“Binding authority 23 within this regime cannot be considered and cast aside; it is not merely evidence of what the law is. 24 Rather, caselaw on point is the law.”
How later courts described this case
- “Binding authority 23 within this regime cannot be considered and cast aside; it is not merely evidence of what the law is. 24 Rather, caselaw on point is the law.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
Case 2:22-cv-03279-MEMF-AFM Document 25 Filed 10/13/22 Page 1 of 6 Page ID #:114
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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Case No.: 2:22-cv-03279-MEMF (AFMx)
11 ARAMI CHEYENNE WALKER,
12 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS
[ECF NO. 15]
13 v.
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15 BOARD OF REGENTS, UNIVERSITY OF
CALIFORNIA,
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Defendant.
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20 Before the Court is the Motion to Dismiss filed by Defendant the Regents of the University
21 of California. ECF No. 15. For the reasons stated herein, the Court GRANTS the Motion to Dismiss
22 WITHOUT LEAVE TO AMEND.
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27 / / /
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Case 2:22-cv-03279-MEMF-AFM Document 25 Filed 10/13/22 Page 2 of 6 Page ID #:115
1 I. Factual Background1
2 On May 28, 2015, Plaintiff Arami Cheyenne Walker (“Walker”), then a student at the
3 University of California, Los Angeles (“UCLA”)2, was approached on campus by a photographer in
4 between classes. Compl. at 1. Walker agreed to be photographed. Id. In a process that took
5 approximately five minutes, the photographer took a few images and asked for Walker to sign a
6 release. Id. The release authorized use of the images so long as they were not defamatory. Id. The
7 photographer did not offer Walker any compensation. Id.
8 On March 20, 2020, Walker received a text message from an individual that Walker’s image
9 was being used for a campaign to raise money for the COVID vaccine. Id. at 1–2. In the photo,
10 Walker’s eyes are half closed and she looks potentially ill. Id. at 2. On the photo was a caption
11 reading, “UCLA is doing something about COVID.” Id. This image was featured on UCLA’s
12 website, as well as on its Facebook and Instagram pages. Id. In response to this campaign, Walker
13 received calls from her bandmates and friends, concerned that she had COVID. Id. Walker is a
14 musician, author, and educator that for the most part interacts privately and publicly with citizens
15 through concerts, curated exhibitions, and teaching. Id.
16 Shortly after, another individual copied the Facebook campaign to Walker’s public Facebook
17 wall and said, “You are the Poster girl of Covid.” Id. Walker reported this to Facebook as
18 harassment. Id. This individual continued to post the campaign and refused to take it down at
19 Walker’s request. Id. As a result, Walker felt forced to delete her Facebook account. Id.
20 On March 25, 2020, Walker contacted Jennifer Wheelock (“Wheelock”) at the UCLA
21 External Affairs Office, stating that she would like her images deleted and the release form
22 terminated due to the fact that she was being bullied online. Id. That same day Wheelock replied that
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26 1 The facts set forth below are taken from the Complaint. ECF No. 1 (“Compl.”).
2 While Walker does not explicitly allege in her Complaint that she was a student at UCLA at the time, the
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Court infers this fact based on her allegations that the photograph was taken “between classes” and her
request that she be able to “retain her privileges as an alumni and retain articles written about her work during
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and after her time at UCLA.” Compl. at 1, 5.
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Case 2:22-cv-03279-MEMF-AFM Document 25 Filed 10/13/22 Page 3 of 6 Page ID #:116
1 Walker’s images were deleted and removed from the website and that the release form was
2 terminated. Id.
3 On March 12, 2022, Walker received an Instagram message from a third individual that
4 Walker’s image was on a large-scale banner on the Arthur Ashe Building for student health.
5 On March 12, 2022, Walker sent an email to Shilo Munk (“Munk”), UCLA’s Chief of Staff
6 for Strategic Communication, stating that her image was still in use and she needed it to be removed.
7 Id. On March 18, 2022, Munk emailed Walker the release form from 2015 and stated that it was the
8 reason Walker’s image was still in use. Id. However, because of her demand, Munk responded that
9 he would have the images removed from UCLA’s campus and website. Id. Walker replied that she
10 would like to be compensated for the continued use of image since she had initially requested to
11 have it taken down in March of 2020. Id. at 3.
