. Mass. 2012)
In re Green, 669 F.2d 779, 781 (D.C.Cir. 1981)
In re Krebs, 527 F.3d 82,85 (3d Cir. 2008)
(quoting H.R. Rep. No. 95-595, at 126 (1977))
In re Mark Bell Furniture Warehouse, Inc., 992 F.2d 7, 8 (1st Cir. 1993)
In re Old Cold, LLC, 879 F.3d at 384
In re Powell, 851 F.2d 427, 431 (D.C.Cir. 1988)
InterFirst Bank Dallas, N.A. v. Risser (Tex.App. 1987) 739 S.W.2d 882, 905
Jaycox v. E.M. Harris Bldg. Co., 754 S.W.2d 931 (Mo. Ct. App. 1988)
Jinwala v. Bizzaro, 24 Mass. App. Ct. 1, 3-4 (1987)
J.R. Insulation Sales & Servs., Inc. v. P.R. Elec. Power Auth,
482 B.R. 47, 52 n.l (D.RR. 2012)
KHALSA vs. SOVEREIGN BANK, N.A., 88 Mass. App. Ct. 824 (2016)
Jarrett v. U.S. Nat. Bank of Oregon (1986)
Law v. Siegel, 571 U.S. 134 (2014)
Lee v. Clinton, 209 F.3d 1025, 1026 (7th Cir. 2000)
XII of XV
Lincoln Nat. Bank & Trust Co. v. Shriners Hospitalfor Crippled Children
(Ind. Ct. App. 1992) 588 N.E.2d 597, 600
Lindsey v. Normet, 405 U.S. 56 (1972)
Litton Business Sys., Inc. v. Commissioner ofRevenue, 420 N.E.2d 339,
383 Mass. 619, 622(1981)
Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co., 455 U.S. 422 (1982)
Martin-Trigona, 737F.2dat 1270-74
Marrama v. Citizens Bank, 549 U.S. 365 (2007)
Massachusetts Comm'n Against Discrimination v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co.,
371 Mass. 186, 190-191 (1976)
Matt, 464 Mass, at 200
Matter of Green Charitable Trust (1988) 172 Mich. App. 298, 330-31
McCausland v. York, 133 Me. 115 (1934)
McDonald v. Board ofElections, 394 U.S. 802,807
McDonough, 457 Mass, at 514, 528
McKaskle v. Wiggins, 465 U.S. 168 (1984)
Meunier's Case, 319 Mass. 421, 423, 66 N.E.2d 198 (1946)
Mexico Construction and Paving v. Thompson (In re Thompson), Case No.
11-32924, Adv. Pro. No. 12-03065 (Bankr. D. Conn May 22, 2014)
Moore v. Dick, 187 Mass. 207, 211 (1905)
More v. Urbano, 151 Conn. 381 (1964)
Moy, 906 F.2d at 470
Murphy v. Barnard (1894)
Nature Church v. Assessors ofBelchertown, 384 Mass. 811 (1981)
Newlin v. Helman, 123 F.3d 429, 433 (7th Cir. 1997)
O’Brien v. Director of the Div. ofEmployment Sec., 393 Mass. 482, 487,
488, 472 N.E.2d 253 (1984)
XIII of XV
Oliver, 682 F.2d at 445
Oliver v. NewburyportIns. Co., 3 Mass. 37, 1807 WL 721,3 Am.Dec. 77
Pariseau v. Brockton, 135 F. Supp. 2d 257, 263 (D. Mass. 2001)
Pate v. Stevens, 163 F.3d 437 (7th Cir. 12/24/1998)
Pavilonis v. King, 626 F.2d 1075, 1079 (1st Cir.)
