United States v. Robroy Williams

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[DO NOT PUBLISH]

In the

United States Court of Appeals

For the Eleventh Circuit

____________________

No. 22-12797

Non-Argument Calendar

____________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

ROBROY WILLIAMS,

a.k.a. Spy,

a.k.a. Spy Williams,

Defendant-Appellant.

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

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2 Opinion of the Court 22-12797

D.C. Docket No. 8:04-cr-00158-SCB-TBM-1

____________________

Before NEWSOM, GRANT, and TJOFLAT, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Robroy Williams, a federal prisoner proceeding pro se, ap-

peals the District Court’s denial of his motion for compassionate

release, under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(A)(1). Williams argues that the

District Court erred in finding that he was ineligible for compas-

sionate release because he meets the requirements in U.S. Sent’g

Guidelines Manual (U.S.S.G.) § 1B1.13 cmt. n.1(B) (U.S. Sent’g

Comm’n 2021). Williams also argues that the District Court

abused its discretion by relying on his Jamaican citizenship and the

nature of his offense of conviction to determine that he posed a

danger to the community, and by ignoring his dangerousness con-

sidering his advanced age.

I. Background

A federal grand jury indicted Williams, and seven codefend-

ants, with conspiring to distribute cocaine and marijuana with in-

tent to unlawfully import it into the United States, in violation of

21 U.S.C. §§ 963, 960(a)(3), 960(b)(1)(B)(ii), and 960(b)(1)(G). The

grand jury also indicted Williams, and one codefendant, with con-

spiring to possess with intent to distribute cocaine aboard a vessel

subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, in violation of

46 U.S.C. § 1903(j), (g), and 21 U.S.C. § 960(b)(1)(B)(ii). Williams

pled guilty to both counts.

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22-12797 Opinion of the Court 3

The District Court sentenced Williams to 360 months’ im-

prisonment. Williams directly appealed, challenging the enhance-

ments imposed by the court and the reasonableness of his sentence,

but we affirmed Williams’s sentence.

Williams, through his attorney, moved to correct his sen-

tence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, arguing that he received ineffective

assistance of counsel. The District Court denied his § 2255 motion.

Williams, proceeding pro se, filed a second motion to correct his

sentence under § 2255, arguing that counsel was ineffective in his

previous § 2255 proceeding. The District Court denied Williams’s

second § 2255 motion because it was untimely and successive.

Williams then moved pro se for home confinement or a re-

duction of his sentence in the form of compassionate release under

18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A)(i). He argued that his previous stroke and

his medical conditions of diabetes, high cholesterol, vulnerability

to varicella-zoster virus, high glucose, hypertension, and odnasal

pterygium increased his risk of severe illness or death from

COVID-19. Williams attached supporting documentation to his

motion, including: his initial request for home confinement, the fa-

cility administrator’s denial of his request, an affidavit from his sis-

ter confirming his release plan, an affidavit from a doctor support-

ing any defendant’s attempt to seek release from custody during

the COVID-19 pandemic, a memorandum from the Attorney Gen-

eral instructing the Bureau of Prisons (BOP) to prioritize home

confinement as an appropriate response to COVID-19, and his

medical records.

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4 Opinion of the Court 22-12797

The Government opposed Williams’s motion. It argued

that the authority under § 3582 to grant home confinement was

committed solely to the BOP’s discretion. It noted (1) that Wil-

liams’s release plan conflicted with his unresolved detainer with

Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), (2) that Williams

had more than eighteen months remaining to serve, and (3) that

Williams had not served 50% of his current 360-month sentence.

The Government also explained that Williams’s motion could be

granted only upon a finding of extraordinary and compelling cir-

cumstances, and that his conditions were not specified in the Sen-

tencing Commission’s policy statement as medical conditions that

constitute extraordinary and compelling reasons for compassion-

ate release. It argued that even if Williams could establish an ex-

traordinary and compelling reason for compassionate release, the

§ 3553(a) factors—including the nature of his criminal conduct and

the need to protect the community—weighed strongly against

granting him compassionate release.

