The opinion
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-0652-22
MICHAEL LEONARDI,
Petitioner-Appellant,
v.
BOARD OF TRUSTEES,
STATE POLICE RETIREMENT
SYSTEM,
Respondent-Respondent.
___________________________
Argued March 5, 2024 – Decided May 6, 2024
Before Judges Mayer, Enright and Paganelli.
On appeal from the Board of Trustees of the State
Police Retirement System, Department of the Treasury,
SPRS No. xx4987.
Lauren Patricia Sandy argued the cause for appellant
(The Law Offices of Lauren Sandy, LLC, attorneys;
Lauren Patricia Sandy, of counsel and on the briefs).
Jakai T. Jackson, Deputy Attorney General, argued the
cause for respondent (Matthew J. Platkin, Attorney
General, attorney; Donna Arons, Assistant Attorney
General, of counsel; Jakai T. Jackson, on the brief).
PER CURIAM
Petitioner Michael Leonardi appeals from a final agency decision by the
Board of Trustees (Board), of the State Police Retirement System, finding he
was not entitled to an accidental disability retirement (ADR) benefits under
N.J.S.A. 53:5A-10(a). We affirm.
We glean the relevant facts and procedural history from the record.
Leonardi was employed as a police officer in Washington Township from 2001
to 2004. In September 2004, he was hired by the New Jersey State Police
(NJSP). Leonardi completed police academy training both to become a police
officer and a trooper. At the academy, he was taught basic lifesaving measures,
including CPR.
With the NJSP, Leonardi was a road trooper and assigned to various
locations and assignments, as a Trooper I, II and III. In 2014, he became a
detective. During his time with NJSP, Leonardi "responded to numerous—close
to 500 or more—auto accidents, with roughly thirty to thirty-five of them
[involving] fatal[ities]."
Leonardi explained when responding to an accident, officers usually
arrived before medical services, so he typically would render emergency aid
until medical services arrived. Thereafter, he would continue to administer CPR
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if medical services requested. It was common for medical services to ask for
police assistance.
On the morning of May 17, 2018, Leonardi was at the Netcong Station.
At the same time, along Route 80 in Mount Olive, a school bus with forty-four
passengers was involved in an accident with a dump truck. Reports came in
over the radio regarding "a severe school-bus accident with numerous injuries
and possible fatalities."
Leonardi immediately drove to the scene. He stated the scene of the
accident:
was horrific—the force of the impact of the dump truck
hitting the bus ripped the bus off its axle, and there were
children who had been ejected from the bus on the
ground in the median of the highway and other children
suspended upside down from their seatbelts inside the
overturned bus frame.
Leonardi "heard children crying and screaming for their parents, and
observed children and teachers with severed limbs, broken bones, bleeding, and
other injuries." Troopers carried two unconscious female children to an
ambulance. An emergency medical technician (EMT) attended to one of the
children who "coded," but ultimately survived.
Leonardi assessed the other child, M.V. He was told "she had a faint
pulse." The child was lifeless, with severe injuries and head trauma. Despite
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3
her severe injuries, Leonardi provided chest compressions to M.V. "After ten
to fifteen minutes of chest compressions, the EMT advised Leonardi to stop, but
[he] continued for several more minutes." The EMT advised Leonardi that M.V.
was dead and requested that he "black tag" her.
Leonardi then assisted in moving another child to an ambulance for
transport to a hospital. He reassessed the scene, which included "bloody and
injured children all over the place. Every child was screaming for help and for
their parents."
Leonardi also "helped a trooper stabilize another child, who appeared to
have internal injuries and broken limbs, and placed her on a backboard and into
an ambulance." Further, "[he] attempted to comfort another child who . . .
reach[ed] out and call[ed] to him." Leonardi bandaged the child's significantly
bleeding head and sat him on the median guardrail until the child could be
transported to the hospital.
Next, Leonardi returned to the ambulance and remained with M.V. Since
the area was a crime scene, M.V. could not be left alone, and "as a father,"
Leonardi did not want to leave her. M.V.'s age and identity were disclosed to
Leonardi, and he learned that the children in the bus were fifth and sixth grade
students.