Pelfresne v. Williams Bay, 85 F .2d 877, 883 (7th Cir. 1989)
People v. Shall, 9 Cow. (N. Y.) 778, 7S4
Pernell v. Southall Reality, 414 U.S. 363 (1974)
Reade v. Sec'y of Com., 472 Mass. 573, 578 (2015)
Rental Property Management Services v. Hatcher, 479 Mass. 542 (2018)
Rome v. Braunstein, 19 F.3d 54, 60 (1st Cir. 1994)
Pires at 829, 836
Rodriquez v. United States, supra, 395 U.S. at 330, 89 S.Ct. at 1717
Rutgers v. Waddington, 1784, New York City Mayor’s Court
Saxon Theatre Corporation ofBoston v. Sage, 347 Mass. 662, 666-667,
200 N.E.2d 241,244-245 (1964)
Scaplen v. Blanchard, 187 Mass. 73, 76 (1904)
Second Bank-State St. Trust Co. v. Linsley, 341 Mass. 113, 116(1960)
Seppala & Aho Constr. Co. v. Petersen, 373 Mass. 316, 320 (1977)
Serezze v. YWCA ofW. Mass., Inc., 30 Mass. App. Ct. 639, 644 (1991)
Shammas v. Merchants Natl Bank, C.A. No. 90-12217, 1990 WL 354452,
*6 (D. Mass. Nove. 9, 1990)
Sires v. Gabriel, 748 F.2d 49, 51 (1st Cir. 1984)
Slama v. Attorney Gen., 384 Mass. 620, 624 (1981)
Stern v. Marshall, 564 U.S. 462, 482 (2011)
Stern v. Marshall, 564 U.S. at 469
XIV of XV
Sullivan v. ChiefJustice for Admin. & Mgt. of the Trial Court,
448 Mass. 15,21(2006)
Tennessee v. Lane, 541 US. 509, 516, 524 (2004)
The Bank ofNew York Mellon v. Cairns, MISC 17-000037, Oct. 5, 2018,
Land Court, ss. Piper, J
The Woodward School For Girls, Inc. v. City Of Quincy (2014) 469 Mass.
151, 174-175
Travelers Cas. & Sur. Co. ofAm. v. Pac. Gas <£ Elec. Co., 549 U.S. 443,
450-51 (2007)
Tripati v. Beaman, 878 F.2d 351, 352 (10th Cir. 1989)
Turner v. Johnson & Johnson, 809 F.2d 90, 95 (1 Cir., 1986)
Tweedy v. United States, 276 F.2d 649, 651 (per curiam) (9th Cir. 1960)
United Church of the Medical Center v. Medical Center Com.,
689 F .2nd 693, 701 (7th Cir. 1982
U.S. Bank Nat. Ass'n v. Ibanez, 458 Mass. 637, 646, 647 n.16 (2011)
US. Bank Natl Ass ’n v. Schumacher, 5 N.E.3d 882, 891 (Mass. 2014)
U. S. Natl Ass'n, Tr. ofJ P Morgan Mort. Acq. Tr. v. Ayrton,
No.l6H85SPCV000757, Housing Court, Worcester, ss., 8/23/16, Horan, J
Warren v. James, 130 Mass. 540 (1881)
Waters v. Min Ltd., 412 Mass. 64, 66 (1992)
Whitehead v Shattuck, 11 S.Ct. 276 (1891)
Wilbur v. Maine, 421 F.2d 1327 (1st Cir. 1970)
Williams v. Resolution, 417 Mass, at 383
Williams v. Resolution GGF Oy, 417 Mass. 377, 382-383 (1994)
Wood, 705 F.2d 1515, 1523, 1526
XV of XV
Opinions Below
None found.
In re Woods (vs. Alina's) - United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit. April 27,
2021 Not Reported in Fed. Rptr. 2021 WL 1799849.
In re Woods (vs. Joseph Collins) -United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.
April 27, 2021 Not Reported in Fed. Rptr. 2021 WL 1806568.
Jurisdiction
The date judgments sought to be reviewed were entered in each case is 4/27/21.
The date of order respecting requests for rehearing in each is 7/19/21.