12 II. Procedural History
13 On May 13, 2022, Walker filed this action against Defendant Board of Regents, University
14 of California (the “Regents”)3 for: (1) appropriation, CAL. CIV. CODE § 3344; (2) breach of contract;
15 and (3) negligent infliction of emotional distress. See generally Compl. Walker alleges that the Court
16 has subject matter jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332 (diversity jurisdiction). Id. at 1. All of her
17 claims are state law claims and she does not allege any other basis of subject matter jurisdiction.
18 On August 8, 2022, the Regents filed the instant Motion to Dismiss. See generally ECF No.
19 15 (“Mot.”). This Motion was fully briefed on September 14, 2022. See ECF Nos. 17 (“Opp’n”), 22
20 (“Reply”). The Court heard oral argument on September 29, 2022 and took the matter under
21 submission. ECF No. 24.
22 III. Applicable Law
23 The “[f]ederal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction.” Corral v. Select Portfolio Servicing,
24 Inc., 878 F.3d 770, 773 (9th Cir. 2017) (internal quotation marks omitted). The plaintiff bears the
25 burden of establishing that subject matter jurisdiction exists. Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of
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3 Defendant indicates in its Motion that it was erroneously sued as “Board of Regents, University of
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California.”
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Case 2:22-cv-03279-MEMF-AFM Document 25 Filed 10/13/22 Page 4 of 6 Page ID #:117
1 Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). A “court of the United States may not grant relief absent a
2 constitutional or valid statutory grant of jurisdiction.” U.S. v. Bravo-Diaz, 312 F.3d 995, 997 (9th
3 Cir. 2002). Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 12(b)(1), a party may bring a motion to
4 dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
5 District courts have diversity jurisdiction over civil actions where the matter in controversy
6 exceeds $75,000 and is between citizens of different states. “There is no question that a State is not a
7 ‘citizen’ for purposes of the diversity jurisdiction.” Moor v. Alameda Cnty., 411 U.S. 693, 717
8 (1973). The Ninth Circuit has extended this proposition to state agencies, finding that “neither a state
9 nor a state agency [can] be a party to a diversity action.” Dep’t of Fair Emp. & Hous. v. Lucent
10 Techs., Inc., 642 F.3d 728, 737 (9th Cir. 2011) (internal quotations omitted).
11 IV. Discussion
12 A. Walker cannot establish subject matter jurisdiction over the Regents.
13 Walker alleges that the Court has subject matter jurisdiction under diversity jurisdiction, as
14 she is a citizen of Washington and the Regents is a citizen of California. Compl. at 1. The Regents
15 argues that this action should be dismissed pursuant to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule
16 12(b)(1) because the Regents is not considered a citizen of California for the purpose of establishing
17 diversity. Mot. at 4.
18 ITSI T.V. Prods., Inc. v. Agric. Ass’ns, 3 F.3d 1289, 1292 (9th Cir. 1993) supplies the binding
19 test for the Ninth Circuit to determine whether an entity is an “arm of the state” for purposes of 11th
20 Amendment immunity, and thus may not be considered a citizen of that State. Both the Regents and
21 Walker cite to this test in their respective briefing. ITSI provides:
22 To determine whether a governmental agency is an arm of the state, the following
factors must be examined: [1] whether a money judgment would be satisfied out of
23 state funds, [2] whether the entity performs central governmental functions, [3]
whether the entity may sue or be sued, [4] whether the entity has power to take
24 property in its own name or only the name of the state, and [5] the corporate status
of the entity. To determine these factors, the court looks to the way state law treats
25 the entity.
26 ITSI, 3 F.3d at 1292; see also Mot. at 11; Opp’n at 1–2.
27 It is well established that neither a state nor an arm of the state is a citizen of that state for
28 diversity purposes. See Moor, 411 U.S. at 717; State Highway Comm'n of Wyoming v. Utah Const.
