The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA
JASPER DIVISION
Frederick Earl Hight, Sr., as )
Administrator of the Estate of )
Frederick Earl Hight, II, )
)
Plaintiff,
)
v. )
T ) 6:21-cv-01307-LSC
Nick Smith, Walker County
)
Sheriff, in his individual
)
capacity; John “JJ” Jackson,
)
Walker County Deputy Sheriff,
)
in his individual capacity,
)
Defendants. )
Memorandum of Opinion and Order
Frederick Hight, Sr. (“Hight Sr.”) brings this action against Walker County
Sheriff Nick Smith and Deputy Sheriff John Jackson. Hight Sr. claims that Deputy
Jackson violated 42 U.S.C. § 1983 by using excessive force against his son, Frederick
Hight, II (“Hight II”). Alleging that Deputy Jackson has a history of using excessive
force, Hight Sr. also asserts a § 1983 failure-to-screen claim against Sheriff Smith.
Against both defendants, Hight Sr. brings a state law claim for wrongful death. In
response, both defendants filed a motion to dismiss the state law claim, and Sheriff
Smith filed a motion to dismiss the § 1983 claim against him. (Doc. 33.) For the
following reasons, the motions to dismiss are DENIED.
I. Background1
In February 2021, Hight Sr. called the Walker County emergency services to
seek assistance for his son, Hight II. (Doc. 32 at 3.) Hight Sr. reported that his son
suffered from mental illness, and that he was concerned for his well-being. (Id. at 4.)
Deputy Jackson responded to the call. (Id.) When he arrived, Hight Sr. was waiting
outside the home. (Id.) Deputy Jackson entered and instructed Hight Sr. to follow.
(Id.) Once inside, he confronted Hight II. (Id. at 5.) He allegedly drew his pistol and
ordered Hight II to “get on the ground.” (Id.) With his firearm in one hand, Deputy
Jackson then kneeled over Hight II while attempting to handcuff him. (Id.) As
tensions escalated, Deputy Jackson allegedly pointed his gun at Hight II’s chest and
threatened to shoot him. (Id. at 6.) He then allegedly placed the gun barrel on Hight
II’s chest and pulled the trigger. (Id.) Hight II allegedly died as a result of the
gunshot. (Id. at 7.)
1 In evaluating a motion to dismiss, this Court “draw[s] the facts from the allegations in the
complaint, which [it] accept[s] as true and construe[s] in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs.”
Lanfear v. Home Depot, Inc., 679 F.3d 1267, 1271 n.4 (11th Cir. 2012). The following facts are,
therefore, taken from the allegations contained in Plaintiff’s Complaint, and the Court makes no
ruling on their veracity.
As Administrator of the Estate of Hight II, Hight Sr. filed suit against Deputy
Jackson and Sheriff Smith. (Id. at 1.) In his amended complaint, he alleges that
Deputy Jackson used excessive force in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983. (Id. at 12.)
Hight Sr. also brings a § 1983 claim for “negligent hiring” against Sheriff Smith. (In
his brief, Hight Sr. characterizes this claim as a failure-to-screen claim.) (See id. at
13; doc. 38 at 9.) Finally, he asserts a state law wrongful death claim against Sheriff
Smith and Deputy Jackson. (Doc. 32 at 14.)
Hight Sr. claims that Sheriff Smith should not have hired Deputy Jackson
because of prior documented instances of excessive force. (Id.) The amended
complaint identifies three previous civil suits that concern Deputy Jackson’s
conduct during his tenure as Chief of Police of the City of Dora. (Id. at 8–10.) Each
of these suits allegedly settled before trial. (Id.) In two instances, the plaintiffs
suffered from mental impairment. (Id.)
On one occasion, Deputy Jackson responded to a request for a welfare check,
entered the home of the plaintiff, and according to the complaint, “brutally assaulted
him . . . kicking [the plaintiff] in the head multiple times and spraying pepper spray.”
(Id. at 8–9.) On another occasion, it is alleged that Deputy Jackson arrested a woman,
grabbed her hair to force her into a patrol car, struck her in the face, and beat her
while she was in custody. (Id.) In the third instance, Deputy Jackson allegedly
“committed assault and battery against” a plaintiff. (Id. at 10.) According to the
Plaintiff, the City of Dora fired Deputy Jackson, “at least in part, due to credible and
meritorious complaints of excessive force.” (Id. at 11.)
