holding the relevant inquiry is whether “the violative nature of [the 18 defendant’s] particular conduct is clearly established . . . in light of the specific 19 context of the case.” (emphases and alteration in original)
How later courts described this case
- holding the relevant inquiry is whether “the violative nature of [the 18 defendant’s] particular conduct is clearly established . . . in light of the specific 19 context of the case.” (emphases and alteration in original)
- holding district court did not abuse its discretion by 21 declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over state law claims after granting 22 summary judgment in favor of defendant on all federal claims
- holding “uncorroborated and self-serving” testimony 20 insufficient to raise genuine issues of fact and defeat summary judgment
- holding suspect’s wife had 22 clearly established right to bodily privacy where female agent executing search 23 warrant accompanied and observed suspect’s wife while she used the toilet
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
Case 2:20-cv-02748-ODW-PVC Document 64 Filed 01/17/23 Page 1 of 11 Page ID #:735
O
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 United States District Court
9 Central District of California
10
11 JANE DOE et al., Case № 2:20-cv-02748-ODW (PVCx)
12 Plaintiffs,
ORDER GRANTING IN PART
13 v.
DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR
14 COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES et al., SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND
15 DISMISSING STATE LAW CLAIMS
Defendants.
[55]
16
17 I. INTRODUCTION
18 Plaintiffs Jane Doe (“S.C.”) and her minor sister, M.S., through her guardian ad
19 litem, bring this action against Defendants County of Los Angeles, Sergeant Mark
20 Marbach (“Sergeant Marbach”), Detective Luis Torres, Detective Jon Livingston, and
21 Detective Erich Marbach (“Detective Marbach”) (collectively, “Defendant Officers”),
22 alleging ten claims arising from the Defendant Officers’ application for and execution
23 of a search warrant at Plaintiffs’ residence in Lancaster, California (“Residence”).
24 (First. Am. Compl. (“FAC”), ECF No. 42.) Defendants now move for summary
25 judgment or, in the alternative, partial summary judgment, on Plaintiffs’ ten claims.
26 (Mot. Summ. J. (“Mot.” or “Motion”), ECF No. 55.) For the reasons discussed below,
27 the Court GRANTS IN PART Defendants’ Motion as to Plaintiffs’ claims under
28
Case 2:20-cv-02748-ODW-PVC Document 64 Filed 01/17/23 Page 2 of 11 Page ID #:736
1 42 U.S.C. § 1983, and DISMISSES WITHOUT PREJUDICE Plaintiffs’ state law
2 claims.1
3 II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
4 On May 24, 2019, non-party Larry Collier Sr. reported to the Los Angeles
5 Sheriff’s Department (“LASD”) that, on April 5, 2019, his son, non-party Larry
6 Collier Jr., had threatened him with a gun. (Defs.’ Statement Undisputed Facts
7 (“DSUF”) 2, ECF No. 55-4.) Detective Marbach of the LASD was assigned to
8 investigate. (DSUF 3.) During his investigation, Detective Marbach learned and
9 verified that Collier Jr. lived at the Residence. (DSUF 7–8.)
10 On July 23, 2019, Detective Marbach applied for, and the court authorized, a
11 search warrant for the Residence and an arrest warrant for Collier Jr. (DSUF 9, 14.)
12 The Court authorized a search of the Residence for, among other things, the gun used
13 in the alleged crime on April 5, 2019, and paraphernalia tending to show Collier Jr.’s
14 affiliation with the 83rd Street Hoover Crip criminal street gang. (DSUF 10, 12, 14.)
15 On July 25, 2019, Collier Jr. was arrested pursuant to the warrant when he
16 appeared in court on a different criminal matter. (DSUF 15.) Afterwards, at
17 approximately noon, officers—including the Defendant Officers—executed the search
18 warrant at the Residence. (DSUF 16, 18.)
19 After Detective Marbach knocked and announced multiple times that the
20 officers were at the Residence to serve a search warrant, he heard a female voice, now
21 known to be S.C., state “don’t open the door.” (DSUF 20–22.) Sergeant Marbach
22 believed the unknown occupants of the Residence were being intentionally
23 uncooperative and ordered the use of breaching tools to access the Residence.
