Colvin v. United States

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT

COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT

OF ALABAMA SOUTHERN DIVISION

MARCUS MAURICE COLVIN, JR. )

)

Petitioner, )

)

v. ) Case No.2:19-cv-08009-KOB

) 2:17-cr-404-KOB-SGC

)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA )

)

Respondent. )

MEMORANDUM OPINION

On November 28, 2017, Marcus Maurice Colvin, Jr. pled guilty to one count of

being a felon in possession of a firearm pursuant to a plea agreement with the

Government, and the court sentenced him to 87 months imprisonment. (Cr. Docs. 11 &

27). This case is now before the court on Mr. Colvin’s motion to vacate, set aside or

correct his sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 and memorandum in support, the

Government’s response in opposition, and Mr. Colvin’s reply. (Cv. Docs. 1, 2, 8, & 11).1

Mr. Colvin asserts that his counsel was ineffective for failing to advise him of the

collateral consequences of his plea of guilty on his then pending state court criminal

cases. Mr. Colvin claims that he asked his counsel “questions regarding how his plea

would affect cases he had pending in Shelby County, Alabama,” but counsel “ignored

his questions and informed him that everything would be fine[;] he would serve his 87

months in Federal Custody, and get out and be on probation.” (Cv. Doc. 2 at 1). Mr.

1 Documents from Mr. Colvin’s criminal trial, case number 2:17-cr-404-KOB-SGC, are designated “Cr.

Doc.___.” Documents from Mr. Colvin’s § 2255 action, case number 2:19-cv-08091-KOB, are designated

“Cv. Doc. ___.”

1

Colvin states that, when he asked counsel about the collateral consequences at the time

he signed his federal plea agreement, counsel became angry and told him that he would

“tell the U.S. Attorney that he wanted to go to trial and he would be found guilty and

sentenced to a longer period of incarceration than he was facing by entering the plea.”

Mr. Colvin argues that he was “taken aback by [counsel’s] threat and under extreme

duress which led to [him] moving forth with the plea agreement.” (Cv. Doc. 11 at 2).

Mr. Colvin claims that had counsel informed him of the consequences of his

federal plea on his state criminal cases, he would have instead pled nolo contendere, so

the factual basis of his federal case could not have been used against him in state

criminal court. (Cv. Doc. 2 at 2). He argues that counsel allowing him to admit to the

underlying facts of the federal charge “gave the Shelby County District Attorney’s office

advantage of being able to use his admissions and subsequent plea against him with

regard to his [then] pending [state] cases.” (Cv. Doc. 2 at 4).

Mr. Colvin does not dispute the facts underlying his federal claim, claim he is

innocent, or want a different sentence; he wants the opportunity to enter a plea of nolo

contendere instead of a normal plea of guilty. (Cv. Doc. 2 at 3).

After reviewing Mr. Colvin’s motion to vacate, the court finds that his arguments

lack merit. Accordingly, for the reasons below, the court will DENY Mr. Colvin’s motion

to vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence.

I. BACKGROUND

In May 2017, Mr. Colvin met J.S., who listed an AK-47 for sale on Armslist.com,

and J.S.’s girlfriend M.D., to buy a Romarm/Cugir AK-47 pistol from J.S. After Mr.

2

Colvin put the AK-47 in his backpack, J.S. asked for payment. Mr. Colvin then “drew a

Ruger .40 caliber pistol from his waistband, pointed it at J.S. and M.D., and told them to

leave.” When the victims drove past Mr. Colvin attempting to leave the area, he fired

three to five shots at them. A witness saw Mr. Colvin run into 140 Creek Way Run,

which turned out to be Mr. Colvin’s mother house. His mother persuaded Mr. Colvin to

“come outside and be arrested.” Pursuant to a state search warrant for the house into

which Mr. Colvin ran, officers found both guns. (Cr. Doc. 11 at 3-4).