The District Court denied Williams’s motion. It concluded

that Williams failed to establish an extraordinary and compelling

reason warranting compassionate release. It also concluded that

the § 3553(a) factors weighed against granting Williams’s motion

because he would pose a danger to the community if released. It

noted that Williams “was convicted of a serious drug offense and

[that he] has an unresolved INS detainer with [ICE] because he is a

Jamaican citizen who will be deported after serving his sentence.”

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After Williams was transferred to a new prison, he filed an-

other motion for compassionate release. He referenced the medi-

cal conditions listed in his previous motion and noted that he also

had a history of heart problems. He emphasized that he was

sixty-five years old, had served over half of his sentence, and was a

nonviolent offender. If granted release, he planned to return to Ja-

maica to become a youth mentor and be with his family. He at-

tached more medical records from his previous prison, the facility’s

denial of his request for compassionate release, and evidence that

he had completed multiple courses relating to self-improvement

while serving his sentence.

The District Court denied Williams’s motion without the

need for the Government’s response. The court noted that Wil-

liams was not terminally ill, and his medical problems were

well-controlled in the BOP and not such that he could not provide

self-care. The District Court also considered the § 3553(a) factors

and concluded that they weighed against granting Williams’s mo-

tion because he posed a danger to the community if released. Wil-

liams appealed. 1

1 After he filed his appeal, Williams filed a motion for reconsideration, in which

he reiterated his arguments from his original motion and emphasized his med-

ical ailments, his good behavior, and his rehabilitative efforts. He also attached

medical records, a news article on COVID-19 at BOP institutions, and certifi-

cates of completion for coursework at the prison. The District Court denied

Williams’s motion for reconsideration. It found that Williams failed to

demonstrate the availability of new evidence, an intervening change in con-

trolling law, or a need to correct a clear error or manifest injustice.

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6 Opinion of the Court 22-12797

II. Legal Standards

“We review de novo whether a defendant is eligible for a sen-

tence reduction under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A).” United States v.

Giron, 15 F.4th 1343, 1345 (11th Cir. 2021). “After eligibility is es-

tablished, we review a district court’s denial of a prisoner’s

§ 3582(c)(1)(A) motion for abuse of discretion.” Id. “The abuse of

discretion standard of review ‘is not simply a rubber stamp.’” Id.

(quoting United States v. Johnson, 877 F.3d 993, 997 (11th Cir. 2017)

(per curiam)). “A court must explain its sentencing decisions ade-

quately enough to allow for meaningful appellate review.” John-

son, 877 F.3d at 997. The abuse of discretion standard “does afford

district courts a ‘range of choice,’ and we ‘cannot reverse just be-

cause we might have come to a different conclusion.’” Giron,

15 F.4th at 1345 (quoting United States v. Harris, 989 F.3d 908, 912

(11th Cir. 2021)). “A district court abuses its discretion if it applies

an incorrect legal standard, follows improper procedures in making

its determination, or makes clearly erroneous factual findings.” Id.

“We liberally construe pro se filings, including pro se applica-

tions for relief pursuant to § 2255.” Winthrop-Redin v. United States,

767 F.3d 1210, 1215 (11th Cir. 2014). That said, we may not rewrite

filings for pro se litigants. See Benning v. Comm’r, Ga. Dep’t of Corrs.,

71 F.4th 1324, 1340 (11th Cir. 2023).

III. Discussion

Williams argues that the District Court erred in failing to lib-

erally construe his arguments that his advanced age was the basis

for his motion for compassionate release. He asserts that because

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22-12797 Opinion of the Court 7

he is sixty-five years old, has served more than ten years, and has

deteriorating health conditions he is eligible for a reduction of his

sentence under U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13 cmt. n.1(B). The Government

argues that the District Court appropriately considered § 1B1.13

cmt. n.1(B) and that Williams failed to mention the age provision

and failed to argue that he had experienced a serious deterioration

in physical or mental health because of the aging process. We

agree with the Government.

“A district court has no inherent authority to modify a de-

fendant’s sentence and may do so ‘only when authorized by a stat-

ute or rule.’” Giron, 15 F.4th at 1345 (quoting United States v.

Puentes, 803 F.3d 597, 606 (11th Cir. 2015)). “A statutory exception

exists for compassionate release.” Id.; 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A).