24 (DSUF 23–24.) Upon entering the house, the officers saw S.C., who was naked, at the
25 top of the stairs. (DSUF 25.) S.C. was also menstruating at the time. (Pls.’ Statement
26 Genuine Disputes (“PSGD”) 25, ECF No. 58.)
27
28 1 Having carefully considered the papers filed in connection with the Motion, the Court deemed the
matter appropriate for decision without oral argument. Fed. R. Civ. P. 78; C.D. Cal. L.R. 7-15.
2
Case 2:20-cv-02748-ODW-PVC Document 64 Filed 01/17/23 Page 3 of 11 Page ID #:737
1 The parties dispute much of what follows, and the Court recounts the facts and
2 draws reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs.2 See Scott v.
3 Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 378 (2007).
4 Plaintiffs contend that S.C. told the officers that she wanted to get a towel, and
5 the officers, who were pointing guns at her, refused this request.3 (PSGD 25, 31.)
6 However, within thirty seconds of entering the Residence, Sergeant Marbach directed
7 deputies to look for something with which to cover S.C. (See DSUF 31; see also
8 Knock and Announce Audio Recording.)
9 S.C. repeatedly screamed and demanded to see the search warrant. (DSUF 25;
10 Knock and Announce Audio Recording.) Sergeant Marbach ordered Detective Torres
11 to place S.C. in handcuffs and detain her in a patrol car because S.C. was preventing
12 the deputies from clearing the entire Residence, thus posing a security risk.4
13 (DSUF 28.)
14 The officers wrapped a comforter around S.C. while handcuffing her. (See Not.
15 Lodging Exs. ISO Mot., Ex. I5 (“Cell Phone Video”).) Plaintiffs contend that, while
16 handcuffing S.C., the officers put S.C. in a chokehold. (PSGD 29.)
17
2 However, the Court notes that, in disputing Defendants’ facts, Plaintiffs rely almost entirely on
18
S.C.’s deposition testimony, uncorroborated by citations to M.S.’s deposition testimony or any of the
19 audio and video footage of this encounter. (See PSGD;) see also Villiarimo v. Aloha Island Air, Inc.,
281 F.3d 1054, 1061 (9th Cir. 2002) (holding “uncorroborated and self-serving” testimony
20 insufficient to raise genuine issues of fact and defeat summary judgment). Nonetheless, the Court
accepts S.C.’s testimony for purposes of resolving the Motion.
21
3 Although Defendants submit an audio recording of the warrant execution, it is, at times, difficult to
22 hear what the parties say over the sound of the breaching tools and other noises. (See Not. Lodging
Exs. ISO Mot., Ex. H (“Knock and Announce Audio Recording”), ECF No. 55-5.)
23 4 Plaintiffs dispute this fact on the basis that S.C. did not prevent deputies from clearing the house
because some deputies were able to clear “other rooms.” (PSGD 28.) However, this says nothing
24
about whether S.C. prevented deputies from clearing the remainder of the house, including the
25 upstairs. Moreover, the Knock and Announce Audio Recording reveals that S.C. twice stated, “I’m
not going to go nowhere.” (Knock and Announce Audio Recording); see also A.G., 1-4 v. City of
26 Fresno, 804 F. App’x 701, 702 (9th Cir. 2020) (citing Scott, 550 U.S. at 381) (explaining the court
may “view[] the facts in the light depicted by the video[]” to the extent that it “blatantly
27
contradict[s]” one party’s version of the incident).
28 5 Exhibit I includes video footage of S.C. while S.C. is naked. The Court ORDERS Ex. I, which
Defendants lodged at ECF No. 55-5, to be sealed.
3
Case 2:20-cv-02748-ODW-PVC Document 64 Filed 01/17/23 Page 4 of 11 Page ID #:738
1 After Detective Torres led S.C. outside, a breeze started to open the comforter
2 around S.C., and S.C. dropped to the ground in an effort to remain clothed.
3 (PSGD 33, 40.) Several officers then jumped on S.C. (Id.) Deputies kneeled on S.C.,
4 placed a hobble on S.C.’s ankles, and dragged S.C. across the grass by her feet and
5 hair. (PSGD 37, 39; DSUF 38.) Once in the patrol car, S.C. was provided with
6 clothes and a tampon. (PSGD 43.) S.C. used her hands to smear menstrual blood
7 inside of the car’s windows. (DSUF 44.)