The State of Alabama charged Mr. Colvin with attempted murder and robbery in

the first degree. (Cr. Doc. 11 at 4). And, in August 2017, the federal government

indicted Mr. Colvin for two counts of being a felon in possession of a firearm in violation

of 18 U.S.C. §922(g)(1). (Cr. Doc. 1). The court appointed Jeffery Bramer as counsel

for Mr. Colvin. Pursuant to a plea agreement, Mr. Colvin pled guilty to Count One only,

and the Government agreed to dismiss Count Two at the time of sentencing. (Cr. Doc.

11 & text order on November 28, 2017).

After the plea hearing but before sentencing, Mr. Colvin filed a motion on March

27, 2018 to “get a new attorney” because Mr. Bramer was “not working in [his]favor.”

Mr. Colvin claimed that Mr. Bramer was doing a “great job” in the beginning and

“making sure [he] knew what was going on with [his] case,” but Mr. Bramer had not

brought Mr. Colvin his pre-sentence report or discussed it with him. (Cr. Doc. 14). The

magistrate judge held a hearing on that motion on April 4, 2018, at which Mr. Colvin

raised no other issues or complaints other than not receiving a copy of his pre-sentence

report. (Cr. Doc. 31).

3

During the hearing, the magistrate judge explained to Mr. Colvin that Mr. Bramer

had not yet provided Mr. Colvin with a copy of the pre-sentence report because

Probation had not provided it to Mr. Bramer. (Cr. Doc. 31 at 7). Although the

magistrate judge indicated that she would grant Mr. Colvin’s request for new counsel, he

changed his mind and wanted to proceed to sentencing with Mr. Bramer as his counsel.

(Cr. Doc. 31 at 9-10). The court sentenced Mr. Colvin on June 1, 2018 to 87 months

imprisonment on Count One to run concurrent with any sentences in his state criminal

cases and dismissed Count Two at the Government’s request pursuant to the plea

agreement. (Cr. Docs. 11 & 27).

Mr. Colvin then filed the instant action to vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence

pursuant to § 2255 and memorandum in support of his motion on February 22, 2019.

(Cv. Docs. 1 & 2). After a preliminary review of Mr. Colvin’s motion, the court ordered

the government to show cause why the court should not grant Mr. Colvin’s motion. (Cv.

Doc. 3). The government responded on May 22, 2019, arguing that the court should

summarily deny all of Mr. Colvin’s claims as without merit. (Cv. Doc. 8). The court

found the case ready for summary disposition and ordered Mr. Colvin to submit any

additional evidence to support his ineffective assistance of counsel claim on or before

June 28, 2019. (Cv. Doc. 10 ).

Mr. Colvin then hired counsel, who filed an untimely reply to the government’s

response in July 2019. (Cv. Doc. 11). The government filed a motion to strike the

untimely reply. After giving Mr. Colvin’s counsel an opportunity to respond to the

motion to strike, the court denied that motion in September 2019 and allowed Mr.

4

Colvin’s reply. (Cv. Docs. 11, 12, 13, 14, & 15).

According to the Probation Office, the federal court gained custody of Mr. Colvin

on a writ from the State of Alabama and returned him to state custody after his federal

sentencing. The state criminal court sentenced Mr. Colvin on August 31, 2020 on his

state assault and robbery charges, for which he is currently serving a 300-month

sentence. Because his federal sentence runs concurrently with his state sentence, his

entire federal sentence could be served while in state custody.

According to the Probation Office, the Federal Board of Prisons has not officially

calculated the amount of time left on Mr. Colvin’s federal sentence. But because he was

sentenced by this court in June 2018, his 87-month federal sentence has not expired even

though Mr. Colvin is currently in state custody. So, this habeas matter is ripe for

resolution.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

The Sixth Amendment gives criminal defendants the right to effective assistance

of counsel. U.S. Const. amend. VI; see Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 684

(1984). To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, Mr. Colvin must

demonstrate (1) that his counsel's performance fell below an objective standard of

reasonableness, and (2) that he suffered prejudice as a result of that deficient

performance. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 684-91. Strickland’s two-part analysis applies

to challenges to guilty pleas based on ineffective assistance of counsel. Hill v. Lockhart,

106 S. Ct. 52, 58-59 (1985).

Mr. Colvin has the burden to prove both prongs of Strickland to demonstrate

5

ineffective assistance of counsel, and the court “‘need not address both prongs if the

petition has made an insufficient showing on one of them.’” Bishop v. Warden, GDCP,

726 F.3d 1243, 1254 (11th Cir. 2013) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697).

Deficient performance is “‘representation [that] f[alls] below an objective standard

of reasonableness.’” Hardwick v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 803 F.3d 541, 551 (11th Cir.

