The opinion
Filed 1/10/24 NNN Congress Center v. Locoh CA4/3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
NNN CONGRESS CENTER, LLC et al.,
Plaintiffs and Appellants, G061889
v. (Super. Ct. No. 30-2018-01015717)
ETIENNE LOCOH et al.,
OPINION
Defendants and Respondents.
Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, Randall
J. Sherman, Judge. Affirmed.
Catanzarite Law Corporation, Kenneth J. Catanzarite, and Tim James
O’Keefe for Plaintiff and Appellant.
Thomas E. Walling for Defendants and Respondents.
* * *
Plaintiff NNN Congress Center, LLC (NNNCC) by Milton O. Brown,
liquidating trustee, appeals from the court’s order granting summary judgment in favor of
defendants Etienne Locoh, Todd Mikles, SCMG Liquidation, Inc. (formerly Sovereign
Capital Management Group, Inc.), and Infinity Urban Center, LLC (IUC). In granting
summary judgment, the court analyzed NNNCC’s operating agreement and held Milton
O. Brown did not have standing to bring claims on the company’s behalf as its liquidating
trustee.
On appeal, plaintiff disagrees with the court’s interpretation of the
operating agreement and argues Brown had standing to sue for NNNCC as its liquidating
trustee. We disagree with plaintiff’s contention and affirm the judgment.
FACTS
Plaintiff’s Complaint
In 2021, NNNCC through its purported liquidating trustee, Milton O.
Brown, filed the operative third amended complaint against defendants and other entities
that are not parties to this appeal. According to the complaint, NNNCC is a Delaware
limited liability company, and its former manager was NNN Realty Investors, LLC
(formerly Grub & Ellis Realty Investors, LLC) (NNNRI). Defendants Locoh and Mikles
allegedly controlled NNNRI and accordingly managed NNNCC. Defendants Locoh and
Mikles also allegedly controlled various entities, including defendants IUC and SCMG
Liquidation, Inc. (formerly Sovereign Capital Management Group, Inc.).
The complaint further alleged NNNCC owned a 28.879 percent tenant in
common interest in certain property (the Property). NNNCC and its members
purportedly “were kept completely in the dark regarding . . . the recommendation and
sale of the . . . Property.” The sale “was not subject to any independent review for . . .
numerous conflicts of interest . . . and was handled to benefit” defendants Locoh and
Mikles. Defendants Locoh and Mikles allegedly used defendants IUC and SCMG “as a
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mere shell and naked framework to convert the equity in all plaintiffs’ real property to
cash and securities and distribute the same to themselves and their affiliates for their own
personal financial gain.” The Property was ultimately sold in 2012 based on an appraised
value of $95 million. Among other things, the complaint alleged the appraisal was
fraudulent and that the Property was actually worth around $115 million.
Based on the above allegations, the complaint asserted various causes of
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action, including a claim for breach of fiduciary duty. Brown, the purported liquidating
trustee, brought the claims on behalf of NNNCC. Brown’s standing is central to the
instant appeal. The complaint alleged Brown acquired a membership interest in NNNCC,
which later dissolved due to the sale of the Property. NNNRI also was “Franchise Tax
Board forfeited” so NNNCC no longer had a manager. Relying on NNNCC’s operating
agreement, the complaint alleged Brown “as a member holding LLC Units [was]
empowered to pursue collection of NNNCC’s assets and claims on behalf of
NNNCC . . . .”
Defendants’ Summary Judgment Motion
In December 2021, defendants moved for summary judgment, or in the
alternative summary adjudication. Among other things, they argued Brown lacked
standing to bring claims on behalf of NNNCC. To support this argument, they relied on
section 13.5 of NNNCC’s operating agreement which included the following provision
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The record is ambiguous as to the remaining causes of action. Although the
complaint included claims for intentional interference with prospective economic
advantage and conversion, the court later dismissed these on demurrer. Plaintiff also
voluntarily dismissed negligence claims without prejudice. It appears plaintiff requested
to voluntarily dismiss another claim for tortious interference, but the court’s minute order
does not suggest this claim was dismissed. Finally, the complaint indicated claims for
negligent misrepresentation as well as fraud and deceit were “[d]ismissed without
prejudice,” but the court’s minute order does not state these claims were dismissed.
Plaintiff’s opening brief also suggests the latter claims are still at issue.
