The opinion
Filed 5/29/24 Medina v. Microsoft Corp. CA3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
(San Joaquin)
----
ANTONIO MEDINA, C098084
Plaintiff and Appellant, (Super. Ct. No. STK-CV-UD-
2021-0011122)
v.
MICROSOFT CORPORATION et al.,
Defendants and Respondents.
Pro per plaintiff and appellant Antonio Medina (Medina) sued defendant and
respondent Microsoft Corporation (Microsoft) in a federal district court in 2014.
Microsoft’s attorney in that matter (attorney) filed a motion for protective order that
included statements about Medina’s background. The district court repeated the
statements in its order partially granting the motion. The unredacted motion and the
order have been available on websites operated by defendants and respondents Free Law
Project, CaseText, Inc. (CaseText), and PacerMonitor, LLC (collectively, legal research
defendants) since around 2014.
1
In 2020, Medina obtained an order from the district court sealing a portion of the
motion and the order. He sued Microsoft, attorney, legal research defendants
(collectively, moving defendants), and others for defamation, false advertising, and other
related tort causes of action. The trial court granted moving defendants’ anti-SLAPP
motions (SLAPP is an acronym for strategic lawsuit against public participation).
On appeal, Medina contends: (1) the anti-SLAPP motions were moot because he
amended his complaint and the trial court erred in striking the amended complaint; (2) in
ruling on the anti-SLAPP motions, the trial court erred by judicially noticing the truth of
hearsay statements in the district court’s sealing order; (3) his causes of action did not
arise from protected activity; (4) moving defendants’ activities were not privileged;
(5) legal research defendants did not enjoy immunity under section 230 of title 47 of the
United States Code (section 230); (6) the false advertising cause of action was not subject
to the anti-SLAPP statute; and (7) all his causes of action were supported by factual
allegations.
We find no error and affirm. All statutory references are to the Code of Civil
Procedure unless otherwise indicated.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In 2014, Medina sued Microsoft in a federal district court. Attorney made
statements about Medina in her motion for a protective order that Medina contended to be
false, defamatory, and irrelevant to the lawsuit. The district court repeated those
statements in its order partially granting the protective order.
Legal research defendants operate websites that allow the public to search and
access documents filed in court. The unredacted motion and order (the 2014 court
documents) were available on those websites and the district court’s docket since around
2014.
In 2020, Medina obtained an order from the district court sealing a portion of the
2014 court documents. But the district court denied Medina’s motion to strike on the
2
ground that it would not provide relief to Medina because publishers were not required to
immediately withdraw the sealed material.
In 2021, Medina sued moving defendants, Google NA Inc. (Google), and others.
He filed a first amended complaint in May 2022 for defamation, libel, false advertising in
violation of Business and Professions Code section 17500, false light, publication of
private facts, intentional misrepresentation, and intentional infliction of emotional
distress, all based on the statements in the 2014 court documents. Free Law Project,
CaseText, and Google demurred to the first amended complaint. Moving defendants also
filed anti-SLAPP motions to strike the first amended complaint.
On November 29, 2022, the trial court sustained Google’s demurrer to the first
amended complaint with leave to amend only as to Google but at Medina’s request
continued the hearing on moving defendants’ anti-SLAPP motions to February 2023. In
December 2022, Medina filed a second amended complaint (the December 2022
complaint).
After the hearing on the anti-SLAPP motions, and in the wake of the December 22
complaint filing, the trial court issued a “corrected and clarifying ruling” on February 27,
2023, explaining that the time for leave to amend as against Google would not begin to
run until after an order on the anti-SLAPP motions was issued. The trial court then
struck the December 2022 complaint on its own motion.
On March 1, 2023, the trial court granted the anti-SLAPP motions and dismissed
the first amended complaint (the operative complaint) as to moving defendants with
prejudice and without leave to amend. In light of its order on their anti-SLAPP motion,
the trial court further found Free Law Project and CaseText’s demurrer moot.
Medina appealed the trial court’s corrected and clarifying ruling and order striking
the December 2022 complaint on March 3, 2023, and appealed the orders granting the
anti-SLAPP motions on March 7, 2023. We dismissed Medina’s March 3, 2023 appeal.
3
Therefore, this opinion considers only the March 7, 2023 appeal from the orders granting
the anti-SLAPP motions.
On March 16, 2023, Medina filed another second amended complaint against all
defendants (the March 2023 complaint). Moving defendants filed a joint special motion
to strike the March 2023 complaint as procedurally improper.
DISCUSSION1
I
The Amended Complaints
As a preliminary matter, we address the legal effects of the December 2022
complaint and the March 2023 complaint.