Under this exception, a district court may grant a pris-

oner’s motion for compassionate release after deter-

mining that (1) “extraordinary and compelling rea-

sons warrant such a reduction,” (2) “such a reduction

is consistent with applicable policy statements issued

by the Sentencing Commission,” and (3) § 3553(a)

sentencing factors weigh in favor of a reduction. 2

2 Those factors include: (1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and

the history and characteristics of the defendant; (2) the need for the sentence

imposed; (3) the kinds of sentences available; (4) the kinds of sentence and the

sentence range established; (5) any pertinent policy statement issued by the

Sentencing Commission; (6) the need to avoid unwarranted sentence dispari-

ties among defendants with similar records who have been found guilty of

similar conduct; and (7) the need to provide restitution to any victims of the

offense. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).

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8 Opinion of the Court 22-12797

Giron, 15 F.4th at 1346 (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A)).

“The Sentencing Commission has issued a policy statement

concerning this exception: Section 1B1.13.” Id. “The application

notes for Section 1B1.13 identify four general categories of ‘extraor-

dinary and compelling reasons’: medical, age, family, and a

‘catch-all “other reasons” category.’” Id. (quoting United States v.

Bryant, 996 F.3d 1243, 1249–50 (11th Cir. 2021)); U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13

cmt. n.1(A)–(D). Relevant here is the age category. Under that

category, a defendant can establish extraordinary and compelling

circumstances if he or she is (1) “at least 65 years old”; (2) “experi-

encing a serious deterioration in physical or mental health because

of the aging process”; and (3) has “served at least 10 years or 75

percent of his or her term of imprisonment, whichever is less.”

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13, cmt. n.1(B). We are bound by the Commission’s

definition of extraordinary and compelling reasons. See Bryant,

996 F.3d at 1251–52.

The District Court did not err in determining that Williams

was ineligible for compassionate release. To begin, the court con-

sidered all the subsections within § 1B1.13, including the section

describing extraordinary and compelling circumstances based on

age. The court explained that Williams “fail[ed] . . . to demonstrate

an extraordinary and compelling reason warranting compassionate

release because his circumstances do not fall within U.S.S.G.

§ 1B1.13, cmt. n.1(A)–(D). He is not terminal, his medical prob-

lems are well-controlled in the [BOP], and they are not such that

he cannot provide self-care.”

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Though the District Court appears to have focused its dis-

cussion on U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13 cmt. n.1(A), that decision was reason-

able. Williams failed to argue that he was eligible under n.1(B).

Instead, he noted that “he is a high-risk inmate, due to his medical

issues, and [he] is 65 years old which is the age hardest to recover

if such coronavirus is contracted.” True, Williams mentions his

age throughout his motion, but nowhere does he argue that he ex-

perienced a “serious deterioration in physical or mental health be-

cause of the aging process.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13 cmt. n.1(B)(ii) (empha-

sis added). The District Court therefore reasonably focused on

Williams’s various medical conditions under U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13

cmt. n.1(A). 3 See Benning, 71 F.4th at 1340 (“Although we review

pro se filings liberally, we cannot ‘rewrite [a] . . . pleading’ to request

a different form of relief.” (alteration and omission in original)

(quoting Campbell v. Air. Jamaica Ltd., 760 F.3d 1165, 1168–69 (11th

Cir. 2014))). And the District Court did not err in finding that Wil-

liams’s medical conditions did not qualify as an extraordinary and

compelling reason for early release. See, e.g., Harris, 989 F.3d at 912

(holding that the district court did not abuse its discretion by deny-

ing compassionate release to an inmate with hypertension, despite

the existence of COVID-19); Giron, 15 F.4th at 1346 (holding the

same where the prisoner’s high cholesterol, high blood pressure,

3 Moreover, Williams’s health conditions were noted in a 2009 medical record

when Williams was fifty-two years old. On this record, there is nothing to

suggest that Williams has experienced a serious deterioration in physical or

mental health because of the aging process.

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and coronary artery disease were “manageable in prison, despite

the existence of the COVID-19 pandemic”).

Extraordinary and compelling circumstances did not war-

rant granting Williams’s motion. It is therefore unnecessary to

reach whether the District Court abused its discretion in applying

the § 3553(a) factors. See Giron, 15 F.4th at 1350.

IV. Conclusion

Accordingly, we affirm the District Court’s order denying

Williams’s motion for compassionate release.

AFFIRMED.