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regarding liquidation of assets: “Upon a dissolution of the Company, the Manager (or in
case there is no Manager, the Members or person designated by a Majority Vote) shall
take full account of the Company assets and liabilities, shall liquidate the assets as
promptly as is consistent with obtaining the fair market value thereof, and shall apply and
distribute the proceeds therefrom . . . .” (Italics added.) Defendants first argued Brown
was not even a member of NNNCC and claimed he was instead a member of NNN
Congress Center Member, LLC, which was in turn a member of NNNCC. In any event,
they claimed Brown was “neither the Manager, all of the Members, nor a person
designated by a Majority Vote” as required under section 13.5 of the operating
agreement. Given these facts, they argued Brown had no standing to bring claims for
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NNNCC.
In opposition to defendants’ motion for summary judgment, plaintiff argued
Brown had standing to bring claims on behalf of NNNCC. Contrary to defendants’
assertion, plaintiff claimed Brown was a member of NNNCC. Plaintiff emphasized a
Schedule K-1 tax form identified Brown as a member of NNNCC and a ballot sent to
Brown for approval of the sale was a ballot for NNNCC. Plaintiff next argued Brown, as
a single member, could unilaterally act on behalf of NNNCC. To support this argument,
plaintiff disagreed with defendants’ interpretation of section 13.5 of the operating
agreement. Plaintiff acknowledged NNNCC had no manager after it was dissolved in
July 2016 and noted Brown had paid around $2,300 to reinstate the company to act as its
liquidating trustee in 2018. Plaintiff then focused on the following language in section
13.5: “in case there is no Manager, the Members or person designated by a Majority
Vote . . . .” Plaintiff argued defendants’ “interpretation of ‘the Members’ as meaning
only ‘all Members’” was “unreasonable on its face because it would be immediately
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Although the parties raised additional arguments in their briefing on the
summary judgment motion, we need not address them because the instant appeal focuses
on one issue — whether Brown has standing to sue for NNNCC as its liquidating trustee.
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rendered as surplusage by disjunctive alternative ‘or person designated by a majority
vote.’” Plaintiff also argued defendants’ interpretation was precluded by section 17.8 of
the operating agreement, which eliminated the distinction between plural and singular
forms: “Whenever required by the context hereof, the singular shall include the plural,
and vice versa . . . .” Finally, plaintiff claimed defendants refused to provide a list of
NNNCC’s members to Brown so he could not contact members to vote on a manager or
liquidating trustee.
Order Granting Defendants’ Summary Judgment Motion
The court granted defendants’ motion for summary judgment but provided
plaintiff with 30 days to amend the complaint so Brown could bring derivative claims on
behalf of NNNCC. The court found NNNCC was dissolved as of July 2016 and Brown
was not entitled to bring claims on behalf of NNNCC. In reaching this conclusion, the
court relied on section 13.5 of the operating agreement, which permits “‘the Manager (or
in case there is no Manager, the Members or person designated by a Majority Vote)’” to
take certain actions upon a dissolution of the company. The court noted two undisputed
facts: (1) Brown was not the manager of NNNCC; and (2) he was not authorized to bring
claims on behalf of NNNCC by a majority vote of its members.
The court next focused on “the Members” language in section 13.5 and
rejected plaintiff’s suggestion “that Members, plural, should be deemed to include
Member, singular, pursuant to [section] 17.8 of the Operating Agreement . . . .” The
court noted the latter provision provides: “‘Whenever required by the context hereof, the
singular shall include the plural, and vice versa.’” According to the court, “the context
[did] not require such an interpretation. To the contrary, the Operating Agreement
envisions any already-selected Manager being in charge, but if there is no such person,
then the person who may take full account of the Company’s assets and liabilities would
be either all the Members or someone selected by a majority vote of the Members. The
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notion of one person unilaterally declaring himself to be in charge of taking full account
of the Company’s assets and liabilities is flatly contrary to the context of the Operating
Agreement.”
After the deadline passed for plaintiff to file an amended complaint, the
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court entered judgment in defendants’ favor in August 2022. Plaintiff appealed.
DISCUSSION
Plaintiff contends the court erred by granting defendants’ motion for
summary judgment because Brown has standing to sue for NNNCC as its liquidating
trustee. For the reasons below, we disagree.