8 Detective Marbach subsequently arrested S.C. for obstructing and delaying the
9 execution of the search warrant. (DSUF 47.) The District Attorney’s Office filed
10 criminal charges and then later dismissed the case against S.C. (DSUF 48–49.)
11 During the execution of the search warrant, M.S. was crying hysterically.
12 (DSUF 27.) Non-party Detective Germansen had M.S. sit outside on a bench for
13 thirty to sixty minutes while the officers cleared and searched the house and until her
14 aunt arrived. (DSUF 52, 54.) Plaintiffs contend that an unidentified officer pointed a
15 gun at M.S. (PSGD 53.)
16 Plaintiffs filed this civil suit against Defendants, asserting ten claims.6 (FAC
17 ¶¶ 26–70.) Plaintiffs assert five claims pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983:
18 (1) unreasonable use of force (claim one); (2) unreasonable seizure during the
19 execution of a search warrant (claim two); (3) unlawful arrest (claim three);
20 (4) judicial deception (claim four); and (5) malicious prosecution (claim eight). (Id.
21 ¶¶ 26–43, 60–63.) In addition, Plaintiffs assert five claims under state law: (1) battery
22 (claim five); (2) negligence/negligent infliction of emotional distress (“NIED”) (claim
23 six); (3) intentional infliction of emotional distress (“IIED”) (claim seven);
24 (4) malicious prosecution (claim nine); and (5) violation of the Bane Act, Cal. Civ.
25
26
6 Claims one through four are brought by both Plaintiffs against the Defendant Officers. (FAC
27
¶¶ 26–43.) Claims five through seven, and ten, are brought by both Plaintiffs against all Defendants.
28 (Id. ¶¶ 44–59, 68–70.) Claims eight and nine are brought by S.C. against the Defendant Officers.
(Id. ¶¶ 60–67.)
4
Case 2:20-cv-02748-ODW-PVC Document 64 Filed 01/17/23 Page 5 of 11 Page ID #:739
1 Code section 52.1 (claim 10). (Id. ¶¶ 44–59, 64–70.) Defendants now seek summary
2 judgment on all ten claims.7
3 III. LEGAL STANDARD
4 A court “shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no
5 genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a
6 matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The burden of establishing the absence of a
7 genuine issue of material fact lies with the moving party, see Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,
8 477 U.S. 317, 322–23 (1986), and the court must view the facts and draw reasonable
9 inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, Scott, 550 U.S. at 378;
10 Addisu v. Fred Meyer, Inc., 198 F.3d 1130, 1134 (9th Cir. 2000). A disputed fact is
11 “material” where the resolution of that fact might affect the outcome of the suit under
12 the governing law, and the dispute is “genuine” where “the evidence is such that a
13 reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty
14 Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). Although the Court may not weigh conflicting
15 evidence or make credibility determinations, there must be more than a mere scintilla
16 of contradictory evidence to survive summary judgment. Addisu, 198 F.3d at 1134.
17 Once the moving party satisfies its initial burden, the nonmoving party cannot
18 simply rest on the pleadings or argue that any disagreement or “metaphysical doubt”
19 about a material issue of fact precludes summary judgment. See Celotex, 477 U.S.
20 at 322–23; Matsushita Elec. Indus. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986);
21 Cal. Architectural Bldg. Prods., Inc. v. Franciscan Ceramics, Inc., 818 F.2d 1466,
22 1468 (9th Cir. 1987). A “non-moving party must show that there are ‘genuine factual
23 issues that properly can be resolved only by a finder of fact because they may
24 reasonably be resolved in favor of either party.’” Cal. Architectural Bldg. Prods.,
25
7 Plaintiffs object to certain facts presented in Defendants’ Separate Statement of Undisputed Facts.
26 (See PSGD.) Evidentiary objections based “on the ground that it is irrelevant, speculative, and/or
argumentative, or that it constitutes an improper legal conclusion are all duplicative of the summary
27
judgment standard itself.” Burch v. Regents of Univ. of Cal., 433 F. Supp. 2d 1110, 1119 (E.D. Cal.
28 2006). Moreover, here, Plaintiffs object to Defendants’ facts, not evidence. (See PSGD.) Thus, the
Court disregards Plaintiffs’ objections.