2015) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688). “The test has nothing to do with what the best

lawyers would have done. Nor is the test even what most good lawyers would have done.”

Waters v. Thomas, 46 F.3d 1506, 1512 (11th Cir. 1995) (en banc). The only question is

“whether some reasonable lawyer at the trial could have acted, in the circumstances, as

defense counsel acted at trial.” Id. Counsel is presumed to have acted reasonably.

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690. A reviewing court “must indulge a strong presumption that

counsel’s conduct fell within the wide range of reasonably professional assistance.”

Yordan v. Dugger, 909 F.2d 474, 477 (11th Cir. 1990).

In the context of a guilty plea, a defendant can overcome the otherwise voluntary

and intelligent character of his guilty plea only if he can establish that the advice he

received from counsel in relation to the plea was not within the range of competence

demanded of attorneys in criminal cases. Goggins v. Sec'y, Dep't of Corr., No. 20-11033-J,

2020 WL 5625170, at *1 (11th Cir. Aug. 13, 2020) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466

U.S. 668 (1984)).

Counsel’s “failure to advise his client of collateral consequences of pleading

guilty, other than deportation, is not a Sixth Amendment violation.” Sims v. United

States, 785 F. App’x 632, 634 (2019) (citing Chaidez v. United States, 578 U.S. 342, 356

(2013) (noting that the Supreme Court had abrogated this rule only in the context of

6

deportation). But, “affirmative misadvice” about the collateral consequences of a guilty

plea may constitute ineffective assistance of counsel because “‘certain considerations are

so important that misinformation from counsel may render the guilty plea

constitutionally uninformed.’” Sims, 785 F. App’x at 634 (quoting Downs-Morgan v.

United States, 765 F.2d 1534, 1541 (11 th Cir. 1985)).

A petitioner shows prejudice if “a reasonable probability [exists] that, but for

counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.”

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. Mr. Colvin must show more than “the error had some

conceivable effect on the outcome of the proceeding.” See id. at 693. To show prejudice

when a defendant challenges his plea based on ineffective assistance of counsel, he must

show a reasonable probability that but for the ineffective assistance of counsel, “‘he

would have not pleaded . . . and would have insisted on going to trial.’” Durham v.

Sec’y, Dep’t of Corr., 834 F. App’x 843, 847 (11th Cir. 2020 (quoting Hill v. Lockhart,

474 U.S. 52, 58-59 (1985)). Where counsel affirmatively misadvises a defendant about

the collateral consequences of his plea, he can show prejudice by proving that “he would

not have pled guilty and would have proceeded to trial, even if the possibility of acquittal

was highly unlikely.” Sims, 785 F. App’x at 635 (citing Lee v. United States, 137 S. Ct.

1958, 1967 (2017)).

The representations of a defendant at the plea hearing, as well as the district

court’s findings based on those representations, “constitute a formidable barrier in any

subsequent collateral proceedings.” Blackledge v. Allison, 431 U.S. 63, 73-74 (1977)

(superseded by the AEDPA on other grounds). Those representations made under oath at

the plea hearing “carry a strong presumption of verity.” So, “contentions that are wholly

7

incredible on the face of the record” are without merit and subject to summary

disposition without a hearing. Adams v. United States, 2019 WL 4643730 *1 (11th Cir.

2019) (citing Tejada v. Dugger, 941 F.2d 1551, 1559 (11th Cir. 1991)); Blackledge, 431

U.S. at 73-74.