Woods seeks review of denial of her in forma pauperis motions, which had
the predictable effect of terminating her appeals. This Court has jurisdiction for
appellate review under Article III, Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution. Woods'
petition is timely, wherein she timely filed for full panel rehearings in each matter,
each having been denied on 7/19/21.
Woods hereby notifies the Court that there may be further related and/or
associated cases coming before this Court, for which she may seek deferred
consideration.
Rule 12.4 Statement
There are three cases concurrently filed before this Court in which R. Susan
Woods, Petitioner, appealed dismissals from the U.S. District Court to the U.S.
Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, which affirmed the dismissals. The
1 of 19
judgments in each involve nearly identical or closely related questions. Thus, a
single petition seeks review of three judgments.
Note on Number of Related and Associated Cases
One might assume from a cursory review of the number of cases listed, and
from the Trustee's and other opponents of Woods complaints about her
vexatiousness and frivolousness, or lacking in good faith, that such
characterizations are accurate. Rather, those characterizations may be an elaborate
deception by design.
The Honorable Justices and Clerks are asked to consider the following:
• Woods occupies defensive postures throughout these proceedings.
• Woods is pro se, with no legal training, and as such the demands of having to
constantly respond to her opponents' assaults in the various courts, for which
each generally has specific rules and procedures that must be adhered to, is
enormously stressful and not of Woods' choosing.
• Woods suffers from several serious and complicating health diagnoses, which
further compromises her ability to respond timely and fully to the demands
configured by her opponents in the various tribunals.
• Woods has not ever intended to nor willfully engaged in actions to harass, delay,
or frustrate judicial economy and/or the swift administration ofjustice, of which
she may otherwise be a victim of her opponents' intentions thereto. Rather, she
prays for swift, just resolution to these and associated matters.
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Constitutional and Statutory Provisions Involved.
Including Regulations
Bankruptcy Act of 1898
Declaration of Colonial Rights, First Continental Congress
Magna Carta, Establishment of Principles of Common Law
Massachusetts Constitution, Article I
Massachusetts Constitution, Article II
Massachusetts Constitution, Article X, Right to Protection of Property
Massachusetts Constitution, Article XI, Injuries to Property
Massachusetts Constitution, Article CXIV
Massachusetts Declaration of Rights, Article XI
United States Constitution, Article I
United States Constitution, Amendment V
United States Constitution, Amendment VI
United States Constitution, Amendment XIV
United States Declaration of Independence
"An Act preventing unlawful and unnecessary foreclosures," St. 2012
"An Act clearing titles to foreclosed properties"St. 2015, c. 141
Americans with Disabilities Act, Title II
Article 11 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights
11 U.S.C. § 101(14), Fiduciary to Certify Disinterestedness
11 U.S.C. § 305
11 U.S.C. §324, Removal of Trustee or Examiner
11 U.S.C. § 327, Professionals Employed by Trustee, Disinterestedness
11 U.S.C. § 328(c)
11 U.S.C. § 362(d)(1), Automatic Stay
11. U.S.C. §363(b), (f), (k), (n), (p)
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11 U.S.C. § 522(k)
11 U.S.C. §523(a)(6), Exceptions to Discharge
11 U.S.C. §541
11 U.S.C. § 541(a)(3)
11 U.S.C. § 541(a)(5)
11 U.S.C. § 541(a)(6)
11 U.S.C. §704 (a) (2), (a)(3), and (a)(5)
11 U.S.C. §727 (a) (6) (A), Discharge
18 U.S.C. §154 Adverse Interest & Conduct
18 U.S.C. §241, Conspiracy Against Rights
18 U.S.C. § 242, Deprivation of Rights Under Color of Law
18 U.S.C. § 371: Conspiracy Against Rights
18 U.S.C. § 1001: False Statements
18 U.S.C. § 1341: Mail Fraud
18 U.S.C. § 1343: Wire Fraud
28 U.S.C. § 158(c)(1), Appeals
28 U.S.C. § 332(d)(1), Judicial Councils of Circuits, Necessary & Appropriate
Orders
28 U.S.C. § 586
28 U.S.C. § 1334(c)(1)
28 U.S.C. § 1334(e)(2)
Fed. R. Bankr. R 2014
Fed. R. Bankr. P. 6004(d)
Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9006(b)(1)
Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 24(a)(3)
Rule 24(a)(4)(B)
Fed. R. App. P. 24(a)(5)
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Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1)
F.R.C.R Rule 60 (b)(4)
F.R.C.P. Rule 60(d)(1)
F.R.C.R Rule 60(d)(3)
H.R. Rep. No. 95-595, at 126 (1977)
LR 83.6(5)(A), Rule 205, Disciplinary Referrals By Bankruptcy Judges
18 U.S.C. §§ 152, 157, and 3571 (fraudulent claims-Alina's, Collins)
28 U.S.C. §1915
28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3)
MBLR 2014-1
Mass. 209 CMR18.21A
Mass. 940 CMR 7.08: Validation of Debts
Mass. Chapter 513 of the Acts of 1983
Massachusetts Equal Rights Act (MERA)
93 A, M.G.L. c. 12 Unjust Enrichment
Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 93, § 103 (a)
Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 106 §§ 3 & 9
Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 183.5(B)
Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 183, §21
Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 184, § 18,
amended by St. 1973, c. 778, § 1
Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 186A
Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 186 §14
Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 235 §34
Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 239, Sections 1 & 3
Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 239, Sections 4
Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 239, Sections 9 &10
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Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 244, Section 14
Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 244, Section 15
Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 244, § 35B
Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 244, § 35C
Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 260, § 120
Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 266. § 30: Larceny by False Pretenses
Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 261 §§27A-G
Mass. R. Civ. P. 12(h) (3)
Mass. R. Civ. P. Rule 60(b)(4)
Mass. Rules of Conduct Rule 3.1: Meritorious Claims and Contentions
Mass. Rules of Conduct Rule 3.3: Candor Toward the Tribunal
Mass. Rules of Conduct Rule 3.4: Fairness to Opposing Party and Counsel
Mass. Rules of Conduct Rule 3.5: Impartiality and Decorum of the Tribunal
Mass. Rules of Conduct Rule 4.1: Truthfulness in Statements to Others
Mass. Rules of Conduct Rule 4.4: Respect the Rights of Third Persons
PTFA, the federal Act Protecting Tenants in Foreclosure
/
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO)
Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 208 (1981)
Restatement (Third) of Trusts §100 (2012)
Restatement (Third) of Trusts: Prudent Investor Rule § 208 (1992)
Restatement (Second) of Trusts § 208 (1959)
Rules of Judicial Misconduct Rule 3 (h)(3)(B)
Unif. Commercial Code, § 2-302. Unconscionable Contract or Clause
U.S. District Court L.R. 203.8013(c)
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Statement of the Case
The instant three cases and each of the 31 current related and associated
cases, as well as the 3 cases from 2012 referenced in the district court's orders,
arise from predatory lending which resulted in wrongful foreclosure or attempts
thereto.
All (3) cases arise from matters appealed from the Bankruptcy Court, (i) an
appeal from an adversary proceeding in which Woods seeks claims against Alina's
R.E., LLC et al for admittedly illegal eviction in defiance of the automatic stay; (ii)
an appeal of denial of discharge against Woods; and (iii) an appeal of the denial of
the Woods' motion to void sale of her 70 Russell Street property due to numerous
violations of law thereto. Matters of voidness were raised but ignored in the second
and third evictions.
Woods sought and was refused evidentiary hearings thus far in the state
Housing Court, the state Land Court, the Bankruptcy Court, the state Superior
Court, and the U.S. District Court. The Land Court matter and the Bankruptcy
Court matter are currently under appeal. The Superior Court matter is subject to
remand for which motions for re-opening, remand, and sanctions have been filed,
although they have not been acted upon; intentional delay may be indicated.