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4
In the ambulance, Leonardi "broke down" and advised others "he would
be the one assigned to remain with M.V." He "prayed and apologized to her for
not being able to save her." Leonardi stayed with M.V. for approximately three
hours. During that time, he thought of her family and learned that M.V.'s twin
sister was on another bus. Occasionally he opened the ambulance door, "to get
air and a bottle of water." But because Leonardi had a daughter the same age as
M.V., "[h]e became extremely protective of M.V."
Once "the NJSP Crime Scene Investigation North Unit arrived, [Leonardi]
assisted another trooper in removing [M.V.] from the ambulance and
photographing her injuries." "Leonardi remained with M.V. until the medical
examiner arrived and removed her from the scene."
Thereafter, Leonardi "went to [an] area by the dump truck where [a
teacher]'s body was located. Leonardi assisted a Crime Scene trooper in
photographing" the teacher's body.
Then, "Leonardi just stood on the median and did not know what to do.
His thoughts were racing, and he became almost numb to his surroundings." Not
remembering where he parked his vehicle, Leonardi was driven back the to the
Netcong Station. At the station he "washed as much blood off his hands and
body as he could and helped detectives with the investigation." He stared at his
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5
computer screen and recognized "there was nothing else for him to do." He
decided to go home and was driven back to the accident scene to retrieve his
vehicle, "which he had not realized he left."
After arriving home, Leonardi remained outside in his vehicle for
approximately an hour, "trying to process the scene and incident." Once inside
he "took a shower to wash off the remaining blood." He could not watch
television because coverage of the accident was on every channel. He
experienced flashbacks of everything that occurred, had difficulty falling asleep,
and kept envisioning M.V.'s lifeless body.
Following the accident, Leonardi applied for ADR benefits. By letter of
September 25, 2019, the Board advised Leonardi it had "determined that [he
wa]s totally and permanently disabled from his job duties due to his
psychological condition." However, because the "incident was not undesigned
and unexpected and [since] Leonardi's disability was not the direct result of the
incident but was instead associated with a pre-existing condition," the Board
denied his application.
Leonardi appealed from the Board's determination. The Board approved
Leonardi's request for a hearing and transmitted the matter to the Office of
Administrative Law. The Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) held hearings on
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January 26 and February 16, 2021. On May 27, 2022, the ALJ issued an eighty-
four-page opinion, concluding the event was not "undesigned or unexpected."
She explained:
law-enforcement officers are expected to encounter
incidents such as "serious bodily injury to or the death
of a juvenile." Thus, while the bus accident was
unequivocally horrific, Leonardi responded to a
catastrophic accident where he had to render aid and
document a crime scene. While certainly there were
several factors that made Leonardi's experience
particularly traumatic, including the condition of the
victims and his extensive interactions with M.V., who
was his daughter's age, I [conclude] that the event was
not undesigned and unexpected.
In addition, the ALJ found Leonardi did "not prove[] that the disability
[wa]s not the result of a pre-existing disease aggravated or accelerated by the
work." She explained:
There [wa]s no dispute that an incident involving
serious bodily injury or death to a child is particularly
traumatic and horrific . . . . Even absent any prior
psychological or psychiatric history, severe [post-
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)] might result, but
given Leonardi's psychiatric and psychological history,
including the prior references to PTSD, depression, and
alcohol abuse, whether or not Leonardi's disability
[wa]s the result of a pre-existing disease aggravated or
accelerated by work effort cannot be determined from
the record, especially in view of, but not limited to, the
following: testimony that Leonardi's disability was an
exacerbation or aggravation of pre-existing PTSD and
alcohol-abuse disorder; . . . testimony that Leonardi's
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PTSD [wa]s cumulative; that it cannot be conclusively
established when [Leonardi was] treated . . . or for
what; and that none of [Leonardi]'s expert witnesses
had reviewed any prior medical records.
Accordingly, the ALJ was "constrained to [conclude] that the application
for [ADR] benefits should be denied," and the Board's determination denying
Leonardi's application for ADR benefits should be affirmed.