5
Case 2:20-cv-02748-ODW-PVC Document 64 Filed 01/17/23 Page 6 of 11 Page ID #:740
1 818 F.2d at 1468 (quoting Anderson, 477 U.S. at 250). Conclusory or speculative
2 testimony in affidavits is insufficient to raise genuine issues of fact and defeat
3 summary judgment, as is “uncorroborated and self-serving” testimony. Villiarimo,
4 281 F.3d at 1061; Thornhill Publ’g Co. v. GTE Corp., 594 F.2d 730, 738 (9th Cir.
5 1979). The court should grant summary judgment against a party who fails to
6 demonstrate facts sufficient to establish an element essential to the case when that
7 party will ultimately bear the burden of proof at trial. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322.
8 IV. DISCUSSION
9 Defendants move for summary judgment on all ten of Plaintiffs’ claims. (Mot.)
10 Defendants argue that the Defendant Officers are entitled to qualified immunity and
11 that Plaintiffs’ claims otherwise fail. (Id. at 9–22.) Plaintiffs argue that the Defendant
12 Officers are not entitled to qualified immunity and that genuine disputes of material
13 fact preclude summary judgment for Defendants on each claim. (Opp’n 10–17, ECF
14 No. 56.)
15 A. Section 1983 Claims
16 “The doctrine of qualified immunity insulates government agents against
17 personal liability for money damages for actions taken in good faith pursuant to their
18 discretionary authority.” Deorle v. Rutherford, 272 F.3d 1272, 1285 (9th Cir. 2001).
19 A government official is entitled to qualified immunity unless the plaintiff raises a
20 genuine issue of fact showing (1) “a violation of a constitutional right,” and (2) that
21 the right was “clearly established at the time of [the] defendant’s alleged misconduct.”
22 Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 232 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). A
23 court may exercise “sound discretion in deciding which of the two prongs of the
24 qualified immunity analysis should be addressed first in light of the circumstances in
25 the particular case at hand.” Id. at 236.
26 The Court exercises its discretion to begin with the second prong of the
27 qualified immunity analysis: whether the constitutional right that the Defendant
28 Officers allegedly violated was clearly established at the time of the violation. See id.
6
Case 2:20-cv-02748-ODW-PVC Document 64 Filed 01/17/23 Page 7 of 11 Page ID #:741
1 “The ‘clearly established’ inquiry is a question of law that only a judge can decide,”
2 Morales v. Fry, 873 F.3d 817, 821 (9th Cir. 2017), and Plaintiffs bear “the burden of
3 demonstrating that the right at issue was clearly established,” Kramer v. Cullinan, 878
4 F.3d 1156, 1164 (9th Cir. 2018).
5 “For a constitutional right to be ‘clearly established’ its ‘contours [must be]
6 sufficiently definite that any reasonable official in the defendant’s shoes would have
7 understood that he was violating it.’” Id. at 1163 (alteration in original). “[T]he focus
8 is on whether the officer had fair notice” that their actions violated a constitutional
9 right and were unlawful. Kisela v. Hughes, 138 S. Ct. 1148, 1152 (2018). In
10 determining whether this standard is met, a court considers whether there are “cases of
11 controlling authority” in the plaintiff’s jurisdiction at the time of the incident “which
12 clearly established the rule on which they seek to rely,” or “a consensus of cases of
13 persuasive authority such that a reasonable officer could not have believed that [their]
14 actions were lawful.” Wilson v. Layne, 526 U.S. 603, 617 (1999). “[T]he clearly
15 established law must be ‘particularized’ to the facts of the case.” White v. Pauly,
16 580 U.S. 73, 79 (2017); see also J. K. J. v. City of San Diego, 42 F.4th 990, 1000
17 (9th Cir. 2021) (holding the relevant inquiry is whether “the violative nature of [the
18 defendant’s] particular conduct is clearly established . . . in light of the specific
19 context of the case.” (emphases and alteration in original)). Although “a case directly
20 on point” is not required, “existing precedent must have placed the statutory or
21 constitutional question beyond debate.” Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 741
22 (2011).