The Housing Court matter has been appealed to the state Supreme Judicial
Court, wherein reinstatement of Appeals Court cases dismissed due inability to pay
onerous appeal bond orders and inapplicable use and occupancy fees are sought.
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The SJC case awaits Woods' motion for reconsideration. Woods is joined by 24 co
plaintiffs in the SJC matter.
Related previous matters before the First Circuit in 2019 were not decided
on the merits due to Woods' serious illness.
A related matter before the First Circuit in 2012 and 2013 can not and does
not apply to the instant matters because the named banking entity is different, thus
res judicata is inapplicable. The 2012 matter was also decided prior to recent case
law which renders the decision in Woods v. Wells Fargo no longer applicable.
Further, res judicata does not apply, as far as Woods can discern, to defendants.
Woods occupies defensive postures in each of the related and associated cases
since the 2012/13 First Circuit matter was heard and decided.
Each matter hereto was appealed by Woods and heard in the US District
Court by a single justice, who dismissed all three appeals summarily for "chronic
failure to comply with the scheduling deadlines governing litigation she has elected
to pursue"1 in the first matter and "lack of good faith"2 in the second and third
matters, affirming the decisions and orders of the Bankruptcy Court.
Woods timely appealed further to the First Circuit, which affirmed the
district court's determination that good faith was lacking, additionally denying the
1 This is in light of Woods' well documented serious, multiple health diagnoses, and in light of
limited access to courthouses due to the Covid-19 Pandemic restrictions.
2 This is in light of Woods' defensive posture in each and all associated matters.
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IFP motions stating "Appellant has failed to identify any non-frivolous argument
on appeal".
The trustee appellee's motion to dismiss in the latter two matters was
allowed. "After careful review of the parties' filings and the record" the motion to
dismiss was granted because the court concluded that the appeal did not present a
"substantial question" and that for substantially the reasons set out by the district
court, affirmance was in order. The judgment of the district court was summarily
affirmed and any remaining pending motions were denied as moot. These rulings
are in contradiction to stare decisis of this Honorable Court. The rulings contradict
law and statute as well.
Woods now seeks review of denial of her IFP motions, which had the
predictable effect of terminating her appeals and rendering her remaining motions
moot, for which Woods also seeks redress. Without allowance to proceed in forma
pauperis Woods could not continue to prosecute her defenses of her properties.
Woods, a disabled, seriously ill woman made homeless by the courts three times
over was denied access to the First Circuit Court of Appeals, and thus was denied
access to justice due to poverty.
Woods has effectively been sidetracked from defending her properties to
defending her right to appeal. Meanwhile her health continues to deteriorate,
especially in light of being made homeless. This is a predictable outcome of the
illegal evictions.
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It should be noted that jurisprudence after 1971 clarified two elements that
appear to have been lost in modem practice: (1) that the burden of showing that the
defenses are frivolous rests on the Plaintiff, not the Defendant, so that an extra
burden is not put on the person who has been deemed indigent.
“The Supreme Court in Draper, supra, 372 U.S. at 499, 83 S.Ct. at 781,
emphasized that its decision which invalidated rules of the State of
Washington governing the provision of transcripts to indigent
defendants does not prevent a State from applying “nondiscriminatory
rules to both indigents and nonindigents in order to guard against
frivolous appeals.” Pires at 829, 836.
And (2) that in all such appeal costs waiver jurisprudence, the nonfrivolousness of appeals must be determined evenhandedly. Either all appeals are
tested for their non-ffivolousness or if they are only tested for their nonfrivolousness in cases where an appeal costs waiver is sought it would then be a
discriminatory practice.
