UNITED STATES TAX COURT

23

RMM

145 T.C. No. 12

UNITED STATES TAX COURT

LOREN E. PARKS, Petitioner v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

PARKS FOUNDATION, Petitioner v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket Nos. 7043-07, 7093-07.

Filed November 17, 2015.

PF is a corporation exempt from income tax under I.R.C. sec.

501(c)(3) and classified as a private foundation under I.R.C. sec.

509(a). P is a foundation manager of PF as defined in I.R.C. sec.

4946(b). During its taxable years ended Nov. 30, 1997 through 2000,

PF made cumulative expenditures of $639,073 to produce and

broadcast 30- and 60-second radio messages. As a foundation

manager, P agreed to the making of the expenditures. R determined

that the foregoing expenditures were "attempts to influence

legislation and/or the opinion of the general public" and therefore

taxable expenditures, rendering PF and P liable for excise taxes under

I.R.C. sec. 4945(a)(1) and (2), respectively. R further determined that

because the taxable expenditures were not timely corrected, PF and P

were also liable for excise taxes under I.R.C. sec. 4945(b)(1) and (2),

respectively.

SERVED Nov 17 2015

-2Ijeld: Pursuant to the regulations interpreting I.R.C. sec.

4945(e), a communication refers to a ballot measure if it either refers

to the measure by name or, without naming it, employs terms widely

used in connection with the measure or describes the content or effect

of the measure.

Ijeld, further, PF's expenditures for the radio messages were

taxable expenditures under I.R.C. sec. 4945(d)(1) or (5) to the extent

redetermined herein; consequently PF is liable for excise taxes under

I.R.C. sec. 4945(a)(1) to the extent redetermined herein.

Held, further, P is liable for excise taxes under I.R.C. sec.

4945(a)(2) to the extent redetermined herein.

Held, further, PF and P are liable for excise taxes under I.R.C.

sec. 4945(b)(1) and (2), respectively, to the extent redetermined

herein.

IIel_d, further, the application of I.R.C. sec. 4945 and the

regulations thereunder to PF and P does not violate the First

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, and the regulations are not

unconstitutionally vague.

Kevin O'Connell, Steven B. Hval, and Tara Lawrence, for petitioners.

Mark Alan Weiner, for respondent.

OPINION

GALE, Judge: These cases were consolidated for trial, briefing, and

opinion. Respondent determined excise tax deficiencies for petitioner Loren E.

-3Parks and petitioner Parks Foundation (Foundation) as summarized in the

following tables.¹

Mr. Parks, Docket No. 7043-07

Excise tax

Year

Sec. 4945(a)(2)

Sec. 4945(b)(2)

1997

$1,625

$10,000

1998

5,000

10,000

1999

825

10,000

2000

5,000

10,000

Foundation, Docket No. 7093-07

Excise tax

TYE 11/30

Sec. 4940(a)

Sec. 4945(a)(1)

Sec. 4945(b)(1)

1997

---

$6,500

$65,000

1998

$1,979

20,000

200,000

1999

---

3,301

33,012

2000

---

34,106

341,062

¹All section references are to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 as in effect

for the years at issue, and all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of

Practice and Procedure. All dollar amounts are rounded to the nearest dollar.

-4The issues for decision2 are: (1) whether expenditures by Foundation

during its years at issue for the production and broadcast of 30- and 60-second

radio messages were taxable expenditures within the meaning of section 4945(d),

making Foundation liable for excise taxes imposed by section 4945(a)(1); and, if

so, (2) whether Foundation is liable for additional excise taxes imposed by section

4945(b)(1) for failing to timely correct the expenditures; (3) whether Mr. Parks is

liable for excise taxes imposed by section 4945(a)(2) because he knowingly

agreed to the making of the expenditures; (4) whether Mr. Parks is liable for

additional excise taxes imposed by section 4945(b)(2) for refusing to agree to

correction of the expenditures; and (5) whether section 4945 and the regulations

thereunder as applied to petitioners violate the First Amendment to the

Constitution.

Background

These cases were submitted for decision without trial under Rule 122. The

stipulation of facts and the accompanying exhibits are incorporated herein by this

2The parties stipulated that the $1,979 excise tax deficiency determined

under sec. 4940 for Foundation's taxable year ended November 30, 1998, is a

computational adjustment dependent on our resolution of certain other issues in

these cases.

-5reference. At the time the petitions were filed Mr. Parks resided in Nevada and

Foundation had its principal place of business in Nevada.

Foundation's Status, Organization, Support, and Expenditures

Foundation's predecessor was incorporated in Oregon in 1977.3 In 1979 the

Internal Revenue Service (IRS) recognized Foundation as a tax-exempt

organization described in section 501(c)(3) and further classified it as a private

foundation as defined in section 509(a), a classification it retained throughout the

years at issue. Mr. Parks has been the sole contributor to Foundation since its

incorporation.4 During the years at issue Foundation was governed by a board of

directors consisting of Mr. Parks and two of his adult sons. The primary purposes

of Foundation, as set out in its restated bylaws, include: (1) enhancing and

promoting sport fishing and sport hunting; (2) promoting education by researching

and presenting to the public issues of general interest or concern and by

supporting alternative educational programs and institutions; and (3) supporting

3The predecessor's name was changed to Parks Foundation in 1987 and the

Oregon-chartered entity was merged into a newly created Nevada nonprofit

corporation in 2003.

4Mr. Parks contributed $1 million to Foundation in its taxable year ended

November 30, 1999, and $200,000 in its taxable year ended November 30, 2000.

-6charitable organizations and activities, the goals of which Foundation wished to

encourage and promote.

In its taxable years ended November 30, 1997 through 2000,5 Foundation

expended $65,000, $200,000, $33,011, and $341,062, respectively, to produce 30and 60-second radio messages6 and broadcast them on commercial radio stations

in Oregon (radio messages). Mr. Parks approved all the foregoing expenditures.

All were made to Gregg K. Clapper, the Clapper Agency, or radio stations as Mr.

Clapper directed.7 Mr. Clapper or the Clapper Agency produced the radio

messages and arranged for their broadcast. The parties have stipulated that Mr.

Clapper has a long history of involvement with Oregon politics and that the

5For Federal tax purposes, Foundation used a taxable year ending November

30. Hereinafter, references to a specified year or taxable year of Foundation mean

the 12-month period ended November 30 for the specified year. In the case of Mr.

Parks, references to a specified year or taxable year are to the calendar year.

6Some portion of the 1999 expenditure was also for newspaper

advertisements, as discussed infra.

7Foundation made the $65,000 expenditure in 1997 by means of a check

made out to the "Are you having Trouble Hearing What We're Saying

Committee". As the parties have stipulated that this $65,000 was used by Mr.

Clapper or the Clapper Agency to produce the radio message and to purchase

broadcasting air time from radio stations during 1997, the fact that a conduit was

apparently employed to effect payment is not material.

-7Clapper Agency produces and arranges for the broadcast of political

advertisements.

Oregon Ballot Measure Procedures

The Oregon Constitution confers upon Oregon citizens the power of

initiative, entitling them to propose statutes or amendments to their constitution

(referred to as "measures") by petition, and to enact or reject them in elections,

independent of the Oregon Legislative Assembly. Or. Const. art. IV, sec. 1.

Amendments to the Oregon Constitution can also be proposed by the Legislative

Assembly and referred to Oregon citizens for their approval or rejection at the next

election. Id. art. XVII, sec. 1. Thus, measures come before Oregon citizens for

approval or rejection in elections by "initiative" when originating from citizens'

petitions and by "referral" when originating in the Legislative Assembly. See Or.

Rev. Stat. Ann. sec. 250.005(3) (West 2015). Nine of the ten radio messages at

issue in these cases were broadcast in the weeks or months preceding a statewide

election in which Oregonians voted on measures proposed by initiative or referral.

During the years at issue the Oregon secretary of state was required to

prepare a voters pamphlet8 for every general and statewide special election and

8The parties have stipulated various excerpts from the voters pamphlets

prepared with respect to the ballot measures that respondent contends were the

(continued...)

-8mail it to each mailing address in Oregon no later than 15, and subsequently 20,

days before an election.° R secs. 251.026, 251.175(1). With respect to each

initiative and referred measure on the ballot in a given election, the voters

pamphlet was required to contain, inter alia, the ballot title of the measure,¹° an

explanatory statement for the measure, and a statement estimating the direct

8(...continued)

subject of the radio messages at issue. The parties' stipulations do not provide an

explanation, however, of the statutorily prescribed procedures under which the

contents of the voters pamphlets were prepared. In the Court's judgment,

knowledge of these procedures is indispensable to determining the relevance and

probative weight to be given the voters pamphlet excerpts that have been

stipulated. Consequently, we have taken judicial notice of the Oregon statutes that

governed the ballot measures at issue, including the statutorily prescribed

procedures for developing the information that appeared in the voters pamphlets.

The findings in this section are based on such judicial notice in addition to the

parties' stipulations.

°For the elections at issue which occurred during 1997, 1998, and 1999, the

secretary of state was required to mail the voters pamphlets no less than 15 days

before the election. Or. Rev. Stat. sec. 251.175 (1995). For the election at issue

which occurred during 2000, the Oregon secretary of state was required to mail the

voters pamphlets no less than 20 days before the election. R (1999) (applicable

for elections held after January 2, 2000).

¹°A ballot title consisted of a caption that reasonably identified the subject

matter of the measure; simple and understandable statements that described,

respectively, the result if the measure were approved or rejected; and a concise and

impartial summary of the measure and its major effect. Or. Rev. Stat. Ann. sec.

250.035(2) (West 2015). The attorney general was required to prepare the ballot

title for initiative measures. E sec. 250.065. The Legislative Assembly had the

option of preparing the ballot title for referred measures; and if it did not, the

attorney general was required to do so. R sec. 250.075.

-9financial impact on the State and local governments if the measure were enacted."

Or. Rev. Stat. sec. 251.185 (1993); 4 sec. 251.185(1) (1999).¹²

A committee of five citizens was tasked with preparing the explanatory

statement for a measure, Or. Rev. Stat. sec. 251.205(1) (1995); 4 sec. 251.205(2)

(1999),¹³ which was required to be "impartial, simple and understandable" and

"not exceed 500 words." Or. Rev. Stat. Ann. sec. 251.215(1) (West 2015). The

proponents of a measure--the chief petitioners in the case of an initiative measure

and the president of the senate and the speaker of the house of representatives in

the case of a referred measure--were entitled to appoint the first two members to

"During the years in issue, the financial impact statement was required to be

jointly prepared by the Oregon secretary of state, the state treasurer, the director of

the Oregon Department of Administrative Services, and the director of the

Department of Revenue. Or. Rev. Stat. sec. 250.125(1) (1993); 4 (1999). (The

current statute is found at Or. Rev. Stat. Ann. sec. 250.125 (West 2015).) The

Oregon secretary of state must also have conducted a hearing (with reasonable

notice) to receive suggested changes or other information concerning a proposed

financial impact statement, and the Oregon secretary of state, the state treasurer,

the director of the Oregon Department of Administrative Services, and the director

of the Department of Revenue must have considered the suggested changes or

other information submitted. Or. Rev. Stat. sec. 250.127(2) and (3) (1995); id.

(1999). (The current statute is found at Or. Rev. Stat. Ann. sec. 250.127(2) and

(3) (West 2015).)

¹²The current statute is found at Or. Rev. Stat. Ann. sec. 251.185(1)(a)-(c)

(West 2015).

¹³The current statute is found at Or. Rev. Stat. Ann. sec. 251.205(2) (West

2015).

- 10 the committee;¹4 the secretary of state appointed the next two members of the

committee from among the opponents of the measure; and the four appointed

committee members were to agree on the fifth member. Or. Rev. Stat. sec.

251.205(2)-(4) and (6) (1995); id. sec. 251.205(1)-(5) (1999).¹5 In the absence of

agreement, the secretary of state was authorized to appoint the fifth member. Or.

Rev. Stat. sec. 251.205(4) (1995); id. sec. 251.205(5) (1999).¹6

The committee was required to file the explanatory statement with the

secretary of state, who then was charged with holding a hearing to receive

suggested changes and other information relating to the explanatory statement.

Or. Rev. Stat. Ann. sec. 251.215(1) and (2) (West 2015). The committee was

required to consider the suggestions and other information submitted at the

hearing and could file a revised statement with the secretary of state.¹7 Id. sec.

¹#The president of the senate was required to appoint a senator, and the

speaker of the house, a representative. Or. Rev. Stat. sec. 251.205(6)(b) (1995);

id. sec. 251.205(1)(b) (1999). (The current statute is found at Or. Rev. Stat. Ann.

sec. 251.205(1)(b) (West 2015).)

¹5The current statute is found at Or. Rev. Stat. Ann. sec. 251.205(1)-(5)

(West 2015).

¹6The current statute is found at Or. Rev. Stat. Ann. sec. 251.205(5).

¹7The original and any revised explanatory statement was required to be

approved by at least three members of the committee. Or. Rev. Stat. Ann. sec.

251.215(4) (West 2015). The explanatory statement was also required to indicate

(continued...)

- 11 251.215(3). Any person dissatisfied with an explanatory statement for which

suggestions were offered at the secretary of state's hearing could petition the

Oregon Supreme Court seeking a different statement.¹ª R sec. 251.235; see, e.g.,

Novick v. Bradbury, 10 P.3d 254 (Or. 2000).

Content and Context of the Radio Messages

The content and context of each radio message at issue are described below,

arranged by the year in which the expenditures for the messages were made.

1997

On the ballot in a May 20, 1997, statewide special election was Measure 49.

The explanatory statement for Measure 49¹° described it as follows:

EXPLANATORY STATEMENT

In 1994, voters approved an amendment to the Oregon

Constitution establishing requirements for work programs for state

prison inmates. These provisions in the Oregon Constitution require

state corrections officials to establish and operate work and on-the-

"(...continued)

any dissenting member. M.

¹ªDraft ballot titles were subject to similar procedures. Or. Rev. Stat. Ann.

secs. 250.067, 250.085 (West 2015).

¹°In contrast to the explanatory statements for the other measures considered

in this Opinion, which were prepared by five-citizen committees pursuant to Or.

Rev. Stat. Ann. sec. 251.215 (West 2015), the explanatory statement for Measure

49 was drafted and enacted by the legislature.

- 12 job training programs so that all eligible inmates are engaged in these

programs 40 hours per week. Due to a conflict between Oregon

constitutional provisions and federal law, the Department of

Corrections has shut down some of its most successful and productive

prison industries programs.

This measure modifies existing state prison work program

requirements in the Oregon Constitution. The measure does the

following:

042 Permits the state to continue to operate and expand Oregon's

most successful prison industries in compliance with federal

law. Allows development of additional prison industries

programs.

On March 10, 1997, Foundation paid $65,000 for the production and

broadcast on Oregon radio stations from March 12 through 14, 1997, a radio

message which presented the following script in narrative format:2°

I'll bet you thought Oregon prisoners would be working 40 hours a

week by now. Back in 1994, that's what voters overwhelmingly told

the politicians to do.

But the governor and attorney general have said, NO, we're not gonna

do it.

Attorney General Hardy Myers says the federal government doesn't

like the way Oregon pays it's [sic] prisoners. And so, he and the

Governor have decided to shut down the program entirely.

Some people just don't think criminals should spend much time in

jail. They think they can be rehabilitated.

2°The scripts of all radio messages have been reproduced herein as presented

in the parties' stipulations, with apparent errors noted.

- 13 If they really wanted prisoners to work, they'd just change the way we

to [sic] pay them.

When Hardy Myers was Speaker of the House, he took credit for

changing Oregon's criminal statutes. Those changes resulted in the

average convicted murderer spending less than 7 years in jail.

That's why Oregon Voters had to step in and take control.

We said it loudly and clearly, "Put criminals in jail. Make 'em do

their time, and work 'em while they're there."

What Oregon voters didn't say was, "Make a bunch of whiney

excuses why you can't do what we want done."

Foundation's tax counsel was not asked to review or approve the content of

this radio message.

1998

On September 25, 1998, Foundation paid $200,000 for the production and

broadcast of four radio messages (in two sets of two) which aired on Oregon radio

stations in October 1998. The first set of two radio messages expressly referred to

Measure 61, a citizen-initiated measure on the ballot in Oregon's November 3,

1998, general election. The explanatory statement for Measure 61 described it as

follows:

- 14 EXPLANATORY STATEMENT

This measure creates a statute that sets minimum sentences for

"major crimes," as defined in this measure. In addition, the measure

requires the imposition of an additional sentence of one to three years

of imprisonment for any offender who is convicted of a "major crime"

and who was convicted of one or more "major crimes" within the

previous 10 years.

