The opinion
[Cite as In re D.C.-F., 2024-Ohio-1237.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
ALLEN COUNTY
IN RE: CASE NO. 1-23-34
D.C.-F.,
ADJUDGED DEPENDENT CHILD.
OPINION
[KERENZA C. - APPELLANT]
Appeal from Allen County Common Pleas Court
Juvenile Division
Trial Court No. 2021 JG 37284
Judgment Affirmed
Date of Decision: April 1, 2024
APPEARANCES:
Linda Gabriele for Appellant
Ashley R. Stansbery for Appellee
Case No. 1-23-34
ZIMMERMAN, J.
{¶1} This is an appeal from the May 22, 2023 decision of the Allen County
Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, which terminated the parental rights of
appellant, Kerenza C., mother of D.C.-F. (“Kerenza”) and Michael F., father of
D.C.-F. (“Michael”) and granted permanent custody of their minor child to Allen
County Children Services Board (the “agency”). For the reasons that follow, we
affirm.
{¶2} D.C.-F., was born in 2016, to Kerenza and Michael, both unmarried at
the time. On March 12, 2021, the agency filed a motion in the trial court for
emergency-temporary custody of D.C.-F., which the trial court granted. On March
16 2021, the agency filed a complaint alleging D.C.-F. to be a neglected child under
R.C. 2151.03(A)(1) and a dependent child under R.C. 2151.04(C).
{¶3} After a shelter-care hearing on March 15, 2021, the trial court
concluded that probable cause existed to believe that D.C.-F. was a neglected and
dependent child; that it was in his best interest to be placed in the temporary custody
of the agency; and that
reasonable efforts were made by the [agency] to prevent the
placement and removal of [D.C.-F.] from the home prior to March 12,
2021, and thereafter to eliminate the continued removal of [D.C.-F.]
from the home, and to make it possible for [him] to return and/or
remain in the home.
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(Doc. No. 11). Then, on March 17, 2021, trial court appointed D.C.-F. a Court
Appointed Special Advocate/Guardian Ad Litem (“GAL”).
{¶4} At the adjudicatory hearing on April 21, 2021, Kerenza admitted that
D.C.-F. was a dependent child. (Doc. No. 23). Thereafter, the trial court found
D.C.-F. to be a dependent child under R.C. 2151.04(C) and dismissed the neglect
allegation in the complaint. (Id.). The trial court further made a reasonable-efforts
finding in favor of the agency. (Id.).
{¶5} The GAL filed a report with the trial court on May 28, 2021
recommending D.C.-F. remain in the temporary custody of the agency and that he
continue in his current foster placement.
{¶6} At the dispositional hearing on June 7, 2021, the parties agreed and the
trial court ordered that D.C.-F. remain in the temporary custody of the agency and
again the trial court made a reasonable-efforts finding in favor of the agency. (Doc.
No. 30).
{¶7} On September 8, 2021, the trial court held a review hearing and
continued D.C.-F.’s temporary-custody placement with the agency. Further, the
trial court made a reasonable-efforts finding in favor of the agency. (Doc. No. 41).
{¶8} On April 27, 2022, the trial court granted the agency’s motion for a six-
month extension of temporary custody and determined that the agency had made
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reasonable efforts to prevent the removal, eliminate the continued removal, and to
make it possible for D.C.-F. to return home safely. (Doc. No. 64).
{¶9} Kerenza filed a motion seeking custody of D.C.-F. on July 25, 2022.
Then, on August 8, 2022, the agency filed a motion for permanent custody. (Doc.
No. 69). After conducting the permanent-custody hearing on May 15, 2023, the
trial court granted permanent custody of D.C.-F. to the agency on May 22,
2023. (Doc. No. 102).
{¶10} Kerenza filed a notice of appeal and sets forth three assignments of
error. We will address Kerenza’s first and second assignments of error together
followed by her third assignment of error.
First Assignment of Error
The Juvenile Court’s Decision Is Against The Manifest Weight Of
The Evidence As The Appellee Did Not Prove By Clear And
Convincing Evidence That The Agency Should Be Granted
Permanent Custody Of The Minor Child.
Second Assignment of Error
The Juvenile Court Abused Its Discretion In Finding That The
Permanent Custody To The Agency Was In The Minor Child’s
Best Interest.
{¶11} In her first and second assignments of error, Kerenza argues that the
trial court erred in granting permanent custody of D.C.-F. to the agency since it was
against the manifest weight of the evidence and because the trial court failed to
consider D.C.-F.’s wishes under R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(b).