“The Court in Rodriquez also criticized the Ninth Circuit rule for
requiring the court to screen out purportedly unmeritorious appeals
contrary to the ruling of Coppedge v. United States, 369 U.S. 438, 82
S.Ct. 917, 8 L.Ed.2d 21 (1962); Id. Coppedge did not prohibit the
screening of appeals, but it did establish that the government, when
opposing an attempted criminal appeal in forma pauperis, bears the
burden of proving that the appeal is lacking in merit. Id. at 448, 82
S.Ct. 917. This rule prevents indigents from having “an
additional hurdle to clear just because their rights were violated
at some earlier stage in the proceedings.” Rodriquez v. United
States, supra, 395 U.S. at 330, 89 S.Ct. at 1717.
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Case No. 20-1992 is a case of the Bankruptcy Court approving denial of
discharge relying on verbal and written misrepresentation of fact and law,
omissions of required documents that would demonstrate illegalities by the
Chapter 7 Trustee, Joseph B. Collins (“Collins”), and denial of Ms.
Woods’ (“Woods") legal rights.
Collins reversed course after qualifying the matter as a “no asset case” to
one where he used his own funds to purchase title to Woods’ second property, 70
Russell Street, Hadley (“70 Russell”), purportedly taking it into the bankruptcy
estate (“Estate”) via a release deed a full two months after the case commenced.
Collins then emptied 70 Russell by threatening Woods’ tenants who wished to
remain residing in it, misrepresenting the explicit Massachusetts’ statutory eviction
requirements to the Court, followed by constructively evicting Woods from it, and
liquidated it by a non-longer authorized Trustee sale. This used Bankruptcy
equitable powers to clean a title that Goldman Sachs Mortgage Company
(“Goldman”) had been sufficiently convinced was clouded by its own practices
that it had commenced a quiet title case against Woods; for $10, Goldman sold its
purported post foreclosure title to a property worth approximately $243,000.
For the estate to sell 70 Russell, Collins needed to increase the creditor
claims against the estate enough to require the 70 Russell equity to satisfy them.
Woods had filed this bankruptcy to stop an imminent eviction; she had little debt.
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A denial of discharge prevents Woods from continuing to prosecute against
a.) Collins, b.) the purported third party buyers of 70 Russell, Attorney Mickey and
Cora Long (“the Longs”), c.) Goldman’s wrongful foreclosure of 70 Russell, d.)
the purported third party buyers of 43 West, Alina’s Real Estate, LLC, relative to
their bogus claim, e.) A purported Wells Fargo, N. A. REMIC Trust3 (“Wells
Fargo”), for wrongful foreclosure of 43 West, and f.) Korde & Associates, RC.,
who conducted both wrongful foreclosures.
Woods’ actions in occupying her own second property and relying on any
eviction having to comply with state law was under color of law. Woods further
had every right to rely on the limitations the lower Court put on its own orders.
However, the lower Court granted Collins contempt orders for Woods’ actions
under color of law and that provided a basis for denial of discharge.
Due to Woods having so little debt, the trustee fabricated and inflated claims
to justify his liquidation of the property, in which Amaya is an interested party to
conspiring with the Trustee, Joseph B. Collins, in seeking unjust enrichment by
making a false claim, that of Claim #2, in the amount of $15,638.53, which was
subsequently compromised to $10,083.04.
Woods has had to defend her properties in the Massachusetts Western
Housing Court (“WHC”), Land Court, Appeals Court, Supreme Judicial Court
3 Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Trustee for Securitized Asset Backed Receivables
LLC Trust 2005-FR2 Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates, Series 2005-FR2.
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(“SJC”), the Bankruptcy Court, the B.A.P., the U.S. District Court, and the First
Circuit. This is her first certiorari petition.
The Court has held that no “reasonable person” would consider Woods’
arguments, however, Woods is unclear how the court reached that conclusion.
On January 7, 2011, the Mass. SJC, in the Ibanez decision (which impacted
courts across the United States), established that a purported mortgagee in order to
foreclose had to have a fully executed assignment prior to the foreclosure sale and
that it be recorded for best practice.