Medina contends the anti-SLAPP motions became moot after he filed the
December 2022 complaint. But “there is no express or implied right in [section] 425.16
to amend a pleading to avoid a SLAPP motion.” (Sylmar Air Conditioning v. Pueblo
Contracting Services, Inc. (2004) 122 Cal.App.4th 1049, 1055; see Navellier v. Sletten
(2003) 106 Cal.App.4th 763, 772 [“a plaintiff cannot use an eleventh-hour amendment to
plead around a motion to strike under the anti-SLAPP statute”].) Therefore, the
December 2022 complaint, filed before the hearing on the anti-SLAPP motions, did not
supersede the operative complaint or render the motions moot. The trial court properly
considered the anti-SLAPP motions.
To the extent Medina contends the trial court erred in striking his December 2022
complaint and in sustaining Google’s demurrer with conditions, the relevant appeal has
been dismissed and we do not address this contention.
1 Medina’s motion to seal filed January 17, 2024, is denied because the information cited
in the respondents’ brief is publicly available and repeated in Medina’s publicly filed
opening brief. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.46(g) [prohibits disclosure of nonpublic
material].) Accordingly, Medina’s motion for sanctions filed January 17, 2024, is also
denied.
4
Finally, Medina appears to contend we should consider the March 2023 complaint
in assessing the anti-SLAPP motions on this appeal. Not so. The March 2023 complaint,
filed after the trial court granted the anti-SLAPP motions and struck the operative
complaint as to moving defendants, was improper and did not supersede the operative
complaint. “[A] plaintiff whose complaint is stricken by a successful anti-SLAPP motion
cannot try again with an amended complaint. There is no such thing as granting an anti-
SLAPP motion with leave to amend.” (Dickinson v. Cosby (2017) 17 Cal.App.5th 655,
676.) Medina erroneously believes he had leave to amend the complaint as to moving
defendants when the trial court explicitly granted the anti-SLAPP motions without leave
to amend. The record is clear that the leave to amend was limited to Medina’s causes of
action against Google. Accordingly, we need not consider Medina’s contention that the
trial court had discretion to grant the anti-SLAPP motions with leave to amend.
II
Standing
We begin with Medina’s standing to bring the false advertising cause of action.
“A lack of standing is a jurisdictional defect to an action that mandates dismissal.”
(Cummings v. Stanley (2009) 177 Cal.App.4th 493, 501.) “Lack of standing is not
waived by the failure to raise it in the trial court; it may be raised at any point in the
proceedings.” (Killian v. Millard (1991) 228 Cal.App.3d 1601, 1605.) “Moreover, as the
question of jurisdiction is always fundamental [citation], ‘a court has inherent power to
inquire into jurisdiction of its own motion, regardless of whether the question is raised by
the litigants. [Citations.]’ ” (In re Estevez (2008) 165 Cal.App.4th 1445, 1458; see Olson
v. Cory (1983) 35 Cal.3d 390, 398 [“since the question of appealability goes to our
jurisdiction, we are dutybound to consider it on our own motion”].)
To establish standing under the false advertising law, a plaintiff must:
“(1) establish a loss or deprivation of money or property sufficient to qualify as injury in
fact, i.e., economic injury, and (2) show that the economic injury was the result of, i.e.,
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caused by, the . . . false advertising that is the gravamen of the claim.” (Kwikset Corp. v.
Superior Court (2011) 51 Cal.4th 310, 322.) The phrase “as a result of” “imposes an
actual reliance requirement” on plaintiffs where an unlawful competition law action is
based on a fraud theory involving false advertising. (In re Tobacco II Cases (2009)
46 Cal.4th 298, 325, fn. 17, 326; see Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17200 [unfair competition
includes any “unlawful, unfair or fraudulent business act or practice and unfair,
deceptive, untrue or misleading advertising and any act prohibited by . . . Section
17500”].) This actual reliance requirement was later extended to unfair competition law
actions predicated on misrepresentation and deception. (Durell v. Sharp Healthcare
(2010) 183 Cal.App.4th 1350, 1363; Kwikset, at p. 327 [citing Durell in approval].)
Here, Medina’s false advertising cause of action was predicated on the theories of
fraud and misrepresentation. The operative complaint alleged legal research defendants
“misrepresented in their advertising that documents that they offered on their websites
were accurate copies of public records and the originals were available directly from the
courts” when in reality they obtained the documents from third parties, altered, and
selectively published these documents for their own profits. Among these documents
were the 2014 court documents. As a result, legal research defendants “deprived
[Medina] of his good name and reputation.” But Medina’s loss of good name and
reputation was a result of the dissemination of the allegedly defamatory statements in the
2014 court documents. The operative complaint did not allege that Medina actually
relied on legal research defendants’ advertisement to his detriment. Thus, Medina lacks
standing to bring a false advertising cause of action against legal research defendants.