The measure requires that a presumed sentence of at least 14

months imprisonment be imposed for "major crimes" committed on or

after Januaryl, 1999. * * *

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

The mandatory additional sentence is one year if the offender has one

previous conviction for one of the specified crimes within that period,

two years if the offender has two previous convictions for the

specified crimes within that period and three years if the offender has

three or more previous convictions for the specified crimes within

that period.

The mandatory additional sentence for previous convictions

may not be reduced for any reason. * * *

The financial impact statement for Measure 61 reported:

ESTIMATE OF FINANCIAL IMPACT: The mandatory and

presumptive sentences imposed under this measure are estimated to

require 4,300 new prison beds by 2006, with direct state expenditures

for prison construction and start-up of $470 million by 2006.

Direct state expenditures for prison operating costs and debt service

are estimated at $21 million in 1999-2000 and $40 million in 2000-

2001, growing to $125 million in 2005-2006. * * *

- 15 The first radio message referring to Measure 61, broadcast in October 1998,

presented the following script in narrative format:

Back when John Kitzhaber was Senate President Legislation was

passed that resulted in a convicted murderer, given a life sentence,

actually serving less than 7 years in jail...

They said they didn't have enough jail space.

But then came Measure 11.[2U

It required mandatory sentences for violent criminals with no

possibility of early release...and...it required the state to build enough

jail space.

They said it would cost billions of dollars. But it didn't.

And since Measure 11, violent crime in Oregon has gone down.

And now Measure 61's on the ballot.

It requires mandatory sentences for criminals convicted of property

crimes.

You live in Portland. You get your car stolen or your house

burglarized there won't be jail...just probation.

If Measure 61 passes, that criminal goes to jail. And they'll have to

build enough jail space to keep 'em... There'll be no early release.

It's Measure 61.

Paid for in the public interest by the Parks Foundation.

2¹Measure 11 was passed by Oregon voters in 1994. It established

mandatory minimum prison sentences for violent crimes.

- 16 The second radio message referring to Measure 61, also broadcast in October

1998, presented the following script in narrative format:

The citizens, not the politicians, passed Measure 11 putting violent

criminals in jail.

Up 'till then, a convicted murderer with a life sentence served less

than 7 years.

They said it would cost billions. But, it didn't. And the crime rate

went down.

And now ... Measure 61.

You live in Portland, you get your car stolen ... your house

burglarized ... there won't be jail ... just probation.

With Measure 61, that criminal absolutely goes to jail ... and no early

release.

(Measure 61.)

Pd for by the Parks Foundation.

Mr. Clapper provided drafts of the two Measure 61 radio messages to

Foundation's tax counsel for his review and approval before their broadcast. With

respect to the first message, the tax counsel sent Mr. Clapper a memorandum

stating:

We have reviewed the text of radio spot M61#1. The Foundation is

not permitted to support or oppose any political candidate or any

ballot measures. Its role is to "educate" the public about issues of the

candidates and the ballot measures. The conclusion of this radio spot

- 17 is close to an endorsement of the ballot measure, but we do not think

it goes too far. Nevertheless, you should try to maintain an unbiased

posture even though the thrust of the information emphasizes the

"positive" aspects of the ballot measure. Let us know if there is any

other information you need.

There is no evidence that Foundation's tax counsel provided any written response

with respect to the content of the second message addressing Measure 61.

The remaining two Foundation-funded radio messages broadcast in October

1998 both referred to "administrative rules". Also on the ballot for approval in the

November 3, 1998, general election was Measure 65, a citizen-initiated measure

that would have amended the Oregon Constitution to establish a procedure under

which certain administrative rules promulgated by State agencies would be

required to be reviewed and approved by the State legislature.

The explanatory statement for Measure 65 described it as follows:

EXPLANATORY STATEMENT

This measure would amend the Oregon Constitution to create a

review and approval process of state agency administrative rules by

the Legislative Assembly. Currently, no such process exists. This

process is triggered when a petition signed by a specified number of

qualified voters is filed with the Secretary of State.

Administrative rules are rules and regulations adopted by state

agencies, boards and commissions that generally have the full force

and effect of law.

- 18 The number of qualified voters who must sign the petition is

equal to two percent of the total number of votes cast for all

candidates for Governor at the last gubernatorial election. The

petition must specify the administrative rule or rules that the

Legislative Assembly is required to review.

Upon being notified by the Secretary of State that a petition

meeting the requirements of the measure has been filed, the President

of the Senate must prepare a bill that would approve the

administrative rule or rules specified in the petition. The President of

the Senate must then introduce that bill at the next following regular

session of the Legislative Assembly. If the petition is filed with the

Secretary of State during a regular session, the bill must be introduced

at the next following regular session.

After the introduction of the bill, the Legislative Assembly may

amend the bill to approve only part of a specified rule. If the petition

specifies more than one rule, the bill may be amended to approve

fewer than all of the specified rules. Any rule or part of a rule that is

not approved by the passage of a bill has no further force or effect

after the session is adjourned.

The first radio message referring to "administrative rules" presented the

following script in narrative format:

Right now, without even knowing it, you're being forced to live

under laws created not by elected officials but by non-elected

government bureaucrats.

They're called administrative rules.

Here's what happens:

The legislature passes a law to keep a watchful eye on growth and

tells its hired workforce to carry out that law.

- 19 So Jack and Bev Stewart turn 90 acres of Polk County brush piles

into a horse farm. Because horses are expensive and easily stolen,

they want to build a farmhouse so they can be there. But the

govemment bureaucrats say no, we're not gonna let you until you

earn $80,00 [sic] off the property. The Stewarts say. We can't do

that until we get more horses...the bureaucrats say tough, that's your

problem, not ours.

When a legislator's asked how government can get away with this he

says we never intended for this to happen.

So the Stewarts are stuck...all they did was turn 90 acres of noxious

weeds into income producing, taxpaying farm acreage.

It's called administrative rules...and you're gonna hear a lot more

about 'em in the weeks to come.

The second radio message referring to "administrative rules" presented the

following script in narrative format:

Right now, without even knowing it, you're being forced to live

under laws created not by elected officials but by non-elected

govemment bureaucrats.

They're called administrative rules.

Here's what happens:

The Good Sheppard [sic] Church of Clackamas County purchased the

only available piece of land in the area to build a new church. It's

zoned for farm use. But even though the elected legislature passed a

state law allowing churches to build on farmland, the nonelected

bureaucrats made up an administrative rule saying, we're not going to

let you do it. And it doesn't matter whether the land is any good or

not.

- 20 So in the mean time [sic], the Good Shepherd Church has been denied

a building permit on their own land even though state law says it's

OK.

It's called administrative rules ... and you're gonna hear a lot more

about 'em in the weeks to come.

Mr. Clapper also provided drafts of the two radio messages referring to

"administrative rules" to Foundation's tax counsel for his review and approval

before their broadcast. In response, the tax counsel sent Mr. Clapper a

memorandum which in full stated as follows: "We have reviewed the texts of

spots labeled M65-1 and M65-2. They appear to comply with the 'public

education' purpose of the Parks Foundation. If you have further questions, please

contact us."

1999

In the November 5, 1996, general election, Oregon voters approved

Measure 40, which granted victims of crime a variety of constitutional rights with

respect to the prosecution of criminal defendants. In 1998, however, the Oregon

Supreme Court found Measure 40 void in its entirety because it was not passed in

compliance with article XVII, section 1 of the Oregon Constitution, which

requires a separate vote for each distinct constitutional amendment. See Armatta

v. Kitzhaber, 959 P.2d 49 (Or. 1998). In response, the elements of Measure 40

- 21 were divided by the Oregon Legislative Assembly into separate measures for

referral to the voters for reapproval. Measures 69 through 75 were seven of the

constituent parts of Measure 40 so referred, and they appeared on the ballot in

Oregon's November 2, 1999, statewide special election.

The measures sought to make the following amendments to the Oregon

Constitution: Measure 69 granted victims constitutional rights in criminal

prosecutions and juvenile court delinquency proceedings; Measure 70 gave the

public, through the prosecutor, the right to demand a jury trial in criminal cases;

Measure 71 limited pretrial release of accused persons to protect victims and the

public; Measure 72 allowed murder convictions by 11 to 1 jury votes; Measure 73

limited immunity from criminal prosecutions for persons ordered to testify about

their conduct; Measure 74 required that the terms of imprisonment announced in

court be fully served, with certain exceptions; and Measure 75 banned persons

convicted of certain crimes from serving on grand juries and criminal trial juries.

On June 2, 1999, Foundation paid $10,963 for the production and broadcast

of two radio messages and the production and publication of a print advertisement

in two newspapers. Combined, the radio messages aired 222 times on Oregon

radio stations. The first radio message presented the following script in narrative

format:

- 22 District 5 State Representative Jim Hill is one of the very few

Republicans in the state house fighting against the victims of crime.

2 years ago, a wide majority of Oregonians voted to get tough on

criminals by passing Measure 40.

But the liberal state Supreme Court threw it out saying it contained

too many subjects. The state house has just voted to split Measure 40

into 8 separate amendments to be reapproved by the voters.

Who would be against this?

The liberals and criminal defense lawyers.

Some Democrats joined with most of the Republicans to support

victims' rights . . . very few Republicans didn't.

Your district 5 State Representative Jim Hill is one of them.

Many victims of crime urged the passage of Measure 40 because they

wanted the victims to be treated at least as well as the criminals.

But Jim Hill fought us all the way.

The Parks Foundation paid for this message because we want you to

know what your elected officials really do once they get to Salem.

The second radio message was identical to the first except that it substituted

District 34 State Representative Lane Shetterly for Representative Hill.22

22A copy of the print advertisement is not in the record, but the parties

stipulated that it was similar to the radio messages. Consequently our findings

with respect to the expenditure for the radio messages apply equally to any portion

devoted to the print advertisements.

- 23 In addition, on July 23, 1999, Foundation paid $22,048 for the production

and broadcast of a third radio message (Communication #823) which referred by

name to Measure 11, a ballot measure that had been passed in 1994 enacting a

statute setting mandatory minimum sentences for certain violent crimes. Several

bills which sought to amend the Measure 11 statute were introduced during the

regular session of the Oregon Legislative Assembly in the spring and summer of

1999. The Communication #8 radio message presented the following script in

narrative format:

Portland Police have just arrested 32-year-old Todd Reed for the

gruesome serial murders of 3 women.

But what about Todd Reed's criminal history? In '81 he was

convicted of burglary. In '82, burglary. In '87 convicted of 3 more

burglaries. In '92 he was arrested for 3 counts of rape, 2 counts of

sodomy, 5 counts of kidnaping, I [sic] count each sex abused [sic] and

menacmg.

After plea-bargaining he got a 17-year sentence. But this was Oregon

before Measure 11. He spent 2 years in jail. But if he was under

Measure 11, there'd be no early release; he'd still be in jail.

The State Senate just voted to allow some violent Measure 11

convicts a 15% reduction in prison time.

Now, who would do that?

23The parties refer to this radio message as Communication #8, and we shall

as well.

- 24 From the Portland area, Senators Kate Brown, Ginny Burdick and

Frank Shields.

And the one most responsible, Neil Bryant of Bend.

The Parks Foundation paid for this because we want you to know

what the politicians really do once they get to Salem.

Drafts of the three radio messages Foundation funded in 1999 were

provided to Foundation's tax counsel for his review and approval, but there is no

evidence that he provided any written response with respect to the content of the

messages.

Foundation's tax counsel sent Mr. Parks a letter dated October 14, 1999. At

that time, Foundation was the subject of an investigation by the Oregon attorney

general concerning, inter alia, its expenditures for the broadcast of radio

advertisements. The investigation had commenced sometime before March 12,

1998.24 The letter referenced the Oregon attorney general's investigation and the

poor prospects of reaching any mutually agreeable settlement with that office. The

24March 12, 1998, is the date of the earliest email in the record from a

financial investigator from the Oregon Department of Justice to Foundation's tax

counsel. The subject of the email concerned the investigator's efforts to obtain the

scripts of radio and newspaper advertisements prepared for Foundation by Mr.

Clapper, and the email reflected efforts to obtain the scripts that had preceded the

date of the email.

- 25 letter went on to specifically address Foundation's practice of sponsoring

"information ads on radio and in newspapers" in the excerpts which follow.

Sponsoring your own public information ads has produced the

most ardent response from the Attorney General * * * . The law

prohibits a private foundation form engaging in any activities

intended to "affect the outcome of an election," in other words, from

lobbying. There are two forms of political activity that meet the test.

They should be clearly distinguished in your mind when the ads are

being produced and circulated because each has a slightly difference

compliance standard.

The two forms of lobbying are called "direct lobbying" and

"grass roots lobbying".

After explaining the difference between direct and grass roots lobbying, the letter

turned specifically to ballot measure initiatives, in the following excerpt.

Until this year [1999], most of your activities have focused on

the initiative process. The law takes the view that the voters are the

legislature when deciding a [sic] initiative ballot issue. Thus,

communicating with the voters about an initiative issue is direct

lobbying, rather than grass roots lobbying. The requirement for

urging a particular vote or to contact a legislator is not required. This

is why the Attorney General is so adamant about condemning your

activities; they believe you are engaging in direct lobbying: you refer

to a specific bill or act (even when you don't), and you are expressing

a point of view. * * * a simple exception to these lobbying rules

[exists] which permits the expression of a point of view if the

message is "educational". This is where the "gray area" comes in,

and it is the arena in which the main battle with the Attorney General

will be waged.

It is not possible to express a "general rule" for you to follow in

your political efforts. Instead, we urge you to simply stay focused on

- 26 the facts. Do not succumb to emotion or generalizations of "good" or

"bad" or "conservative" or "liberal." It is certainly acceptable to use

humor, sarcasm and imagery as long as they do not obscure the

factual basis of your message.

2000

In 2000 Foundation expended $341,062 to produce and broadcast two radio

messages. The messages were broadcast before the Oregon general election held

on November 7, 2000. Appearing on the ballot of that election was Measure 8, an

initiative measure. The explanatory statement for Measure 8 described it as

follows:

EXPLANATORY STATEMENT

Ballot Measure 8 would amend the Oregon Constitution by

linking the rate of growth of state government spending to the rate of

growth of personal income in the state. The measure would limit all

state spending, regardless of the source of the funds, to no more than

15 percent of total personal income of Oregonians earned in the two

calendar years immediately preceding the budget period (biennium).

If the state collects revenues in excess of the limit, the measure

would require that those excess revenues be distributed to Oregon

taxpayers in proportion to the income taxes they paid in the biennium.

Excluded from this distribution are earnings from dedicated

investment funds, such as retirement funds or the Common School

Fund.

The Legislature could vote to increase spending beyond the

limit, but only if the Governor specifically declares an emergency,

and three-fourths of the elected members of both the House and the

Senate vote for the increased level of spending.

- 27 The limit covers state spending from all sources of funds, such

as taxes, fees, federal funds, and investment earnings. The measure

would exclude from the limit proceeds from state-issued bonds,

although it does include the funds appropriated to repay those bonds.

For comparison, the state has recently experienced a spending

level of about 18 percent of personal income. The estimated impact

of the measure on the 2001-2003 state budget would be to limit

expenditures to an amount $5.7 billion less than the projected

spending of $32.4 billion.

The measure limits state spending. The measure does not cut

state taxes, nor does it direct the Legislature or Governor how state

funds are spent within the new limit.

The first of the two radio messages, broadcast sometime before late August

2000, presented the following script in narrative format:

Is Oregon State government really growing nearly 3 times faster than

the personal income of those who pay its bills?

Oregonians will soon be asked if they want to slow down the growth

of their State government.

Here are the facts. From 1989 to 91 State government grew by 21%,

citizen income grew less than 9%. In 93 State income up 20%,

citizens' income just 11%. In 95 State incomes up another 23%,

private pay up less than 11%. And in 97 the State income was up

14% and private pay just 8%.

So what all this means is that over the last 10 years the State

increased its income by more than 130%, while private pay increased

less than 50%.

- 28 Our Tax dollars to State government have increased nearly 3 times

faster than the personal income of its own citizens. And those are the

State's own figures.

Paid for by the Parks Foundation.

On August 25, 2000, Oregon's largest newspaper (by circulation) published

an article addressing the claims made in the radio message. See James Mayer,

"Ad's View of State Budget Disputed as Incomplete", Oregonian, August 25,

2000, at C1.25 The article reported on the radio message as follows:

Summary: A radio spot paid for by the Parks Foundation says the

state tax has grown 3 times faster than residents' personal income.[261

25The newspaper article is a stipulated exhibit, and the parties stipulated its

authenticity. The parties stipulated that either had the right to object to the

admission of any stipulated exhibit "on the grounds of relevancy and materiality,

but not on other grounds unless expressly reserved herein." In the stipulations,

petitioners reserved an objection to the article on the basis of "evidentiary

relevance" alone.