Thereafter, at its July 26, 2022 meeting, the Board considered: the ALJ's
decision; all exhibits; Leonardi's exceptions; the Deputy Attorney General's
(DAG) exceptions; and statements made by Leonardi and the DAG. The Board
then adopted the ALJ's decision affirming its denial of the application.
In August 2022, Leonardi requested reconsideration of the Board's denial
of his application. He argued the ALJ erred in "finding that the May 17, 2018
incident was not undesigned and unexpected" and by "not correctly apply[ing]
the legal standard regarding causation." Three days later, Leonardi
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8
supplemented his request for reconsideration, pursuant to an amendment to
N.J.S.A. 53:5A-101 and N.J.S.A. 53:5a-10.2.2
In September 2022, the Board "affirmed the finding that the May 17, 2018
incident was not undesigned and unexpected." The Board also found "[b]ecause
. . . Leonardi's application . . . was not denied solely on the basis of direct result,"
1
N.J.S.A. 53:5A-10, in part, was amended effective July 29, 2022, to provide:
A member with a pre[-]existing and asymptomatic
condition that is rendered symptomatic as a direct result
of a traumatic event occurring during and as a result of
the performance of the member’s regular or assigned
duties may be eligible for an accidental disability
retirement allowance, provided that the traumatic event
is caused by a circumstance external to the member and
is the substantial contributing cause of the member’s
permanent and total disability.
2
N.J.S.A. 53:5A-10, in part, was amended effective July 29, 2022, to provide:
A member with a pre[-]existing and asymptomatic
condition that is rendered symptomatic as a direct result
of a traumatic event occurring during and as a result of
the performance of the member’s regular or assigned
duties may be eligible for an accidental disability
retirement allowance, provided that the traumatic event
is caused by a circumstance external to the member and
is the substantial contributing cause of the member’s
permanent and total disability.
A-0652-22
9
reconsideration of his application should be denied under N.J.S.A. 53:5A-10 and
-10.2.
On appeal, Leonardi argues the Board erred in denying his application
because: (1) the accident was "undesigned and unexpected"; (2) his PTSD was
not pre-existing; and (3) he qualified for ADR benefits in accord with new
legislation. We disagree.
We begin our discussion with a review of the principles governing our
analysis. "Our review of administrative agency action is limited." Russo v. Bd.
of Trs., Police & Firemen's Ret. Sys., 206 N.J. 14, 27 (2011) (citing In re
Herrmann, 192 N.J. 19, 27 (2007)). "We recognize that agencies have 'expertise
and superior knowledge . . . in their specialized fields.'" Hemsey v. Bd. of Trs.,
Police & Firemen's Ret. Sys., 198 N.J. 215, 223 (2009) (quoting In re License
Issued to Zahl, 186 N.J. 341, 353 (2006)). Therefore, we will not "substitute
[our] own judgment for the agency's, even though [we] might have reached a
different result." In re Stallworth, 208 N.J. 182, 194 (2011) (quoting In re
Carter, 191 N.J. 474, 483 (2007)).
For those reasons, we "ordinarily should not disturb an administrative
agency's determinations or findings unless there is a clear showing that (1) the
agency did not follow the law; (2) the decision was arbitrary, capricious, or
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10
unreasonable; or (3) the decision was not supported by substantial evidence" in
the record as a whole. In re Virtua-West Jersey Hosp. Voorhees for a Certificate
of Need, 194 N.J. 413, 422 (2008). "The burden of demonstrating that the
agency's action was arbitrary, capricious or unreasonable rests upon the person
challenging the administrative action." In re Arenas, 385 N.J. Super. 440, 443-
44 (App. Div. 2006) (citations omitted).
"Generally, courts afford substantial deference to an agency's
interpretation of a statute that the agency is charged with enforcing." Thompson
v. Bd. of Trs., Teachers' Pension & Annuity Fund, 449 N.J. Super. 478, 483
(App. Div. 2017) (quoting Richardson v. Bd. of Trs., Police & Firemen's Ret.