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Standard of Review
{¶12} The right to raise one’s child is a basic and essential right. In re
Murray, 52 Ohio St.3d 155, 157 (1990), citing Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 651,
92 S.Ct. 1208, 1212 (1972) and Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390, 399, 43 S.Ct.
625, 626 (1923). “Parents have a ‘fundamental liberty interest’ in the care, custody,
and management of the child.” Id., quoting Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753,
102 S.Ct. 1388, 1394 (1982). However, the rights and interests of a natural parent
are not absolute. In re Thomas, 3d Dist. Hancock No. 5-03-08, 2003-Ohio-5885, ¶
7. These rights may be terminated under appropriate circumstances and when the
trial court has met all due process requirements. In re Leveck, 3d Dist. Hancock
Nos. 5-02-52, 5-02-53, and 5-02-54, 2003-Ohio-1269, ¶ 6, citing In re Palmer, 12
Ohio St.3d 194, 196 (1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1162, 105 S.Ct. 918 (1985).
{¶13} When considering a motion for permanent custody of a child, the trial
court must comply with the statutory requirements set forth in R.C. 2151.414. See
In re C.E., 3d Dist. Hancock Nos. 5-09-02 and 5-09-03, 2009-Ohio-6027, ¶ 14. R.C.
2151.414(B)(1) establishes a two-part test for courts to apply when determining
whether to grant a motion for permanent custody. In re S.G., 9th Dist. Wayne No.
15AP0005, 2015-Ohio-2306, ¶ 10. The trial court must find, by clear and
convincing evidence that: (1) one of the circumstances in R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a)-
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(e) applies, and (2) that permanent custody is in the best interest of the child. Id.
See also In re Brown, 98 Ohio App.3d 337, 342-343 (3d Dist.1994).
Analysis
R.C. 2151.414(B)(1) provides, in its pertinent parts, that
* * * the [trial] court may grant permanent custody of a child to a
movant if the court determines at the hearing held pursuant to division
(A) of this section, by clear and convincing evidence, that it is in the
best interest of the child to grant permanent custody of the child to the
agency that filed the motion for permanent custody and that any of the
following apply:
***
(d) The child has been in the temporary custody of one or more
public children services agencies or private child placing agencies for
twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period, or
the child has been in the temporary custody of one or more public
children services agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve
or more months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period and, as
described in division (D)(1) of section 2151.413 of the Revised Code,
the child was previously in the temporary custody of an equivalent
agency in another state.
R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d).
{¶14} If the trial court makes this statutorily required determination, a
reviewing court will not reverse a trial court’s decision unless it is not supported by
clear and convincing evidence. In re H.M.K., 3d Dist. Wyandot Nos. 16-12-15 and
16-12-16, 2013-Ohio-4317, ¶ 43, citing In re Meyer, 98 Ohio App.3d 189, 195 (3d
Dist.1994), In re Adoption of Holcomb, 18 Ohio St.3d 361, 368 (1985), and In re
Adoption of Lay, 25 Ohio St.3d 41, 42 (1986). “Clear and convincing evidence is
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that which is sufficient to produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or
conviction as to the facts sought to be established.” In re S.G., 2015-Ohio-2306, at
¶ 10, citing Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469 (1954), paragraph three of the
syllabus. “Where the degree of proof required to sustain an issue must be clear and
convincing, a reviewing court will examine the record to determine whether the trier
of facts had sufficient evidence before it to satisfy the requisite degree of
proof.” Ledford at 477, citing Ford v. Osborn, 45 Ohio St. 1 (1887), Cole v.
McClure, 88 Ohio St. 1 (1913), and Frate v. Rimenik, 155 Ohio St. 11 (1926). If
some competent, credible evidence going to all the essential elements of the case
supports the trial court’s judgment, an appellate court must affirm the judgment and
not substitute its judgment for that of the trial court. C.E. Morris Co. v. Foley
Constr. Co., 54 Ohio St.2d 279, 280-281 (1978).
{¶15} Moreover, issues relating to the credibility of witnesses and the weight
to be given to the evidence are primarily for the trier-of-fact. Seasons Coal v.
Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80 (1984). Deferring to the trial court on matters of
credibility is “crucial in a child custody case, where there may be much evidence in
the parties’ demeanor and attitude that does not translate to the record well.”