While statements in the article are hearsay, petitioners have not objected on

that ground and have therefore waived any such objection. See Fed. R. Evid.

103(a)(1); United States v. Jamerson, 549 F.2d 1263, 1266-1267 (9th Cir. 1977);

Feder v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2012-10; Estate of Smith v. Commissioner,

T.C. Memo. 2001-303, af_G, 54 F. App'x 413 (5th Cir. 2002). Statements in

newspaper articles that have been admitted without a hearsay objection may be

considered for their probative value. Garcia v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1989106; Kenerly v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1984-117. We overrule petitioners'

relevancy objection.

26The article also reported that Mr. Clapper had advised in an interview that

the figures used in the radio message for State revenue and personal income were

from Oregon Tax Research, a think tank.

- 29 Conservative businessman Loren Parks has thrown the first punch in

this year's ballot fight about taxes and government spending,

launching a statewide radio ad that claims Oregon's budget has grown

three times faster than personal income in the past decade.

But the 60-second spot, paid for by the Parks Foundation, fails to

account for inflation, population growth or the decade-long shift in

school finance from local property taxes to the state budget.

Considering those factors, growth in state spending has actually been

slower than personal income growth in the 1990s.

Specifically, with respect to the radio message's claim that over the past 10

years Oregon State revenues had risen by more than 130% while personal income

had risen by only 50%, the article states:

The comparison is flawed, however, because one figure--personal

income--is adjusted for population, while the other--spending--is not.

Without adjusting for population, personal income grew by 87

percent in the same period, which is closer to the 130 percent rise in

the budget.

And by focusing on the general fund, the ad gives voters a misleading

picture of * * * [Measure 8], which limits total state spending, not

just the general fund. The state's "all funds" budget, which includes

federal funds, the gas tax and licenses and other user fees, increased

108 percent in the past 10 years.

The article further explains that much of the increase in State spending over the

past 10 years was attributable to a 1990 citizen-initiated measure that limited local

- 30 property taxes, thereby shifting primary responsibility for financing public schools

from localities to the State. The article concluded:

Accounting for the shift in school funding by adding in all school

property taxes, adjusting for population growth and factoring in

inflation turns the claim in the Parks' radio ad on its head.

Adjusted figures show that per capita state spending increased only 4

percent over the last decade, far less than the 18 percent increase in

per capita personal income.

On August 24, 2000, the Oregon Department of Justice, Charitable

Activities Section, filed a lawsuit against Foundation, alleging that Foundation

had made expenditures from 1993 through 2000 that constituted taxable

expenditures under section 4945, thereby violating Oregon's Nonprofit

Corporation Act, Or. Rev. Stat. sec. 65.036(5) (1999). The Oregon attorney

general's audit of Foundation, a principal focus of which was Foundation's

expenditures for radio advertisements, had been ongoing since at least March

1998, and Foundation's tax counsel and the Oregon attorney general's office had

made efforts to settle the matter in 1999. In October 1999, Foundation's tax

counsel advised Mr. Parks in a letter that reaching a mutually agreeable settlement

with the attorney general's office concerning the issues raised in the audit was

unlikely.

- 31 After the filing of the foregoing lawsuit, Foundation arranged for the

production and broadcast of the second radio message at issue for 2000. The

message presented the following script in narrative format:

A few weeks ago, the Parks Foundation revealed that, over the

last 10 years, Oregon government income has grown by 130%,

nearly 3 times faster than the personal income of citizen's who

pay for it.

The state government didn't like what we said. They filed a

lawsuit against us.

But, like it or not, the general fund budget has gone from $4 to

$10 billion.

And where's that money gone?

A big part of it goes to the Oregon Health plan that just paid a

quarter million dollars for a convicted child molester from

Mexico to receive a bone marrow transplant ... .

And 2 brain surgeries for an out of state man...

Gall bladder surgery for an out of state woman...

And 2 knee replacements for a skier who lives off a trust fund

but said he had no income.

The state government is using taxpayers' money to intimidate

us from revealing this kind of information.

Isn't that what Richard Nixon did when he used the IRS to go

after his political enemies?

Paid for by the Parks Foundation.

- 32 Drafts of both radio messages were provided to Foundation's tax counsel

for his review and approval, but there is no evidence that he provided a written

response with respect to the content of the messages.

Examination and Request for Correction

Neither Foundation nor Mr. Parks filed a Form 4720, Return of Certain

Excise Taxes Under Chapters 41 and 42 of the Internal Revenue Code, for any of

the years at issue. Respondent conducted an examination of Foundation's Forms

990-PF, Return of Private Foundation, for the years at issue, and on October 16,

2002, respondent's revenue agent sent a letter to Foundation's tax counsel

advising of her conclusion that Foundation's expenditures for the radio messages

were taxable expenditures within the meaning of section 4945(d) and of her

intention to propose liabilities under section 4945(a)(1) for Foundation and under

section 4945(a)(2) for Mr. Parks as a foundation manager. The letter further

advised that the agent intended to propose liabilities under section 4945(b)(1) for

Foundation and under section 4945(b)(2) for Mr. Parks as foundation manager.

Citing Thorne v. Commissioner, 99 T.C. 67 (1992), the revenue agent formally

requested that Mr. Parks correct the expenditures.27 By letter dated November 11,

27The revenue agent proposed that, under the circumstances, correction

could be accomplished by Mr. Parks' reimbursing Foundation for the taxable

(continued...)

- 33 2002, Foundation's tax counsel advised the revenue agent that Mr. Parks refused

to make the requested correction.

Deficiency Determinations

In a notice of deficiency issued to Foundation on December 22, 2006,

respondent determined that Foundation's expenditures for radio messages of

$65,000, $200,000, $33,011, and $341,062 for its 1997-2000 taxable years,

respectively, were taxable expenditures under section 4945, resulting in liability

for excise tax deficiencies under section 4945(a)(1) and, because the taxable

expenditures had not been corrected, under section 4945(b)(1) for each year 28 In

a notice of deficiency issued to Mr. Parks that same day, respondent determined

that as a result of the foregoing expenditures, Mr. Parks was liable for excise tax

deficiencies under section 4945(a)(2) and, because the taxable expenditures had

not been corrected, under section 4945(b)(2) for each of the foregoing years.

Both petitioners timely petitioned for redetermination, and their cases were

consolidated.

27(...continued)

expenditures.

28The notice of deficiency determined that Foundation's excise tax liability

under sec. 4945(b)(1) for 1999 is $33,012, a figure that is $1 more than the amount

the parties have stipulated was Foundation's total expenditure for radio messages

in that year.

- 34 Discussion

I.

Private Foundations and Excise Tax Enforcement

Provisions exempting charitable organizations from taxation have been

included in every income tax act since the adoption of the Sixteenth Amendment,2°

s_ee Revenue Act of 1913, ch. 16, sec. II(G), 38 Stat. at 172; see also Bob Jones

Univ. v. United States, 461 U.S. 574, 589 n.14 (1983), and since 1917 individual

taxpayers have been allowed a deduction for contributions to certain charitable

organizations,3° see War Revenue Act of 1917, ch. 63, sec. 1201(2), 40 Stat. at

330. However, in the Tax Reform Act of 1969 (1969 Act), Pub. L. No. 91-172, 83

Stat. 487, Congress enacted a new statutory regime for a subset of section

501(c)(3) organizations, designated "private foundations" and defined for the first

time in that legislation as, generally speaking, all organizations exempt from tax

under section 501(c)(3) except churches, schools, hospitals and medical research

organizations, or other charitable organizations receiving a substantial portion of

2°The Act of August 27, 1894, ch. 349, sec. 32, 28 Stat. at 556-557, also

included a provision exempting charitable organizations from tax, but the income

tax system provided for in the Act was declared unconstitutional. Pollock v.

Farmers' Loan & Tr. Co., 158 U.S. 601 (1895).

3°During the years at issue (and currently), sec. 170(a) allowed a deduction,

subject to certain limitations and verification requirements, for contributions to

domestic sec. 501(c)(3) organizations (except organizations testing for public

safety) paid during the taxable year.

- 35 their support from the general public or governmental sources (public charities).

Sec. 509(a). Congress concluded that private foundations, typically subject to the

control of a single individual, family, or small group of persons, were especially

susceptible to having their resources diverted to serve private rather than

charitable purposes, thereby subverting the rationale for according them taxexempt status and the benefits of being eligible to receive tax-deductible

contributions. See S. Rept. No. 91-552, at 57 (1969), 1969-3 C.B. 423, 460.

Consequently, in subchapter A of chapter 42 of the Internal Revenue Code,

Congress imposed stricter rules on private foundations as compared to public

charities generally, including excise taxes on self-dealing transactions and on

failures to distribute income. See secs. 4941 and 4942. Of particular relevance to

these cases, in contrast to public charities--which are allowed to engage in

"carrying on propaganda, or otherwise attempting, to influence legislation" so

long as the foregoing is not "a substantial part of the activities" of the

organization, see sec. 501(c)(3), a private foundation is subject to excise taxes if it

expends "any amount * * * to carry on propaganda, or otherwise to attempt, to

influence legislation", sec. 4945(d)(1);3¹ see sec. 4945(a) and (b). Of further

3¹As will be discussed in greater depth hereinafter, the provisions applicable

to private foundations further define what constitutes an "attempt to influence

(continued...)

- 36 relevance to these cases, these excise taxes also apply if a private foundation

expends any amount for "any purpose other than one specified in section

170(c)(2)(B)"; namely, "religious, charitable, scientific, literary, or educational

purposes, or to foster national or international amateur sports competition * * * or

for the prevention of cruelty to children or animals". Sec. 4945(d)(5).

Congress also concluded that a different enforcement mechanism--the

aforementioned excise taxes--was appropriate for private foundations. Whereas

the principal enforcement mechanism for tax-exempt organizations at the time of

enactment of the 1969 Act had been revocation of tax-exempt status (and the

attendant forfeiture of eligibility to receive tax-deductible contributions), Congress

believed that loss of exemption was an ineffective sanction in the case of private

foundations. Instead, Congress chose to impose excise taxes on expenditures by

private foundations that it determined should be proscribed, reasoning that such an

approach would be both more effective and more proportionate to the infraction

than loss of tax-exempt status. With respect to the excise taxes, the Finance

Committee report states:

The committee has concluded that more effective limitations

[than loss of tax exemption and denial of charitable contribution

3¹(...continued)

legislation". See sec. 4945(e).

- 37 deduction status] must be placed on the extent to which taxdeductible and tax-exempt funds can be dispensed by private persons

and that these limitations must involve more effective sanctions.

Accordingly, the committee has determined that a tax should be

imposed upon expenditures by private foundations for activities that

should not be carried on by exempt organizations (such as lobbying,

electioneering, and "grass roots" campaigning). * * *

S. Rept. No. 91-552, supra at 48, 1969-3 C.B. at 455. The Ways and Means

Committee report contains substantially identical language and further observes

that "the [excise tax] sanction will in most cases be far more proportional to the

impropriety than is the case under present law [providing only the sanction of loss

of tax-exempt status]." H.R. Rept. No. 91-413, at 31-36 (1969), 1969-3 C.B. 200,

221-223.32 Public charities were excepted from the stricter rules and excise taxes

"on the theory that their exposure to public scrutiny and their dependence on

public support would keep them from the abuses to which private foundations

were subject." Quarrie Charitable Fund v. Commissioner, 603 F.2d 1274, 1277

(7th Cir. 1979), aKg 70 T.C. 182 (1978); see also H.R. Rept. No. 91-413, supra at

39-42, 1969-3 C.B. at 226-227.

32The House version of the legislation would have imposed an excise tax on

a private foundation equal to 100% of the prohibited expenditure and an excise tax

equal to 50% of the prohibited expenditure on the foundation manager. The twotiered excise taxes in current law originated in the Senate version and were

adopted in the conference version of the legislation. See H.R. Conf. Rept. No. 91-

782, at 286 (1969), 1969-3 C.B. 644, 649.

- 38 II.

Petitioners' Liability for Excise Taxes Under Section 4945

Section 4945 imposes four distinct excise taxes on "taxable expenditures"

of private foundations. A "taxable expenditure" is any amount paid or incurred by

a private foundation for any of the prohibited purposes listed in paragraphs (1)

through (5) of section 4945(d). Those purposes include: "to carry on propaganda,

or otherwise to attempt, to influence legislation" and "for any purpose other than

one specified in section 170(c)(2)(B)". Sec. 4945(d)(1), (5).

Section 4945(a)(1) imposes a tax on the foundation itself equal to 10%33 of

the amount of each taxable expenditure made by the foundation. Section

4945(a)(2) imposes a tax equal to 2.5% of a taxable expenditure on any

"foundation manager" who agrees "to the making of an expenditure, knowing that

it is a taxable expenditure * * * unless such agreement is not willful and is due to

reasonable cause."34 A "foundation manager" for this purpose includes an officer,

director, or trustee of the foundation (or an individual having powers or

33The rate of tax imposed by sec. 4945(a)(1) increased to 20% for taxable

expenditures in years beginning after August 17, 2006. Pension Protection Act of

2006 (PPA), Pub. L. No. 109-280, sec. 1212(e)(1)(A), (f), 120 Stat. at 1074-1075.

34The rate of tax imposed by sec. 4945(a)(2) increased to 5% for

expenditures in taxable years beginning after August 17, 2006. PPA sec.

1212(e)(1)(B), (f), 120 Stat. at 1074-1075.

- 39 responsibilities similar to those of the foregoing). Sec. 4946(b). The subsection

(a)(1) and (2) taxes are designated as "first tier" taxes. Sec. 4963(a).

More severe "second tier" taxes are imposed by section 4945(b)(1) and (2)

when taxable expenditures are not timely "corrected".35 The second tier tax on the

private foundation is equal to 100% of the amount of the taxable expenditure.

Sec. 4945(b)(1). When a second tier tax is imposed on the foundation, a second

tier tax, equal to 50% of the taxable expenditure, is likewise imposed on any

foundation manager who "refused to agree to part or all of the correction". Sec.

4945(b)(2).

35"Correction" for this purpose means recovery of the expenditure to the

extent possible or, where recovery is not possible, such additional corrective

action as is prescribed by regulations. Sec. 4945(i). A correction will prevent the

imposition of the second tier tax if it is made before the earlier of the date on

which a notice of deficiency determining the first tier tax is mailed or the first tier

tax is assessed. Sec. 4945(b)(1) and (2), (i)(2).

If the second tier tax is imposed, a correction may still be made during a

correction period that in general runs from the date of the taxable expenditure until

90 days after the date of mailing of a notice of deficiency, extended by any period

during which the deficiency cannot be assessed under sec. 6213(a). See secs.

4961(a), 4963(e). If correction occurs within the correction period, then the

second tier tax shall not be assessed; if it is assessed, the assessment shall be

abated, and if collected shall be credited or refunded as an overpayment. Sec.

4961(a). The correction period provided in sec. 4963(e) enables a taxpayer to

obtain Tax Court review of the determination to impose the first and second tier

taxes before making the correction (and thereby avoiding liability for the second

tier tax). See Thorne v. Commissioner, 99 T.C. 67, 95 (1992).

- 40 Respondent determined that Foundation's payments for the production and

broadcast of the radio messages were taxable expenditures.36 He further

determined that Foundation and Mr. Parks were both liable for first and second

tier excise taxes on the expenditures. Petitioners argue that they are not liable for

excise taxes because the expenditures for the radio messages were not taxable

expenditures. They also argue that section 4945 and the regulations thereunder, as

applied to them, are unconstitutionally vague and violate their First Amendment

rights.

We begin by considering the application of each excise tax.

A.

Section 4945(a)(1)

Respondent determined excise tax deficiencies under section 4945(a)(1) for

Foundation of $6,500, $20,000, $3,301, and $34,106 for its 1997, 1998, 1999, and

2000 taxable years, respectively. Respondent argues first that Foundation's

expenditures for the radio messages (except Communication #8) were taxable

expenditures under section 4945(d)(1) because the messages were attempts to

360n brief respondent explains that because Foundation's records did not

permit him to segregate the costs attributable to the individual radio messages in

years when multiple messages were produced, he treated Foundation's aggregate

payments for the messages in each year as a single expenditure. Accordingly,

respondent determined Foundation made four taxable expenditures, one in each of

its taxable years at issue.

- 41 influence legislation. He further argues in the alternative that all of the

expenditures for the radio messages (including Communication #8) were taxable

expenditures under section 4945(d)(5) because the expenditures were for

nonexempt purposes.