II. Standard of Review
In general, a pleading must include “a short and plain statement of the claim
showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). However, to
withstand a motion to dismiss pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), a complaint
“must plead enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ray
v. Spirit Airlines, Inc., 836 F.3d 1340, 1347–48 (11th Cir. 2016) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp.
v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)) (internal quotation marks omitted). “A claim
has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court
to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct
alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). Stated another way, the factual
allegations in the complaint must be sufficient to “raise a right to relief above the
speculative level.” Edwards v. Prime, Inc., 602 F.3d 1276, 1291 (11th Cir. 2010). A
complaint that “succeeds in identifying facts that are suggestive enough to render
[the necessary elements of a claim] plausible” will survive a motion to dismiss. Watts
v. Fla. Int’l Univ., 495 F.3d 1289, 1296 (11th Cir. 2007) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S.
at 556) (internal quotation marks omitted).
In evaluating the sufficiency of a complaint, this Court first “identif[ies]
pleadings that, because they are no more than conclusions, are not entitled to the
assumption of truth.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679. This Court then “assume[s] the[]
veracity” of the complaint’s “well-pleaded factual allegations” and “determine[s]
whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief.” Id. Review of the
complaint is “a context-specific task that requires [this Court] to draw on its judicial
experience and common sense.” Id. If the pleading “contain[s] enough information
regarding the material elements of a cause of action to support recovery under some
‘viable legal theory,’” it satisfies the notice pleading standard. Am. Fed’n of Labor &
Cong. of Indus. Orgs. v. City of Miami, 637 F.3d 1178, 1186 (11th Cir. 2011) (quoting
Roe v. Aware Woman Ctr. for Choice, Inc., 253 F.3d 678, 683–84 (11th Cir. 2001)).
III. Analysis
A. Section 1983 Claim against Sheriff Smith
Under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, “masters do not answer for the torts of their
servants.” See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 677. Generally, then, “each Government official . .
. is only liable for his or her own misconduct.” Id. Sheriff Smith, therefore, can only
face liability for his decision to hire Deputy Jackson if the Court applies “rigorous
standards of culpability and causation . . . to ensure that [Sheriff Smith] is not held
liable solely for the actions” of Deputy Jackson. See Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs of Bryan
Cnty. v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 405 (1997).
For culpability, the decisionmaker must act with “deliberate indifference” to
the Plaintiff’s rights. See id. at 411. In the hiring context, the deliberate indifference
standard is only satisfied “where adequate scrutiny of an applicant’s background
would lead a reasonable policymaker to conclude that the plainly obvious
consequence of the decision to hire the applicant would be the deprivation” of a
protected right. Id. For causation, the Court must find “that this officer was highly
likely to inflict the particular injury suffered by the plaintiff,” so the link “between
the background of the particular applicant and the specific constitutional violation
alleged must be strong.” Id. at 412 (emphasis in original).
In Bryan County, the Supreme Court declined to impose liability against a
municipality for a hiring decision. In that case, a deputy sheriff applicant had a
history of various misdemeanor offenses, including assault, resisting arrest, and
several driving-related offenses. See id. at 413–14. These transgressions “may well
have made him an extremely poor candidate for reserve deputy,” but the
municipality’s decision to hire the deputy did not “reflect[] [a] conscious disregard
of an obvious risk that a use of excessive force would follow.” Id. at 415.
At this stage of the proceedings, Hight Sr.’s allegations against Sheriff Smith
“plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679. Crucially,
Hight Sr. alleges that Deputy Jackson had a history of using excessive force,
especially against those with mental health problems. To support this allegation,
Hight Sr. points to several episodes in Deputy Jackson’s past. While Deputy Jackson
was Police Chief of the City of Dora, three plaintiffs allegedly sued him for using
excessive force. In two of these cases, family members had called the police out of
concern for the mental health of relatives, and Deputy Jackson allegedly used
excessive force against these mentally ill relatives. Because of these incidents and
others, Deputy Jackson allegedly lost his position as Dora Police Chief.
These allegations of past misconduct bear a very strong resemblance to
Deputy Jackson’s alleged use of excessive force against Hight II. Unlike the plaintiff
in Bryan County, Hight Sr. is not merely alleging that Deputy Jackson’s background
reveals violent or reckless proclivities in general. See Bryan Cnty., 520 U.S. at 413–
15. Rather, Hight Sr. specifically alleges that Deputy Jackson’s background clearly
reflects his propensity to use excessive force against the mentally impaired. As a
result, Deputy Jackson’s use of excessive force against Hight II “would have been a
plainly obvious consequence of” Sheriff Smith’s hiring decision. Id. at 414.
Notwithstanding, Sheriff Smith contends that qualified immunity protects his
decision to hire Deputy Jackson—even if it was constitutionally infirm—because his
decision did not violate a “clearly established” constitutional right. For a right to be
clearly established, “[t]he contours of the right must be sufficiently clear that a
reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right.” See
Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640 (1987). To be sure, courts cannot “define
clearly established law at a high level of generality.” Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731,
742 (2011). But in this case, Eleventh Circuit precedent supplies the necessary
degree of specificity.
