Part III – Administrative, Procedural, and Miscellaneous

Part III – Administrative, Procedural, and Miscellaneous

Guidance on the employer credit for paid family and medical leave under section 45S

Notice 2026-28

I. PURPOSE

This notice provides guidance on the employer credit for paid family and medical

leave under section 45S of the Internal Revenue Code (Code), as amended by

section 70304 of Pub. L. 119-21, 139 Stat. 72 (July 4, 2025), commonly known as the

One, Big, Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA). The Department of the Treasury (Treasury

Department) and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) intend to publish proposed

regulations under section 45S that include the guidance contained in this notice

(forthcoming proposed regulations).

II. BACKGROUND

Section 45S was added to the Code by section 13403 of Pub. L. 115-97, 131

Stat. 2504 (December 22, 2017), commonly known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act

(TCJA) as a temporary provision applicable to wages paid in taxable years beginning on

or before December 31, 2019. The termination date set forth in section 45S(i) by the

TCJA was extended by the “Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020,” Pub. L.

116-94, 133 Stat. 2534, enacted on December 20, 2019, and by the “Consolidated

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Appropriations Act, 2021,” Pub. L. 116-260, 134 Stat. 1182 (December 27, 2020). The

OBBBA amended various provisions of section 45S and made section 45S permanent.

Section 45S establishes the paid family and medical leave credit for employers

that provide paid family and medical leave (the credit). 1 For purposes of the paid family

and medical leave credit, section 45S(d) defines an employee by cross-reference to

section 3(e) of the Fair Labor Standards Act, which generally defines employee as any

individual employed by an employer. Under section 45S(g), wages qualifying for the

credit are wages subject to the Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA) pursuant to

section 3306(b), determined without regard to the $7,000 FUTA wage limitation.

Section 70304(a)(1)(A) of the OBBBA amended section 45S(a)(1) by setting forth

an additional method for calculating the credit. As amended, section 45S(a)(1) provides

that the employer may elect to determine the amount of the credit based on either the

wages actually paid to qualifying employees while they are on family and medical leave

(the wage method), or, if the employer maintains an insurance policy with regard to the

provision of paid family and medical leave during the taxable year, the premiums paid or

incurred by the employer with respect to that insurance policy during the taxable year

(the premium method). Section 70304(a)(1)(B) of the OBBBA added section 45S(a)(3)

to the Code to provide that the determination of the rate of payment under the premium

method is made without regard to whether any qualifying employees were on family and

medical leave during the taxable year.

Section 45S(c)(3) previously provided that all persons treated as a single

employer under section 52(a) or (b) should be treated as a single taxpayer.

1 Section 38(b)(32) provides that the amount of the current year business credit under section 38 includes

the paid family and medical leave credit under section 45S.

2

Section 70304(a)(3) of the OBBBA amended the aggregation rule in section 45S(c)(3)

to provide generally that all persons treated as a single employer under section 414(b)

and (c) are treated as a single employer, and to provide an exception to the application

of the aggregation rule for any person who establishes to the satisfaction of the

Secretary that the person has a substantial and legitimate business reason for failing to

provide a written policy that satisfies the requirements of section 45S(c)(1) or (c)(2).

Section 70304(a)(3) of the OBBBA also amended section 45S(c)(4) by modifying

the treatment of leave required by state or local law or paid for by state or local

governments so that such leave is taken into account for purposes of determining the

amount of paid family and medical leave provided by the employer for purposes of

determining whether the employer is an “eligible employer” that may claim the credit.

However, such leave continues not to be taken into account for purposes of calculating

the amount of the credit under section 45S(a).

Section 70304(a)(4) of the OBBBA amended section 45S(d) by modifying the

definition of qualifying employee to limit that definition to employees customarily

employed for not less than 20 hours per week and to permit an employer to elect to

include employees after a six-month period (rather than a one-year period) of

employment.

The OBBBA also amended section 280C(a) to provide that no deduction shall be

allowed for that portion of the premiums paid or incurred for the taxable year which is

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equal to that portion of the paid family and medical leave credit which is determined for

the taxable year under section 45S(a)(1)(B). 2

The Treasury Department and the IRS issued guidance regarding section 45S in

Notice 2018-71, 2018-41 IRB 548.

III. GUIDANCE

This notice modifies Notice 2018-71 to provide guidance regarding the premium

method. The Treasury Department and the IRS anticipate that the forthcoming proposed

regulations will be consistent with the guidance in this section III.

A. Premium Method

Q-1. To determine whether an employer is eligible to claim the credit, and to

calculate the amount of the credit, how do the criteria under the premium method

compare to the criteria under the wage method?

A-1. The determination of whether an employer is eligible to claim the credit and

the amount of the credit under the premium method is based on whether and the extent

to which the premium funds a benefit for which a credit would be available under the

wage method. Thus, a credit may be claimed for a premium that funds a benefit for

which a credit would be available under the wage method if the benefit were paid

(creditable coverage). If any portion of the premium provides funding for leave that

would not be eligible for credit under the wage method, that portion of the premium is

not eligible for credit under the premium method.

2 Section 280C(a) continues to provide that no deduction shall be allowed for that portion of the wages or

salaries paid or incurred for the taxable year which is equal to the sum of the credits determined for the

taxable year under section 45S(a)(1)(A).

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Q-2. Is a premium (or portion thereof) paid or incurred (as defined in

section 7701(a)(25)) for creditable coverage if it is for coverage with respect to leave

that would not be paid family or medical leave as defined in section 45S(e)?

A-2. No. A premium (or portion thereof) is not paid or incurred for creditable

coverage if it is for coverage with respect to leave that would not be paid family or

medical leave as defined in section 45S(e).