We accordingly do not address Medina’s contention that the false advertising cause of
action was exempted from the anti-SLAPP statute under section 425.17, subdivision (c).
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III
The Anti-SLAPP Motions
“A SLAPP suit . . . seeks to chill or punish a party’s exercise of constitutional
rights to free speech.” (Rusheen v. Cohen (2006) 37 Cal.4th 1048, 1055.) Section
425.16, or the anti-SLAPP statute, provides “a procedural remedy to dispose of lawsuits
that are brought to chill the valid exercise of constitutional rights.” (Rusheen v. Cohen, at
pp. 1055-1056.) Under the anti-SLAPP statute, “[a] cause of action against a person
arising from any act of that person in furtherance of the person’s right of petition or free
speech under the United States Constitution or the California Constitution in connection
with a public issue shall be subject to a special motion to strike, unless the court
determines that the plaintiff has established that there is a probability that the plaintiff
will prevail on the claim.” (§ 425.16, subd. (b)(1).)
“In evaluating an anti-SLAPP motion, the trial court first determines whether the
defendant has made a threshold showing that the challenged cause of action arises from
protected activity.” (Rusheen v. Cohen, supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 1056.) Once the
defendant has made the prima facie showing, “the burden shifts to the plaintiff to
demonstrate that each challenged claim based on protected activity is legally sufficient
and factually substantiated.” (Baral v. Schnitt (2016) 1 Cal.5th 376, 396.) “In making its
determination, the court shall consider the pleadings, and supporting and opposing
affidavits stating the facts upon which the liability or defense is based.” (§ 425.16, subd.
(b)(2).)
“Only a cause of action that satisfies both prongs of the anti-SLAPP statute — i.e.,
that arises from protected speech or petitioning and lacks even minimal merit — is a
SLAPP, subject to being stricken under the statute.” (Navellier v. Sletten (2002)
29 Cal.4th 82, 89.) “We review an order granting or denying a motion to strike under
section 425.16 de novo.” (Oasis West Realty, LLC v. Goldman (2011) 51 Cal.4th 811,
820.)
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A. Protected Activity
In deciding whether a plaintiff’s claims arise from protected activity, we first
“ ‘consider the elements of the challenged claim and what actions by the defendant
supply those elements and consequently form the basis for liability.’ [Citation.] The
defendant’s burden is to identify what acts each challenged claim rests on and to show
how those acts are protected under a statutorily defined category of protected activity.”
(Bonni v. St. Joseph Health System (2021) 11 Cal.5th 995, 1009.) “[W]hatever the
purported ‘target’ of a cause of action, if protected speech activity supplies an element of
the claim, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to demonstrate a reasonable probability of
prevailing on the merits.” (Musero v. Creative Artists Agency, LLC (2021)
72 Cal.App.5th 802, 819.)
Under the anti-SLAPP statute, an “act in furtherance of a person’s right of petition
or free speech under the United States or California Constitution in connection with a
public issue” includes written statements or writings made “before a . . . judicial
proceeding” or “in connection with an issue under consideration or review by a . . .
judicial body.” (§ 425.16, subds. (e)(1) & (2).) “Under the plain language of section
425.16, subdivision (e)(1) and (2), as well as the case law interpreting those provisions,
all communicative acts performed by attorneys as part of their representation of a client
in a judicial proceeding . . . are per se protected as petitioning activity by the anti-SLAPP
statute.” (Cabral v. Martins (2009) 177 Cal.App.4th 471, 479-480.)
Here, the statements made by attorney in the 2014 court documents as part of her
representation of Microsoft in the federal action were per se protected. The making and
publication of these statements also supply at least one element in each of Medina’s
causes of action for defamation, libel, false light, publication of private facts, intentional
misrepresentation, and intentional infliction of emotional distress because the operative
complaint alleged: (1) moving defendants defamed him by maliciously publishing the
statements knowing they were false; (2) legal research defendants’ publication of the
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statements were libelous; (3) moving defendants painted him in a false light by making
and publishing the statements; (4) moving defendants publicly disclosed the statements
containing private facts about him that would be highly offensive to a reasonable person;
(5) legal research defendants misrepresented to him that they would remove the
statements from their website and, in reliance on the representation, he delayed taking
legal action, causing damage to his reputation and livelihood; (6) moving defendants
intentionally inflicted emotional damage on him by knowingly publishing the statements.