Standard of Review
An appellate court reviews a grant of summary judgment de novo,
“considering all the evidence set forth in the moving and opposition papers except that to
which objections have been made and sustained.” (Guz v. Bechtel National Inc. (2000)
24 Cal.4th 317, 334.) “[W]e [accordingly] assume the role of a trial court and apply the
same rules and standards which govern a trial court’s determination of a motion for
summary judgment.” (Zavala v. Arce (1997) 58 Cal.App.4th 915, 925.) The motion
shall be granted if “all the papers submitted show that there is no triable issue as to any
material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.”
(Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (c).) “There is a triable issue of material fact if, and only
if, the evidence would allow a reasonable trier of fact to find the underlying fact in favor
of the party opposing the motion in accordance with the applicable standard of proof.”
(Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co. (2001) 25 Cal.4th 826, 850.)
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On appeal, plaintiff explains Brown opted not to amend the complaint
“because as a liquidating trustee under Delaware law he has no personal lability” but “as
a derivative plaintiff he could potentially be exposed.”
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Applicable Law Regarding Interpretation of Contracts
At the outset, we note the operating agreement contained the following
Delaware choice of law provision: “This Agreement shall be governed by and construed
in accordance with the laws of the State of Delaware (without regard to conflict of laws
principles), where this Agreement is made and entered into.” Neither party disputes
Delaware law applies.
“‘Delaware law adheres to the objective theory of contracts, i.e., a
contract’s construction should be that which would be understood by an objective,
reasonable third party.’” (Salamone v. Gorman (Del. 2014) 106 A.3d 354, 367-368.)
Delaware courts interpret contracts “‘as a whole and . . . give each provision and term
effect, so as not to render any part of the contract mere surplusage,’ and ‘will not read a
contract to render a provision or term meaningless or illusory.’” (In re Shorenstein Hays-
Nederlander Theatres LLC Appeals (Del. 2019) 213 A.3d 39, 56.) If the contract is clear
and unambiguous, courts “‘give effect to the plain-meaning of the contract’s terms and
provisions.’” (Id. at pp. 56-57.)
California law is in accord. “The basic goal of contract interpretation is to
give effect to the parties’ mutual intent at the time of contracting. [Citations.] When a
contract is reduced to writing, the parties’ intention is determined from the writing alone,
if possible. [Citation.] ‘The words of a contract are to be understood in their ordinary
and popular sense.’” (Founding Members of the Newport Beach Country Club v.
Newport Beach Country Club, Inc. (2003) 109 Cal.App.4th 944, 955.) “California [also]
recognizes the objective theory of contracts [citation], under which ‘[i]t is the objective
intent, as evidenced by the words of the contract, rather than the subjective intent of one
of the parties, that controls interpretation’ [citation]. The parties’ undisclosed intent or
understanding is irrelevant to contract interpretation.” (Id. at p. 956.) Each part of the
contract must be interpreted with reference to the entire agreement. (Civ. Code, § 1641.)
“Construction cannot lead to unfair or absurd results but must be reasonable and fair.”
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(California National Bank v. Woodbridge Plaza LLC (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 137, 143.)
In construing a contract, courts also look to “the circumstances under which it was made,
and the matter to which it relates.” (Civ. Code, § 1647.)
“The ultimate construction placed on the contract might call for different
standards of review.” (Founding Members of the Newport Beach Country Club v.
Newport Beach Country Club, Inc., supra, 109 Cal.App.4th at p. 955.) Where, as here,
“no extrinsic evidence is introduced, or when the competent extrinsic evidence is not in
conflict, the appellate court independently construes the contract.” (Ibid.)
The Court Did Not Err by Granting Summary Judgment in Favor of Defendants
We first turn to the language of NNNCC’s operating agreement. As noted
ante, section 13.5 of the operating agreement provides: “Upon a dissolution of the
Company, the Manager (or in case there is no Manager, the Members or person
designated by a Majority Vote) shall take full account of the Company assets and
liabilities, shall liquidate the assets as promptly as is consistent with obtaining the fair
market value thereof and shall apply and distribute the proceeds therefrom . . . .” (Italics
added.) By its terms, this language limits standing to: (1) NNNCC’s manager; (2) the
members; or (3) a person designated by a majority vote of members.