(Emphasis sic.) Davis v. Flickinger, 77 Ohio St.3d 415, 419 (1997).
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Furthermore,
‘[w]eight of the evidence concerns “the inclination of the greater
amount of credible evidence, offered in a trial, to support one side of
the issue rather than the other. It indicates clearly to the [trier-of-fact]
that the party having the burden of proof will be entitled to their
verdict, if, on weighing the evidence in their minds, they shall find the
greater amount of credible evidence sustains the issue which is to be
established before them. Weight is not a question of mathematics, but
depends on its effect in inducing belief.”’
(Emphasis sic.) Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012-Ohio-2179, ¶ 12,
quoting State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387 (1997), superseded by statute
on other grounds, State v. Smith, 80 Ohio St.3d 80 (1997), quoting Black’s Law
Dictionary 1594 (6th ed. 1990).
Manifest Weight Analysis
{¶16} When an appellate court reviews whether a trial court’s permanent
custody decision is against the manifest weight of the evidence, the court
‘“weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences, considers the
credibility of witnesses and determines whether in resolving conflicts
in the evidence, the [finder of fact] clearly lost its way and created
such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the [judgment] must be
reversed and a new trial ordered.”’
Eastley at ¶ 20, quoting Tewarson v. Simon, 141 Ohio App.3d 103, 115 (9th
Dist.2001), quoting Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, quoting State v. Martin, 20
Ohio App.3d 172, 175 (1st Dist.1983); accord In re Pittman, 9th Dist. Summit No.
20894, 2002-Ohio-2208, ¶ 23-24.
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R.C. 2151.414
{¶17} Now, we turn to address Kerenza’s first and second assignments of
error. In this case, the trial court concluded that R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d) was
applicable. (Doc. No. 102). The finding under R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d) is an
alternative finding, and is “independently sufficient to use as a basis to grant the
Agency’s motion for permanent custody.” In re M.R., 3d Dist. Defiance No. 4-12-
18, 2013-Ohio-1302, ¶ 80, citing In re Langford Children, 5th Dist. Stark No.
2004CA00349, 2005-Ohio-2304, ¶ 17. Under the plain language of R.C.
2151.414(B)(1)(d), when a child has been in an agency’s temporary custody for 12
or more months of a consecutive 22-month period, a trial court need not find that
the child cannot be placed with either parent within a reasonable time or should not
be placed with the parents. In re I.G., 3d Dist. Marion Nos. 9-13-43, 9-13-44, and
9-13-45, 2014-Ohio-1136, ¶ 30, citing R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d); In re A.M., 3d Dist.
Marion No. 9-14-46, 2015-Ohio-2740, ¶ 14.
{¶18} The record supports that D.C.-F. had been in the temporary custody of
the agency continuously since his removal in 2021. The agency filed its permanent-
custody motion on March 12, 2021 with the final hearing being heard on May 15,
2023. Hence, the record is clear that D.C.-F. was in the temporary custody of the
agency from 2021 until 2023 in excess of 12 months in a consecutive 22-month
period.
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{¶19} Accordingly, based on the evidence presented and because it is
dispositive, we conclude that the trial court’s determination under R.C.
2151.141(B)(1)(d) is sufficient to satisfy the first prong of the permanent-custody
test and is not against the manifest weight of the evidence.
Best Interests
{¶20} Thus, having satisfied the first prong of the permanent-custody test, we
proceed to the second prong of the test–the trial court’s consideration of the best-
interest factors. R.C. 2151.414(D) contains the factors for a trial court to consider
when determining whether granting permanent custody to an agency is in the best
interests of a child. R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) reads as follows:
[i]n determining the best interest of a child at a hearing held pursuant
to division (A) of this section or for the purposes of division (A)(4) or
(5) of section 2151.353 or division (C) of section 2151.415 of the
Revised Code, the court shall consider all relevant factors, including,
but not limited to, the following:
(a) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with the child’s
parents, siblings, relatives, foster caregivers and out-of-home
providers, and any other person who may significantly affect the
child;
(b) The wishes of the child, as expressed directly by the child or
through the child’s guardian ad litem, with due regard for the maturity
of the child;
(c) The custodial history of the child, including whether the child has
been in the temporary custody of one or more public children services
agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or more months
of a consecutive twenty-two-month period, or the child has been in
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the temporary custody of one or more public children services
agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or more months
of a consecutive twenty-two-month period and, as described in
division (D)(1) of section 2151.413 of the Revised Code, the child
was previously in the temporary custody of an equivalent agency in
another state;
(d) The child’s need for a legally secure permanent placement and
whether that type of placement can be achieved without a grant of
permanent custody to the agency;
(e) Whether any of the factors in divisions (E)(7) to (11) of this section
apply in relation to the parents and child.