Q-3. Is a premium (or portion thereof) paid or incurred for creditable coverage if it

is for coverage with respect to leave that would be payable to an individual who is not a

qualifying employee within the meaning of section 45S(d) at the time the premium is

paid or incurred?

A-3. No. A premium (or portion thereof) is not paid or incurred for creditable

coverage if it is for coverage with respect to leave that would be payable to an individual

who is not a qualifying employee within the meaning of section 45S(d) at the time the

premium is paid or incurred.

Q-4. Is a premium (or portion thereof) paid or incurred for creditable coverage if it

is for coverage with respect to leave that is required by state or local law or paid for by a

state or local government?

A-4. No. A premium (or portion thereof) is not paid or incurred for creditable

coverage if it is for coverage with respect to leave that is required by state or local law

or paid for by a state or local government.

Q-5. Is a premium (or portion thereof) paid or incurred for creditable coverage if it

is for coverage that provides a benefit that would not constitute wages as defined in

section 45S(g)?

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A-5. No. A premium (or portion thereof) is not paid or incurred for creditable

coverage if it is for coverage that provides a benefit that would not constitute wages as

defined in section 45S(g). For an example of compensation that does not constitute

wages as defined in section 45S(g), see Q&A-24, Example 2 of Notice 2018-71.

B. Allocation of Qualifying Premium

Q-6. How does an employer determine the amount of premiums that are paid or

incurred for creditable coverage for purposes of the premium method if the premiums

are for an insurance policy that provides both creditable coverage and noncreditable

coverage?

A-6. In the case of a premium paid or incurred for an insurance policy that

provides both creditable coverage and noncreditable coverage (a blended premium), an

eligible employer must allocate the premium between the creditable coverage and the

noncreditable coverage. A premium is a blended premium if, for example, it is for

coverage that provides both qualifying paid family and medical leave and other types of

leave, or coverage for qualifying employees and nonqualifying employees. A blended

premium may be allocated using any reasonable method that is consistent with the

policy terms and supported by contemporaneous records. To be reasonable, a method

must include objective criteria and must be applied consistently for the taxable year and

to all persons treated as a single employer under the aggregation rule in

section 45S(c)(3).

C. Electing Between Premium Method and Wage Method

Q-7. May an employer claim the credit using both the wage method with respect

to certain leave, and the premium method with respect to other leave?

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A-7. Yes, provided that both the premium and the wage credit are not claimed

as to a particular instance of leave. An employer may claim the credit using the wage

method for certain leave, and the premium method for other leave. However, an

employer may not use the wage method to claim a credit for wages paid to the extent

that the employer claims a credit using the premium method for creditable coverage that

funds such benefits (or vice versa). For example, if an employer pays a premium for

creditable coverage and claims a credit for that premium, the employer may not also

claim the credit for benefits later funded by that same premium (via reimbursement or

otherwise). In contrast, if the benefits paid during that instance of leave are partially

funded by the premium and partially funded from the employer’s general assets, the

wage credit may be claimed for the portion funded from the employer’s general assets

and the premium credit may be claimed for the portion funded by the premium.

IV. FORTHCOMING PROPOSED REGULATIONS

It is anticipated that the forthcoming proposed regulations will be consistent with

the guidance contained in this notice and will also address other issues. It is further

anticipated that the forthcoming proposed regulations, when finalized, would apply

prospectively to wages and insurance premiums paid or incurred after issuance of the

final regulations. Taxpayers may rely on the guidance contained in this notice for taxable

years beginning after December 31, 2025, and before the issuance of the proposed

regulations.

V. REQUEST FOR COMMENTS

This notice generally provides guidance that the Treasury Department and the

IRS intend to incorporate into proposed regulations. The proposed regulations will

provide interested parties with an opportunity to comment on the issues addressed in

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the proposed regulations. However, to assist in development of the proposed

regulations, the Treasury Department and the IRS request comments on all aspects of

this notice and any other issues regarding implementation of the amendments to

section 45S by the OBBBA. Specifically, the Treasury Department and the IRS request

comments on the following:

1. The factors that may be used to allocate a blended premium. Comments are

also requested on how employers may support and substantiate allocation

determinations.

2. The application of section 45S(a)(1)(B) and section 45S(c)(4) to premiums

paid or incurred by an employer for paid family and medical leave through a voluntary

paid family and medical leave program facilitated by a state and administered by a

private insurance company.

3. What constitutes a substantial and legitimate business reason under

section 45S(c)(3) for failure to provide a written policy described in section 45S(c)(1) or

(2).

Written comments should be submitted on or before October 16, 2026.

Consideration will be given, however, to any written comment submitted after that date,

if such consideration will not delay the issuance of the proposed regulations. The

subject line for the comments should include a reference to Notice 2026-28. Comments

may be submitted electronically via the Federal eRulemaking Portal at

https://www.regulations.gov (type IRS-2026-0496 in the search field on the

regulations.gov homepage to find this notice and submit comments). Alternatively,

comments may be submitted by mail to: Internal Revenue Service, CC:PA:01:PR

(Notice 2026-28), Room 5503, P.O. Box 7604, Ben Franklin Station, Washington, DC

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20044. All commenters are strongly encouraged to submit comments electronically. The

Treasury Department and the IRS will publish for public availability any comment

submitted electronically, or on paper, to the IRS’s public docket on

https://www.regulations.gov.

VI. EFFECT ON OTHER DOCUMENTS

Section D of Notice 2018-71 is modified to provide guidance regarding the

premium method.

VII. DRAFTING INFORMATION

The principal author of this notice is Christopher Dellana of the Office of

Associate Chief Counsel (Employee Benefits, Exempt Organizations, and Employment

Taxes), though other Treasury Department and IRS officials participated in its

development. For further information regarding this notice contact Mr. Dellana at (202)

317-5500 (not a toll-free call).

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