Foundation bears the burden of proving the expenditures were not taxable

expenditures. See Thorne v. Commissioner, 99 T.C. at 87; Larchmont Found., Inc.

v. Commissioner, 72 T.C. 131, 136 (1979), vacated and remanded on other

grounds, 659 F.2d 1085 (7th Cir. 1981).

1.

Attempts To Influence Legislation

Under section 4945(d)(1) any amount paid by a private foundation "to carry

on propaganda, or otherwise to attempt, to influence legislation, within the

meaning of subsection (e)" is a taxable expenditure. Section 4945(e) provides:

SEC. 4945(e). Activities Within Subsection (d)(1).--For

purposes of subsection (d)(1), the term "taxable expenditure" means

any amount paid or incurred by a private foundation for-(1) any attempt to influence any legislation through an

attempt to affect the opinion of the general public or any

segment thereof, and

(2) any attempt to influence legislation through

communication with any member or employee of a legislative

body, or with any other government official or employee who

may participate in the formulation of the legislation (except

technical advice or assistance provided to a governmental body

- 42 or to a committee or other subdivision thereof in response to a

written request by such body or subdivision, as the case may

be),

other than through making available the results of nonpartisan analysis,

study, or research. * * *

Section 53.4945-2(a)(1), Foundation Excise Tax Regs., further defines attempts to

influence legislation for purposes of the section 4945 excise taxes by

incorporating provisions of the regulations interpreting that phrase as used in

section 4911(d), applicable to certain electing public charities. M secs. 501(h),

4911.37 Section 53.4945-2(a)(1), Foundation Excise Tax Regs., generally provides

that an expenditure is an attempt to influence legislation if it is for a "direct or

grass roots lobbying communication, as defined in § 56.4911-2 (without reference

to §§ 56.4911-2(b)(3) and 56.4911-2(c)) and § 56.4911-3", unless it constitutes

nonpartisan analysis, study, or research, or technical advice given to a

governmental body in response to a written request.

A "direct lobbying communication" is any attempt to influence any

legislation through communication with:

37The regulatory definitions of expenditures that are attempts to influence

legislation--so-called lobbying expenditures--were made the same for public

charities electing under sec. 501(h) and private foundations subject to excise taxes

under sec. 4945 because of "the similarity of the statutory schemes" governing

lobbying by each. T.D. 8308, 1990-2 C.B. 112, 114; cf secs. 4945(e), 4911(d).

- 43 (A) Any member or employee of a legislative body; or

(B) Any government official or employee (other than a member

or employee of a legislative body) who may participate in the

formulation of the legislation, but only if the principal purpose of the

communication is to influence legislation.

Sec. 56.4911-2(b)(1)(i), Pub. Charity Excise Tax Regs. Such a communication

will be treated as an attempt to influence legislation only if it "refers to specific

legislation" and "reflects a view on such legislation". R subdiv. (ii).38

"Legislation" is defined in the regulations as including "action by * * * any state

legislature * * * or by the public in a referendum, ballot initiative, constitutional

amendment, or similar procedure."39 R para. (d)(1)(i). For this purpose,

"'specific legislation' includes both legislation that has already been introduced

* * * and a specific legislative proposal that the organization either supports or

opposes." R subdiv. (ii). Thus, as the regulations clarify, a "specific legislative

38A "grass roots lobbying communication" is "any attempt to influence any

legislation through an attempt to affect the opinions of the general public or any

segment thereof." Sec. 56.4911-2(b)(2)(i), Pub. Charity Excise Tax Regs. A

communication will be considered a grass roots lobbying communication only if it

refers to and reflects a view on specific legislation or a specific legislative

proposal and in addition encourages the recipient of the communication to take

action with respect to such legislation. E paras. (b)(2)(ii), (d)(1)(ii).

39The term "action" in para. (d)(1)(i) of the regulation "is limited to the

introduction, amendment, enactment, defeat or repeal of acts, bills, resolutions, or

similar items." Sec. 56.4911-2(d)(2), Pub. Charity Excise Tax Regs.

- 44 proposal" may be "specific legislation" for this purpose even though it has not

actually been introduced in the legislative body for the jurisdiction where the

communication is made.®

The regulations treat communications with the general public regarding

ballot measures as "direct lobbying communications".

(iii) Special rule for referenda, ballot initiatives or similar

procedures.--Solely for purposes of this section 4911 [of the

regulations], where a communication refers to and reflects a view on

a measure that is the subject of a referendum, ballot initiative or

similar procedure, the general public in the state or locality where the

vote will take place constitutes the legislative body, and individual

members of the general public are, for purposes of this paragraph

(b)(1), legislators. Accordingly, if such a communication is made to

one or more members of the general public in that state or locality,

the communication is a direct lobbying communication (unless it is

nonpartisan analysis, study or research * * * ).

®A regulatory example illustrates that a "specific legislation proposal" can

be "specific legislation", capable of being influenced by a lobbying

communication, notwithstanding that it has not been introduced in the legislative

body where the communication is made.

An organization based in State A notes in its newsletter that State Z

has passed a bill to accomplish a stated purpose and then says that

State A should pass such a bill. The organization urges readers to

write their legislators in favor of such a bill. No such bill has been

introduced into the State A legislature. The organization has referred

to and reflected a view on a specific legislative proposal and has also

encouraged readers to take action thereon.

Sec. 56-4911-2(d)(1)(iii), Example (2), Pub. Charity Excise Tax Regs.

- 45 Sec. 56.4911-2(b)(1)(iii), Pub. Charity Excise Tax Regs. However, such a ballot

measure does not become "specific legislation" under the regulations until the

petition seeking its placement on the ballot is first circulated.

In the case of a referendum, ballot initiative, constitutional

amendment, or other measure that is placed on the ballot by petitions

signed by a required number or percentage of voters, an item becomes

"specific legislation" when the petition is first circulated among

voters for signature.

Il para. (d)(1)(ii). This special rule governing when ballot measures become

"specific legislation" applies to measures "that * * * [are] placed on the ballot by

petitions signed by a required number or percentage of voters". Id. The

regulations are silent with respect to a referendum, ballot initiative, constitutional

amendment, or similar measure that is placed on the ballot by action of a

legislature.4¹

4¹The regulations' treatment of a petition-initiated ballot measure as

becoming "specific legislation" when the petition is first circulated is thus a

temporal standard. In finalizing these same regulations, however, the Secretary

expressly rejected a temporal standard for determining when legislation (other

than petition-initiated ballot measures) becomes "specific legislation", finding that

such a standard would be underinclusive by failing to cover legislation not yet

introduced. See T.D. 8308, 1990-2 C.B. at 114. Given the regulations' silence

concerning the standard to be applied in determining when ballot measures

initiated by a legislature become "specific legislation", difficult questions of

interpretation could arise.

The radio messages at issue for 1998 and 2000 were (according to

respondent's position) addressed to petition-initiated ballot measures; namely,

(continued...)

- 46 Under the regulations, a communication is not a "direct lobbying

communication" if it constitutes "engaging in nonpartisan analysis, study or

research and making available to the general public or a segment or members

(...continued)

Measures 61 and 65 in 1998 and Measure 8 in 2000. On the stipulated facts, it is

beyond dispute that the expenditures at issue were made, and the radio messages

were broadcast, aftg petitions were first circulated to place the ballot measures on

the ballot. Thus, the ballot measures were "specific legislation" within the

meaning of the regulations at that time. (With respect to Measure 61 in 1998, the

radio messages referred to it by name, which obviously meant the petition effort

had not only started by then but had been successful. Similarly, correspondence

between Foundation and its tax counsel before broadcast of the second set of radio

messages in 1998 referred to them as "M65-1" and "M65-2", which persuades us

that successful petitions to place Measure 65 on the ballot had already circulated

at that time. With respect to Measure 8 in 2000, the contemporaneous newspaper

account in the record persuades us that Measure 8 had been placed on the ballot at

the time the 2000 radio messages were paid for and broadcast, demonstrating that

the petitions to place Measure 8 on the ballot had already been circulated at that

time.)

The radio message at issue for 1997 and two of them for 1999 were

(according to respondent's position) addressed to legislatively initiated ballot

measures; namely, Measure 49 in 1997 and Measures 69 through 75 in 1999.

Determining these ballot measures' status as "specific legislation" is less clear

under the regulations. However, petitioners have not argued that these ballot

measures (or the petition-initiated ones) were not "specific legislation" within the

meaning of the regulations at the time the expenditures were made or the radio

messages were broadcast. They have also not challenged the validity of the

regulation that defines members of the general public as "legislators" in the case

of a referendum, ballot initiative, or similar measures. Consequently, petitioners

have waived any such arguments, and we assume for purposes of deciding these

cases that the ballot measures at issue were "specific legislation" within the

meaning of sec. 56.4911-2(d)(1), Pub. Charity Excise Tax Regs., when the radio

messages were broadcast.

- 47 thereof or to governmental bodies, officials, or employees the results of such

work." Sec. 53.4945-2(d)(1)(i), Foundation Excise Tax Regs. The regulations

define "nonpartisan analysis, study, or research" as follows:

For purposes of section 4945(e), "nonpartisan analysis, study, or

research" means an independent and objective exposition of a

particular subject matter, including any activity that is "educational"

within the meaning of § 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(3). Thus, "nonpartisan

analysis, study, or research" may advocate a particular position or

viewpoint so long as there is a sufficiently full and fair exposition of

the pertinent facts to enable the public or an individual to form an

independent opinion or conclusion. On the other hand, the mere

presentation of unsupported opinion does not qualify as "nonpartisan

analysis, study, or research".

IA subdiv. (ii). Thus, a communication to the general public which refers to a

ballot measure that has become "specific legislation" and reflects a view on the

measure is an attempt to influence legislation under section 4945(d)(1) and (e)

unless it makes available the results of "nonpartisan analysis, study, or research"

as defined in the regulations.

Petitioners argue that, except for the two radio messages that specifically

refer to Measure 61 by name, the radio messages are not direct lobbying

communications because they do not "refer to" the ballot measures--in that they do

not mention any ballot measure by name.42 Respondent argues that a

42Petitioners also argue that the radio messages "do not encourage the

(continued...)

- 48 communication can "refer to" a ballot measure without identifying it by name. We

agree with respondent.

The regulations do not provide a definition of the term "refers to" but

instead elucidate its meaning through illustrative examples. See T.D. 8308, 19902 C.B. at 14. The pertinent examples address grass roots lobbying but are equally

applicable in the case of direct lobbying.43 Section 56.4911-2(b)(4)(ii)(B),

Example (1), Pub. Charity Excise Tax Regs., explains:

A pamphlet distributed by organization Y states that the "President's

plan for a drug-free America," which will establish a drug control

program, should be passed. The pamphlet encourages readers to

"write or call your senators and representatives and tell them to vote

for the President's plan." No legislative proposal formally bears the

name "President's plan for a drug-free America," but that and similar

42(...continued)

recipient to take action in any of the ways described in Treasury Regulation §

56.4911-2(d)(1)(ii)." However, the regulation petitioners cite makes no reference

to any encouragement to take action. Petitioners are apparently referring to the

regulations' definition of a grass roots lobbying communication, which requires

that the communication encourage the recipient to take action with respect to the

legislation at issue. See sec. 56.4911-2(b)(2)(ii)(C), Pub. Charity Excise Tax

Regs. But respondent does not contend that the radio messages are grass roots

lobbying communications; he contends that they are direct lobbying

communications for which there is no requirement that the recipient be

encouraged to take action.

43Under the regulations, a required element of both a direct lobbying

communication and a grass roots lobbying communication is that each "refers to

specific legislation". Sec. 56.4911-2(b)(1)(ii)(A), (2)(ii)(A), Pub. Charity Excise

Tax Regs.

- 49 terms have been widely used in connection with specific legislation

pending in Congress that was initially proposed by the President.

Thus, the pamphlet refers to specific legislation, reflects a view on the

legislation, and encourages readers to take action with respect to the

legislation. The pamphlet is a grass roots lobbying communication.

By contrast, section 56.4911-2(b)(4)(ii)(A), Example (4), Pub. Charity Excise Tax

Regs., explains:

A pamphlet distributed by organization Z discusses the dangers of

drugs and encourages the public to send their legislators a coupon,

printed with the statement "I support a drug-free America." The term

"drug-free America" is not widely identified with any of the many

specific pending legislative proposals regarding drug issues. The

pamphlet does not refer to any of the numerous pending legislative

proposals, nor does the organization support or oppose a specific

legislative proposal. The pamphlet is not a grass roots lobbying

commumcation.

Finally, section 56.4911-2(d)(1)(iii), Example (D, Pub. Charity Excise Tax Regs.,

explains:

A nonmembership organization includes in its newsletter an article

about problems with the use of pesticide X that states in part:

"Legislation that is pending in Congress would prohibit the use of

this very dangerous pesticide. Fortunately, the legislation will

probably be passed. Write your congressional representatives about

this important issue." This is a grass roots lobbying communication

that refers to and reflects a view on specific legislation and that

encourages recipients to take action with respect to that legislation.

On the basis of the principles illustrated in the regulatory examples, we hold

that a communication "refers to" a ballot measure within the meaning of the

- 50 regulations if it either refers to the measure by name or, without naming it,

employs terms widely used in connection with the measure or describes the

content or effect of the measure.

a.

1997

The lone radio message Parks Foundation funded in 1997 refers to Oregon

voters having told "the politicians" in 1994 that prisoners ought to be working 40

hours a week and then describes Oregon's Governor and attorney general as

having disregarded the voters' intent by shutting down the prisoner work program.

The message reiterates that Oregon voters had insisted that prison inmates should

work, by virtue of the earlier vote.

In referring to prisoners working and the shutdown of prisoner work

programs, the message employed terms "widely used in connection with"

Measure 49. Id. para. (b)(4)(ii)(B), Example (1). As the explanatory statement for

Measure 49 makes clear, the reinstatement of prisoner work programs that had

been shut down was the central purpose of the measure. On this record, we are

persuaded that the use of various iterations of the term "prison inmate work

program" in the explanatory statement for Measure 49 demonstrates that those and

similar terms had been widely used in connection with Measure 49 at the time the

radio message was broadcast. Petitioners have offered no evidence to support a

- 51 contrary conclusion. In addition, we are persuaded that a comparison of the radio

message and the explanatory statement demonstrates that the radio message

described the general content of Measure 49. Consequently, the radio message

"refers to" Measure 49 within the meaning of the regulations. Sec. 56.49112(b)(1)(ii)(A), Pub. Charity Excise Tax Regs. Moreover, considered in the context

of the pendency of Measure 49--which according to the explanatory statement was

designed to make reinstatement of prisoner work programs possible--the radio

message's emphatic endorsement of the desirability of prisoner work programs

means that the message also "reflects a view on" Measure 49 within the meaning

of the regulations. Id. subdiv. (ii)(B). Accordingly, the 1997 radio message is a

"direct lobbying communication" under section 56.4911-2(b)(1), Pub. Charity

Excise Tax Regs. unless it constitutes "nonpartisan analysis, study, or research" as

defined in section 53.4945-2(d)(1)(ii), Foundation Excise Tax Regs., discussed

infra.

b.

1998

Measures 61 and 65 were on the ballot in Oregon's November 3, 1998,

general election. Measure 61 would have enacted statutory provisions imposing

minimum sentences for certain "major crimes" and mandatory additional sentences

for certain repeat offenders. Measure 65 would have amended the Oregon

- 52 Constitution to require Oregon Legislative Assembly approval of administrative

rules adopted by State agencies when those rules are challenged in a petition

signed by a specified number of qualified voters.

Foundation funded two radio messages that referred to Measure 61 by name

and were broadcast in the month before the election. Each message "reflects a

view on" Measure 61 because each posited that mandatory prison sentences for the

crimes covered by Measure 61 would result in a reduction in crime in the same

manner as had occurred after passage of an earlier measure (Measure 11) that

established mandatory prison sentences for violent crimes. Accordingly, each of

these radio messages "refers to" and "reflects a view on" Measure 61 within the

meaning of the regulations. Each is thus a "direct lobbying communication"

unless it constitutes "nonpartisan analysis, study, or research".