Medina contends he does not challenge the statements in the 2014 court
documents; rather, his causes of action arose from moving defendants’ out of court
disclosure of sealed court documents, and false statements that public records contained
information about his background. This is a distinction without a difference. Regardless
of how they were disclosed, the statements that Medina claims to be defamatory and
caused him damage were the statements contained in the 2014 court documents.
Because Medina’s tort causes of action arose from protected activity, we next
decide whether Medina demonstrated a probability of prevailing on those causes of
action.
B. Probability of Prevailing
To establish a probability of prevailing, a plaintiff “ ‘must demonstrate that the
complaint is both legally sufficient and supported by a sufficient prima facie showing of
facts to sustain a favorable judgment if the evidence submitted by the plaintiff is
credited.’ ” (Wilson v. Parker, Covert & Chidester (2002) 28 Cal.4th 811, 821.) But
there is no probability of prevailing if the plaintiff’s claims are legally barred, such as by
the litigation privilege or section 230. (See, e.g., Digerati Holdings, LLC v. Young
Money Entertainment, LLC (2011) 194 Cal.App.4th 873, 888 [“A plaintiff cannot
establish a probability of prevailing if the litigation privilege precludes the defendant’s
liability on the claim”]; Barrett v. Rosenthal (2006) 40 Cal.4th 33, 39-41 [upholding the
9
trial court’s grant of anti-SLAPP motion because section 230 barred the plaintiff’s
claim].) We now examine the litigation privilege and section 230.
1. Litigation privilege
The litigation privilege is codified in Civil Code section 47, subdivision (b) and
bars “subsequent derivative actions based on the statements of witnesses, attorneys or
parties during litigation.” (Edwards v. Centex Real Estate Corp. (1997) 53 Cal.App.4th
15, 30.) It is an absolute privilege and precludes all tort causes of action except a claim
for malicious prosecution. (Hagberg v. California Federal Bank (2004) 32 Cal.4th 350,
360.) “ ‘The principal purpose of [the litigation privilege] is to afford litigants and
witnesses [citation] the utmost freedom of access to the courts without fear of being
harassed subsequently by derivative tort actions.’ ” (Action Apartment Assn., Inc. v. City
of Santa Monica (2007) 41 Cal.4th 1232, 1241.) “In order to achieve this purpose of
curtailing derivative lawsuits, we have given the litigation privilege a broad
interpretation.” (Ibid.)
Here, the 2014 court documents contained statements made in the federal district
court action by attorney, as part of her representation of Microsoft, for a protective order
to facilitate discovery in that action. These statements are classic communications
protected by the litigation privilege.
Medina contends the litigation privilege does not apply because his suit was based
on attorney’s disclosure of the 2014 court documents in violation of the district court’s
sealing order. This again is a distinction without difference. He was harmed not because
of the disclosure itself, but because of what was disclosed — the statements in the 2014
court documents. Therefore, the litigation privilege bars Medina’s tort causes of action
derivative from attorney and Microsoft’s statements made during litigation.
Having concluded the litigation privilege applies to Microsoft and attorney, we
need not decide whether any other privilege also applies to them.
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2. Section 230
Section 230 bars “lawsuits seeking to hold [an interactive computer] service
provider liable for its exercise of a publisher’s traditional editorial functions — such as
deciding whether to publish, withdraw, postpone or alter content” originated from third
parties. (Zeran v. America Online, Inc. (4th Cir. 1997) 129 F.3d 327, 330; Barrett v.
Rosenthal, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 48 [following Zeran].) A plaintiff cannot circumvent
section 230 by creative pleading. (Kimzey v. Yelp! Inc. (9th Cir. 2016) 836 F.3d 1263,
1266.) For example, in Hassell v. Bird (2018) 5 Cal.5th 522 (plur. opn.), the plaintiff
obtained an order in the trial court requiring Yelp to remove certain reviews even though
Yelp was not a party to the lawsuit.2 (Id. at pp. 529-530.) Yelp moved to set aside and
vacate the judgment on the ground that the order was barred by section 230 to the extent
it required Yelp to remove postings. (Hassell, at pp. 530-531.) Our Supreme Court
agreed with Yelp, concluding section 230 applied because “Yelp [was] being held to
account for nothing more than its ongoing decision to publish the challenged reviews.”
(Hassell,. at p. 542.)