A supermajority of the Mass legislature and the Mass. Governor took it a
step farther and concurred. They codified that a complete chain of assignments
needed to be recorded and that those recorded assignments needed to be on notice
to the world, therefore included in any advertising.
Given that this was only passed into law in 2012 as an amendment to MGL
Chapter 244 section 14, not surprisingly there is not a top court decision upon it.
Still, the authority of the Mass, legislature and the Mass. Governor, and their intent
(which represents more than 100 people in agreement with Woods) agreed the
critical legal nature of the requirement to have those assignments, and to publish
all assignments. This hardly leaves Woods without reasonable persons in
agreement with her.
Voidness underlies and permeates all three cases, most especially no.
20-1993. The legal meaning of voidness likewise stands in a long tradition and a
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court cannot affirm a void act. That has been true for well over 100 years of settled
jurisprudence.4 Therefore, the timelines of challenging a matter that was without
subject matter jurisdiction and therefore is void is also well settled law and
therefore represents widespread reasonableness. Again, many reasonable minds
have agreed with Woods over many decades.
The date of execution for conveyance of title is also a long settled matter by
reasonable minds in Mass.
The evidence in this case seems to lead to larger questions. Why are Woods'
opponents expending vast resources in their attempts to quash Woods? Why is
widespread and growing homelessness an accepted norm in our affluent society?
How many preventable deaths due to homelessness and its attendant despair are
acceptable? How many deaths due to wrongful foreclosure and the threat of
foreclosure due to stress are acceptable? Is Petitioner Woods expendable ?
4 See for instance, 1899 treatise, (Kleber, John C, VOID Judicial and Execution Sales and the
Rights, Remedies and Liabilities ofPurchasers Thereat with a BriefDiscussion of Curative
Statutes and Special Statutes Authorizing Involuntary Sales, Library of the University of
Michigan Law School), p. 70:
“VOID AND VOIDABLE SALES... There are sales void by reason of the want of authority
in the court to make or enter the judgment or decree upon which, or the order of sale under
which it’s had... are unconditionally void and of no effect for any purpose and not susceptible
of being validated at the instance of any one. ...
Void and Voidable Defined. In its strict legal signification, a void act is one devoid of legal
force or efficacy, and as a necessary result an absolute nullity, not binding on any one and
wholly incapable of ratification... A voidable act is not void in the sense of being incapable of
giving rise to rights or obligations and not susceptible of confirmation or ratification,
expressly or by implications,...
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Reasons for Granting the Petition
The staggering number of foreclosures looming for Americans in the near
future due to the economic hardships for so many people resulting from the
Covid-19 Pandemic has dire implications for families, individuals, and the
economy in general. Chaos looms for the lower courts and the populace if the
banks are allowed to foreclose with impunity. It is critically important that all
foreclosures be scrutinized and minimized as applicable to stem the tide of
economic devastation that has and will surely continue to result if left unchecked.
The lower court decisions are erroneous because misapplied and
misconstrued quoted case law and statutes cited in Justice Sorokin's
memorandums and orders following Trustee Collins' mischaracterizations,
misrepresentations, and material omissions are therefore inapplicable, and were
made with zero regard for Woods' disabilities. These departures are so far from the
accepted and usual course of judicial proceedings as to call for an exercise of this
Court's supervisory power.
In addition to the previously made arguments, Constitutional matters are at
stake relative to Woods’ protected status as a member of a newly created “suspect
class,” that of the wrongfully foreclosed. See Commonwealth v. Washington, Mass,
case law holding that “the Equal Protection clause safeguards not merely against
invidious classification, such as race, but also against ‘an arbitrary classification of
persons for unfavorable government treatment”.
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In the Bank ofNew York Mellon as Trustee v. Alton King decision of the
Massachusetts SJC the Court explicitly created a new class which under the 14th
Amendment is properly identified as a “suspect class” because the SJC reversed
even its most recent jurisprudence under Adjartey v. Central Housing Court; it
carved out from constitutional protections, as to indigency, the suspect class of
homeowners post the purported foreclosure.