III. DISCUSSION

Mr. Colvin claims that Mr. Bramer provided ineffective assistance of counsel by

failing to inform him of the collateral consequences of his federal plea on his state

criminal cases. This court disagrees.

Deficient Performance

Mr. Colvin must show that Mr. Bramer’s “‘representation fell below an objective

standard of reasonableness.’” See Hardwick v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 803 F.3d 541,

551 (11th Cir. 2015) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688). Even if the court found all of

Mr. Colvin’s factual allegations on this issue credible, his claim still fails.

Mr. Bramer’s failure to inform Mr. Colvin of the collateral consequences of his

federal plea on his state criminal cases does not constitute deficient performance. Mr.

Bramer’s “failure to advise his client of collateral consequences of pleading guilty, other

than deportation, is not a Sixth Amendment violation.” See Sims v. United States, 785 F.

App’x 632, 634 (2019) (citing Chaidez v. United States, 578 U.S. 342, 356 (2013)

(noting that the Supreme Court had abrogated this rule only in the context of

deportation). So, Mr. Bramer’s failure to advise Mr. Colvin of the effects of his federal

criminal plea of guilty on his state criminal cases would not rise to the level of

ineffective assistance of counsel.

And, based on Mr. Colvin’s allegations, Mr. Bramer did not affirmatively

8

misadvise him of those collateral consequences. See Sims, 785 F. App’x at 634 (quoting

Downs-Morgan v. United States, 765 F.2d 1534, 1541 (11th Cir. 1985) (“affirmative

misadvice” about the collateral consequences of a guilty plea may constitute ineffective

assistance of counsel where the “‘misinformation from counsel renders the guilty plea

constitutionally uninformed’”). Mr. Colvin does not allege that Mr. Bramer told him

something untrue or misadvised him about the collateral consequences on his state

criminal cases. Instead, Mr. Colvin states that he asked Mr. Bramer “questions regarding

how his plea would affect cases he had pending in Shelby County, Alabama,” but Mr.

Bramer ignored his questions. (Cv. Doc. 2 at 1).

Mr. Bramer claims that Mr. Colvin never asked him about the collateral

consequences on his state criminal cases. (Cv. Doc. 8-1 at 2). But even crediting Mr.

Colvin’s allegation that he asked Mr. Bramer specifically about the collateral

consequences on his state criminal cases but he ignored Mr. Colvin, Mr. Bramer’s

alleged actions in ignoring Mr. Colvin’s questions does not equate to “affirmative

misadvice.” Based on Mr. Colvin’s allegation in his § 2255 motion, Mr. Bramer gave

him no advice on the issue. And as the court already noted, counsel’s failure to advise

Mr. Colvin of the collateral consequence of his federal criminal plea on his state criminal

cases does not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.

Interestingly, Mr. Colvin states that Mr. Bramer ignored his questions but said

“everything would be fine, he would serve his 87 months in Federal Custody, and get out

and be on probation.” (Cv. Doc. 2 at 1). Mr. Bramer pointed out in his affidavit that, at

the time Mr. Bramer allegedly made this statement prior to the plea and sentencing, he

did not know that Mr. Colvin would get 87 months and “[i]t would have been impossible

9

for [Mr. Bramer] to tell Mr. Colvin about the sentence being 87 months prior to

sentencing.” (Cv. Doc. 8-1 at 2). Although the court cannot make credibility

determinations without a hearing and has credited Mr. Colvin’s version of the facts, Mr.

Bramer makes a good point.

And the record itself undermines Mr. Colvin’s claims that he asked Mr. Bramer

questions about the collateral consequences of his federal criminal plea on this state

criminal cases, but Mr. Bramer ignored and refused to answer those questions. First, in

the hearing before the magistrate judge regarding Mr. Colvin’s motion to appoint new

counsel, Mr. Colvin never claimed that Mr. Bramer refused to answer his questions

about the collateral consequences of his plea; Mr. Colvin only complained that Mr.

Bramer had not provided him with a copy of the Pre-Sentencing Investigation report.