R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a)-(e).
{¶21} After reviewing the evidence in the record and determining the
applicability of R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d), the trial court addressed the best-interest
factors under R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a)-(e), ultimately, concluding by clear and
convincing evidence that it was in the best interest of D.C.-F. that the agency be
awarded permanent custody.
{¶22} Here, Kerenza argues that the trial court failed to consider R.C.
2151.414(D)(1)(b), since the GAL never asked D.C.-F. regarding his wishes. To
address this assertion, we start our review of the record regarding the trial court’s
consideration of the R.C. 2151.414(D) factors.
{¶23} In its judgment entry, the trial court made findings relevant to the best-
interest factors set forth in R.C. 2151.414(D). Addressing the factors in R.C.
2151.414(D)(1)(a), concerning the relationships of D.C.-F., the record suggests
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evidence that D.C.-F. “has adjusted to his placement and appear[ed to be] happy and
comfortable.” (Doc. No. 102). This finding is supported by the testimony of the
agency’s caseworker and the GAL’s written report and recommendation.
{¶24} Regarding R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(b), concerning the wishes of the child
as expressed directly or through the recommendation of the GAL considering D.C.-
F.’s maturity, the GAL filed several reports with the trial court prior to the
permanent-custody hearing noting that D.C.-F. was too young to express his wishes.
Because of his young age and lack of maturity and considering her investigation,
the GAL recommended that it was in D.C.-F.’s best interest for the trial court to
grant permanent custody of him to the agency. See In re L.T., 10th Dist. Franklin
Nos. 23AP-26, 23AP-28, 23AP-67, and 23AP-68, 2023-Ohio-4329, ¶ 20; In re
M.A., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 112411, 2023-Ohio-3251, ¶ 53.
{¶25} Next, the trial court discussed the factors in R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(c)
and R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(d), which concerns D.C.-F.’s custodial history and his
need for permanency. Specifically, the trial court found that D.C.-F. had been in
the temporary custody of the agency for 25 consecutive months. This finding is
reinforced by the same evidence supporting the trial court’s R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d)
determination noted in our disposition of the first assignment of error discussed
above.
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{¶26} Lastly, concerning factor R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(e), the trial court found
none of the factors under R.C. 2151.414(E)(7)-(11) applicable to Kerenza.
{¶27} Based on our review of the record, we find competent, credible
evidence supports the trial court’s determination that granting permanent custody to
the agency was in D.C.-F.’s best interest. Accordingly, because the trial court’s
decision to grant permanent custody of D.C.-F. to the agency is not against the
manifest weight of the evidence, we overrule Kerenza’s first and second
assignments of error.
Third Assignment of Error
The Juvenile Court Committed Prejudicial Error In Findings
That The Allen County Children Services Board Made
Reasonable Efforts For The Children To Return To The Custody
Of Appellant-Mother.
{¶28} In her third assignment of error, Kerenza argues that the trial court
erred by granting permanent custody of D.C.-F. to the agency because the agency
failed to make reasonable efforts toward reunification. Specifically, Kerenza
contends that she was never permitted to graduate to unsupervised visitations
despite achieving goals in the case plan.
Standard of Review
{¶29} The question of whether an Agency has made reasonable efforts
towards reunification is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. In re A.M.,
2015-Ohio-2740, at ¶ 24. An abuse of discretion suggests the trial court’s decision
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is unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio
St.3d 217, 219 (1983).
Analysis
{¶30} “‘Reasonable efforts’ has been defined as the state’s efforts, after
intervening to protect a child’s health or safety, to resolve the threat to the child
before removing the child from the home or to return the child to the home after the
threat is removed.” In re I.H., 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-20-1062, 2020-Ohio-4853, ¶
23, citing In re Mar.H., 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-17-1171, 2018-Ohio-883, ¶ 51, citing
In re C.F., 113 Ohio St.3d 73, 2007-Ohio-1104, ¶ 28. Case plans are the tools that
child protective service agencies use to facilitate the reunification of families who *
* * have been temporarily separated.” In re Evans, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-01-75,
2001-Ohio-2302, *3. “Agencies have an affirmative duty to diligently pursue
efforts to achieve the goals in the case plan.” In re A.M.A., 3d Dist. Crawford No.