Here, plaintiff concedes Brown was not NNNCC’s manager or a “person
designated by a Majority Vote.” The only issue is whether Brown has standing given
“the Members” language in section 13.5. Assuming Brown was a member of NNNCC
(which defendants dispute), he still does not have standing because section 13.5 does not
allow a single member to unilaterally appoint himself as the liquidating trustee and wind
up the company’s affairs. This is consistent with Delaware law. Delaware Code
Annotated, title 6, section 18-803, subdivision (a) provides: “Unless otherwise provided
in a limited liability company agreement, a manager who has not wrongfully dissolved a
limited liability company or, if none, the members or a person approved by the members,
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in either case, by members who own more than 50 percent of the then current percentage
or other interest in the profits of the limited liability company owned by all of the
members, may wind up the limited liability company’s affairs; but the Court of Chancery,
upon cause shown, may wind up the limited liability company’s affairs upon application
of any member or manager, or the member’s personal representative or assignee, and in
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connection therewith, may appoint a liquidating trustee.” (Italics added.) Like the
operating agreement, the statute suggests only a manager or members have standing to
wind up a company’s affairs. But an individual manager or member also may wind up
the company’s affairs if he or she files an application with the Delaware Court of
Chancery.
Plaintiff contends the trial court’s interpretation of section 13.5’s “‘the
Members’” as meaning only “‘all the Members’” is precluded by section 17.8 of the
operating agreement. The latter section states in pertinent part: “Whenever required by
the context hereof, the singular shall include the plural, and vice versa . . . .” As the trial
court noted, the context here does not require “the Members” to be interpreted to include
the singular — “a Member.” The operating agreement contemplates an already-selected
manager being in charge, and if there is no manager, all the members or a person selected
by a majority vote of members can take account of the company’s assets and liabilities.
The operating agreement does not suggest a single person can unilaterally declare himself
to be the liquidating trustee. This is reinforced by other provisions in the operating
agreement. Section 8.1 states: “No member . . . is an agent of [NNNCC].” Other
sections indicate members may vote for winding up of NNNCC, and such action requires
a “Majority Vote of the Members to pass and become effective.”
Plaintiff next argues the trial court’s interpretation creates an impossibility
because “no majority is possible nor all members together because there is no Manager
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All further statutory references are to this Code.
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and no way for Brown to have a meeting/hold a vote because he does not have the
contact information for the other members and [defendants] refuse to give Brown that
information.” Not true. Brown could have sought appointment as liquidating trustee by
filing an application with the Delaware Court of Chancery. (§ 18-803, subd. (a).)
Indeed, Brown concedes this point and requests we remand to the trial court so he can
petition for formal appointment as liquidating trustee. He relies on the following venue
provision in the operating agreement: “Any Action relating to or arising out of this
Agreement may be brought in a court of competent jurisdiction located in Orange
County, California, or Wilmington, Delaware.” This venue provision does not alter the
relevant law — Brown was required to file an application with the Delaware Court of
Chancery. (§ 18-803, subd. (a).) He did not do so and instead declared himself the
liquidating trustee.
Finally, plaintiff complains the trial court previously rejected defendants’
standing arguments on demurrer but cites no law suggesting the court could not change
its decision at the summary judgment stage. In overruling defendants’ demurrer to
plaintiff’s second amended complaint, the court found: “Plaintiff alleges, consistent with
§§13.1.2 and 13.5 of [NNNCC’s] Operating Agreement, that the Company has been
dissolved due to the sale of the property, that there is no longer any Manager of the LLC
because NNNRI has been Franchise Tax Board forfeited, and that as a Member of the
LLC, plaintiff is thus entitled to take full account of the Company’s assets and liabilities
and liquidate the assets, including initiating legal actions . . . .” While it appears the
court’s ruling on summary judgment was inconsistent with its prior ruling on the
demurrer, the complaint only needed to set forth a reasonable contract interpretation to
survive demurrer. The court was required to “‘accept as correct plaintiff’s allegations as
to the meaning of the agreement’” where the agreement was ambiguous. (Aragon-Haas
v. Family Security Ins. Services, Inc. (1991) 231 Cal.App.3d 232, 239.) “[P]laintiff’s
interpretation of the contract ultimately may prove invalid, [but] it was improper to
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resolve the issue against [plaintiff] solely on [the] pleading.” (Ibid.) In the interests of
justice and judicial economy, the court also retained the power to change its prior ruling.
(Le Francois v. Goel (2005) 35 Cal.4th 1094, 1108.) The parties had an opportunity to
have a hearing and fully brief the issue twice at the demurrer and summary judgment
stages.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. Defendants shall recover their costs incurred on
appeal.
SANCHEZ, J.
WE CONCUR:
O’LEARY, P. J.
MOTOIKE, J.
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