See (Cr. Doc. 14 & 31 at 7-11). The magistrate judge specifically asked Mr. Colvin if he

had sufficient time to talk to Mr. Bramer about “any other concerns about him

continuing to represent [him] in this case,” and Mr. Colvin indicated, “Yes, Ma’am.”

And Mr. Colvin chose to continue with Mr. Bramer as his attorney even though the

magistrate judge offered to get Mr. Colvin new counsel. (Cr. Doc. 31 at 7-11).

In his Guilty Plea Advice of Rights Certification, Mr. Colvin represented, in

writing, that he was satisfied with Mr. Bramer’s representation of him and had no

complaints about Mr. Bramer. (Cr. Doc. 10 at 4). And the court asked Mr. Colvin at the

plea hearing if he was “satisfied with Mr. Bramer and the work he has done for [him],”

and Mr. Colvin responded, “Yes, Ma’am.” (Cr. Doc. 32 at 7, 17, 21). These

representations fly in the face of Mr. Colvin’s current allegations that Mr. Bramer

refused to answer Mr. Colvin’s questions about the collateral consequences of his plea.

10

And, during the plea hearing on November 28, 2017, this court specifically asked

Mr. Colvin if he had “any questions about the meaning of the [plea] agreement or how it

might affect [him] that [Mr. Bramer] was not able to answer to [his] satisfaction,” and

Mr. Colvin responded, “No Ma’am.” So, Mr. Colvin indicated under oath that he had no

questions specifically about the effects of his plea that Mr. Bramer did not answer to his

satisfaction. Mr. Colvin’s answer to this specific question directly contradicts the

allegations he now makes in his habeas motion.

Mr. Colvin’s representations at the hearing on his motion for new counsel, in his

Advice of Rights Certification, and at the plea hearing belie Mr. Colvin’s allegations that

Mr. Bramer ignored his questions about the collateral consequences on his state criminal

case. These representations made under oath “carry a strong presumption of verity” and

show that Mr. Colvin’s allegations are “wholly incredible on the face of the record.” See

Adams v. United States, 2019 WL 4643730 *1 (11th Cir. 2019) (citing Tejada v. Dugger,

941 F.2d 1551, 1559 (11th Cir. 1991)).

Mr. Colvin also claims that Mr. Bramer threatened him and placed him under

extreme duress to make Mr. Colvin sign the plea agreement. Mr. Colvin alleges that

when he asked Mr. Bramer about the collateral consequences at the time he signed his

federal plea agreement, Mr. Bramer became angry and told him that he would “tell the

U.S. Attorney that he wanted to go to trial and he would be found guilty and sentenced to

a longer period of incarceration than he was facing by entering the plea.” Mr. Colvin

argues that he was “taken aback by [counsel’s] threat and under extreme duress which

led to [him] moving forth with the plea agreement.” (Cv. Doc. 11 at 2).

11

But, again, Mr. Colvin’s statements under oath at the plea hearing contradict this

allegation. The court specifically asked Mr. Colvin if anyone had “promised [him]

anything or threatened [him] in any way to get [him] to enter a plea of guilty,” and he

responded, “No, Ma’am.” (Cv. Doc. 32 at 10). Mr. Colvin’s statement under oath that

no one threatened him in any way to enter his plea undermines this allegation in his

habeas petition.

So, the court finds that, even under Mr. Colvin’s version of the facts, Mr.

Bramer’s failure to advise Mr. Colvin of the collateral consequences of his federal plea

on his state criminal cases was not deficient performance. And even if he could

somehow show deficient performance based on Mr. Bramer affirmatively misadvising

him of the collateral consequences of his plea, Mr. Colvin has failed to show prejudice.

Prejudice

The prejudice analysis in Mr. Colvin’s case is a bit peculiar. Normally, a

defendant claiming ineffective assistance based on counsel’s affirmative misadvice

about the collateral consequences of his plea can show prejudice by proving that “he

would not have pled guilty and would have proceeded to trial, even if the possibility of

acquittal was highly unlikely.” See Sims, 785 F. App’x at 635 (citing Lee v. United

States, 137 S. Ct. 1958, 1967 (2017) (emphasis added)). But in this case, Mr. Colvin

does not want to go to trial and “takes no issue with the 87[-] month sentence.” He

wants instead for the court to vacate his plea of guilty, give him an opportunity to enter a

plea of nolo contendere, and sentence him again to 87 months imprisonment.