Sys., 192 N.J. 189, 196 (2007)). "Such deference has been specifically extended
to state agencies that administer pension statutes because a state agency brings
experience and specialized knowledge to its task of administering and regulating
a legislative enactment within its field of expertise." Id. at 483-84 (internal
quotation marks and citations omitted). However, we are "in no way bound by
the agency's interpretation of a statute or its determination of a strictly legal
issue." Id. at 484 (quoting Richardson, 192 N.J. at 196). We "apply de novo
review to an agency's interpretation of a statute or case law." Ibid. (quoting
Russo, 206 N.J. at 27).
A-0652-22
11
The State Police Retirement System provides for an ADR allowance.
N.J.S.A. 53:5A-10(a). To qualify, the member must demonstrate he or she "is
permanently and totally disabled as a direct result of a traumatic event occurring
during and as a result of the performance of his [or her] regular or assigned
duties." Ibid.
In Patterson, the New Jersey Supreme Court developed the standard for
qualifying for ADR benefits when a member's claim is grounded on "a
permanent mental disability as a result of a mental stressor, without any physical
impact." Patterson v. Bd. of Trs., State Police Ret. Sys., 194 N.J. 29, 33 (2008).
The Court "mandate[d] a two-step analysis in cases in which a member
claims permanent mental incapacity as a result of an exclusively psychological
trauma." Mount v. Bd. of Trs., Police & Firemen's Ret. Sys., 233 N.J. 402, 426
(2018). In step one, the court determines whether the disability "result[ed] from
direct personal experience of a terrifying or horror-inducing event that involves
actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a similarly serious threat to the
physical integrity of the member or another person." Patterson, 194 N.J. at 34.
Second, the "traumatic event posited as the basis for an [ADR] pension [must]
not [be] inconsequential but . . . objectively capable of causing a reasonable
person in similar circumstances to suffer a disabling mental injury. " Ibid.
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"If the event meets the Patterson test, the court then applies the Richardson
factors to the member's application." Mount, 233, N.J. at 426 (quoting Russo,
206 N.J. at 32-33). "That is important because it underscores that not every
person who experiences a Patterson-type horrific event will automatically
qualify for a mental-mental accidental disability benefit." Russo, 206 N.J. at 32.
Under Richardson, to receive ADR benefits, a claimant must prove:
1. that he is permanently and totally disabled;
2. as a direct result of a traumatic event that is:
a. identifiable as to time and place,
b. undesigned and unexpected, and
c. caused by a circumstance external to the
member (not the result of pre-existing
disease that is aggravated or accelerated by
the work) ;
3. that the traumatic event occurred during and as a
result of the member's regular or assigned duties;
4. that the disability was not the result of the member's
willful negligence; and
5. that the member is mentally or physically
incapacitated from performing his usual or any other
duty.
[Richardson, 192 N.J. at 212-13.]
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Here, our focus is on Richardson's requirement the "tragic event" was
"undesigned and unexpected."
Satisfaction of the "undesigned and unexpected" factor requires an event
"extraordinary or unusual in common experience" and not "[i]njury by ordinary
work effort." Richardson, 192 N.J. at 201 (citation omitted). "The polestar of
the inquiry is whether, during the regular performance of [the member's] job, an
unexpected happening . . . occurred and directly resulted in the permanent and
total disability of the member." Id. at 214.
As the Court noted in Russo, a member "who experiences a horrific event
which falls within his [or her] job description and for which he [or she] has been
trained will be unlikely to pass the 'undesigned and unexpected' test." Russo,
206 N.J. at 33. "Thus, for example, an [EMT] who comes upon a terrible
accident involving life-threatening injuries or death, will have experienced a
Patterson-type horrific event, but will not satisfy Richardson's 'undesigned and
unexpected' standard because that is exactly what his training has prepared him
for." Ibid.
Nonetheless,
Russo should not be construed to mean that the inquiry
regarding whether an event is "undesigned and
unexpected" is resolved merely by reviewing the
member's job description and the scope of his or her
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training. In a given case, those considerations may
weigh strongly for or against an award of accidental
disability benefits. To properly apply the Richardson
standard, however, the Board and a reviewing court
must carefully consider not only the member's job
responsibilities and training, but all aspects of the event
itself. No single factor governs the analysis.
[Mount, 233 N.J. at 427.]