Given the denial of constitutional rights to access to the court among others,
the Government (in this case the First Circuit Court of Appeals) will have to show
a compelling government interest for excluding such homeowners from their
constitutional rights accorded all other litigants in Massachusetts Courts and
further that excluding them from their ability to protect their interest in property
through the courts based on their inability to pay is the only and most narrow
resolution the First Circuit can find. At this point, post-purported foreclosure
homeowners such as Woods are now being treated disparately as a suspect class,
and as such this Court and all courts appear to be on notice to apply strictest
judicial scrutiny to any request for court action that will deny litigants such as
Woods the ability to equally exercise her rights to property both as to ownership
and as to possession.5
5 Mass. Constitution Article I, separately identifies both acquiring and possessing property as
guaranteed rights. The equal protection of these rights for all Massachusetts residents were
affirmed in 1783 in Commonwealth v. Jennison.
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The Supreme Court is implored to exercise its discretionary jurisdiction and
decide the questions involved because the integrity of our judiciary is at stake.
These matters not only have dire consequences for Woods; the consequences for
these cases will ripple through these United States with implications for millions of
Americans. The time to act is upon us.
Conclusion
Woods has repeatedly requested accommodation for her disabilities, many of
which have been ignored by the bankruptcy Court6 and have been apparently
entirely overlooked by the District Court7. This is an affront to the integrity of our
democracy which is intended to guarantee every person equality under the law8.
Woods has suffered two unlawful evictions as a disabled person on behalf of
Alina’s and it’s managers Amaya and Branche, along with a third unlawful eviction
6 See Appendix K, which includes the time of the trial in which Woods stated in open court that
she wasn't well, and the judge failed to halt the proceeding.
7 See Appendix B referencing Woods' repeated missed deadlines rather than making
accommodation for her disabilities.
8 See Rutgers v. Waddington, 1784, New York City Mayors Court; argued by Founding Father
Alexander Hamilton, cross referenced from original sources by William M. Treanor, Georgetown
University Law Center, see William M. Treanor, The Genius of Hamilton and the Birth of the
Modem Theory of the Judiciary, in CAMBRIDGE COMPANION TO THE FEDERALIST (Jack
Rakove & Colleen Sheehan eds., Cambridge University Press, 2017).
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on behalf of Trustee Collins and his associate Attorney Andrea M. O’Connor.9
Woods is entitled to redress because the judge’s order dismissing her appeal
in the District Court considers matters outside of the scope of the appeal, while
making erroneous findings and conclusions of fact and law in contravention of the
laws and context to pertaining to the issues on appeal.
Voidness has been raised pertaining to the mortgage documents, the
purported foreclosure, and therefore the Summary Process judgment which gave
rise to the evictions conducted within the jurisdiction of the Bankruptcy Court. The
Void contract, the Void purported foreclosure, and the therefore Void Execution for
possession are void by operation of law; it is simply a matter of a court of
appropriate jurisdiction affirming the void matters as void. Woods’ appeal concerns
matters of fact and law which must be thoroughly considered for due process to be
fulfilled.
Wherefore, this petition should be ALLOWED to proceed in the public
interest, the fair administration ofjustice, and equal access to government services.
9 See Statement by Sarah McKee at Appendix J and entered on the docket on 2/8/21 in case no.
20-1992, which applies equally to case no. 20-1991 given the very similar nexus of facts and
issues raised in each.
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Respectfully submitte'
October 18, 2021
R. Susan Woods, Petitioner, pro se
P.O. Box 160, Hadley, MA 01035-0160
mobile 413-883-1414
rsusanwoods@gmail.com
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This is a copy of a public record, reproduced as it was published. It is not legal advice, and it may not be the version a court would rely on. Check the official source before you cite it.