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1 Co., 278 U.S. 194, 199 (1929); Postal Tel. Cable Co. v. State of Alabama, 155 U.S. 482, 487 (1894).
2 The question presented by this case is whether the Regents constitute an arm of the state. The 11th
3 Amendment also prohibits suits against a state. ITSI supplies the binding test for determining
4 whether an entity is an arm of the state for purposes of 11th Amendment immunity. ITSI, 3 F.3d at
5 1292. Both parties cite to ITSI as the test this court should apply in determining whether the Regents
6 is an arm of the state for purposes of diversity jurisdiction.
7 Although ITSI is not about diversity, and technically does not establish the test to be applied
8 for diversity purposes, this Court finds that it is appropriate to apply. The jurisprudence of the 11th
9 Amendment and diversity jurisdiction both seem to be concerned with whether a suit is effectively
10 against the state itself. Both the 11th Amendment and the Judiciary Act of 1789, which first
11 established diversity jurisdiction, were enacted at the founding of our nation. There appears to be no
12 reason why the same factors that determine whether an entity is an arm of the state for purposes of
13 the 11th Amendment would not apply to determining whether that entity is an arm of the state for
14 purposes of diversity. And numerous other courts have applied the ITSI test in just this fashion.
15 Since ITSI, the Ninth Circuit has repeatedly held “that the University [of California] is an arm of the
16 State of California under the test of ITSI TV Prods. v. Agric. Ass’ns, 3 F.3d 1289, 1292 (9th Cir.
17 1993).” See, e.g., Doe v. Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab’y, 131 F.3d 836, 839 (9th Cir. 1997);
18 Jackson v. Hayakawa, 682 F.2d 1344, 1350 (9th Cir. 1982) (“[T]he University of California and the
19 Board of Regents are considered to be instrumentalities of the state.”). Pursuant to the law of the
20 circuit doctrine, this Court defers to the Ninth Circuit’s determination that the Regents of the
21 University of California is an arm of the State and shall not independently apply the test in ITSI to
22 the facts here. See Hart v. Massanari, 266 F.3d 1155, 1170 (9th Cir. 2001) (“Binding authority
23 within this regime cannot be considered and cast aside; it is not merely evidence of what the law is.
24 Rather, caselaw on point is the law.”).
25 While the Court appreciates the serious nature of the harm Walker is alleged to have
26 suffered, for the reasons stated above, the Court finds that Walker is unable to establish subject
27 matter jurisdiction on grounds of diversity. As the Court stated at the September 29, 2022, the Court
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1 advises Walker that it makes no determination as to whether this action might be properly brought in
2 state court. In any event, this action is hereby DISMISSED.4
3 V. Pro Se Resources
4 As discussed at the hearing, the Court appreciates the challenges that come with self-
5 representation and wishes to provide guidance to Walker on the following resources, which she may
6 wish to consult:
7 • Information on the Federal Pro Se Clinic in Los Angeles, which offers on-site information
8 and guidance to individuals who are representing themselves, can be found at
9 https://prose.cacd.uscourts.gov/los-angeles.
10 • Information and resources on representing yourself from the LA Law Library, available at
11 the https://www.lalawlibrary.org/.
12 • General information on how parties may represent themselves in civil cases in the Central
13 District of California can be found at https://prose.cacd.uscourts.gov/.
14 VI. Conclusion
15 In light of the foregoing, the Court hereby GRANTS Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss
16 WITHOUT LEAVE TO AMEND.
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18 IT IS SO ORDERED.
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20 Dated: October 13, 2022 ___________________________________
21 MAAME EWUSI-MENSAH FRIMPONG
22 United States District Judge
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4 The Regents additionally argues that Walker’s claims should be dismissed on grounds of sovereign
26 immunity under the 11th Amendment and under the Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Furthermore,
the Regents argue that Walker fails to state a claim for relief because: (1) she fails to state a claim for
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appropriation; (2) she consented to the use of her image; and (3) she fails to plead that the Regents owed a
duty to her. Mot. at 7–10. However, as the Court “determines . . . that it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction [and
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thus] must dismiss the action,” the Court cannot address these arguments. FED. R. CIV. P. 12(h)(3).
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