Foundation also paid for the production and broadcast of two additional

radio messages in 1998, which also aired during the month before the November

3, 1998, general election, the subject of which was "administrative rules". Each

message cites an example of a seemingly arbitrary and nonsensical government

requirement imposed by "non-elected government bureaucrats" and equates it with

"administrative rules" which--each message goes on to say--"you're gonna hear a

lot more about * * * in the weeks to come." As noted, the radio messages were

- 53 broadcast just weeks before the election where Measure 65 was on the ballot, and

the explanatory statement for it referred extensively to administrative rules as the

focus of the measure. On this record, we are persuaded that the use of the term

"administrative rules" in the explanatory statement for Measure 65 demonstrates

that the term had been widely used in connection with Measure 65 at the time the

radio messages were broadcast. Petitioners have offered no evidence to support a

contrary conclusion. Consequently, we find that the term "administrative rules"

was "widely used in connection with" Measure 65. Therefore each message

"refers to" Measure 65 within the meaning of the regulations. Moreover, each

message "reflects a view on" Measure 65 because each alleges an instance where

an administrative rule was both unwarranted and contrary to legislative intent,

strongly suggesting the desirability of the greater legislative oversight provided

for in Measure 65. Therefore each radio message is a "direct lobbying

communication" unless it constitutes "nonpartisan analysis, study, or research".

c.

1999

Measures 69 through 75 were on the ballot in Oregon's November 2, 1999,

statewide special election. The measures were placed on the ballot by action of

the Oregon Legislative Assembly after a previously approved ballot measure-Measure 40, which proposed a panoply of changes to the Oregon Constitution

- 54 affecting the criminal justice system, including constitutional rights for victims of

crime--was found invalid by the Oregon Supreme Court because the ballot

measure included multiple constitutional amendments. The Oregon Legislative

Assembly responded by proposing the contents of Measure 40 as separate

constitutional amendments, seven of which were denominated Measures 69

through 75, and referring them to the voters for reapproval.

On June 2, 1999, Foundation funded the production and broadcast of two

radio messages. The messages were identical except in their reference to a

specific member of the Oregon legislature. They described the passage of

Measure 40, its invalidation by the Oregon Supreme Court, and the legislature's

subsequent splitting of Measure 40 into separate ballot measures to be reapproved

by the electorate. Because the foregoing describes the content and effect of

Measures 69 through 75 (albeit without naming them), each radio message "refers

to" Measures 69 through 75 within the meaning of the regulations. M sec.

56.4911-2(d)(1)(iii), Example (1), Pub. Charity Excise Tax Regs. Moreover, after

describing the content and effect of Measures 69 through 75, each message posed

the rhetorical question "Who would be against this?" and suggested that only "The

liberals and criminal defense lawyers" would be. Consequently, we conclude that

each radio message "reflects a view on" Measures 69 through 75 within the

- 55 meaning of the regulations. Thus, each is a "direct lobbying communication"

unless it constitutes "nonpartisan analysis, study, or research".

d.

2000

On the ballot for Oregon's general election on November 7, 2000, was

Measure 8, which sought to amend the Oregon Constitution by limiting biennial

State appropriations to no more than 15% of total personal income for the State in

the two calendar years immediately preceding the budget period. During 2000,

before the vote Foundation paid $341,062 for the production and broadcast of two

radio messages.

The first message stated:

Is Oregon State government really growing nearly 3 times faster than

the personal income of those who pay its bills?

Oregonians will soon be asked if they want to slow down the growth

of their State government.

The message then provided data purporting to support the assertion that State

government (as measured by its "income", or revenues) had grown nearly three

times faster than personal income over the past decade.

The explanatory statement for Measure 8 described the measure as "linking

the rate of growth of state government spending to the rate of growth of personal

income in the state." Given the radio message's reference to the rate of growth of

- 56 Oregon State government revenues as compared to the rate of growth of personal

income, coupled with its reference to the fact that Oregonians would "soon be

asked" whether they wanted to slow down the growth of their State government,

we conclude that it "refers to" Measure 8 within the meaning of the regulations.44

It both employs terms "widely used in connection with"45 Measure 8 and describes

its effect.

The message's contention that State revenues had been growing at nearly

three times the rate of growth of personal income over the past decade--a growth

rate that any reasonable observer would likely think unsustainable--constitutes

near-explicit support for the idea that the growth of State expenditures needed to

be reigned in by some effective cap, as Measure 8 would have done.

44We are mindful of that fact that the radio message equates State

government growth with revenue growth, whereas Measure 8 would have limited

State government growth by limiting spending growth. However, because

Measure 8 directed that any revenue collected above its mandated spending limit

be refunded to Oregon taxpayers, we are persuaded on this record that spending

growth and revenue growth were treated interchangeably as equivalent indicators

of government growth in discussions of Measure 8.

45Consistent with our analysis of the previous radio messages, we are

persuaded that the explanatory statement's use of terms that linked the "rate of

growth of state government" to the "rate of growth of personal income"

demonstrates that those terms were widely used in connection with Measure 8 at

the time the radio messages were broadcast. Petitioners have offered no evidence

to support a contrary conclusion.

- 57 Consequently, we find that the message also "reflects a view on" Measure 8 within

the meaning of the regulations. It is therefore a "direct lobbying communication"

unless it constitutes "nonpartisan analysis, study, or research".

The second radio message also asserted, like the first, that Oregon State

government had grown three times faster than personal income over the past 10

years. But it otherwise differs from the first radio message in three respects. First,

the message asserts that the State government had filed a lawsuit against

Foundation in retaliation for its broadcast of the disclosures about State

government growth in the first radio message. Second, it cited several examples

of the seemingly inappropriate expenditure of State funds for the health care of

nonresidents and wealthy individuals and cited as another example the lawsuit,

characterized as the State's use of taxpayer money "to intimidate us from revealing

this kind of information." Finally, in contrast to the first radio message, the

second did not state that Oregon voters "will soon be asked" whether they wanted

to slow down the growth of their State government.

The absence of the "will soon be asked" language tips the balance against a

finding that the second radio message is a "direct lobbying communication" within

- 58 the meaning of the regulations.46 While the second message, in comparing the

rates of growth of State revenues and personal income, employs "terms widely

used in connection with" Measure 8, the message is more accurately characterized

as direct criticism of the Oregon State government without a suggestion of a

remedy. The message's central thrust is no longer advocacy for Measure 8 but

instead an attack on the Oregon State government as wasteful and as retaliatory

with respect to its critics. Section 56.4911-2(b)(4)(ii)(B), Example (1), Pub.

Charities Excise Tax Regs., describes a scenario where a pamphlet employs terms

widely used in connection with a piece of legislation (without naming it) but the

pamphlet also states that the legislation "should be passed". Against that

benchmark, the second radio message falls short of "reflect[ing] a view on"

Measure 8. It is therefore not a "direct lobbying communication".

2.

Nonpartisan Analysis, Study, or Research

Foundation argues that even if the radio messages refer to and reflect a view

on the various ballot measures, its expenditures for the messages were not "direct

lobbying communications" or attempts to influence legislation under section

46Respondent argues on brief that the second radio message's reference to

the first effectively incorporates the "will soon be asked" language. We disagree.

- 59 4945(d)(1) and the regulations because the radio messages qualify as "nonpartisan

analysis, study, or research".

The exception for "nonpartisan analysis, study, or research" requires in the

first instance that there have been engagement in nonpartisan analysis, study, or

research that is made available to others. Sec. 53.4945-2(d)(1)(i), Foundation

Excise Tax Regs. With the exception of the first radio message broadcast in

2000,47 Foundation presented no evidence that the information contained in any of

the radio messages was the result of any study or research it conducted or

collected from others, which gives rise to the presumption that Foundation did not

conduct or collect any such study or research. See Wichita Terminal Elevator Co.

v. Commissioner, 6 T.C. 1158 (1946), af[d, 162 F.2d 513 (10th Cir. 1947).

Moreover, the parties have stipulated that the radio messages were all produced at

an agency that "produces and arranges for the broadcast of political

advertisements", suggesting a source that was not nonpartisan.

47The first 2000 radio message satisfies one element of the regulatory

requirements for the "nonpartisan analysis, study, or research" exception; namely,

making available to the public the results of research. Sec. 53.4945-2(d)(1)(vii),

Example (4), Foundation Excise Tax Regs., illustrating the requirements of the

"nonpartisan analysis, study, or research" exception, makes clear that the analysis,

study, or research being made available to the general public may be the private

foundation's own work or research and the like collected from others and

disseminated. The record establishes that some of the statistics reported in the

first 2000 radio message were obtained from Oregon Tax Research.

- 60 More fundamentally, "nonpartisan analysis, study, or research" must be an

independent and objective exposition of a particular subject matter. For purposes

of section 4945(e), "nonpartisan analysis, study, or research" means "an

independent and objective exposition of a particular subject matter, including any

activity that is 'educational' within the meaning of § 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(3)." Sec.

53.4945-2(d)(1)(ii), Foundation Excise Tax Regs. While such an analysis may

advocate a particular viewpoint, it must nonetheless present "a sufficiently full and

fair exposition of the pertinent facts to enable the public or an individual to form

an independent opinion or conclusion." M.

As noted, the regulations provide that "nonpartisan analysis, study, or

research" includes "any activity that is 'educational' within the meaning of §

1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(3)." Petitioners contend that the radio messages qualify both as

"nonpartisan analysis, study, or research" and as "educational" as used in the

statute and the regulations. The definitions of "educational" in section

1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(3), Income Tax Regs., and "nonpartisan analysis, study, or

research" in section 53.4945-2(d)(1)(ii), Foundation Excise Tax Regs., both

employ the same requirement that any communication which advocates a

particular position or viewpoint must present a sufficiently "full and fair

- 61 exposition" of the pertinent facts to enable the public or an individual to form an

independent opinion or conclusion.48

The Commissioner has published the criteria he uses for determining

whether the "full and fair exposition" requirement is satisfied such that advocacy

will be treated as "educational" within the meaning of section 501(c)(3) and

section 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(3), Income Tax Regs., in Rev. Proc. 86-43, 1986-2 C.B.

729.49 The criteria focus on the method an organization uses to communicate its

viewpoint rather than the viewpoint itself. See Nationalist Movement v.

48The requirement is stated in sec. 53.4945-2(d)(1)(ii), Foundation Excise

Tax Regs., as allowing advocacy of "a particular position or viewpoint so long as

there is a sufficiently full and fair exposition of the pertinent facts to enable the

public or an individual to form an independent opinion or conclusion." The

requirement is stated in sec. 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(3), Income Tax Regs., as allowing

advocacy of "a particular position or viewpoint so long as it presents a sufficiently

full and fair exposition of the pertinent facts as to permit an individual or the

public to form an independent opinion or conclusion." The differences are solely

stylistic.

49Rev. Proc. 86-43, 1986-2 C.B. 729, was issued in response to the decision

of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit holding that the definition of

"educational" in sec. 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(3), Income Tax Regs., was

unconstitutionally vague in articulating the substantive requirements of the "full

and fair exposition" standard because it allowed "subjective application" by IRS

officials. See Big Mama Rag, Inc. v. United States, 631 F.2d 1030, 1037 (D.C.

Cir. 1980). Petitioners have not challenged the sec. 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(3), Income

Tax Regs., definition of "educational" as unconstitutionally vague. They instead

argue that the radio messages satisfy the criteria identified in Rev. Proc. 86-43,

supra, and are therefore "educational".

- 62 Commissioner, 102 T.C. 558, 581-583 (1994), aff'd on other grounds, 37 F.3d 216

(5th Cir. 1994). A method is not considered educational "if it fails to provide a

factual foundation for the viewpoint or position being advocated, or if it fails to

provide a development from the relevant facts that would materially aid a listener

or reader in a learning process." Rev. Proc. 86-43 sec. 3.02, 1986-2 C.B. at 729-

730.

Rev. Proc. 86-43, sec. 3.03, 1986-2 C.B. at 730, provides that the presence

of any of the following factors indicates an organization's method of presenting its

viewpoint is not educational:

1 The presentation of viewpoints or positions unsupported by facts is

a significant portion of the organization's communications.

2 The facts that purport to support the viewpoints or positions are

distorted.

3 The organization's presentations make substantial use of

inflammatory and disparaging terms and express conclusions more on

the basis of strong emotional feelings than of objective evaluations.

4 The approach used in the organization's presentations is not aimed

at developing an understanding on the part of the intended audience

or readership because it does not consider their background or

training in the subject matter.

- 63 Petitioners contend that the radio messages satisfy the criteria of Rev. Proc.

86-43, supra, and are therefore "educational"--making them "nonpartisan analysis,

study, or research". We therefore must decide whether the radio messages we

have found are "direct lobbying communications" are nonetheless "educational"

and therefore "nonpartisan analysis, study, or research". In determining whether

the radio messages contain factual distortions, we rely (except in the case of the

radio messages broadcast in 2000) upon the explanatory statements for the

relevant measures as a benchmark for impartial, objective analysis of the

measures. Because the explanatory statements were, with one exception,so

prepared pursuant to statutory requirements designed to ensure that they were

impartial--most notably that the five-person drafting committee consist of two

proponents, two opponents, and a fifth member agreed upon by the preceding

soThe one exception is the explanatory statement for Measure 49. In that

instance, the Oregon legislature overrode the ordinarily applicable statutory

provisions (Or. Rev. Stat. Ann. secs. 251.205 and 251.215 (West 2015) providing

for the five-person drafting committee) and statutorily prescribed the wording of

the explanatory statement. Nonetheless, we conclude that the explanatory

statement for Measure 49 likewise provides a reasonable benchmark of

impartiality in describing Measure 49. That is because, as discussed infg, the key

distortion in the radio message referring to Measure 49 was the omission of the

role played by the conflict between Federal law and the Oregon provisions for

inmate work programs in causing the cessation of the Oregon inmate work

programs. That conflict, pointed out in the explanatory statement, is an objective

factor. Consequently, we do not believe the explanatory statement itself engaged

in any distortion in pointing out the existence of the conflict.

- 64 four--we are satisfied that the explanatory statements provide a benchmark of

impartiality against which the radio messages can be measured to assess whether

they contain distortions. The financial impact statements published in the voters

pamphlets are prepared under similar statutorily prescribed procedures designed to

ensure their impartiality.

a.

1997

The 1997 radio message contains multiple factors that under Rev. Proc. 8643, supra, are indicative that the method used to communicate the position is not

educational. First, the message distorts the facts which led to Oregon's shutting

down a number of its inmate work programs. See Rev. Proc. 86-43, sec. 3.03

(factor 2). The message suggests that Oregon's Governor and attorney general

could have prevented the programs from being shut down but did not because of

their personal views of the criminal justice system, i.e., they "just don't think

criminals should spend much time in jail" and "think * * * [criminals] can be

rehabilitated". However, the explanatory statement for Measure 49 indicates that

the department of corrections shut the programs down because of a conflict with

Federal law and explains further that the constitutional amendments proposed in

Measure 49 were designed in part to make the constitutionally mandated inmate

work programs comply with Federal law. The radio message's implication that

- 65 Oregon's Governor and attorney general discontinued the inmate work programs

because of their personal policy views ignores the role of the Federal law conflict

in the shutdown and the fact that Measure 49 was proposed in part to cure that

conflict. The radio message therefore distorts the facts.

Second, the message makes substantial use of inflammatory language and

disparaging terms and reaches its conclusion on the basis of strong feelings rather

than objective evaluations. See id. sec. 3.03(3). The message indicates that the

Governor and the attorney general responded to the voters who approved the

constitutional amendment creating inmate work programs by saying "NO, we're

not gonna do it." Further, it characterizes the State's failure to have the programs

fully operational as "a bunch of whiney excuses". These statements are

inflammatory, disparaging, and taken as a whole appear calculated to induce an

emotional response in suggesting (falsely) that certain elected officials disregarded

an overwhelming popular vote in favor of their personal policy preferences. For

the foregoing reasons, we conclude the message is not "educational" within the

meaning of section 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(3), Income Tax Regs.

b.

1998

We likewise find that the two 1998 radio messages that refer to Measure 61

are not "educational". Each distorted facts in suggesting that a statute providing

- 66 for certain mandatory minimum sentences and certain additional sentences for

repeat offenders could be implemented without significant cost. The first of the

two messages contained the following statement concerning an earlier enactment

(Measure 11) requiring minimum sentences:

Back when John Kitzhaber was Senate President Legislation was

passed that resulted in a convicted murderer, given a life sentence,

actually serving less than 7 years in jail...

They said they didn't have enough jail space.

But then came Measure 11.

It required mandatory sentences for violent criminals with no

possibility of early release...and...it required the state to build enough

jail space.

They said it would cost billions of dollars. But it didn't.

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

And now Measure 61's on the ballot.

It requires mandatory sentences for criminals convicted of property

crimes.

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

If Measure 61 passes, that criminal goes to jail. And they'll have to

build enough jail space to keep 'em... There'll be no early release.

The second radio message referencing Measure 61 stated in part:

- 67 The citizens, not the politicians, passed Measure 11 putting violent

criminals in jail.