In Griffin v. City of Opa-Locka, the Eleventh Circuit sustained a jury’s finding
that a city’s inadequate screening of an applicant’s “background was so likely to
result in sexual harassment that the City could reasonably be said to have been
deliberately indifferent to [the plaintiff’s] constitutional rights.” 261 F.3d 1295, 1313
(11th Cir. 2001). When considering the applicant, the city “was inundated with
articles, faxes, and mail, warning of [the applicant’s] problems with sexual
harassment and dealings with women.” Id. at 1314. The Court also noted “that a
cursory check into [the applicant’s] prior employment history would have further
alerted the City to prior complaints about [the applicant] with regard to sexual
harassment.” Id.
Sheriff Smith argues that Griffin is distinguishable because Deputy Jackson’s
alleged history of excessive force is less blatant than the Griffin applicant’s penchant
for sexual harassment. Griffin may represent a particularly egregious case, but its
factual parallels are nonetheless similar enough to have put Sheriff Smith on notice.
The city in Griffin knew of or consciously ignored numerous complaints of sexual
harassment; similarly, Hight Sr. alleges that Sheriff Smith knew of and ignored
“repeated, credible claims of excessive force by Defendant Jackson—particularly in
response to wellness checks and against those with mental impairments.” (See doc.
32 at 11.)
Given the foregoing considerations, Hight Sr’s § 1983 failure-to-screen claim
survives Sheriff Smith’s motion to dismiss—though it may not survive the greater
rigors of summary judgment.
B. State Law Claim against Sheriff Smith and Deputy Jackson
“The wall of immunity erected by § 14 [of Article I of the Alabama
Constitution] is nearly impregnable.” Patterson v. Gladwin Corp., 835 So. 2d 137, 142
(Ala. 2002). This broad grant of State immunity protects sheriffs and their deputies
when they act “within the line and scope of their employment.” Ex parte Purvis, 689
So. 2d 794, 795 (Ala. 1996).2 But as Joshua and Odysseus could attest, a
“nearly impregnable” wall does not exclude every invader. Traditionally, sheriffs
and their deputies could be assailed in five limited circumstances:
“Section 14 immunity is not applicable when an action is brought: (1)
to compel state officials to perform their legal duties; (2) to compel state
officials to perform ministerial acts; (3) to enjoin state officials from
enforcing unconstitutional laws; (4) to enjoin state officials from acting
in bad faith, fraudulently, beyond their authority, or under mistaken
interpretation of the law, or (5) to seek construction of a statute under
the Declaratory Judgment Act.”
See Parker v. Amerson, 519 So. 2d 442, 445 (Ala. 1987). Here, these five exceptions
are immaterial because Hight Sr. seeks money damages for his wrongful death claim.
The Defendants, however, overlook a sixth exception to State immunity.
Notably, the State is not immunized in “actions for damages brought against State
officials in their individual capacity where it is alleged that they had acted
fraudulently, in bad faith, beyond their authority, or in a mistaken interpretation of
law.” Ex parte Moulton, 116 So. 3d 1119, 1141 (Ala. 2013). A recent Alabama Supreme
Court decision indicates that this sixth exception generally applies to claims against
2 Hight Sr. contends that the “Defendants must rely on state-agent immunity [as] set out in
Ex parte Cranman” instead of the greater protections that State immunity affords. (Doc. 38 at 13.)
However, State-agent immunity does not apply to sheriffs and their deputies. See Ex parte Davis,
930 So. 2d 497, 501 n.6 (Ala. 2005). Contrary to Hight Sr.’s principal argument, the recent decision
in Ex parte Pinkard did not purport to change the longstanding special status of sheriffs and their
deputies. See Ex parte Pinkard, ––– So. 3d ––––, 2022 WL 1721483, at *7 (Ala. May 27, 2022).
Rather, Pinkard overruled a recent series of cases that dealt with other types of state officials. See
id.
sheriffs and deputies. See Birmingham Broadcasting (WVTM-TV) LLC v. Hill, 303
So. 3d 1148, 1159-60 (Ala. 2020); see also King »v. Moon, No. 2:21-cv-01568-ACA,
2022 WL 479410, at *6 (N.D. Ala. Feb. 16, 2022).
Because the Defendants do not address this sixth exception, they have not
demonstrated that State immunity shields them from Hight Sr.’s wrongful death
claim, and the Court need not decide if Hight Sr. adequately alleges that Sheriff
Smith and Deputy Jackson “acted fraudulently, in bad faith, beyond their authority,
or in a mistaken interpretation of law.” Ex parte Moulton, 116 So. 3d at 1141. If the
Defendants believe that Hight Sr. has not adequately alleged the applicability of the
sixth exception to the facts of this case, they may make this argument at the summary
judgment stage.
IV. Conclusion
Accordingly, the Defendants’ Motions to Dismiss are DENIED.
DONE and ORDERED on November 23, 2022.
XS
ASE
United States District Judge
211211
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