The court is unsure if it could give Mr. Colvin his requested remedy if it granted

his habeas motion pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Under § 2255, if the court vacates and

12

sets aside the defendant’s conviction, it “must choose from four distinct remedies: (1)

discharge the prisoner; (2) resentence the prisoner; (3) grant the prisoner a new trial; or

(4) correct the prisoner’s sentence.” United States v. Brown, 879 F.3d 1231, 1235 (11th

Cir. 2018) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2255). Here, Mr. Colvin does not ask the court to

discharge him from prison, resentence him, grant him a new trial, or correct his

sentence. In fact, he does not contest his sentence and does not claim his innocence. He

simply wants the court to vacate his conviction, allow him to then enter a plea of nolo

contendere, and then give him the same sentence. The court can find no case law from

the Eleventh Circuit, or any other federal court for that matter, that would allow such

relief in a § 2255 proceeding.

Assuming arguendo that the court could grant Mr. Colvin the relief he seeks

under § 2255, Colvin arguably could show prejudice if a reasonable probability exists

that but for Mr. Bramer’s deficient performance, Mr. Colvin would have pled nolo

contendere. See Strickland, 466 at 694 (a movant can show prejudice if “a reasonable

probability [exists] that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the

proceeding would have been different”). But Mr. Colvin has failed to make that

showing.

Mr. Colvin simply assumes that he could have entered a plea of nolo contendere.

But a defendant does not have an automatic right to plead nolo contendere. Rather, a

defendant may plead nolo contendere only with the court’s consent after it “considers

the parties views and the public interest in the effective administration of justice.” Fed.

R. Crim. P. 11(a)(3). Mr. Colvin has failed to set forth any reasons why a reasonable

13

probability exists that the court would have allowed him to plead nolo contendere.

And the Government indicates that it would have objected to the entry of a nolo

contendere plea in this case “based, at least partially, on the egregious and relevant

behavior described in the factual basis for the Plea Agreement.” See (Cv. Doc. 8 at 11).

Under Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(a)(3), the court would have considered the Government’s

opposition and agreed that Mr. Colvin’s egregious actions in this case involving the

robbery and attempted murder of the two victims would have precluded the court’s

consent for a nolo contendere plea. And Mr. Colvin has presented no argument or facts

that would have caused the court to allow him to enter a plea of nolo contendere in this

case. So, he has failed to show that any alleged deficient performance prejudiced him.

Moreover, the court notes that the plea agreement specifically states that a plea of

nolo contendere would have voided the plea agreement. So, had the court allowed Mr.

Colvin to enter a plea of nolo contendere, Count Two still would have been in play and

Mr. Colvin would have faced an increased prison sentence. See (Cv. Doc. 8 at 11). Not

only has Mr. Colvin failed to show a reasonable probability that the court would have

consented to a nolo contendere plea (which it would not have done), he also has failed to

show a reasonable probability that he would have rejected the plea agreement offered by

the Government to dismiss Count Two and enter a nolo contendere plea instead, which

would have increased his federal sentence. Mr. Colvin seems to simply ignore that a plea

of nolo contendere could only have been for both Counts One and Two and would have

resulted in prison sentence much higher than the 87 months he received for only Count

One.

14

So, the court finds that neither the record nor Mr. Colvin’s allegations, taken as

true, show any deficient performance or prejudice as required by Srickland.

IV. CONCLUSION

For all of the reasons above, Mr. Colvin's motion to vacate, set aside, or correct his

sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 lacks merit. Therefore, the court finds that Mr.

Colvin’s motion should be DENIED.

The court will enter a separate Final Order.

DONE and ORDERED this 30" day of November, 2021.

6 Llesatie-

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

15