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

They said it would cost billions. But, it didn't. And the crime rate

went down.

And now ... Measure 61.

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

With Measure 61, that criminal absolutely goes to jail ... and no early

release.

In asserting that past claims about the financial impact of mandatory

minimum prison sentences were unfounded, and thereby implying that cost is an

inconsequential factor in deciding whether to enact further mandatory minimum

sentences, both messages distorted the available facts concerning Measure 61.

The financial impact statement for Measure 61 estimated that the mandatory and

presumptive sentences imposed by the measure would require 4,300 new prison

beds by 2006, with additional direct State expenditures for prison construction and

startup of $470 million by 2006. Direct State expenditures for prison operating

costs and debt service were estimated at $21 million in the first two years after

passage and $40 million in the following two years. By omitting and seeking to

discredit these public estimates, the radio messages presented distortions of the

- 68 facts in support of the position they advocated. See Rev. Proc. 86-43, sec. 3.03

(factor 2). They are thus not "educational" within the meaning of section

1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(3), Income Tax Regs.

The two radio messages broadcast in 1998 that refer to Measure 65 also

exhibit factors identified in Rev. Proc. 86-43, supra, as indicative of a presentation

method that is not "educational". Both messages make substantial use of

disparaging terms. Both characterize the administrative agency personnel as "nonelected government bureaucrats". The first goes on to describe them as the

legislature's "hired workforce" and characterizes their attitude towards landowners

adversely affected by an administrative rule as "tough, that's your problem, not

ours." The second characterizes administrators as having "made up" an

administrative rule. See id., sec. 3.03 (factor 3). Both messages' description of

the circumstances surrounding the administrative actions attacked are skeletal and

incomplete. They do not identify or even meaningfully describe the statutes and

administrative rules being criticized. One could surmise from the skeletal

descriptions that both involved zoning disputes, but the messages do not provide

even the most rudimentary description of the countervailing considerations raised

by the particular land use requests that were apparently denied. Thus, the radio

messages fail to provide "a sufficiently full and fair exposition of the pertinent

- 69 facts as to permit an individual or the public to form an independent opinion or

conclusion." Id. sec. 2.01. Because neither message provides the listener with

this basic information, the messages present "positions unsupported by facts", id.

sec. 3.03 (factor 1), and are "not aimed at developing an understanding on the part

of the intended audience * * * because * * * [they do] not consider * * * [the

audience's] background or training in the subject matter", 4 sec. 3.03 (factor 4).

These radio messages are thus not "educational" within the meaning of section

1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(3), Income Tax Regs.

c.

1999

The two radio messages broadcast in 1999 that refer to Measures 69 through

75 are not "educational" because at least two of the criteria in Rev. Proc. 86-43,

supra, are present. First, the messages offer no facts in support of the position that

Measures 69 through 75 should be approved. Instead, each message summarily

declares: "Who would be against this? The liberals and criminal defense lawyers."

S_e_e 4, sec. 3.03 (factor 1). Second, the messages express conclusions based more

on strong feelings than on objective evaluations. The messages portray the two

members of the Oregon legislature who opposed the referral of Measures 69

through 75 as "fighting against the victims of crime" in the victims' effort "to be

treated at least as well as the criminals." See 4 sec. 3.03 (factor 3). We conclude

- 70 on the basis of the methods by which they presented their viewpoint that the

messages were therefore not "educational".

d.

2000

The first radio message broadcast in 2000 that refers to Measure 8 asserted

that the size of State government (as measured by revenues) had increased nearly

three times faster than personal income over the preceding 10 years. We have

already concluded that the message's statement that Oregon voters "would soon be

asked" if they wanted to slow down the growth of their State government was a

reference to Measure 8, which would have limited state spending to 15% of

personal income. A contemporaneous newspaper article concerning this radio

message asserted that the radio message's statistics were flawed and misleading,

insofar as they suggested that the Oregon State government was growing nearly

three times faster than personal income. The article contended that the statistics

had at least three shortcomings: (1) the use of personal income figures that were

adjusted for population when the State spending figures were not; (2) the use of

the growth rate of the State's general fund spending, rather than that of "all funds"

spending, which rose 108% over the 10-year period as compared to 130% for the

general fund; and (3) a failure to account for the shift in spending on education

from local governments to the State government resulting from a 1990 citizen-

- 71 initiated measure that limited local property taxes. The article concluded by

asserting that when adjustments were made to account for the foregoing flaws plus

inflation, the rate of growth of State government (as measured by per capita State

spending) was less than that of personal income; specifically, a 4% increase in

State spending as compared to an 18% increase in personal income over the past

decade.

Relying on the newspaper article, respondent contends that the radio

message contains two of the factors in Rev. Proc. 86-43, supra, that indicate a

communication is not educational. First, respondent argues, the message presents

distorted facts, violating factor 2 of the revenue procedure. See Rev. Proc. 86-43,

sec. 3.03 (factor 2).

Respondent's reliance on a newspaper article to demonstrate factual

distortions in the 2000 radio messages stands in contrast to the benchmarks used

for assessing factual distortions in the radio messages at issue in earlier years;

namely, the explanatory statements. Those statements were the consensus product

of a committee composed of persons favoring and opposing the ballot measure

described. As previously discussed, we conclude that such a drafting process

provided reasonable assurance of the explanatory statements' impartiality. By

contrast, the newspaper article is itself a piece of advocacy--quite clearly making

- 72 the case against the conclusions urged by the radio message. Respondent presents

as evidence of the radio message's distorted facts the newspaper article's assertion

that the radio message's comparison of the rate of growth of personal income with

the rate of growth of State spending was "flawed" because the former is adjusted

for population and the latter is not. On this record, we are unable to conclude that

the radio message presented distorted facts. It has not been shown that the actual

figures for the respective growths of personal income and State spending cited in

the radio message were distorted. Instead, the claim of distortion is that the

straightforward comparison of those two growth rates is "flawed" and,

presumably, misleading because one is adjusted for population and the other is

not. With better evidence to support it, respondent's contention might raise a

close question regarding where to draw the line between permissible advocacy and

factual distortion. However, given the dubious evidence respondent has

proffered--a newspaper article that is only in the record for lack of a hearsay

objection, the author of which cannot be cross-examined--we are not persuaded

that the radio message presented distorted facts.

Second, respondent contends, again relying on the newspaper article, that

the radio message also violates factor 4 of Rev. Proc. 86-43, sec. 3.03 because

"there is much background material that is missing from the presentation that

- 73 would be necessary for the public to understand and evaluate the material." In this

regard, respondent points to the newspaper article's assertion that the radio

message's statistics failed to account for population growth, inflation, and the shift

in school funding from local to State government. Respondent makes the further

point in support of a factor 4 violation that: "The relationship between state

spending and personal income is too complex to meaningfully be taught in a single

minute as Foundation asserts it has done. Thus, the communication was not

educational."

In Nationalist Movement v. Commissioner,102 T.C. 558, we held that Rev.

Proc. 86-43, supra, is not unconstitutionally vague on its face or as applied to the

tax-exempt organization in that case. In so holding, we observed

Petitioner apparently reads the revenue procedure [Rev. Proc.

86-43, supra,] to require organizations to present and rebut opposing

views * * * . * * * The revenue procedure, however, does not by its

terms require this type of presentation * * * . Because the IRS does

not condition educational status under the revenue procedure on the

presentation of opposing views, the IRS is not called upon to

evaluate how accurately or completely an organization presents such

views.

Il at 586-587. Factor 4 in Rev. Proc. 86-43, sec. 3.03 states that advocacy of a

viewpoint may not be considered educational where "[t]he approach used in the

organization's presentations is not aimed at developing an understanding on the

- 74 part of the intended audience or readership because it does not consider their

background or training in the subject matter." Respondent effectively argues that

the radio message's omission of "background material"--which respondent

identifies as the failure to adjust for population growth, inflation, or the shift in

school funding from local to State government--is a violation of factor 4. We

disagree. We conclude instead that respondent's treatment of the omissions as a

violation of factor 4 interprets Rev. Proc. 86-43, sec. 3.03 too expansively to

require presentation of opposing views. For example, whether some portion of the

sharp increase in State spending purportedly identified in the radio message could

be accounted for by the shift in school funding responsibility to the State is a

matter about which advocates for and against limitations on State spending could

be expected to take opposing views.5¹ But to require Foundation's advocacy for

State spending limitations to disclose that argument lest it violate factor 4 goes too

far. We specifically rejected that interpretation of Rev. Proc. 86-43, supra, in

Nationalist Movement because it would require the IRS "to evaluate how

s¹We cite the school funding shift because the newspaper article does not

explain how inflation should have been accounted for in its critique of

Foundation's radio message or even whether one or both of the State revenue and

personal income figures had been adjusted for inflation. We have considered the

omission of the population growth adjustment in our discussion of whether the

radio message presented distorted facts.

- 75 accurately or completely an organization presents * * * [opposing] views."

Nationalist Movement v. Commissioner, 102 T.C. at 587. We reject it here as

well, and conclude that the first radio message in 2000 did not violate factor 4 of

Rev. Proc. 86-43, sec. 3.03. Finally, for similar reasons, we reject respondent's

contention that a factor 4 violation has occurred because the relationship between

State spending and personal income is too complex to meaningfully be taught in a

single minute. Accepting such an argument would disqualify most radio and

television advertisements where the IRS deemed the subject matter "complex"-raising again the specter of subjective application that Rev. Proc. 86-43, supra,

was intended to mitigate--or it would require the IRS to evaluate communications

for accuracy and completeness in a manner proscribed by Nationalist Movement.

Because the first 2000 radio message provided facts and statistics to support

its viewpoint that mandatory limits should be imposed on State spending, it has

"provide[d] a factual foundation for the viewpoint or position being advocated",

Rev. Proc. 86-43, sec. 3.02. The radio message did not violate factors 2 and 4 of

Rev. Proc. 86-43, sec. 3.03 as contended by respondent. Consequently, the radio

message is "educational" and therefore "nonpartisan analysis, study, or research".

- 76 3.

Nonexempt Purpose

Respondent argues in the alternative that the expenditures for the radio

messages are taxable expenditures under section 4945(d)(5) because they were for

a nonexempt purpose. Any amount paid by a private foundation "for any purpose

other than one specified in section 170(c)(2)(B)" is a taxable expenditure. Id. The

specified purposes are religious, charitable, scientific, literary, and educational, as

well as fostering amateur sports competition and preventing cruelty to children or

animals. Sec. 170(c)(2)(B). Thus, an expenditure for an activity which, if it were

a substantial part of the organization's total activities, would cause loss of tax

exemption is a taxable expenditure under section 4945(d)(5). Sec. 53.4945-6(a),

Foundation Excise Tax Regs.; see also sec. 1.501(c)(3)-1(c)(1), Income Tax Regs.

Petitioners argue that the expenditures were not taxable expenditures under section

4945(d)(5) because they were "educational". Petitioners offer "educational" as the

only exempt purpose of the expenditures.

We have already found, in considering petitioners' claim that the radio

messages were "nonpartisan analysis, study, or research", that all but three of them

were not "educational" within the meaning of section 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(3), Income

Tax Regs. They are therefore also taxable expenditures under section 4945(d)(5).

We have concluded that the first 2000 radio message was "educational" within the

- 77 meaning of section 501(c)(3) and section 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(3), Income Tax Regs.

Consequently, the expenditure for that radio message is not a taxable expenditure

under section 4945(d)(5). That leaves two radio messages requiring further

consideration: Communication #8 in 1999, which respondent has not contended is

an attempt to influence legislation under section 4945(d)(1), and the second radio

message in 2000, which we have concluded was not a "direct lobbying

communication" though respondent so contended.

a.

Communication #8

Communication #8 aired when several bills were before the Oregon

Legislative Assembly in the spring and summer of 1999 that would have amended

Measure 11, a citizen-initiated ballot measure passed in 1994 that established

mandatory minimum sentences for certain crimes.

Communication #8 described a man recently arrested for "the gruesome

serial murders of 3 women", documented his lengthy criminal history preceding

that arrest, and noted the short prison sentence the man served for his past crimes.

The message then contended that the man would still have been in jail had the

mandatory minimum sentences of Measure 11 been in effect at the time and noted

that the "State senate just voted to allow some violent Measure 11 convicts a 15%

- 78 reduction in prison time." Asking rhetorically "Now, who would do that?", it

identified four senators who had so voted.

Communication #8 contains two factors from Rev. Proc. 86-43, supra,

indicating that it is not "educational". First, in failing to provide information

concerning the circumstances under which the sentence reductions would apply,

the radio message omits critical facts. See id. sec. 3.02 and 3.03(1). Without these

facts, a listener could not evaluate whether the reductions were justified or

whether they would have reduced the sentence of the accused serial murderer (had

he been sentenced for his earlier convictions when Measure 11 was applicable).

Second, in highlighting "gruesome serial murders" and the extensive criminal

background of a single individual, without disclosing the nature of the reductions

in the legislation supported by the named senators, the presentation expresses a

conclusion--namely, that the four named senators acted reprehensibly--"more on

the basis of strong emotional feelings than of objective evaluations." I£ sec.

3.03(3). Communication #8 is therefore not "educational" within the meaning of

section 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(3), Income Tax Regs., and Foundation's expenditure for

it is a taxable expenditure under section 4549(d)(5).

- 79 b.

Second Radio Message in 2000

The second 2000 radio message repeated the claim of the first that State

government revenue had grown nearly three times faster than personal income but

also made a new and different assertion; namely, that the State of Oregon had filed

a lawsuit against Foundation in retaliation for its disclosures in the first 2000 radio

message about the growth rate of State revenue. In making the assertion about

retaliation, the radio message did not disclose that Foundation had been under

audit by the Oregon attorney general's office concerning its expenditures for radio

advertisements for (at a minimum) more than two years before the first 2000 radio

message was broadcast--a material fact of substantial relevance to the claim of

retaliation. Petitioners have offered no additional evidence to support the radio

message's claim about retaliation, and the evidence in the record--concerning the

length and seriousness of the attorney general's investigation and the unlikely

prospects of settlement--tends to rebut the claim of retaliation. We conclude that

the failure to disclose the investigation, given the material nature of that fact to the

claim of retaliation, rendered the radio message's assertion concerning the

retaliatory nature of the lawsuit a factual distortion. See Rev. Proc. 86-43, sec.

3.03 (factor 2). Moreover, the radio message went on to characterize the State's

filing of the lawsuit as follows: "Isn't that what Richard Nixon did when he used

- 80 the IRS to go after his political enemies?" These are obviously inflammatory and

disparaging terms, causing the radio message to violate factor 3 of Rev. Proc. 8643, sec. 3.03 as well. Given the presence of factors 2 and 3, we conclude that the

second 2000 radio message's presentation is not "educational" within the meaning

of section 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(3), Income Tax Regs., and Foundation's expenditure

for it is a taxable expenditure under section 4549(d)(5).

4.

Conclusion

Foundation's expenditures for all of the radio messages during its years at

issue, except Communication #8 and the first and second 2000 radio messages,

were taxable expenditures under section 4945(d)(1) because they were attempts to

influence legislation as defined in section 4945(e) and the regulations thereunder.

In addition, all of the expenditures, except the first 2000 radio message, were

taxable expenditures under section 4945(d)(5) because they were not for an

exempt purpose specified in section 170(c)(2)(B). The first 2000 radio message

was "educational" within the meaning of section 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(3), Income Tax

Regs., as applied in Rev. Proc. 86-43, supra. Consequently, the amounts

Foundation paid52 for the first 2000 radio message are not a taxable expenditure

52As noted, respondent represents on brief that Foundation's records did not

establish what portion of the $341,062 Foundation spent during its 2000 taxable

(continued...)

- 81 under either section 4945(d)(1) or (5), as determined by respondent. Except with

respect to the expenditure for the first 2000 radio message, we sustain

respondent's determination of the section 4945(a)(1) excise tax deficiencies for

Foundation for its years at issue.

B.

Section 4945(a)(2)

Respondent determined excise tax deficiencies under section 4945(a)(2) for

Mr. Parks of $1,625, $5,000, $825, and $5,000 for 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000,

respectively. Section 4945(a)(2) imposes a 2.5% tax on "the agreement of any

foundation manager to the making of an expenditure, knowing that it is a taxable

expenditure, * * * unless such agreement is not willful and is due to reasonable

cause." The tax is limited to $5,000 per taxable expenditure and payable by the

foundation manager.53 Sec. 4945(a)(2), (c)(2). The parties stipulated that to the

extent Foundation is found liable for tax under section 4945(a)(1), "Mr. Parks

52(...continued)

year was allocable to the first and second radio messages, respectively. Such an

allocation now becomes necessary in view of our holding that the expenditure for

the first was not a taxable expenditure while the expenditure for the second was.