3-13-02, 2013-Ohio-3779, ¶ 29. Importantly, the Agency’s case plan and efforts
need only be reasonable and diligent under the circumstances of the case before the
Agency. Id.
Indeed,
[n]o one section of the Revised Code addresses the concept of
reasonable efforts. Overall, Ohio’s child-welfare laws are designed
to care for and protect children, “whenever possible, in a family
environment, separating the child from the child’s parents only when
necessary for the child’s welfare or in the interests of public safety.”
R.C. 2151.01(A). To that end, various sections of the Revised Code
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refer to the agency’s duty to make reasonable efforts to preserve or
reunify the family unit.
In re C.F at ¶ 29. In particular, under R.C. 2151.419, when a trial court
removes a child from the child’s home or continues the removal of a
child from the child’s home, the court shall determine whether the
public children services agency * * * has made reasonable efforts to
prevent the removal of the child from the child’s home, to eliminate
the continued removal of the child from the child’s home, or to make
it possible for the child to return safely home.
R.C. 2151.419(A)(1). The Supreme Court of Ohio has
determined that the trial court is not obligated, under R.C. 2151.419,
to make a determination that the agency used reasonable efforts to
reunify the family at the time of the permanent custody hearing unless
the agency has not established that reasonable efforts have been made
prior to the hearing.
(Emphasis sic.) In re N.R.S., 3d Dist. Crawford Nos. 3-17-07, 3-17-08, and 3-17-
09, 2018-Ohio-125, ¶ 25, citing In re C.F. at ¶ 41, 43 (concluding that the
reasonable-efforts determination under R.C. 2151.419 does not apply to permanent-
custody motions under R.C. 2151.413 or to hearings on such motions under R.C.
2151.414).
{¶31} The Supreme Court of Ohio held that
the trial court is only obligated to make a determination that the
agency has made reasonable efforts to reunify the family at
“adjudicatory, emergency, detention, and temporary-disposition
hearings, and dispositional hearings for abused, neglected, or
dependent children, all of which occur prior to a decision transferring
permanent custody to the state.”
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In re B.S., 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-15-44, 2015-Ohio-4805, ¶ 36, quoting In re C.F.,
2007-Ohio-1104, at ¶ 41, 43.
{¶32} Accordingly, since the trial court made its reasonable-efforts finding
when it granted emergency custody to the agency by ex parte order at the time of
the shelter-care, at adjudication, and ordered that D.C.-F. remain in the temporary
custody of the agency at the dispositional hearings, the trial court was not required
to make any further reasonable-efforts findings. (See Doc. Nos. 1, 11, 22, 30, 41,
64); In re S.D., 9th Dist. Lorain Nos. 15CA010864 and 15CA010867, 2016-Ohio-
1493, ¶ 25. Stated another way, because the trial court previously made the requisite
R.C. 2151.419 “reasonable efforts” findings, it was not required to again make those
findings at the hearing on the agency’s motion for permanent custody filed under
R.C. 2151.413. See In re C.F. at ¶ 43. Nevertheless, the trial court specifically
determined in its permanent-custody entry that the agency “has made, and continues
to make, reasonable efforts to finalize the permanency goal for [D.C.-F.].” (Doc.
No. 102).
{¶33} Moreover, even though she argues that the agency never allowed her
to graduate to unsupervised visitations, the testimony of the caseworker supports
the trial court’s finding that it was Kerenza who failed to maintain regular visits with
D.C.-F. Specifically, she missed 78 out of 110 supervised visitations with D.C.-F.
at the agency in the preceding 25 months asserting a variety of excuses. Ultimately,
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the trial court found that Kerenza had not made D.C.-F. her top priority nor had she
made efforts towards reunification.
{¶34} Accordingly, we conclude that Kerenza has not demonstrated that the
trial court abused its discretion by determining that the agency made reasonable
efforts toward reunification under the circumstances presented in this appeal.
Therefore, her third assignment of error is overruled.
{¶35} Having found no error prejudicial to the appellants herein in the
particulars assigned and argued, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Judgment Affirmed
MILLER and ZMUDA, J.J., concur.
** Judge Gene A. Zmuda of the Sixth District Court of Appeals, sitting by
Assignment of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio.
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