“[A]n interactive computer service provider only has immunity if it is not also
the information content provider — that is, someone ‘responsible, in whole or in part, for
the creation or development’ of the content at issue.” (Liapes v. Facebook, Inc. (2023)
95 Cal.App.5th 910, 928, citing § 230(f)(3).) A website becomes an “information content
provider” when it “contributes materially to the alleged illegality of the conduct.” (Fair
Housing Coun., San Fernando Valley v. Roommates.Com (9th Cir. 2008) 521 F.3d 1157,
1165-1168.) In Roommates, the Ninth Circuit found a website responsible for the alleged
discrimination by requiring users to submit personal preferences and characteristics and
2 Although Hassell was a plurality opinion, Justice Kruger, concurring in the judgment,
agreed with the plurality’s analysis of section 230. (Hassell v. Bird, supra, 5 Cal.5th at
pp. 548, 558-559 (conc. opn. of Kruger, J.).)
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designing a search system to steer users based on those preferences and characteristics.
(Ibid.)
Here, Medina does not dispute that legal research defendants are interactive
computer service providers. The operative complaint further admits “Microsoft and
[attorney] are the original publishers of” the 2014 court documents. This is a binding
judicial admission. (Bucur v. Ahmad (2016) 244 Cal.App.4th 175, 187.) Accordingly,
section 230 bars Medina’s causes of action against legal research defendants. (See
Gentry v. eBay, Inc. (2002) 99 Cal.App.4th 816, 830 [“section 230 . . . immunizes
providers of interactive computer services . . . from causes of action asserted by persons
alleging harm caused by content provided by a third party”].)
We reject Medina’s contention that legal research defendants fall outside
section 230 because they became information content providers when they removed the
redaction in the 2014 court documents and published the unredacted version. Medina
ultimately contends the sealing order required legal research defendants to remove
allegedly defamatory statements from the 2014 court documents, thus seeking to hold
them responsible for their editorial decisions to publish those statements. (See Hassell v.
Bird, supra, 5 Cal.5th at p. 542.) But the district court explicitly declined to require
publishers to retract the 2014 court documents in its sealing order. (See Hassell, at p. 542
[“an order that treats an Internet intermediary ‘as the publisher or speaker of any
information provided by another information content provider’ nevertheless falls within
the parameters of section 230(c)(1)”; Kilroy v. State of California (2004)
119 Cal.App.4th 140, 145 [courts can take judicial notice of the truth of results reached in
a court file].) Moreover, we cannot conclude that legal research defendants materially
contributed to the defamatory statements simply because they selected them for
publication or decided not to remove the statements. (Jones v. Dirty World
Entertainment Recordings LLC (6th Cir. 2014) 755 F.3d 398, 415-416.) To the extent
Medina contends in his statement of facts that legal research defendants improperly
12
added additional information to the court files, we disregard this argument because it is
unsupported by cogent argument or legal authority and is not stated under a separate
heading or subheading. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.204(a)(1)(B); People v. Lombardo
(2020) 54 Cal.App.5th 553, 565, fn. 6; City of Santa Maria v. Adam (2012)
211 Cal.App.4th 266, 287 [“we may disregard conclusory arguments that are not
supported by pertinent legal authority”].)
IV
Request for Judicial Notice
Medina contends the trial court erred in judicially noticing court filings,
considering hearsay statements in documents it judicially noticed, and he challenges
moving defendants’ request for judicial notice accompanying their special motion to
strike his March 2023 complaint. We decline to consider the last claim because it is not
properly before us. (See County of Los Angeles v. Glendora Redevelopment Project
(2010) 185 Cal.App.4th 817, 830 [“when reviewing the correctness of a trial court’s
judgment, an appellate court will consider only matters which were part of the record at
the time the judgment was entered”].) The other claims lack merit.
In its order granting Free Law Project and CaseText’s anti-SLAPP motion, the
trial court also granted their request to take judicial notice of the district court’s sealing
order. This was proper because the sealing order was relevant to prove Medina’s claim
that the 2014 court documents were sealed. (Evid. Code, §§ 452, subd. (d), 453.)
The trial court also noted in the order that Medina’s declaration in support of his
opposition to the anti-SLAPP motion contradicted the statements in the sealing order. In
doing so, the trial court committed no error because it did not accept the truth of any
statements in the sealing order, but merely noted they were inconsistent with statements
in Medina’s declaration.
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DISPOSITION
The trial court’s orders granting the anti-SLAPP motions are affirmed. Moving
defendants shall recover their costs on appeal. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.278(a)(1).)
/s/
MESIWALA, J.
We concur:
/s/
ROBIE, Acting P. J.
/s/
KRAUSE, J.
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