Therefore, in Mount, the Court considered the officer:
confronted a catastrophic accident at close range. He
initially viewed a victim's arm hanging from the
vehicle's window. Bystanders approached the vehicle
demanding that [the officer] rescue the occupants.
With no firefighting equipment except a small fire
extinguisher, [the officer] faced the imminent threat of
an explosion. Within moments, the car burst into
flames. As [the officer] learned minutes later, the
explosion "melted" the young victims' bodies into the
interior of the vehicle.
[Ibid.]
The Court concluded the event was "undesigned or unexpected" despite
"[b]y virtue of his job description, training, and prior experience, [the officer]
could anticipate being called to accidents that were serious or even fatal. As his
job description suggest[ed], in some circumstances [the officer] would be
expected to remove victims from a damaged vehicle pending the arrival of
medical personnel." Mount, 233 N.J. at 427.
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Nonetheless, the Court held the "tragic event" was "undesigned and
unexpected" because the officer "was not trained to combat, unassisted, an
explosion of such magnitude experienced at such a close range. With no
firefighting equipment or protective gear, [the officer] was helpless in the face
of a terrible tragedy." Id. at 427-28.
In Russo, the Court held Richardson was "plainly satisfied" when:
a newly-minted police officer, with no psychiatric
history, completely untrained and unequipped for
firefighting, was ordered into a burning building and,
with his fellow officers, bravely rescued three of the
four occupants. The intensity of the fire terrified and
disoriented [the officer], singed his uniform, and sent
him to the hospital overnight for smoke inhalation. One
person in the house, who cried out for help to [the
officer] and his fellow officers, could not be reached
because of the fire's ferocity and perished. Thereafter,
the victim's family heaped scorn on [the officer] and
blamed him for their relative's death. It was as a result
of the fire and the confluence of events it generated,
including the death of the victim and the relatives'
accusations, that [the officer] was rendered
permanently mentally disabled.
[Russo, 206 N.J. at 34 (emphasis added).]
Under other circumstances the Court has held a "tragic event" was not
"undesigned and unexpected." In Mount, the Court also considered the ADR
benefits application of a hostage negotiator who claimed permanent disability
"when a lengthy hostage negotiation ended with the shooting death of the
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hostage-taker, as [the hostage-taker and negotiator] spoke by cellphone."
Mount, 233 N.J. at 408. The Court concluded the negotiator "directly and
personally experienced a terrifying or horror[-]inducing event," satisfying
Patterson. Id. at 429. However, the Court concluded the shooting was not
"undesigned and unexpected" because of the direct "sequence of events that led
to [the] death." Id. at 431. The Court considered: (1) the negotiator's training
and knowledge of police tactics; (2) that "it was readily apparent . . . a violent
encounter could occur"; (3) the hostage-taker told the negotiator "the situation
would end with the [hostage-taker's] death"; and (4) the hostage-taker's
"statements and conduct portended a violent confrontation with police." Id. at
430. In other words, there was nothing "undesigned or unexpected" about the
"tragic event."
We apply these well-established principles to the matter here, and affirm.
We are satisfied the ALJ's decision that the event was not "undesigned and
unexpected," and the Board's subsequent adoption of that decision, were based
on "sufficient credible evidence on the record as a whole." R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(D).
While in no respect minimizing the horrific event, the evidence failed to
establish the event was "undesigned or unexpected."
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Here, Leonardi was alerted to "a severe school-bus related accident with
numerous injuries." As he had done countless other times, Leonardi responded
to the accident that included injuries and fatalities. Utilizing his training and
experience, he assessed the scene; tended to the injured; assisted with crime
scene photographs; and, because it was a crime scene, stayed with the body of a
deceased child for hours. In short, because Leonardi was trained and
experienced through his employment to assist accident victims, the school bus
accident was not "undesigned or unexpected."
We commend Leonardi for his professionalism and compassion in caring
for multiple accident victims, and are sympathetic to his mental condition, but
under the circumstances presented before us, we have no basis to disturb the
Board's determination that he did not satisfy the "undesigned and unexpected"
requirement of Richardson.
To the extent we have not addressed Leonardi's remaining arguments, it
is because either our disposition makes it unnecessary, or because they lack
sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
Affirmed.
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