23 Here, Plaintiffs argue that the Defendant Officers are not entitled to qualified
24 immunity for Plaintiffs’ claims under the Fourth Amendment because, “[a]s far back
25 as 1963, Ninth Circuit law clearly established a female detainee’s right to bodily
26 privacy.” (Opp’n 11.) Because the only right that Plaintiffs identify in their qualified
27 immunity argument is a female detainee’s right to bodily privacy, (id. at 11–12), the
28 Court focuses its analysis on this right.
7
Case 2:20-cv-02748-ODW-PVC Document 64 Filed 01/17/23 Page 8 of 11 Page ID #:742
1 To begin with, as a practical matter, it is not clear how Plaintiffs could meet
2 their burden of demonstrating that the Defendant Officers’ conduct violated a clearly
3 established constitutional right that is “‘particularized’ to the facts of [this] case,” see
4 White, 580 U.S. at 79, where their argument fails entirely to address the facts of this
5 case and the Defendant Officers’ conduct, (Opp’n 11–12). Moreover, Plaintiffs’
6 argument that the Defendant Officers violated a clearly established right to bodily
7 privacy does not address whether the Defendant Officers are entitled to qualified
8 immunity with respect to M.S.’s claim for unreasonable seizure, (FAC ¶¶ 36–37), and
9 Plaintiffs’ remaining claims under section 1983 for unreasonable use of force,
10 unlawful arrest, judicial deception, and malicious prosecution, (id. ¶¶ 26–35, 38–43,
11 60–63). Thus, with respect to those claims, Plaintiffs fail to carry their “burden of
12 demonstrating that the right at issue was clearly established.” Kramer, 878 F.3d
13 at 1164.
14 Additionally, as Plaintiffs define it, a female detainee’s right to bodily privacy
15 is far too generalized to constitute a clearly established right for purposes of qualified
16 immunity here. Plaintiffs cite two cases in which the Ninth Circuit recognized a right
17 to bodily privacy, each of which involve scenarios where officers observed women in
18 the bathroom. See Sepulveda v. Ramirez, 967 F.2d 1413, 1416 (9th Cir. 1992)
19 (holding female parolee had clearly established right to bodily privacy where male
20 parole officer entered bathroom stall while parolee was partially clothed); see also
21 Ioane v. Hodges, 939 F.3d 945, 957 (9th Cir. 2018) (holding suspect’s wife had
22 clearly established right to bodily privacy where female agent executing search
23 warrant accompanied and observed suspect’s wife while she used the toilet).
24 However, “[t]he Supreme Court has ‘repeatedly told courts—and the Ninth Circuit in
25 particular—not to define clearly established law at a high level of generality.’” Evans
26 v. Skolnik, 997 F.3d 1060, 1067 (9th Cir. 2021) (citing Ashcroft, 563 U.S. at 742); see
27 also White, 580 U.S. at 79 (“Today, it is again necessary to reiterate the longstanding
28 principle that ‘clearly established law’ should not be defined ‘at a high level of
8
Case 2:20-cv-02748-ODW-PVC Document 64 Filed 01/17/23 Page 9 of 11 Page ID #:743
1 generality.’”). With this guidance in mind, Sepulveda and Ioane are better understood
2 as establishing narrower rights than that of a female detainee’s right to bodily privacy
3 in general. Rather, at least for purposes of the Court’s qualified immunity analysis
4 here, Sepulveda and Ioane establish the right to not be observed while going to the
5 bathroom in particular contexts. Those scenarios are not at issue here, and Plaintiffs
6 fail to identify any authority establishing a constitutional right that is particularized to
7 the facts of this case and which puts the unlawfulness of the Defendant Officers’
8 actions here “beyond debate.” See Ashcroft, 563 U.S. at 741.
9 Although not cited in support of their qualified immunity argument, Plaintiffs
10 elsewhere rely on Franklin v. Foxworth. (Opp’n 10–11 (citing Franklin, 31 F.3d 873,
11 876–77 (9th Cir. 1994)).) Thus, the Court also considers whether Franklin constitutes
12 clearly established law that would have put the Defendant Officers on notice that their
13 actions here were unlawful. In Franklin, the Ninth Circuit found that officers
14 executing a search warrant acted unconstitutionally by “removing a gravely ill and
15 semi-naked man from his sickbed without providing any clothing or covering, and
16 then by forcing him to remain sitting handcuffed in his living room for two hours.”