We expect the parties to resolve this issue as part of their computations under Rule

155. We note in this regard that Foundation bears the burden of establishing that

an expenditure is not a taxable expenditure.

53The limit increased to $10,000 per taxable expenditure for taxable years

beginning after August 17, 2006. PPA sec. 1212(e)(2)(A), (f), 120 Stat. at 1075.

- 82 shall be deemed liable pursuant to I.R.C. § 4549(a)(2), subject to the $5,000

limitation contained in I.R.C. § 4945(c)(2), unless Mr. Parks establishes that he

agreed to the expenditures based on advice of counsel as described in Treas. Reg.

§ 53.4945-1(a)(2)(vi)."54

We note as a preliminary matter that section 53.4945-1(a)(2)(vi),

Foundation Excise Tax Regs., provides that "the absence of advice of counsel with

respect to an expenditure shall not, by itself, give rise to any inference that a

foundation manager agreed to the making of the expenditure knowingly, willfully,

or without reasonable cause." The parties' stipulation, however, has narrowed Mr.

Parks' defense to one of reliance on advice of counsel; pursuant to the stipulation,

Mr. Parks will incur the section 4945(a)(2) excise taxes (to the extent Foundation

is found liable for the related section 4945(a)(1) taxes) unless he affirmatively

establishes that he agreed to the making of the expenditures "based on the advice

of counsel" as that advice is described in the regulation.

Section 53.4945-1(a)(2)(vi), Foundation Excise Tax Regs., provides in part

as follows:

54We find implicit in this stipulation the proposition that Mr. Parks was a

"foundation manager" within the meaning of sec. 4946(b). The parties also

stipulated that Mr. Parks was a member of the board of directors of Foundation

and that he approved all of the taxable expenditures at issue.

- 83 (vi) Advice of counsel.--If a foundation manager, after full

disclosure of the factual situation to legal counsel * * * , relies on the

advice of such counsel expressed in a reasoned written legal opinion

that an expenditure is not a taxable expenditure under section 4945

(or that expenditures conforming to certain guidelines are not taxable

expenditures), although such expenditure is subsequently held to be a

taxable expenditure * * * , the foundation manager's agreement to

such expenditure * * * will ordinarily not be considered "knowing" or

"willful" and will ordinarily be considered "due to reasonable cause"

within the meaning of section 4945(a)(2). * * *

A written legal opinion will be considered "reasoned" even if it reaches a

conclusion that is subsequently determined to be incorrect so long as it "addresses

itself to the facts and applicable law." Sec. 53.4945-1(a)(2)(vi), Foundation

Excise Tax Regs. A written legal opinion that "does nothing more than recite the

facts and express a conclusion" is not "reasoned". Id.

The parties stipulated that drafts of the radio messages created after

November 30, 1997, were provided to Foundation's tax counsel for his review and

approval. However, the record contains only two written responses from the

attorney that address whether specific radio messages would give rise to a taxable

expenditure, and a letter from him that could be construed as providing guidelines

for taxable expenditures.

The first written response that opined that a specific radio message would

not give rise to a taxable expenditure concerned the first 1998 radio message that

- 84 referred to Measure 61. The response is reproduced in full in our findings. As

pertinent here, the response states:

We have reviewed the text of radio spot M61#1. The Foundation is

not permitted to support or oppose any political candidate or any

ballot measures. * * * The conclusion of this radio spot is close to an

endorsement of the ballot measure, but we do not think it goes too far.

***

Thus, the conclusion effectively reached is that the radio message did not

"reflect[*] a view on" Measure 61 as provided in the regulations. M sec.

56.4911-2(b)(1), Pub. Charity Excise Tax Regs. However, nowhere does the

written response address the facts of the radio message or the substance of the

applicable law, such as describing how the statements in the message are similar

to, or distinguishable from, the regulatory examples that delineate what constitutes

"reflect[ing] a view on" a ballot measure for purposes of defining a "direct

lobbying communication". Consequently, this written response provided by

Foundation's tax counsel does not qualify as a "reasoned written legal opinion"

under the regulations.55

55Even if one were to construe the written response's conclusion that the

radio message "does not go too far" as premised on the proposition that the

message constituted "nonpartisan research, analysis, or study" or was

"educational" within the meaning of the regulations, there is likewise no

discussion of the requirements of those regulatory exceptions or how the message

met those requirements.

- 85 The second written response that opined that a specific radio message would

not give rise to a taxable expenditure concerned the two 1998 radio messages that

we have concluded referred to Measure 65. That written response stated in full:

"We have reviewed the texts of spots labeled M65-1 and M65-2. They appear to

comply with the 'public education' purpose of the Parks Foundation. If you have

further questions, please contact us." This statement "does nothing more than

recite the facts and express a conclusion", sec. 53.4945-1(a)(2)(vi), Foundation

Excise Tax Regs., and is therefore not a "reasoned written legal opinion" under the

regulations.

Finally, an October 14, 1999, letter from Foundation's tax counsel to Mr.

Parks advised him of the exception for lobbying communications that express a

point of view so long as the message is "educational". As pertinent to the

"educational" exception for lobbying communications, the letter stated:

It is not possible to express a "general rule" for you to follow in

your political efforts. Instead, we urge you to simply stay focused on

the facts. Do not succumb to emotion or generalizations of 'good' or

'bad' or 'conservative' or 'liberal.' It is certainly acceptable to use

humor, sarcasm and imagery as long as they do not obscure the

factual basis of your message.

To the extent this October 14, 1999, letter may constitute guidelines as

contemplated in the regulations, it could provide a basis for relief only with

- 86 respect to the expenditures for the two radio messages prepared and broadcast in

2000.56 The expenditures for the 1999 radio messages were made in June and July

of 1999; thus Mr. Parks could not have relied on this letter in making those

expenditures or any earlier ones.

Respondent contends that the letter does not constitute advisory guidelines

for purposes of the regulation because it does not cite specified language from the

regulations and Rev. Proc. 86-43, supra, and therefore does not "address itself to

the * * * applicable law" concerning what is "educational". We disagree. The

letter explains, as respondent concedes on brief, that an expenditure for a

lobbying communication that qualifies as "educational" is not a taxable

expenditure. The letter further points out that even where the communication

expresses a point of view, it is not lobbying if it "stay[s] focused on the facts" and

avoids emotion and conclusory generalizations. The foregoing material

reasonably approximates the substance of the definition of "educational" in

section 53.4945-2(d)(1)(ii), Foundation Excise Tax Regs., as delineated in Rev.

Proc. 86-43, supra. We note in this regard the letter's reference to a "point of

56Since we have concluded that Foundation's expenditure for the first 2000

radio message was not a taxable expenditure, we need not decide whether Mr.

Parks had reasonable cause based on advice of counsel in agreeing to the

expenditure.

- 87 view" being allowable and the emphasis on sticking to facts, which approximate

the regulation.57 In addition, the letter's instructions to avoid emotion and

generalizations reflect factors identified in Rev. Proc. 86-43, supra, to be avoided;

namely, "express[ing] conclusions more on the basis of strong emotional feelings

than of objective evidence" and "viewpoints * * * unsupported by facts". While

the letter's analysis is far from a perfect distillation of the applicable law defining

an "educational" communication, we conclude that it discussed the applicable law

with sufficient accuracy to qualify as a "reasoned written legal opinion" under

section 53.4945-1(a)(2)(vi), Foundation Excise Tax Regs.

The question remains whether Mr. Parks in fact relied on Foundation's tax

counsel's advice; that is, whether the second radio message he approved in 2000

adhered to the letter's guidelines so that Mr. Parks' reliance could be said to have

been based on thatadherence.

As previously noted, the second 2000 radio message repeated the claim of

the first about the growth rate of the Oregon State government but made the

additional claim that the State government had filed a lawsuit against Foundation

57As noted, sec. 53.4945-2(d)(1)(ii), Foundation Excise Tax Regs., provides

that a communication is "educational" even though it "advocate[s] a particular

position or viewpoint so long as there is a sufficiently full and fair exposition of

the pertinent facts".

- 88 in retaliation for the disclosures about the growth rate that Foundation made in the

first radio message. Mr. Parks necessarily knew when he agreed to the

expenditure for the second message that the assertion about the lawsuit's having

been filed as retaliation was a factual distortion. At that time, he knew--by virtue

of the October 14, 1999, letter to him from Foundation's tax counsel--that

Foundation's funding of radio advertisements had been under active investigation

by State authorities and was unlikely to be resolved by settlement, well before the

broadcast of the first radio message in 2000. Thus Mr. Parks knew that the second

message did not adhere to the letter's guideline to "stay focused on the facts"; he

knew that the second message contained a significant distortion of fact.

Consequently, he did not agree to the expenditure in reliance on legal counsel's

advice that conforming the expenditure to stated guidelines would prevent it from

being held to be a taxable expenditure. As a result, Mr. Parks has not established

that his agreement to the expenditure for the second radio message in 2000 was

based on advice of counsel as described in section 53.4549-1(a)(2)(vi), Foundation

Excise Tax Regs.

Mr. Parks has offered no evidence of any other written legal opinion

addressing the radio messages at issue. Therefore, he has failed to establish, as

stated in the parties' stipulations, that he agreed to the taxable expenditures on

- 89 advice of counsel as described in section 53.4945-1(a)(2)(vi), Foundation Excise

Tax Regs. Accordingly, we sustain respondent's determination that Mr. Parks has

deficiencies in excise tax under section 4945(a)(2) for his years at issue, except

with respect to Foundation's expenditure for the first 2000 radio message.

C.

Section 4945(b)(1)

Respondent also determined excise tax deficiencies under section

4945(b)(1) for Foundation of $65,000, $200,000, $33,012, and $341,062 for its

1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000 taxable years, respectively. Section 4945(b)(1)

imposes a tax equal to 100% of the amount of a taxable expenditure, payable by

the private foundation, when tax is imposed under section 4945(a)(1) and the

taxable expenditure is "not corrected within the taxable period". The "taxable

period" begins on the date the taxable expenditure is made and ends on the earlier

of: (1) the date a notice of deficiency with respect to the tax imposed by section

4945(a)(1) is mailed; or (2) the date on which such tax is assessed. Sec.

4945(i)(2).

"Correction" of a taxable expenditure occurs when all or part of the

expenditure is recovered and, if full recovery is not possible, corrective action

prescribed by the Secretary is taken. Sec. 4945(i)(1).

- 90 The "taxable period" for Foundation ended on December 22, 2006, when

respondent mailed a notice of deficiency to it determining deficiencies under

section 4945(a)(1). The taxable expenditures were not corrected within the

taxable period.

Petitioners contend that they should not be held liable for the second tier

excise taxes (both Foundation's under section 4549(b)(1) and Mr. Parks' under

section 4549(b)(2), discussed below) because they could still correct the taxable

expenditures under the "correction period" provided under sections 4961(a) and

4963(e). While it is true that petitioners may still avoid liability for the second tier

excise taxes by correcting the taxable expenditures during the "correction period"

provided in section 4963(e)--which in general extends through any period during

which the excise tax deficiencies cannot be assessed under section 6213(a)-sections 4961(a) and 4963(e) do not impair our jurisdiction to redetermine the

deficiencies as determined by respondent. Indeed, the scheme of those sections is

designed to enable Tax Court jurisdiction to review section 4549(b) excise tax

deficiency determinations. See Thorne v. Commissioner, 99 T.C. at 95-96; H.R.

Rept. No. 96-912, at 1-3 (1980), 1980-2 C.B. 657, 657-658.

Because Foundation's taxable expenditures were not corrected within the

"taxable period" provided in section 4945(i)(2), we sustain respondent's

- 91 determination of deficiencies under section 4945(b)(1) for its taxable years at

issue, except with respect to the failure to correct the expenditure for the first 2000

radio message, which was not a taxable expenditure.

D.

Section 4945(b)(2)

Respondent determined excise tax deficiencies under section 4945(b)(2) for

Mr. Parks of $10,000 each year for 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000. When tax is

imposed by section 4945(b)(1), section 4945(b)(2) imposes a tax equal to 50% of

the amount of the taxable expenditure on any foundation manager who "refused to

agree to part or all of the correction". The tax is limited, however, to $10,000 per

expenditure. Sec. 4945(c)(2).58 The Commissioner must formally request

correction in order for the tax to be imposed. Thorne v. Commissioner, 99 T.C. at

97.

Respondent's revenue agent made a formal request that Mr. Parks correct

the taxable expenditures at issue in a letter sent to Foundation's tax counsel on

October 16, 2002. Foundation's tax counsel replied with a letter on November 11,

2002, informing the revenue agent that Mr. Parks refused to make the requested

correction. Accordingly, we sustain respondent's deficiency determinations under

58The limit increased to $20,000 per taxable expenditure for taxable years

beginning after August 17, 2006. See PPA sec. 1212(e)(2)(B), (f), 120 Stat. at

1075.

- 92 section 4945(b)(2) for Mr. Parks for his years at issue, except with respect to the

failure to correct the expenditure for the first 2000 radio message, which was not a

taxable expenditure.

III.

Petitioners' Constitutional Challenges

Because we find petitioners are liable for excise taxes pursuant to section

4945, we must address petitioners' claim that imposition of the excise taxes at

issue is unconstitutional. Petitioners argue that section 4945 and the regulations

thereunder, as applied to Foundation's expenditures for the radio messages,

impermissibly burden their First Amendment right to freedom of speech.

Petitioners also argue that the regulatory provisions that define a direct lobbying

communication are unconstitutionally vague. We will address these arguments in

turn.

A.

First Amendment

Petitioners, relying on the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Fed. Election

Comm'n v. Wis. Right to Life (WRTL), 551 U.S. 449 (2007), contend that to the

extent the radio messages may be found to constitute lobbying, they are "political

speech", and governmental restrictions on the political speech of nonprofit

corporations are subject to strict scrutiny. Under that well-recognized standard of

review, the government must show that application of the governmental restriction

- 93 "furthers a compelling interest and is narrowly tailored to achieve that interest".

Il at 464. Petitioners suggest that the Supreme Court's decision in Citizens

United v. Fed. Election Comm'n (Citizens United), 558 U.S. 310 (2010), also

subjecting to strict scrutiny a Federal election law prohibition on a corporation's

use of general treasury funds to make independent expenditures for electioneering

communications, reinforces that exacting standard for any restrictions on the

political speech of nonprofit corporations.59 Respondent, petitioners argue, has

failed to make the required showing with respect to the excise taxes imposed on

account of Foundation's expenditures for the radio messages.

Petitioners also argue that the implementing regulations fail to pass muster

under WRTL because they depend upon a "contextual analysis" in determining

whether an expenditure is a "direct lobbying communication", an approach which

WRTL proscribes. While petitioners' articulation of this latter argument is

sketchy, they presumably are contending that the regulations' use of context6° to

"In Citizens United v. Fed. Election Comm'n, 558 U.S. 310, 365 (2010),

the Supreme Court held that the First Amendment prohibits restrictions on

political speech based on the speaker's identity as a corporation, observing: "No

sufficient governmental interest justifies limits on the political speech of nonprofit

or for-profit corporations."

6°As illustrations of this use of context, we have found that the examples in

the regulations demonstrate that a communication "refers to" a ballot measure,

(continued...)

- 94 conclude that a communication refers to a specific ballot measure, even when the

communication does not name the measure, is impermissible under WRTL. The

Supreme Court in WRTL held that the standard for a restriction on political speech

"must be objective, focusing on the substance of the communication rather than

amorphous considerations of intent and effect", 551 U.S. at 469, and that

"contextual factors * * * should seldom play a significant role in the inquiry", id.

at 473-474.

Petitioners' arguments are misplaced. WRTL and Citizens United involved

outright bans on expenditures for certain political speech of nonprofit (and forprofit) corporations under Federal election law. In each case the Supreme Court

concluded that strict scrutiny applied. See Citizens United, 558 U.S. at 340;

WRTL, 551 U.S. at 464. At issue here is Congress' imposition of a tax on an

otherwise tax-exempt private foundation as a sanction to deter its use of taxdeductible contributions for lobbying expenditures. The applicable Supreme

Court precedent concerning whether the First Amendment prohibits restrictions on

lobbying by tax-exempt organizations eligible to receive tax-deductible

contributions is Regan v. Taxation With Representation of Wash. (Regan), 461

6°(...continued)

notwithstanding a failure to cite it by name, when it employs terms widely used in

connection with the measure or describes its general content or effect.

- 95 U.S. 540 (1983). In that case, the Commissioner had denied section 501(c)(3) taxexempt status to Taxation With Representation of Washington (TWR), a nonprofit

corporation, because it intended to engage in substantial lobbying activities (i.e., a

greater amount than permitted under the standard in section 501(c)(3) limiting tax

exemption to corporations "no substantial part of the activities of which is * * *

attempting * * * to influence legislation"). TWR argued that Congress' denial of

tax-exempt status on the basis of the corporation's engagement in greater-thaninsubstantial lobbying activities violated the First Amendment.

The Supreme Court disagreed, reasoning that "[b]oth tax exemptions and

tax-deductibility are a form of subsidy that is administered through the tax system"

and that Congress may, consistent with the First Amendment, choose not to

subsidize lobbying by prohibiting the expenditure of tax-deductible contributions

for it. Regan, 461 U.S. at 544-545. The Court rejected TWR's claim that the

prohibition against substantial lobbying by section 501(c)(3) organizations

imposed an "unconstitutional condition" on the receipt of tax-deductible

contributions--as proscribed by Speiser v. Randall, 357 U.S. 513 (1958). Instead,

the Court reasoned, since TWR could employ (as it had in the past) a dual

structure of a section 501(c)(4) tax-exempt entity to conduct its lobbying activities

(without using deductible contributions for that purpose) and a section 501(c)(3)

- 96 tax-exempt entity receiving deductible contributions to conduct nonlobbying

charitable activities, the Internal Revenue Code did not deny TWR the right to

receive deductible contributions to support its nonlobbying activities, nor deny it

any independent benefit on account of its intention to lobby; Congress was merely

refusing to pay for the lobbying out of public moneys. Regan, 461 U.S. at 545.6¹

Rejecting TWR's First Amendment claim outright, the Court reaffirmed its earlier

holding in Cammarano v. United States, 358 U.S. 498 (1959), that

Congress is not required by the First Amendment to subsidize lobbying. In

these cases, as in Cammarano, Congress has not infringed any First

Amendment rights or regulated any First Amendment activity. Congress

has simply chosen not to pay for TWR's lobbying. We again reject the

"notion that First Amendment rights are somehow not fully realized unless

they are subsidized by the State."

Regan, 461 U.S. at 546 (citations omitted).

The Court also rejected the proposition that Congress' decision to deny a

subsidy for lobbying by section 501(c)(3) organizations is subject to the strict

scrutiny standard of review. "We have held in several contexts that a legislature's

decision not to subsidize the exercise of a fundamental right does not infringe the

6¹This aspect of the Supreme Court's reasoning in Regan concerning a sec.

501(c)(3) organization's ability to use an affiliated sec. 501(c)(4) entity for the

conduct of lobbying has become known as the "alternate channel doctrine". See

Mariam Galston, "Campaign Speech and Contextual Analysis", 6 First Amend. L.

Rev. 100 (2007).

- 97 right, and thus is not subject to strict scrutiny." R at 549. A higher level of

scrutiny is appropriate only if a subsidy-allocating statute "employ[s] a suspect

classification, such as race", 4 at 547, or "discriminate[s] invidiously in its

subsidies in such a way as to '[aim] at the suppression of dangerous ideas'", 4 at

548 (quoting Cammarano, 358 U.S. at 513). Absent the foregoing, the

government need only show a rational basis for the decision not to extend a

subsidy for speech by allowing tax-deductible contributions to support it. E at

546-551; see also Ysursa v. Pocatello Educ. Ass'n, 555 U.S. 353 (2009)

(reaffirming Regan holding in finding strict scrutiny inapplicable in assessing First

Amendment restrictions on State's prohibition on local government's withholding

of union dues from wages to support political activities); Am. Soc'y of Ass'n

Execs. v. United States, 195 F.3d 47 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (finding strict scrutiny

review inapplicable in assessing First Amendment restrictions on denial of Federal

income tax deduction for portion of dues paid to tax-exempt trade association

engaged in lobbying, citing Regan).

It follows that if Congress may, consistent with the First Amendment, deny

outright the tax exemption and eligibility to receive tax-deductible contributions

for a section 501(c)(3) organization that engages in substantial lobbying--in order

to deprive the organization of any tax subsidy for lobbying--it may also impose on

- 98 the subset of section 501(c)(3) organizations classified as private foundations the

less onerous sanction of excise taxes that are proportionate to the lobbying

expenditures and likewise designed to deter the use of any tax subsidy for

lobbying. Furthermore, because legislative acts of this nature are treated as the

denial of a subsidy for speech, subject to rational basis rather than strict scrutiny

review, it is clear that Congress or a State government can employ a range of

methods to reduce or eliminate a governmental subsidy for speech, such as

outright denial of tax exemption and eligibility to receive tax-deductible

contributions (Regan), a proxy tax to recapture the benefit of tax-deductible

contributions (Am. Soc'y of Ass'n Execs.), or a State prohibition on local

governments' withholding from wages any union dues to support political

activities (Pocatello Educ. Ass'n). The excise taxes at issue are in this respect

quite similar to the proxy tax upheld in Am. Soc'y of Ass'n Execs.: Both taxes

serve to recapture some of the benefit of the tax-deductible source of the funds.

- 99 Thus, the excise taxes at issue readily pass rational basis scrutiny.62 As

previously noted, Congress chose to impose excise taxes on private foundations

because it concluded that such taxes would be a more effective and proportionate

sanction (as compared to revocation of tax-exempt status) for discouraging private

foundation expenditures of tax-exempt and tax-deductible funds for lobbying or

other nonexempt purposes. See S. Rept. No. 91-552, supra at 48, 1969-3 C.B. at

455; H.R. Rept. No. 91-413, supra at 31-36, 1969-3 C.B. at 221-223. Thus, the

excise taxes at issue were intended as a more effective means of limiting the use of

the subsidy. As in Regan, the excise taxes thus bear "a rational relation to a

legitimate governmental purpose" of limiting the tax subsidization of lobbying.

Regan, 461 U.S. at 547.63

62We note petitioners do not contend that sec. 4945 and the implementing

regulations employ any suspect classifications or seek to suppress any particular

idea or ideology such that heightened scrutiny would be triggered on that basis.

S_e_e Regan v. Taxation With Representation of Wash., 461 U.S. 540, 547-548

(1983). Indeed, the excise taxes are triggered when a communication refers to

"specific legislation" and "reflects a view on such legislation", sec. 56.49112(b)(1), Pub. Charity Excise Tax Regs., without regard to the content of either.

63Indeed, in Regan the Supreme Court expressly endorsed as legitimate and

rational the denial of tax-exempt status as a means of preventing the subsidization

of lobbying that served a private interest.

It appears that Congress was concerned that exempt organizations

might use tax-deductible contributions to lobby to promote the private

(continued...)

- 100 Moreover, as with the taxpayer in Regan, Mr. Parks could readily avoid the

excise taxes for himself and the Foundation by establishing a separate section

501(c)(4) tax-exempt entity to make lobbying expenditures, albeit without using

tax-deductible contributions to fund those expenditures. See id. at 544, 552-553.

Thus, consistent with the alternate channel doctrine espoused in Regan, because

Foundation could undertake lobbying through an affiliated section 501(c)(4)

organization without incurring these excise taxes, the taxes do not burden

lobbying, but instead only operate to limit its subsidization. In sum, Regan and its

progeny make clear that the First Amendment does not prohibit the imposition of

the excise taxes at issue in these cases.

Apparently recognizing the difficulties presented by Regan for their

constitutional claims, petitioners contend that the Supreme Court decision in

WRTL, which reflects a greater degree of First Amendment protection for the

63(...continued)

interests of their members. It is not irrational for Congress to decide

that tax exempt charities such as TWR should not further benefit at

the expense of taxpayers at large by obtaining a further subsidy for

lobbying.

Regan, 461 U.S. at 550 (citations omitted). The excise taxes at issue are a less

onerous means towards the same end.

- 101 political speech of nonprofit corporations, has superseded Regan.64 Consequently,

petitioners argue, the excise taxes at issue can no longer pass muster under the

heightened First Amendment protection for corporate speech reflected in the more

recent Supreme Court jurisprudence.

There are significant distinctions between Regan and these two more recent

Supreme Court decisions. Both WRTL and Citizens United involved Federal

election law and outright bans on speech, backed by criminal sanctions. M

Citizens United, 558 U.S. at 337; WRTL, 551 U.S. at 457. The excise taxes at

issue here are, in accordance with the Regan analysis, designed to discourage the

use of a tax subsidy and, where the subsidy has been used in a manner not

intended by Congress, they have the effect of recapturing a portion of it. In this

regard, we also note that the more onerous second tier excise taxes can be avoided

by correction, even after judicial review that sustains their imposition. Such

limitations on a tax subsidy would not trigger strict scrutiny under Regan. Neither

WRTL nor Citizens United discussed or even cited Regan, which at least suggests

that its principle that the denial of a tax subsidy for speech does not abridge First

Amendment rights is unaffected by those cases. Moreover, two years after the

64Petitioners also cite Citizens United v. Fed. Election Comm'n, 558 U.S.

310 (2000), as reflecting the heightened First Amendment protections accorded to

the political speech of incorporated entities.

- 102 WRTL decision, the Supreme Court relied heavily on Regan in holding that a

State's ban on payroll deductions to support a public employee union's political

activities did not abridge the union's First Amendment rights because the State

was merely declining to subsidize such rights. Pocatello Educ. Ass'n, 555 U.S. at

358-359. Pocatello Educ. Ass'n would suggest, contrary to petitioners'

contentions, that Regan retains full vitality after WRTL.

On the other hand, both WRTL and Citizens United undoubtedly result in a

more enhanced level of First Amendment protection for the political speech of

incorporated entities than had existed before those decisions. In particular, the

identity of the speaker as a corporate entity was justification for certain restrictions

on political speech under Austin v. Mich. Chamber of Commerce, 494 U.S. 652

(1990), a decision overruled in Citizens United, 558 U.S. at 365. In so doing, the

Supreme Court reasoned in quite broad terms: "[T]he government may not

suppress political speech on the basis of the speaker's corporate identity. No

sufficient government interest justifies limits on the political speech of nonprofit

or for-profit corporations." Id. Citizens United, 558 U.S. at 337-339, also casts

some doubt on the alternate channel doctrine by rejecting the argument that a

corporation's ability to establish a political action committee for engaging in

electioneering communications alleviated the First Amendment problem with

- 103 restrictions on the corporation's entitlement to make these communications

directly.

In any event, even if one believed that WRTL or Citizens United casts some

doubt on the reasoning in Regan, the Supreme Court has made clear that it is not

the province of a lower Federal court to overrule a Supreme Court precedent that

applies to the case before it. "If a precedent of this Court has direct application in

a case, yet appears to rest on reasons rejected in some other line of decisions, the

Court of Appeals should follow the case which directly controls, leaving to this

Court the prerogative of overruling its own decisions." Rodriquez de Quijas v.

Shearson/Am. Express, Inc., 490 U.S. 477, 484 (1989). The issue in these cases

concerns the constitutionality of Congress' imposition of an excise tax to limit the

use of tax-deductible funds for lobbying by a tax-exempt entity. Because Regan

resolved the same question where Congress used denial of tax-exempt status to the

same end, that case directly controls and we must follow it, notwithstanding any

suggestion that some of its reasoning may have been undermined in later Supreme

Court decisions in another area--the constitutionality of Federal election law

restrictions on the political speech of corporate entities.

- 104 B.

Vagueness

Petitioners also argue that the regulations defining a direct lobbying

communication as one that "refers to" specific legislation, see sec. 56.49112(b)(1)(ii)(A), Pub. Charity Excise Tax Regs., are unconstitutionally vague

because they fail to give notice of the conduct proscribed and enable

discriminatory enforcement. Petitioners contend that the regulations' use of

illustrative examples to elucidate the meaning of "refers to", see, e.g., sec.

56.4911-2(b)(4)(ii)(A) and (B), (d)(1)(iii), Pub. Charity Excise Tax Regs., fails to

give the required notice of proscribed conduct. Petitioners further contend that the

regulatory examples' extension of the meaning of "refers to" beyond

communications that make specific reference by name to legislation constitutes the

use of a multifactor test for distinguishing permissible from impermissible speech

that was proscribed in WRTL, 551 U.S. at 469 (the standard for distinguishing

permissible from impermissible speech "must eschew 'the open-ended rough-andtumble of factors,' which 'invit[es] complex argument in a trial court and a

virtually inevitable appeal." (quoting Jerome B. Grubart, Inc. v. Great Lakes

Dredge & Dock Co., 513 U.S. 527, 547 (1995))).

The vagueness doctrine is grounded in the Due Process Clause of the Fifth

Amendment. See United States v. Williams, 553 U.S. 285, 304 (2008). A law is

- 105 unconstitutionally vague if it fails to provide a person of ordinary intelligence fair

notice of what is prohibited or if it is so standardless that it authorizes

discriminatory enforcement. Id. "But 'perfect clarity and precise guidance have

never been required even of regulations that restrict expressive activity.'" Id.

(quoting Ward v. Rock Against Racism, 491 U.S. 781, 794 (1989)).

Petitioners' reliance on WRTL as providing the standard of specificity that

the regulations must meet is again misplaced--that standard flows from the strict

scrutiny standard of review, which is not the standard of review we must use here.

As the Supreme Court emphasized in WRTL, the statute there at issue banned

certain political speech outright and provided criminal sanctions. WRTL, 551

U.S. at 455, 457. Where instead the government is allocating subsidies, the

Supreme Court has indicated that the criteria that may be used are less exacting

than those required when speech is directly regulated or a criminal penalty is at

stake. Citing Regan, the Supreme Court observed in this regard:

[A]lthough the First Amendment certainly has application in the

subsidy context, we note that the Government may allocate

competitive funding according to criteria that would be impermissible

were direct regulation of speech or a criminal penalty at stake. So

long as legislation does not infringe on other constitutionally

protected rights, Congress has wide latitude to set spending priorities.

See * * * [Regan, 461 U.S. at 549] * * *

Nat'l Endowment for the Arts v. Finley (Finley), 524 U.S. 569, 587-588 (1998).

- 106 As we concluded earlier, the regulatory examples cited above that the

Secretary has promulgated to elucidate the meaning of "refers to" extend the

phrase's reach beyond communications that actually cite legislation (or a ballot

measure) by name and extend the phrase to cover communications that employ

terms widely used in connection with the legislation or that reference its general

content or effect. Under Regan, the imposition of the excise taxes at issue

constitutes congressional allocation of a tax subsidy, rather than the direct

regulation--indeed, criminal sanctioning--of speech at issue in WRTL.

Consequently, the criteria for imposing the excise taxes need not meet the standard

delineated in WRTL.

While undoubtedly the regulatory definition of "refers to" at issue here may

give rise to more disputes at the margins65 than would be the case with a regulation

that confined "refers to" to instances where legislation is cited by name, we

conclude that any such imprecision does not raise constitutional vagueness

problems under the lesser standard for subsidy allocation countenanced in Finley.

We note in this regard that it is "specific legislation"--also defined in the

regulations--that a communication must "refer to" in order to constitute lobbying

65We note, for example, that reasonable disputes could arise concerning

what constitutes "terms widely used" in connection with given legislation or what

constitutes that legislation's general content or effect.

- 107 that could trigger the excise taxes. In this context, the "terms widely used" and

"general content or effect" criteria are sufficiently objective that they afford fair

notice of the conduct proscribed and are not susceptible of discriminatory

enforcement under the less stringent standard in Finley. Consequently, petitioners

have not shown that the regulations at issue are unconstitutionally vague.

IV.

Conclusion

We conclude, and hold, that Foundation's expenditures for the production

and broadcast of the radio messages at issue, except Communication #8 and the

first and second radio messages in 2000, were attempts to influence legislation and

thus taxable expenditures under section 4945(d)(1). We further conclude that all

of Foundation's expenditures at issue except the expenditure for the first 2000

radio message were taxable expenditures under section 4945(d)(5). Accordingly,

Foundation is liable for excise taxes under section 4945(a)(1) for its years at issue

except with respect to the expenditure for the first 2000 radio message. Because

the taxable expenditures we have sustained were not corrected within the taxable

period, Foundation is liable for additional taxes under section 4945(b)(1) for its

taxable years at issue with respect to those taxable expenditures. Mr. Parks is

liable for excise taxes under section 4945(a)(2) for his knowing and willful

agreement, as a foundation manager, to the making of the expenditures sustained

- 108 as taxable expenditures. Mr. Parks is also liable for additional taxes under section

4945(b)(2) for his refusal to agree to correction of the sustained taxable

expenditures. Finally, section 4945 and the regulations thereunder are

constitutional as applied to petitioners.

To reflect the foregoing,

Decisions will be entered pursuant to

Rule 155.