17 31 F.3d at 876–77. The Ninth Circuit noted that the man “presented little risk of
18 danger to [the officers], that he presented absolutely no risk of flight, and that it was
19 highly unlikely that he could interfere with their search in any way.” Id. at 877.
20 Franklin is inapposite. Here, unlike in Franklin, the Defendant Officers sought
21 quickly to cover S.C., who was actively preventing the deputies from clearing the area
22 subject to the search warrant. (DSUF 28, 31; Knock and Announce Audio
23 Recording.) Plaintiffs also cite Los Angeles County v. Rettele, where the Supreme
24 Court determined officers executing a search warrant acted reasonably when they
25 ordered naked residents out of bed and held them at gunpoint for one to two minutes,
26 while verifying that no weapons were present and that other persons were not close
27 by. See 550 U.S. 609, 611–14 (2007). Neither Franklin, nor Rettele, clearly establish
28 that it is unlawful for officers executing a search warrant to detain and cover with a
9
Case 2:20-cv-02748-ODW-PVC Document 64 Filed 01/17/23 Page 10 of 11 Page ID #:744
1 blanket a naked, menstruating woman when she is preventing the officers from
2 clearing the area to be searched. At best, the consensus of these cases is that detaining
3 a naked woman may violate a constitutional right to bodily privacy in some
4 circumstances, but not in others. Thus, if anything, Plaintiffs’ cited authority
5 demonstrates that the violative nature of the Defendant Officers’ particular conduct is
6 not clearly established. See J. K. J., 42 F.4th at 1000.
7 Accordingly, Plaintiffs fail to carry their “burden of demonstrating that the right
8 at issue was clearly established,” Kramer, 878 F.3d at 1164, and the Court finds that
9 the Defendant Officers are entitled to qualified immunity. The Court GRANTS IN
10 PART Defendants’ Motion as to Plaintiffs’ claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
11 B. State Law Claims
12 Plaintiffs also bring five claims under state law: (1) battery (claim five);
13 (2) negligence/NIED (claim six); (3) IIED (claim seven); (4) malicious prosecution
14 (claim nine); and (5) violation of the Bane Act, Cal. Civ. Code section 52.1
15 (claim 10). (Id. ¶¶ 44–59, 64–70.)
16 When a federal court has dismissed all claims over which it has original
17 jurisdiction, it may, at its discretion, decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over
18 the remaining state law claims. 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3); see also Carlsbad Tech., Inc.
19 v. HIF Bio, Inc., 556 U.S. 635, 640 (2009); Lima v. U.S. Dep’t of Educ., 947 F.3d
20 1122, 1128 (9th Cir. 2020) (holding district court did not abuse its discretion by
21 declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over state law claims after granting
22 summary judgment in favor of defendant on all federal claims). “[I]n the usual case in
23 which all federal-law claims are eliminated before trial, the balance of factors to be
24 considered under the pendent jurisdiction doctrine—judicial economy, convenience,
25 fairness, and comity—will point toward declining to exercise jurisdiction over the
26 remaining state-law claims.” Carnegie-Mellon Univ. v. Cohill, 484 U.S. 343, 350 n.7
27 (1988).
28
10
Case|l2:20-cv-02748-ODW-PVC Document 64 Filed 01/17/23 Page 11o0f11 Page ID #:745
1 Because the Court dismisses all of Plaintiffs’ federal claims, it declines to
2 || exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the remaining claims brought under state law.
3 || Accordingly, the Court DISMISSES WITHOUT PREJUDICE Plaintiffs’ claims for
4|| battery, negligence/NIED, ITED, malicious prosecution, and violation of the Bane Act.
5 Vv. CONCLUSION
6 For the reasons discussed above, the Court GRANTS IN PART Defendants’
7 || Motion for Summary Judgment, (ECF No. 55), as to Plaintiffs’ first, second, third,
8 | fourth, and eighth claims brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. In addition, the Court
9 || DISMISSES WITHOUT PREJUDICE Plaintiffs’ remaining state law claims. The
10 || Court will issue a judgment.
1]
12 IT IS SO ORDERED.
13
14 January 17, 2023
15 es
Géed
17 OTIS D. WRIGHT, II
ig UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
11